BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

Ms. Kimberly D. Rojas was born on November 16, 1994 in Sabutan, Silang, Cavite. Her parents
are Honorio Rojas and Maria Rojas. She is residing at Brgy. Sabutan, Silang, Chte.

She obtained her elementary education at Sabutan Elementary School at Sabutan, Silang, Cavite.
She finishes her secondary education in New Era National Highschool and graduated in April 2011.

In August 2016, she enrolled at Cavite state University Silang Campus in Silang Cavite. She has
chosen the course of Bachelor of Secondary Education major in Biological Sciences.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researcher would like to give and extend their fullest gratitude and overwhelming appreciation to
the following people who have contributed to the completition of this research study.

Ms. Jane A. Manarpiis , Research Instructor, for sharing and guiding us all throughout this study, for
her expertise, and for her deep understanding to the questions, and for her all of the effort done to
complete this research.

Dr. Roselyn A. Ymana, Ph.D, Chairperson of Teacher Education Department for her cooperation in
allowing and approving us to conduct this research study.

To every person who became part of this research, giving full and all thanks for helping us to complete
this study.

ROJAS, KIMBERLY D.
 ABSTRACT

ROJAS KIMBERLY D. FEASIBILITY OF Mirabillis jalapa Linn. (FOUR O' CLOCK SEEDS) AS ALTERNATIVE
CHALK. Research Study. Bachelor of Secondary Education major in Biological Sciences. Cavite State
University - Silang Campus. November 2019. Instructor. Ms. Jane A. Manarpiis.

This study was designed to determine the feasibility of Mirabillis jalapa Linn. (Four o'Clock Seeds) as
alternative chall. The said research aims to identify if the Mirabillis jalapa Linn. (Four o'clock seeds) is
capable as alternative chalk. To achieve these goals, researcher used the experimental design. The
research cited some studies that is related to the said topic.

To examine the feasibility of four o' clock seeds as alternative chalk, the researcher need the four o' clock
seeds. Results showed that it is feasible to create a chalk from the Mirabillis jalapa Linn.

FEASIBILITY OF Mirabilis jalapa Linn (Four o' clock seeds) AS ALTERNATIVE CHALK
 Rojas Kimberly D.

____________________________________________________________________

An undergraduate thesis outline submitted to the faculty of the Teacher Education Department, Cavite
State University, Silang, Cavite in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject BIOL 24 :
Bioresearch. Prepared under the supervision of Ms. Jane A. Manarpiis.

____________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER I

Introduction

'Background of the Study

Chalk is a variety of limestone composed mainly of calcium carbonate derived from the shells of
tiny marine animals known as foraminifera and from the calcareous remains of marine algae known as
coccoliths. Chalk is usually white or light gray in color. It is extremely porous, permeable, soft and friable.
Mirabilis jalapa Linn. "Four o'clock" are easy-to-grow fragrant flowers that start blooming in the late
afternoon and keep blooming until morning. In cultivation, it is also frequently spontaneously. The seed
of Four o'clock flower was used in China and Japan for making cosmetic powder. This study was designed
to determine the feasibility of the Four o'clock seed as alternative chalk.

Statement of the problem

Generally, this study will be conducted to find out if the Four o'clock seed is feasible as alternative chalk.

1. Is Four o'clock seed capable in making chalk?

2. What is the approximate amount of Four o'clock seeds is needed to make a chalk?

3. Is the product capable of writing on the board as a chalk?

Objectives

1. Identify the capability of Four o'clock seeds in making a chalk.

2. Determine the amount of the ingredients needed to make the product.

3. Identify if the product is capable in using on the board.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study aims to identify if Mirabilis jalapa Linn. (Four o' clock seeds) is capable to be an alternative
chalk.

This study will be significant to the following :

Students

The students will acquire new knowledge and will be motivated to invent new researches.

Teachers

This study will give an information to the teachers of different schools that a particular plant four
o'clock seeds can turn into a beneficial product especially alternative chalk and enable them to use in
schools.

Future researchers

The future researchers will gain knowledge and citation in this study . It will serve also as their basis on
their future studies in relation to the topic of this research.

Community

The study aims to open the mind of the community to be aware that this plant we thought only for
ornamental can be beneficial to us.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This study will be conducted at Cavite State University Silang Campus in the Academic Year 2019 -
2020 and will be taken upon the approval of the proposal.

The whole study will focus on experimentations on how the Mirabilis jalapa Linn. seeds can be used
as an alternative chalk and the process of converting the seeds into a usable product. The process is trial
and error to form the product. The result of this research study will only focus on the said detail.

TIME AND PLACE OF THE STUDY

This study was conducted in the researchers house at Brgy. Sabutan, Silang, Cavite and Brgy.
Iba, Silang, Cavite where the seeds of Mirabilis jalapa Linn. are collected. It conducted on the months of
September to November 2019.
DEFINITION OF TERMS

Mirabilis jalapa Linn. seeds as chalk.

Flour, Cornstarch as binder.

Pliers as seed cracker, to open the seeds.

Mortar and Pestle as seed pulverizer.

Drying to form the actual product.

Foil as molder.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Chalk has been a favored material for writing and drawing since cavemen began using it for paintings
during the prehistoric era, and paired with tablets as a tool for classrooms since at least 11th-century
India. But it was only in the early 1800s that teachers began writing on large chalkboards at the front of
the room—a technological shift that gave them a far more efficient way of presenting ideas and
problems to students.

Among the early innovators was Scottish education reformer James Pillans, who said that his
objective in using blackboards was to “make a strong impression on the eye, and to set the imagination
and conception to work.” To that end, Pillans also invented colored chalk, using a recipe of ground chalk,
dyes, and porridge to add visual complexity to his geography lessons.

Across the pond, George Baron, a mathematics instructor at West Point military academy in the US, was
another founding father of the “chalk and talk.” By 1809, every public school in Philadelphia had adopted
blackboards—a testament to the technique’s ability to engage students, according to Lewis Buzbee’s
Blackboard: A Personal History of the Classroom. “Students no longer simply listened to the teacher;
they had reason to look up from their desks,”.

So transformative was this new technology that one 1841 teaching manual declared, “The inventor or
introducer of the black-board system deserves to be ranked among the best contributors to learning and
science, if not among the greatest benefactors of mankind.”

Historically chalk was made from calcium carbonate—the crushed skeletons of tiny sea algae called
coccolithophores. Much blackboard chalk in use today is made from gypsum, or calcium sulfate, which is
cheaper and more abundant than calcium carbonate; calcium carbonate is still used in so-called
“dustless” chalk.
Greenboards, coated with a porcelain enamel paint, became popular during the mid-20th century,
valued for their appealing color and for cutting down on glare from the sun. But the bell tolled for
chalkboards with the advent of whiteboards, which addressed concerns over the deleterious effects of
chalk dust for human lungs, computers, and general classroom cleanliness.

Still, some educators say there’s no substitute for the magic that happens when chalk meets board. Like
mathematicians, physicists are known to cling to their chalk. It is practical, after all. Dry-erase markers,
run out, dry up, and sometimes leave behind the ghosts of equations if they’re not erased promptly or
with a spray—not quite living upPreparing the Four
to the promise of o'clock seeds for
their name.
collecting the powder
But some of the appeal of chalk is a philosophical, tangible joy in the material. “An idea captured in chalk
is composed of infinitely many fine particles of dust, which makes it natural to rearrange it in different
patterns, whereas the thick black tar emitted by whiteboard pens makes the idea sticky and harder to
work with,” according to theoretical physicist Peter Skands.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
 The researcher conduct the process to
HYPOTHESIS get the powder from the seeds

The Mirabilis jalapa Linn. (Four o' clock) seeds has the capability to be an alternative chalk.

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the The

review of related
capability literatures
of Mirabilis and
jalapa studies about the topic which
Linn.
(Four o' clock) seeds as Alternative Chalk
researche considered significant and support and the study.

Everyday, from schools teachers and students used chalk as an aid in teaching the lesson.

Chalk naturally comes from the environment.

According to (Bogle 1974), Ground seeds of Mirabilis have been used as a cosmetic powder and

unspecified parts for face powder.

According to (Cammue et al. 1992)9the seed of Mirabilis is active against two gram positive

bacteria. The same two peptides found active against two gram positive bacteria, are active

against 13 pathogenic soil fungi.

According to (Chang et al., 1983) M. jalapa starch has been used for specialty baking in Japan,

because of the extremely small size of the starch particles.

According to (Walker 1976), Mirabilis has been reported for several uses in addition to food

and medicine, attributed to Japan, Okinawa, the southern Ryuku Islands and North America .

According to (Agrebi et al., 2008) Mirabilis starch has been used alone as a cell medium for

extracellular protease production in Bacillus spp. M. jalapa tuber starch, by itself, has been

shown to provide all carbon, nitrogen and salts needed by Bacillus .

According to Moerman (1998)9varied parts of Mirabilis have been used for dye . 9

According to (Hamel and Chiltoskey, 1975) Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacMill. leaves were

soaked in milk to make a fly poison .

As Walker (1976) said for Bougainvillea, M. jalapa was commonly cultivated on Okinawa and the

southern Ryukyu Islands, and though it is also not native there, it is frequently utilized in flower

gardens, again particularly in the tropics . Walker (1976) recounts that M. jalapa sometimes

escapes, in one or both of these locations.9

In Chinese traditional medicine, the root of this plant is used as an anti-diabetic (Zhou et al.,

2012).
Several literature reports on scientific studies on various parts of the plant suggest the presence

of clinically important pharmacologic properties (as claimed), including antibacterial (Eneji et

al., 2011), anti-viral (Wong et al., 1992), anti-inflammatory (Nath et al., 2010) and treatment for

dysentery (Shaik et al., 2012).

Importantly, bioguided isolation of small molecules from M. jalapa have also been

demonstrated to have clinically important properties including trigonelline (Zhou et al., 2012)

and boravinone rotenoids (Xu et al., 2010) isolated from the roots of this plant were shown to

have anti-diabetic and in vitro anticancer activities, respectively.

The indigenous people of Mexico use Mirabilis jalapa for treatment of many gastrointestinal

disorders, including dysentery, diarrhea, muscle pain and abdominal colic. The extract of

Mirabilis jalapa exhibits an inhibitory effect on digestive gut and smooth muscle contractility

whereas it stimulates the contraction of rabbit aortic muscle in a concentration-dependent

manner (Aoki K, et al. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008).

Juice of leaves is mixed with water and use for treatment of jaundice (Sharma J, et al. J

Ethnopharmacol. 2012) 10

Paste of leaves has emollient property (Muhammad A,10et al. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012) and is

useful in Skin eruption, while leaves juice is taken orally in Hepatitis (Muhammad A,10et al. J

Ethnopharmacol. 2013). Root extract has Hypolipidemic and 10hypoglycemic activity (Sarkar

P,10et al. Int J Pharm Technol 2011)

Antibacterial activities of the ethanolic extract of the red color flower of Mirabilis Jalapa have

been examined in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli,

Bacillus subtilis, Vibrio cholera, Serratia marcescence and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The

ethanolic extract of the flower showed highest inhibition against Bacillus subtilis (47%) followed

by Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Vibrio

cholerae and Serratia marcescence (Sinha SN. 11Int J Emer Trends in Pharm Sci 2015).

Moreover the qualitative phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract confirmed the presence

of high content of tannins along with moderate amounts of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponin

and terpenes. The existence of high amount of tannins in the extract of this plant indicated the

potential antibacterial (Akiyama H, et al. J Antimicrob Chemother 200111) and antiviral

properties of the plant (Lü L, et. al Acta Pharmacol Sin 2004)11

The antiviral activity of Mirabilis Jalapa has been observed by different scientists. Root extracts

of M. Jalapa was sprayed on test plants 24 hours before the virus or viroid inoculation which

inhibited the infection by almost 100%, as corroborated by infectivity assays and the nucleic

acid spot hybridization test (Vivanco JM. Plant Dis 1999).

Noronha et al noted that Mirabilis jalapa extracts reduced the multiplication of Tobacco mosaic

virus (TMV) by 50% when added to the inoculum (Noronha AB, et. al Microbios 1993)
Mirabilis jalapa is well known to have an anti-viral protein whose mode of action is a ribosome-

inactivation (Ikeda T,12et. al Plant Cell Rep 1987), and (Ago H, et. al Acta Crystallogr Sect D Biol

Crystallogr 1994).

Because of its antiviral activity, it is not surprising that it hosts very few pathogens. The only

known host of Phytophthora mirabilis is M. jalapa. Phytophthora mirabilis infects only leaves

and other aboveground plant parts (Goodwin SB,12et. al Exp Mycol 1994).

M. jalapa is known to be host to two viruses: Parietaria mottle virus (Parrella G.12Plant Pathol

2002) and Mirabilis mosaic virus (family Caulimoviridae) (Brunt AA, Kitajima EW. Phytopatho

Zeithscrifht 1973).

The Methanol extracts of Mirabilis Jalapa. L were tested for their antifungal activities against

Aspergillus Niger, Candida albicans and Daedalea. Results showed that M. Jalapa has the

potential inhibitory effect against Aspergillus Niger and Daedalea flavida while have no effect on

Candida albicans (Kakad SL, et. al J Microbiol Biotech Res 2015).

The anti-oxidant activity of Mirabilis Jalapa is confirmed through several studies. The plant

extract possesses modest antioxidant properties (Selvakumar P, et. al Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2012).

In-vitro Antioxidant Potential of Methanolic Extracts of Mirabilis jalapa revealed the immense

potential of the methanolic extract of the aerial parts and root for the anti-oxidant activity and

elucidating their tentative mechanisms of action. Zachariah, et al finds out that the methanolic

extract of Mirabilis Jalapa has potential antioxidant activity (Zachariah SM,12et. al Int Res J

Pharm 2012).
The total flavanoid content of the extract was discovered to be an active compound responsible

for anti-oxidant activity and could serve as a free radical inhibitor or scavengers. It is confirmed

through further experiments that extracts of Mirabilis jalapa have moderate to potent

antioxidant activity (Mahapatra S, Bhaskar P. Int J Farm & Technol 2012). Further study is

necessary for isolation and characterization of the active antioxidants, which can be used to

treat various oxidative stress-related diseases.

Anti-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory refers to the property of a substance or treatment that

reduces inflammation or swelling. The alcoholic, aqueous, pet ether extracts from the leaves of

Mirabilis Jalapa. L was studied for obtaining the anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan-

induced paw edema, formalin-induced paw edema, cotton pellets induced granuloma models in

Wistar albino rats, which confirmed the anti-inflammatory activity of the extract of Mirabilis

Jalapa (Singh M,13et. al Pharmacog Res 201013).1313and (Lekshmi RN, et. al J Basic Clin Pharm

201013).

The Antinociceptive activity of a drug reduces sensitivity to painful stimuli. Literature has

revealed the Antinociceptive effect of Mirabilis jalapa extracts from leaves and stems in models

of pains in mice, it was concluded from studies that Mirabilis jalapa presents antinociceptive

activity in mice, which supports its folkloric use as an analgesic (Walker CIB,13et. al J

Ethnopharmacol 200813).

The leafy ethyl acetate (Eta) of Mirabilis Jalapa produces anti nociceptive in clinically related

models of pain without the induction of tolerance, namely postoperative, chronic inflammation

and neuropathic pain model. Moreover, this effect in the chronic inflammation model seems to
be an intermediate agent in the activation of the cholinergic system, through pain inhibition. So,

Mirabilis jalapa can be used successfully in various ethno pharmacological preparations to treat

different painful diseases (Walker CIB, et. al J Ethnopharmacol 201314).14

The activity of drugs that expel parasitic worms (helminths) and other internal parasites from

the body by either stunning or killing them and without causing significant damage to the host

is called anthelmintic activity. The aerial partsof Mirabilis jalapa showed anthelmintic activity.

The anthelmintic activity was determined for the methanolic extract of a real part of Mirabilis

Jalapa, which displayed significant anthelmintic properties at higher concentration. The extract

revealed anthelmintic activity in a dose dependent manner which is effective against parasitic

infections of human (Zachariah SM,14et. al Asian J Pharm Clin Res 201214).

Long term hyperglycemia leads to the development of complications associated with diabetes.

Diabetic complications are now a day a global health problem without any effective therapeutic

approach. The ethanol extract of the roots of Mirabilis Jalapa has anti diabetic activity. Oral

administration of ethanolic extract of root of the Mirabilis jalapa L. (10mg/kg and 20mg/kg).

Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats for 12ds and mice for 28 days. It showed significantly

reduced serum, glucose, triglycerides, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and

the activity of gluconeogenic enzyme glucose-6-phosphate, but increased serum insulin, HDL-

cholesterol, protein, liver and skeletal muscle (Singh R,14et al J Ethnopharmacol 2011 ), (Sankar

P,14et. al Int J Pharm & Technol 201114) and (Zhou Ji-yin, et. al Int J Pharm &Technol 200714).

Ji-Yin Zhou et al declared that Mirabilis Jalapa L. root can be used to treat type 2 diabetes with

hyperlipidemia. Root of Mirabilis jalapa L. may be developed as an oral hypoglycemic agent or

functional food for diabetic patients with hyperlipidemia and for persons with high risk of

diabetes (Ji YZ,15et. al Evid-Bas Compl and Alt Med 2012 ).

Phytoremediation of soils contaminated by organic chemicals is a challenging problem in

environmental science and engineering. Mirabilis Jalapa L is a widely spread species that can be

effectively applied to phytoremediation of ≤10, 000 mg/kg petroleum contaminated soil. On the

basis of identifying remediation plants from ornamentals, we come to an end through

investigation that the remediation capability of Mirabilis Jalapa L. to treat petroleum

contaminated soil efficiency of removing total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) by M. jalapa over

the 127-day culture period was high, up to 41.61–63.20%, when the removal rate of natural

attenuation was only 19.75–37.92% (Peng S,15et. al J Hazard Mat 2009 ).

15

15

15

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the method utilized in this study, together with the procedures use including the
preparation, data collection and experimentation which was the main tool used in gathering the needed
data to support the study.
A. Equipment and Materials

 Four o'clock seeds

 Cornstarch
 Pliers
 Mortar and pestle
 Strainer
 Foil
 Water

B. Procedure

1. Collect the seeds of four o'clock plants (Mirabilis jalapa Linn.)

2. Using the pliers crack the seeds to remove the shell.

3. Pulverized the four o'clock seeds until it becomes fine as powder and set aside in a container.

4. Mix the pulverized powder with cornstarch and add small amount of water at the right ratio of the
quantity of the mixture.

5. Mold the mixture into the molder with the desired size.

6. Place it outside but not with direct sunlight and wait until it dries up, and is ready to be used.

RESEARCH DESIGNS

The researchers applied experimental method to determine the Mirabilis jalapa Linn. seeds if it has a
capability to become an alternative chalk. Experimental method since the researcher first conduct the
process of getting the powder from the seeds, and put different amount of the pulverized seeds.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

The instrument used in the study is quantitative instrument where measurable data is recorded. The
researcher use the said instrument to get the result with accurate data and conclusions on the capability
of Mirabilis jalapa Linn. (Four o'clock) seeds as alternative chalk.

RESPONDENTS

The researcher used the Mirabilis jalapa Linn. chalk product in the school. The Fourth Year Biological
Sciences students are the respondents of this study.
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The researcher prepares the four o'clock seeds, pounding the powder of the seeds for the
experimentation. Also, there will be documented photos and record sheet for keeping data for analysis.

CHAPTER IV

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

This chapter, the analysis and interpretation of the data gathered to provide answer to specific problems
formulated for efficient elaboration. Datas are presented in tabular form.

A. Data and Findings

Table 1. Physical Characteristics of the Chalk made from (Mirabilis jalapa Linn.) Four o'clock seeds.

Description

Physical Characteristics Commercial Experimental

Hardness Hard Hard

Texture Smooth Rough

Quality Smooth, Dustless Rough, Dusty

The table 1 shows the Physical characteristics of the experimental and commercial chalk.

It shows that they have different physical characteristics in terms of texture and quality, but both are
hard in terms of its hardness.

Table 2. Making of the Chalk

Ingredients Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Four o'clock seeds 1 tbsp. (15 grams) 2 tbsp. (30 grams) 5 tbsp. (75 grams)
powder
1/2 tbsp. (7.5 grams) 1 tbsp. (15 grams)
Cornstarch

Table 2 shows the trials made to create the chalk, at the first and second trial it did not work well. But on
the third trial it end up well without the cornstarch the chalk is totally formed.
 Picture 1
Picture 2

Picture 1 shows the collected four o'clock seeds, the collected seeds produced 2 cups. Picture 2
shows the seeds being pounded, but it did not work well because the seed shell is too hard.

Picture 3

Picture 3 shows the removal of the powder

from the seed shell using pliers. It is more
efficient to use pliers in getting the seeds
powder.
 Picture 4
Picture 5

Picture 4 shows the removed shells of the four o' clock seeds and Picture 5 shows the powder that is
collected from the seeds.

Picture 6 Picture 7

Picture 6 and 7 shows the powder of the seeds are weighed.

 Picture 8 Picture 9

Picture 8 shows the pulverizing of the seeds and Picture 9 shows the pulverized seeds, it is now
white powder and is being sifted to remove the seed coatings to produce a fine powder.

Picture 10 Picture 11

Picture 10 shows the process in making the chalk, 1 tbsp. of four o'clock seeds powder. Picture
11 shows 1/2 tbsp. of cornstarch in trial 1.
 Picture 12

Picture 12 shows the drying of the mixture, it is put outside but not with direct sunlight to prevent it from
cracking.

Picture 14 Picture 15

Picture 14 shows the product, it is formed and dried. Picture 15 shows the finish product and is capable
to use in writing on the blackboard.
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This section presents the generalized concepts which has been made within the covered period of the
study and recommendation of the study.

Summary

The main purpose of the study was to utilized the seeds of four o'clock into a useful product, an
alternative chalk. The study was conducted at Cavite State University - Silang Campus from September
2019 to November 2019.

The four o'clock seeds was chosen by the researcher in making the alternative chalk, because Mirabilis
jalapa Linn. (Four o'clock) plant is widely cultivated as ornamental plant at Brgy. Sabutan, and Brgy. Iba,
Silang, Cavite. In developing the product the researcher used experimental method to make the
alternative chalk, and to make the data reliable, researcher use quantitative instrument where
measurable data is recorded.

Conclusion

The study entitled "Feasibility of Mirabilis jalapa Linn (Four o'clock) seeds as alternative chalk" aimed
to utilized the seeds of the plant to make it as a useful product which is the alternative chalk, that
eventually will help the Teachers in the schools.

Recommendation
 Based on the findings and conclusions presented, the researcher proven the effectiveness of the
Mirabilis jalapa Linn. (Four o'clock) seeds as alternative chalk. Although the objectives of the study were
succesfully met based on the data gathered the following recommendations are advised:

1. Improve the molder used in the making of the product.

2. Improve the consistency of the product. Hardness and Shape of the product.

3. Improve the process of getting the powder from the seeds with the use of grinder.

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