1. What is politics and governance?

- According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), governance is used to

manage a country’s affairs through exercising their economic, political, and administrative
authority. Citizens and groups can articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights, meet
their obligations, and mediate their differences by using the mechanisms, processes, and
institutions of governance.
- Politics is the study of government or the exercise of authority within a society through
making and enforcing of collective decisions.

http://www.ombudsman.gov.ph/UNDP4/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Module_I.pdf

2. Views on politics
a. Economic Views
- A person’s belief on how the economy should function

b. Social Views
- A person’s belief on how much the government should interfere in the citizen’s everyday
life.
https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-examples-of-political-views

LISTS https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-examples-of-political-views

3. Define:
a. Authority
- Can be simply defined as legitimate power
- It is based on an acknowledged duty to obey without coercion or manipulation
- Types:
1. Traditional
o Rooted in history
2. Charismatic
o Stems from personality
3. Legal
o Grounded in a set of impersonal rules

http://www.ombudsman.gov.ph/UNDP4/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Module_I.pdf

(same w/ #1)

b. Bureaucracy
- A distinctive arrangement used by human beings to organize their activities.
- “an institutional method for applying general rules to specific cases, thereby making the
actions of government fair and predictable” – according to Max Weber , one of the founders
of sociology
 http://www.ombudsman.gov.ph/UNDP4/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Module_I.pdf

(same w/ #1)

READ/; https://www.britannica.com/topic/bureaucracy

c. Citizenship
- Gained through meeting the legal requirements of a national, state, or local government.
- Modes in acquiring Philippine citizenship:
1. Filipino by birth
o Jus soli (right of soil) which is the legal principle that a person’s nationality at birth is
determined by the place of birth (e.g. the territory of a given state)
o Jus sanguinis (right of blood) which is the legal principle that, at birth, an individual
acquires the nationality of his/her natural parent/s.
2. Filipino by naturalization
o judicial act of adopting a foreigner and clothing him with the privileges of a native-
born citizen. It implies the renunciation of a former nationality and the fact of
entrance into a similar relation towards a new body politic

http://www.clas.wayne.edu/Citizenship/Definition-of-Citizenship

http://immigration.gov.ph/faqs/citizenship

d. Political Actors
- individuals who have obtained at least some measure of political power and/or authority in
a particular society who engage in activities that can have a significant influence on
decisions, policies, media coverage, and outcomes associated with a given conflict”
- TYPES:
1. PA in Democratic country
o include all elected leaders, candidates who are running for election, those in power
who have been elected to those positions, government ministers, and those
members of the legislative branch who are in the opposition
2. PA in Non-Democratic/Semi-Democratic
o They carry out similar functions but are not elected or at least not elected in free
and fair elections.
o members of the political opposition may not be permitted to serve in the legislature
or in any other formal capacity

http://www.infocore.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Def_Political_Actors.pdf

e. Democracy
 - Derived from the Greek word “demos”, or people and kratos = rule
- Government in which the supreme power is vested in the people.
- an institutional configuration that allows for popular participation through the electoral
process
- uniformly characterized by (1) competitive elections, (2) the principle of political and
legal equality, and (3) a high degree of individual freedom, or civil liberties

- Categories:
1. Direct
o citizens, without the intermediary of elected or appointed officials, can participate
in making public decisions
2. Representative
o representatives are elected to make policy and enforce laws while representing
the citizens
o also known as a republic.

https://kr.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/75/2017/04/Democracy-in-Brief_kor-1.pdf

https://learn.saylor.org/mod/page/view.php?id=17845

https://dlc.dcccd.edu/usgov1-1/the-meaning-of-democracy
http://www.quick-facts.co.uk/politics/ideologies.html
absolutism. System where the rulers have unlimited control.
anarchism. Society without government, laws, police or other authority. System of self-
control.
aristocracy. The privilege of social class whose members possess disproportionately large
percentage of society's wealth, prestige and political influence.
autocracy. Supreme political power is in the hands of one person whose decision are
unregulated..
capitalism. Right-wing political system where the principle means of production and
distribution are in private hands.
communism. Extreme left-wing ideology based on the revolutionary socialist teachings of
Marx. Collective ownership and a planned economy. Each should work to their capability
and receive according to their needs.
conservatism. Governmental system where the existing institution are maintained,
emphasizing free-enterprise and minimal governmental intervention.
democracy. Government by the people usually through elected representatives.
dictatorship. Government by a single person with absolute control over the resources of
the state.
egalitaranism. Belief where all citizens have equal rights and privileges.
fascism. Extreme right-wing ideology where the existing social order is protected by the
forcible suppression of the working class.
imperialism. The extension of power and rule beyond established geographical
boundaries.
liberalism. Representative government, free-speech, abolition of class privilege and state
protection of the individual.
Marxism. Developed by Marx and Engles, it proposes that all is subject to change and
resistance to change necessitates the overthrow of the system through class struggle.
Maoism. Interpretation of Marxist communism emphasizing the development of
agriculture.
Monarchy. A form of rule in which the head of state is a King or Queen.
nationalism. The unification of the state and release from foreign rule.
oligarchy. A system of government in which virtually all power is held a small number of
wealthy people who shape policy to benefit themselves.
populism. Collective noun for the ideologies which demand the redistribution of political
power and economic leadership to the 'common people'.
socialism. Left-wing political system where the principle means of production, distribution
and exchange are in common ownership.
theocracy. Rule by the church.
totalitarianism. Government control of all activities.
Trotskyism. Form of Marxism incorporating the concept of permanent revolution.
THE LEFT
liberty. The freedom of speech and the right to dissent.
equality. A classless society with the redistribution of wealth through a welfare state.
fraternity. The communal brotherhood, working and living as one.
THE RIGHT
authority. The preservation of order through an evolved authority.
hierarchy. The continuation of the existing social order.
property. The right to private ownership.