MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Lecture #1: Stress

Stress

Analysis of Internal Forces; Stress

Analysis of Internal Forces; Stress
 Analysis of Internal Forces; Stress

Axially Loaded Bars

Centroidal (axial) Loading

Normal Stress

𝑃 → 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝜎=
𝐴 → 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

The difference between the effects of two different but statically equivalent loads
becomes very small at sufficiently large distances from the load.
Stresses on Inclined Plane

Normal

Shear
 SAMPLE PROBLES:

Problem #1
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 80 mm must carry an axial tensile load of 330 kN.
2
Determine the smallest allowable outside diameter of the tube if the working stress is 110 MN/m :
Problem #2
Axial loads are applied to the compound rod that is composed of an aluminum segment
rigidly connected between steel and bronze segments. Find the largest safe value of P
if the working stresses are 120 MPa for steel, 68 MPa for aluminum, and 110 MPa for
bronze.
Problem #3
Determine the largest weight W that can be supported by the two wires AB and AC: The
working stresses are 100 MPa for AB and 150 MPa for AC. The cross sectional areas of
2 2
AB and AC are 400 mm and 200 mm , respectively.
Problem #4
Determine the smallest allowable cross-sectional areas of members BD, BE, and CE of the truss
shown. The working stresses are 20 000 psi in tension and 12 000 psi in compression. (A reduced
stress in compression is specified to reduce the danger of buckling.)
Shear Stress

Shear Stress ()

• is tangent to the plane on which it acts
• it arises whenever the applied loads cause one section of a
body to slide past its adjacent section

𝑉 → 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝜏=
𝐴 → 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

(a) Single shear in a (b) Double shear in a (c) shear in a metal

Rivet Bolt sheet produced by a
punch.
Bearing Stress

If two bodies are pressed against

each other, compressive forces are
developed on the area of contact.
The pressure caused by these
surface loads is called bearing
stress.

𝑃𝑏 𝑃
𝜎𝑏 = =
𝐴𝑏 𝑡𝑑

(c) bearing stress caused by the

(a) a rivet in a lap joint (b) bearing stress is not bearing force Pb is assumed to
constant be uniform on projected area td.
Working stress 𝝈𝒘 , also called the allowable stress,
• is the maximum safe axial stress used in design
• the working stress should be limited to values not exceeding the
proportional limit so that the stresses remain in the elastic range.

𝜎𝑦𝑝 𝜎𝑢𝑙𝑡
𝜎𝑤 = 𝑜𝑟 𝜎𝑤 =
𝑁 𝑁
Where:

𝜎𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝜎𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑁 = 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦
 SAMPLE PROBLES:

Problem #5

What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate that is

2
25 mm thick? The shear strength of the plate is 350 MN/m .
Problem #6

A circular hole is to be punched in a plate that has a shear

strength of 40ksi. The working compressive stress for the punch
is 50 ksi. (a)Compute the maximum thickness of a plate in which
a hole 2.5 in. in diameter can be punched. (b) If the plate is 0.25
in. thick, determine the diameter of the smallest hole that can be
punched.
Problem #7

The lap joint is connected by three 20-mm-diameter rivets. Assuming that the
axial load P = 50 kN is distributed equally among the three rivets, find (a) the
shear stress in a rivet; (b) the bearing stress between a plate and a rivet; and (c)
the maximum average tensile stress in each plate.
Problem #8

The bell crank, which is in equilibrium under the forces shown in the
figure, is supported by a 20-mm-diameter pin at D that is in double shear.
Determine (a) the required diameter of the connecting rod AB, given that
its tensile working stress is 100 MPa; and (b) the shear stress in the pin.
Problem #9

The 20-mm-diameter bolt fastens two wooden planks together. The nut is
tightened until the tensile stress in the bolt is 150 MPa. Find the smallest safe
diameter d of the washers if the working bearing stress for wood is 13 MPa.
Problem #10

Two forces are applied to the bracket BCD as shown.

(a) Knowing that the control rod AB is to be made of a
steel having an ultimate normal stress of 600 MPa,
determine the diameter of the rod for which the factor
of safety with respect to failure will be 3.3. (b) The pin
at C is to be made of a steel having an ultimate
shearing stress of 350 MPa. Determine the diameter
of the pin C for which the factor of safety with respect
to shear will also be 3.3. (c) Determine the required
thickness of the bracket supports at C knowing that the
allowable bearing stress of the steel used is 300 MPa.