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Learn Old Norse,
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Runes, and Icelandic Sagas
Jesse L. Byock
The Volumes
Cultural Section
Sailing west to Iceland, Greenland and North America
The Norse Cross the Atlantic. Routes taken by settlers to Iceland, Greenland and
North America (Vínland) from the ninth to the eleventh centuries.
Transliteration: Vocabulary:
runa · rista · lit · forungi m captain, commander, leader
rahnualtr · huar a Grikland n Greece, Byzantine Empire (place name)
griklanti · uas · lis · hverr rel pron who
forunki · láta <lætr, lét, létu, látinn> vb allow, permit; have some-
thing done
Standardized Old Norse: lið n band of men, troop
Rúna[r] rísta lét Ragnvaldr <-s> m Ragnvald (personal name)
Ragnvaldr, hverr á rísta <rístr, reist, ristu, ristinn> vb carve, engrave;
Griklandi vas li[ð]s láta rísta rúnar have runes carved
forungi. rún <pl -ar> f rune, a letter in the runic ‘futhark’
vas (older form of var) 3sg past of vera
The Viking The Author
Language Series