Referencing Guide- Global History (Laurie Benson)

Overview:
There are two main styles of referencing that are used in academia: Chicago (footnote) and
Harvard (in-text brackets). This course does not require you to use a particular referencing
system when wanting to cite/quote a scholar or their ideas. However, please be consistent in
whichever you use, as being able to correctly present your work in an academic style is central
to a successful assignment and forms part of the marking criteria. Secondly, correct referencing
avoids plagiarism:
Plagiarism is defined as “taking of another person’s thoughts, words, results, judgements, ideas, images etc., and
presenting them as your own.” (KCl Website)
Citing, citation, referencing and bibliography all refer to the academic convention of acknowledging your sources
to give proper credit to other people’s work and ideas. By referencing consistently and clearly, you are:
 Showing you have read widely and consulted relevant works
 Substantiating any statement you make, so it is clear whether the idea belongs to you or someone else
 Enabling others to follow up your references, if required.
You need to make a note of everything you read and make sure you reference all your sources in your
assignments to avoid accidental plagiarism.

See the SOAS website on plagiarism: https://www.soas.ac.uk/exams/assessment-misconduct/

The SOAS study skills has a range of resources available via the BLE (top of the screen under
‘Skills for Success’ and then ‘Study Skills’) including a further referencing guide.
The guide below is a distilled overview of the two styles.

Chicago (most frequently used in History):

Chicago footnote style means that your in-text citation will be a small number which will link
to a full description of your source within a footnote. A footnote occurs at the end of a page.
A page's footnote will only refer to citations made on that page, but the citation numbers will
increase across the document e.g. if pages 1and 2 each have a citation, they are numbered (1)
and then (2). If page 3 has three citations they are numbered (3), (4) and (5). The citation
numbers are not reset after each page. You will still need to create a bibliography or
reference list when using this style.
Example: Bruce Mazlish article (Week 1- What is Global History)

What to do?
1. A footnote must always be added to the end of a sentence and after the punctuation
mark. A small number will appear and it will also appear at the bottom of your page.
It is at the bottom of the page that you must correctly detail the academic
author/source/page number.
2. In Microsoft Word go to the ‘references’ tab and click ‘insert footnote’.
 3. Follow the details below to format the reference correctly, keeping in mind the
different in formatting between an academic article and a full book
4. You must also include a full bibliography at the end of your essay (ordered
alphabetically by surname)

How to format your footnote:

Books
John J. Mearsheimer, Conventional Deterrence (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1983), pp.
163- 164.
• Note order of items. • Note placement of punctuation. • Use the author's full name. • Provide full
page number, that is, pp. 163–167, not p. 163–7

Article or chapter in edited volume

Edward N. Luttwak, "The Operational Level of War," in Steven E. Miller, ed., Conventional Forces
and American Defense Policy: An International Security Reader (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton
University Press, 1986), pp. 211–229.
• Note use of book's full title and subtitle

Periodicals and Dailies

Gerard C. Smith, "Time is Running Out," Newsweek, January 31, 1983, p. 8.

Short Citations- For subsequent citations after the first full citation of a source, use a short form
as illustrated below:
Albertini, The Origins of the War of 1914, pp. 180, 183
Posen, "Measuring the European Conventional Balance," p. 70 n. 30.
Ibid., p. 72 [do not use if the immediately preceding note contains more than the one reference].

Harvard Style (often in Social Sciences):

The King's Harvard V1 author-date style is an 'Author-Date' system. This means that mid-text
citations take the form of the cited author's surname (and sometimes the first initial) and the
year in which the piece of work was published. When you are directly using a quote you must
always include the page number. For example:
Fisher and Partin (2014) provide a stark assessment on the risks of researchers
plagiarising..... or ....it has been argued that insufficient attention paid to staff training
increases the risk of staff committing plagiarism (Fisher and Partin, 2014).
Lawrence (1966, p.124) states "we should expect ..."
A full bibliography must be included at the end.

Extra resources:
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-1.html
https://www.soas.ac.uk/library/subjects/langlit/starting-your-research/file97645.pdf