SUPERVISION OF CONSTRUCTION OF PCCP

Portland Cement
It shall conform to the applicable requirements of Item 700, Hydraulic Cement. Only Type I Portland
Cement shall be used.

Fine Aggregates
It shall not contain more than three (3) mass percent of materials passing the 0.075mm (No. 200 sieve).

Coarse Aggregates
It shall not contain more than one (1) mass percent of materials passing the 0.075mm (No. 200 sieve).

Reinforcing Steel
It shall conform to the requirements of Item 404, Reinforcing Steel.

Proportioning, Consistency and Strength of Concrete

Required at least 364 kg of cement per cubic meter of concrete to meet the minimum strength
requirements.
The Engineer shall determine from laboratory tests of the materials to be used, the cement content and the
proportions of aggregate and water that will produce workable concrete having a slump of between 40 and 75
mm (1-1/2 and 3 inches) if not vibrated or between 10 and 40 mm (1/2 and 1-1/2 inches) if vibrated, and a flexural
strength of not less than 3.8 MPa (550 psi) when tested by the third-point method or 4.5 MPa (650 psi) when
tested by the mid-point method at fourteen (14) days in accordance with AASHTO T97 and T177, respectively;
or a compressive strength of 24.1 MPa (3500 psi) for cores taken at fourteen (14) days and tested in accordance
with AASHTO T24.

Vibrators
Shall operate at a frequency of 8,300 to 9,600 impulses per minute under load at a maximum spacing of
60 cm. Vibrators shall not be permitted to come in contact with a joint assembly, the grade, or a side form. In no
case shall the vibrator be operated longer than fifteen (15) seconds in any one location.

Item 104 – Embankments

Suitable Material - soil that will pass a sieve with 75mm (3inches) square openings and not more than 15
mass percent will pass the 0.075mm (No.200) sieve. The material shall have PI of not more than 6, and LL of not
more than 30.

DRAINAGE,

SUPERVISION OF BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

Item 400 – Piling

Concrete Piles.
Concrete shall conform to the requirements of Item 405, Structural Concrete. Concrete shall be Class “C”
unless otherwise specified in the Plans.
Concrete shall be proportioned to achieve a range of 6”-8” (150 mm to 200 mm) slump, self-compacting
mix. A retardant of proven adequacy and approved by the Engineer may be used to ensure that early hardening
of concrete during operation will not occur. Reinforcing steel shall conform to the requirements of Item 404,
Reinforcing Steel.
Determination of Pile Length
Pile length and bearing capacity shall be determined by the Engineer from the results of the test piling and
load tests. The criterion for pile length may be one of the following:

1. Piles in sand and gravel shall be driven to a bearing power determined by the use of the pile driving
formula or as decided by the Engineer.
2. Piles in clay shall be driven to the depth ordered by the Engineer. However, the bearing power shall
be controlled by the pile driving formula if called for by the Engineer.
3. Piles shall be driven to refusal on rock or hard layer when so ordered by the Engineer.

The Contractor shall be responsible for obtaining the correct pile length and bearing capacity according
to the criteria given by the Engineer.

Cast-in-place Concrete Piles

All holes for concrete piles cast in drilled holes shall be drilled dry to tip elevation shown on the Plans.
All holes will be examined for straightness and any hole which on visual inspection from the top shows less than
one-half the diameter of the hole at the bottom of the hole will be rejected. Suitable casings shall be furnished and
placed when required to prevent caving of the hole before concrete is placed.
All loose material existing at the bottom of the hole after drilling operations have been completed shall be
removed before placing concrete.
The use of water for drilling operations or for any other purpose where it may enter the hole will not be
permitted. All necessary action shall be taken to prevent surface water from entering the hole and all water which
may have infiltrated into the hole shall be removed before placing concrete.
Concrete shall be placed by means of suitable tubes. Prior to the initial concrete set, the top 3m of the
concrete filled pile or the depth of any reinforcing cage, whichever is greater, shall be consolidated by acceptable
vibratory equipment,
Casing, if used in drilling operations, may be left in place or removed from the hole as concrete is placed.
The bottom of the casing shall be maintained not more than 1.5m nor less than 0.3m below the top of the concrete
during withdrawal and placing operations unless otherwise permitted by the Engineer. Separation of the concrete
during withdrawal operations shall be avoided by vibrating the casing.

Concrete Placement, Curing and Protection

Concrete shall be placed as soon as possible after reinforcing steel cage placement. Concrete placement
shall be continuous in the shaft to the top elevation of the shaft. Placement shall continue after the shaft is full
until good quality concrete is evident at the top of the shaft. Concrete shall be placed through a suitable tube.
For piles less than 2.5 meters in diameter, the elapsed time from the beginning of concrete placement in
the shaft to the completion of placement shall not exceed 2 hours. For piles 2.50 meters and greater in diameter,
the concrete placing rate shall not be less than 9.0 meters of pile height per each 2-hour period. The concrete
mix shall be of such design that the concrete remains in a workable plastic state throughout the 2-hour
placement limit.
When the top of pile elevation is above ground, the portion of the pile above ground shall be formed
with a removable form or permanent casing when specified.
The upper 1.5 meters of concrete shall be vibrated or rodded to a depth of 1.5 meter below the ground
surface except where soft uncased soil or slurry remaining in the excavation will possibly mix with the concrete.
After placement, the temporarily exposed surfaces of the shaft concrete shall be cured in accordance
with the provision in Sub-section 407.3.8 – Curing Concrete.
For at least 48 hours after pile concrete has been placed, no construction operations that would cause soil
movement adjacent to the shaft, other than mild vibration, shall be conducted.