START John - Began as a sect of Judaism in the easterm Philip Mediterranean region encompassing most of the Bartholomew Roman province of Judaea and region of Galilee Matthew - Religion attributed to the belief and worship of Jesus Thomas of Nazareth as: Thaddeus 1. Son of God Simon 2. Messiah Judas Jesus o Methods – preaching, teaching, healing - As a Son of God: denotes that Jesus is a divine Preaching – “repentance” for the Kingdom of being, son of the Biblical God who took human dorm God is at hand (flesh) Teaching – general ethics (Beautitudes - As Messiah: Jesus is the “annointed one by God” delivered at the Sermon on the Mount) (Christos or Messiah) Beatitudes o prophesied in the Bible; physically descended o Blessed are the poor in spirit for from the line of King David theirs is the kingdom of heaven o prophesied to rule the people of the united tribes o Blessed are those who mourn for of Israel and herald an age of peace and they will be comforted prosperity o Blessed are those who hunger and - Divine Origins of Jesus thirst after righteousness for they will o Virgin Birth – Jesus was conceived by Mary be filled from Nazareth while remaining a virgin o Blessed are those are persecuted for o Annunciation – announcement by the Archangel seeking righteousness for theirs is Gabriel to Mary that she would give birth through the kingdom of heaven divine intervention o Blessed are the meek for they will Archangel Gabriel: “Hail Mary, full of grace! inherit the earth The Lord is with Thee! Blessed art Thou o Blessed are the merciful for they will among women!” obtain mercy Mary: “Behold the handmaid of the Lord! Be o Blessed are the pure of heart for it done to me according to thy word!” they will see God - Historical Origins o Blessed are the peacemakers for o Nativity – Jesus was born in Judaea (province of they will be called the children of the Roman Empire); born in Bethlehen in 0 CE God Church of the Nativity – site where Jesus Commandments Christ was born o 1-5: One should love God with one’s Jesus was born in a manger heart, soul, mind, and strength Wise Men/Kings from the East witnessed the o 5-10: one should love one’s neighbor birth of Jesus as one would love oneself o Jesus Christ – raised in Nazareth from 0-33 CE Manner of preaching and teaching – as the son of a carpenter parable – story that illustrates a lesson - Ministry o Parable of the Prodigal Son – o Start – baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist at forgiveness the Jordan river o Parable of the Good Samaritan – o Center – in Galilee: 1. North of Judaea; 2. Along help those in need regardless of the sea of Galilee race, religion, etc o Apostles – Galileans whom Jesus invited to join Healing – removal of sickness and disease him in his ministry Making the blind see o 12 Apostles Cleansing the leper Peter Making the lame walk Andrew Raising the dead to life o Significance – originally called Saul (from Beliefs Tarsus) who persecuted Christians but - Apostle’s Creed – statement of belief in Christianity converted to Christianity o Creed – often recited as part of a religious o Conversion: service While going to Damascus, Saul was struck - Trinity – that there are 3 persons in one God – God from his horse by a great light and a voice the Father, Jesus Christ as the Son of God, and asked "Why do you persecute me?" the Holy Spirit Saul asked who spoke. Christ identified - Death of Jesus Christ – “He was conceived by the himself with his Church: "I am Jesus whom power of the Holy Spirit and born of the Virgin Mary. you are persecuting. “ He suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died, o Writing epistles (means “letter”) to: and was buried. He descended to the dead.” Romans o Church of the Holy Sepulchre – where Jesus Corinthians Christ was buried Galatians - Resurrection of Jesus Christ – “on the third day, Philippians he rose again. He ascended into heacen and is Thessalonians seated at the right hand of the Father. He will come Colossians again to judge the living and the dead.” Hebrews - The Holiness of the Church – there is one, holy, o Passionately spread the Christian faith catholic, and apostolic Church o Result: Spread the Christian faith in the Roman - Communion of Saints – that there is a spiritual Empire union of all members of the Church living and the - Early Centers of Christianity: dead, those on earth, in heaven and those also who o Rome are in that state of purification, all of them being part o Corinth of a single “mystical body” with Christ as the head o Galatia - Second Coming of Jesus Christ/ Day of o Philippi Judgment/ Resurrection of the Dead – that the o Thessalonika final judgment by God will take place after the o Colossia resurrection of the dead and the Second Coming of Response of the Roman Empire Christ - Roman Empire o Initial response: Viewed Christianity as a EXPANSION Jewish sect rather than a distinct religion Christianity (practiced only in Judaea) - Spread from Jerusalem throughout the Roman o Later response: Imposed persecution because Empire of refusal of Christians: - Apostles – heeded the message of Jesus to “Go To worship Roman gods therefore and teach all nations” --- traveling to all To pay homage to the emperor as divine parts of the known world to spread Christianity - Roman Mythology - 33-325 CE: “Apostolic Age” o Belief in a body of gods pertaining to ancient o Peter: Rome Rome's legendary origins and religious system o Andrew: Byzantium derived from the Greeks o James: Jerusalem, Spain o Jupiter – greatest of the gods o John: Ephesus o Juno – wife of Jupiter o James the less: Jerusalem o Neptune – god of the sea o Matthew: Antioch o Minerva – goddess of victory o Philip: Phrygia, Asia Minor o Mars – god of war o Bartholomew: Armenia o Apollo – god of light and the sun; truth and o Thomas: Chaldea prophecy; medicine, healing, and plague; music, o Thaddeus: Armenia poetry, and the arts - St. Paul o Venus – goddess of love, beauty and fertility o Diana – goddess of the hunt and the moon o Vulcan – god of fire o Vesta – goddess of the hearth, home and family Baptism o Mercury – messenger of the gods Confirmation o Ceres – goddess of agriculture, grain crops, Eucharist fertility and motherly relationships Penance - Imperial Cult Matrimony o Grant of divine authority to Roman emperors Extreme unction o Developed during the time of Octavian when the Holy orders Senate granted him the honorific of Augustus Weekly gathering (Holy mass): - Persecution of Christians Reenactment of Jesus Christ’s Last Supper o Imprisonment: St. Paul Prayer: Christian tradition of communicating o Beheading: with God to bring the faithful closer to God St. Paul The Lord’s Prayer St. Cyprian Seasonal Prayers (Advent) St. James (Apostle) Seasonal Prayers (Lent) o Crucifixion: Hymns: Rendering of prayer into song St. Peter (Gloria in Excelsis Deo) St. Philip (Apostle) Genuflection (kneeling): Physical gestures St. Andrew (Apostle) to accompany certain rituals o Fed to lions: St. Ignatius of Antioch Sign of the cross: Physical gestures to o Stoning to death: St. Stephen accompany certain rituals o Hanging: St. Luke (Evangelist) Language: Hebrew text of the New - Response of Christians Testament was translated to Greek which o Hiding in the catacombs (tunnels) of Rome was widely spoken in the Mediterranean Strength and Resilience of Christianity region - Christianity Holy days: o Grew and expanded despite the many Sunday persecutions suffered by the Christians o was made a festival in honor of the - Factors for the Rise of Christianity resurrection of Jesus Christ o Teachings: Preached goodness and kindness o Sunday religious services were held to one’s fellowmen (appealed to the Gentiles or o Sunday regarded as a day of non-Jews) recreation o Scripture: Compilation of liturgical canon called Architecture: Construction of churches New Testament based on Jesus Christ (different Basilica Church rectangular in shape from the Old Testament) Basilica Church Consisted of the Gospels of St. Matthew, St. o Had a high central section called Mark, St. Luke, St. John nave Consisted of the epistles (“letters”) of St. o With a large dome Paul Dome – structural element in Corinthians (Corinth) architecture that resembles the Romans (Rome) hollow upper half of a sphere Ephesians (Ephesus) o Significance: Followed two Roman Galatians (Galatia) architectural traditions Thessalonians (Thessalonica) Basilica Colossians (Colossia) Dome Philippians (Philippi) o St. Peter’s Basilica o Hierarchy: Appointment of bishops, elders and Location: Rome deacons as spiritual authorities over Early Christian Art geographical areas - Art o Rituals (sacraments): External and physical o Theme: Intense passion for Christianity signs/practices designed to give grace, blessing o Subject matter: or sanctity Religious - due to pious nature of society o Characteristics: Favored a symbolic approach Marked by Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, the leader - Art Forms of the Quraysh in Mecca, conceding defeat o Fresco: Oil painting on walls to Muhammad and his followers and o Icon: Painted image of sacred figures accepting Islam o Relief: Raised/embossed images Marked by the destruction of idols in the Kaaba ISLAM - Sacred scripture: Qur’an FOUNDING o Means “recitation” of divine revelation to Islam Muhammad - Founder: Muhammad o Importance: Constitutes the direct, literal word - Muhammad of God who revealed to Muhammad who in turn o Born into a minor branch of a powerful family in uttered them at God’s bidding Mecca (Quraysh) o Arranged in “suras” (verses) Mecca – located in the Hejaz region in - Teachings: Consists of five duties also known as Arabia (located in Western Arabia) the “Five Pillars of Islam” o Early life: 1. Shahada: profession of faith Orphaned at the age of 6 “There is no God but Allah; Muhammad is Raised by his grandfather and uncle the Messenger of Allah” Received little schooling (probably never To believe in the Prophet and in whatever learned to read or write) he said o Saw a vision while meditating in a cave outside To obey him in whatever he commanded of Mecca --- the appearance of the angel To stay away from or avoid whatever he Gabriel commanded Muslims not to do o Was commanded by the angel Gabriel to begin To follow or emulate him in worship, preaching about Allah (God) manners, and way of life - Hegira To love him more than loving one’s self, o Denotes the event (in 622 CE) marking the family and anything else in the world escape of Muhammad from Mecca to Yathrib To understand, practice, and promote his (north of Mecca) habits in the best way possible, without Yathrib creating any chaos, enmity or harm Where Muhammad attracted many 2. Salat: daily prayer devoted followers To communicate with Allah (God) Where Muhammad won great political Constitutes a ritual prayer: influence: o Prescribed conditions o The people accepted Muhammad In a ritually clean environment as their leader and king Wearing clean clothes with the body o Muhammad established all laws covered in reasonably loose-fitting and settled all disputes garments Where Islam began to flourish: Performance of ablution before o Muhammad taught the people that conducting prayers they owed their loyalty first to Islam, o Prescribed procedure second to their families, and only Recitation of prayer in properly thirdly to their own tribes pronounced Arabic o Muhammad taught the people to be Standing upright united the people under his rule Raising the hands up to the level of and authority the shoulders, or earlobes with the Renamed “Madinah” which means “City fingers slightly apart of the Prophet” Prostration – the action of lying - Mecca stretched out on the ground. o Conquest: o Prescribed times Occurred in 630 CE with the return of Dawn to sunrise Muhammad Noon west (Egypt, Libya) Afternoon north (Judaea, Syria, Cyprus, Armenia, Iraq) After sunset until dusk east (Eastern Arabia, Iran) Dusk until dawn - 661-750 Attire: o Added by Umayyad Caliphate o Men west (Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Spain) Ankle-length tunic with slacks east (Afghanistan, northwestern India) Head covering - Expansion of Islam o Women o Impact: Conquest of great ancient empires: Long flowing gown Spain (Visigoths) Hijab Libya (Carthaginians) 3. Sawm: fasting during Ramadan Egypt (Pharaohs and Ptolemy) Refraining from eating, drinking and having Judaea (Jews and Christians) sexual relations from dawn until sunset Iraq (Babylonians) during the month of Ramadan Iran (Persians) Aims: Northwestern India (Indo-Aryans) o To teach Muslims about patience and o Significance: humility Accomplished with blinding speed (622- o To seek nearness to Allah 750) o To increase one’s spirituality and piety Able to defeat ancient empires (in Africa, End: ending the fast through ritual eating Europe and Asia) Eid ul Fitr – Holiday marking the end of Factors for Expansion of Islam fasting - Expansion of Islam 4. Zakat: almsgiving o Factors Giving surplus wealth, usually 2.5% of one's Passion for the Islamic faith possessions to charity (to the poor and Islamic Empire – empire built on faith needy) Teaching by the Qu’ran that wars fought for Payable in any of the following: Allah were just o Agricultural produce Warriors killed in a holy war (jihad) were o Gold or silver promised immediate entry to paradise o Gold or silver ornaments Eagerness to move into more bountiful o Cash lands: o Trading goods Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia o Cows and buffaloes Promise of abundant harvests in fertile o Goats and sheep lands o Camels Weak resistance coming from enemies (like 5. Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca the Byzantine and Persian Empires) Must be carried out at least once in the Islamic Empire – built by faith-driven lifetime by every able-bodied Muslim who Islamic armies can afford to do so Caliphate Rule Aim: To demonstrate the solidarity of the - Caliph Muslim people and their submission to Allah Definition: Refers to the leader who followed Muhammad EXPANSION Orthodox Caliphate (632-661) The Road to Expansion Refers to the first four caliphs - 622-632 Knew Muhammad personally (were either o Arabia: friends or relatives western part of Arabia (Hejaz, Yemen) Significance: Launched Islam’s wars of eastern tip of Arabia (Oman) conquest - 632-661 First Four Caliphs o Added by the first four caliphs: 1. Abu Bakr: ordered the writing of the Qur’an 2. Omar: regarded as Islam’s greatest conqueror Ottoman Empire (acquired Syria, Egypt and Persia) Territory: 3. Uthman o Anatolia (Turkey) 4. Ali o Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Israel) o Balkan Peninsula Umayyad Caliphate (661-750) o Mesopotamia Significance: o Arabia o Continued the wars of conquest o Egypt North Africa o Tunisia Spain o Algeria Central Asia o Morocco Indus River Valley Significance: embraced three continents: o Extended the Islamic Empire to over o Asia 5,000 miles o Europe Abbasid Caliphate (750-1055) o Africa Origins: Military success: o Descended from Abbas (uncle of o Due to a strong army Muhammad) o Due to adoption of weapons using o Called themselves Abbasid (to show gunpowder link with Muhammad) Found greatest support from the Persians Period when the Islamic Empire reached the Political success: height of its power and prosperity (during the o Due to stable, powerful, centralized reign of Harun al-Rashid from 786-809) state Significance: Ruled over a large territory made Expansion of Islam: Turkey up of peoples of different ethnicity, religion and Turkey political orientation Significance: Home of the Ottoman Empire Topkapi Palace Ottoman Empire Significance: Residence of the Ottoman Significance: Heir of the Islamic Empire Emperor Ottomans Location: Located in Constantinople (Istanbul) Origins: Ottoman Empire o Began in a principality in northwestern Significance: Construction of great architectural Anatolia (Turkey) monuments along the Ottoman style o Founded in 1299 Suleymaniye Mosque Ottoman Principality Location: Istanbul Location: Located along productive agricultural Built from 1550 to 1558 lands Suleymaniye Mosque Ottoman Empire Design: 4 minarets Founder: Osman I Selimiye Mosque Ottoman Principality Location: Edirne Significance: Built from 1569 and 1575 o Able to attract soldiers/fighters Design: o Organized an army o 4 minarets Ottoman Turks o Grand dome Significance: Laid siege to the city of Sultanahmet Mosque Constantinople Built from 1609 to 1616 during the rule of Constantinople Ahmed I Significance: Capital city of Byzantine Empire Location: Istanbul Ottoman Turks Significance: Also known as the Blue Mosque Significance: Conquered Constantinople in 1453 Design: o 5 principal domes Cities: Cairo o 8 secondary domes Cairo o 6 minarets Estimated 250,000 population
Expansion of Islam: Spain Expansion of Islam: Northern Africa
Islam Northern Africa Significance: Spread to a large part of the Also known as “Maghreb” Iberian Peninsula Countries: Al-Andalus o Libya Significance: Refers to the part of the Iberian o Algeria Peninsula conquered by the Muslims o Tunisia Islamic cities: o Morocco o Cordoba Cities: o Seville o Tunis o Granada o Algiers Cordoba o Marrakesh Location: Southern Spain o Fez Great Mosque of Cordoba Tunis (Tunisia) Originally a Catholic basilica Estimated 50,000-100,000 population 784: converted into a mosque
Granada Algiers (Algeria)
Location: Southern Spain Defense against Spanish expansion into North Alhambra Palace Africa Originally a Roman fortress 1333: rebuilt into an Islamic palace Expansion of Islam: India Mughal/Mogul Expansion of Islam: Levant Significance: Refers to the Muslim empire Levant established in India Location: Located on the eastern shores of the Mughal Empire Mediterranean Sea Founding: 1526 Countries: Babur o Syria Period: 1483-1531 o Palestine Humayun o Lebanon Period: 1508-1556 o Jordan Akbar Syria Period: 1542-1605 Cities: Jahangir o Damascus Period: 1569-1627 o Aleppo Shah Jahan Damascus Period: 1592-1666 Estimated 50,000-100,000 Aurangzeb Aleppo Period: 1658-1707 Estimated 50,000-100,000 population India Palestine Mughal emperors: Cities: Jerusalem o Babur o Humayun Expansion of Islam: Egypt o Akbar Egypt o Jahangir Location: Located at the eastern end of the o Shah Jahan Mediterranean Sea o Aurangzeb Jama Masjid Location: Delhi Makkah Masjid Location: Hyderabad