CH 12

202
Chapter 12 Basic Trigonometry
Q & A (P.12.2) 11
(c) sin  =
1. Radius of the Ferris wheel = 10 m 6
5
cos  =
6
2. The required time
11
6 tan  =
= minutes 5
2
= 3 minutes
1 1
3. (a) sin 30 + cos 60 = +
2 2
Review Exercise (P.12.5) =1
1. (a) By Pythagoras’ theorem,  3  1 
(b) sin 60 tan 30 =   
 2  3 
2 2 2
x =6 +8
 
x = 36  64 1
=
= 10 2
2
(b) By Pythagoras’ theorem,  1 
(c) tan 45 + cos 45 = 1 + 
2

x2 + 72 = 252  2
1
x = 25 2  7 2 =1+
2
= 24 3
=
(c) By Pythagoras’ theorem, 2
x2 + 22 = 32  3  1 
2
(d) cos 30 tan 60  sin 45 = 
2  ( 3 )   
x = 32  2 2  2   2
 
= 5 3 1
= 
2 2
=1
4
2. (a) sin  =
5
1
cos  =
3 4. (a) sin  tan (90  ) = sin  
5 tan 
1
tan  =
4 = sin  
sin 
3
cos 
15
(b) sin  = = cos 
17
8 sin (90   ) cos
cos  = (b) =
17 tan (90   ) 1
tan 
15
tan  = = cos  tan 
8
sin 
= cos  
cos 
= sin 
1  cos 2  sin 2 
(c) =
cos (90   ) sin 
= sin 
© Oxford University Press 2014

Chapter 12: Basic Trigonometry 203
5. (a) Coordinates of Q = (3 , 4) Instant Drill 4 (P.12.13)

(b) Coordinates of T = (2 , 5) Let P(x , y) be a point on the terminal side of  and OP = r.
∵ tan  > 0
6. (a) Coordinates of B = (2 , 3) ∴  lies in quadrant I or quadrant III.
(b) Coordinates of D = (5 , 4) When  lies in quadrant I, let x = 1 and y = 3.
(c) Coordinates of N = (1 , 2) r = 12  32
= 10
Instant Drill 1 (P.12.9) 3
∴ sin  =
10
OB = (9) 2  12 2
1
= 15 cos  =
10
12 4
∴ sin  = =
15 5 When  lies in quadrant III, let x = 1 and y = 3.
9 3 r = (1) 2  (3) 2
cos  = =
15 5
= 10
12 4
tan  = = 3
9 3 ∴ sin  = 
10
1
Instant Drill 2 (P.12.10) cos  = 
10
2.6 = x 2  (1) 2
2.62 = x2 + 1 Instant Drill 5 (P.12.21)
x2 = 5.76 sin  sin 
(a) cos  + = cos  +
x = 2.4 (rejected) or 2.4 tan  sin 
1 5 cos
∴ sin  = =
2.6 13 = cos  + cos 
2.4 12 = 2 cos 
cos  = =
2.6 13  1 
(sin   1)  1
1 5   
tan  = = (b)
cos
 2.4 12  1 
(cos  1)  1
 sin  
 1  cos  
Instant Drill 3 (P.12.12) (sin   1) 
Let P(x , y) be a point on the terminal side of  and OP = r. =  cos  
 1  sin  
Let y = 3 and r = 5. (cos   1) 
 sin  
5 = x 2  32  sin  (sin   1)(cos   1)
=
52 = x2 + 9  cos  (cos   1)(sin   1)
x2 = 16 sin 
=
cos 
x = 4 (rejected) or 4
4 = tan 
∴ cos  = 
5
3
tan  = 
4

204 Solutions
Instant Drill 6 (P.12.21) (c) tan 240 = tan (180 + 60)

2 sin   3 cos = tan 60
2 sin   3 cos cos
= = 3
4 sin  4 sin 
cos Alternative Method
2 tan   3 tan 240 = tan (270  30)
=
4 tan 
1
2 =
2   3 tan 30
=  
3 1
2 =
4  1
3 3
5
= = 3
8
Instant Drill 9 (P.12.27)

(a) cos2 (180  ) + sin2 () = (cos )2 + (sin )2
(a) cos () + sin (90  ) = cos  + cos 
= cos2  + sin2 
= 2 cos 
=1
(b) tan (180 + ) + tan (360  ) = tan  + (tan )
1
sin  
=0 cos (  270)  tan (90   ) tan 
(b) =
cos (360   ) cos sin 2 (  180)  cos 2 0 ( sin  ) 2  1
(c) =
sin (270   )  cos sin 
=
= 1 tan  (sin 2   1)
sin 
=
sin 
Instant Drill 8 (P.12.26)  (1  sin 2  )
cos
(a) sin 330 = sin (360  30) cos
=
= sin 30 cos 2 
1
=
1 =
2 cos
1 tan 315
Alternative Method (c) 
cos (360   )  1 sin (90   )  1
sin 330 = sin (270 + 60)
1 tan (360  45)
= cos 60 = 
cos   1 cos   1
=
1 1  tan 45
= 
2 cos  1 cos  1
(b) cos 135 = cos (180  45) =
1

1
cos  1 cos  1
= cos 45
(cos  1)  (cos  1)
1 =
= (cos  1)(cos  1)
2
2 cos
=
Alternative Method cos 2   1
cos 135 = cos (90 + 45) 2 cos 
=
= sin 45 1  cos 2 
2 cos 
=
1 =
2 sin 2 

Instant Drill 10 (P.12.28) Instant Drill 12 (P.12.36)

tan 84 = tan (90  6) (a)   sin2 x  1
1 Maximum value of y = 1 + 4
=
tan 6
=5
1
∴ tan 6  tan 84 = tan 6  Minimum value of y = 0 + 4
tan 6
=1 =4
Similarly, (b) 0  cos2 x  1
tan 12  tan 78 = 1 Maximum value of y = 1  5(0)
tan 18  tan 72 = 1 =1
tan 24  tan 66 = 1 Minimum value of y = 1  5(1)

tan 30  tan 60 = 1 = 
tan 36  tan 54 = 1 (c) Maximum value of (2  sin x) = 2  (1)
tan 42  tan 48 = 1 =

∴ tan 6  tan 12  tan 18  …  tan 84 Minimum value of (2  sin x) = 2  1
= (tan 6  tan 84)  (tan 12  tan 78)  =
2
(tan 18  tan 72)  (tan 24  tan 66)  Maximum value of y = 3
(tan 30  tan 60)  (tan 36  tan 54)  =9
(tan 42  tan 48) Minimum value of y = 12
=1111111 =1
=1
Instant Drill 11 (P.12.35) (a) Reference angle 

(a) 1  sin x  1 = 36.870, cor. to the nearest 0.001
Maximum value of y = 1  2 ∵ cos x > 0
= 1 ∴ x lies in quadrant I or quadrant IV.
Minimum value of y = 1  2 x = 36.870 or 360  36.870

= 3 ∴ x = 36.9 or 323.1, cor. to the nearest 0.1
(b) 1  cos x  1 (b) Reference angle  = 30

Maximum value of y = 3(1) + 4 ∵ sin x < 0
=7 ∴ x lies in quadrant III or quadrant IV.
Minimum value of y = 3(1) + 4 x = 180 + 30 or 360  30

=1 ∴ x = 210 or 330
(c) Maximum value of y

1
=
minimum value of (3 cos x  4)
=1
Minimum value of y
1
=
maximum value of (3 cos x  4)
1
=
7

206 Solutions
Instant Drill 14 (P.12.40) Instant Drill 18 (P.12.42)

3 tan x = 4 (a) cos x sin x  2 cos x = 0
tan x =
4 cos x (sin x  2) = 0
3 cos x = 0 or sin x  2 = 0
[Reference angle  = 53.130, cor. to the nearest 0.001
cos x = 0 or sin x = 2 (rejected)
∵ tan x > 0
∴ x = 90 or 270
∴ x lies in quadrant I or quadrant III.]
(b) 3 sin x + 2 sin x cos x = 0
x = 53.130 or 180 + 53.130
sin x (3 + 2 cos x) = 0
∴ x = 53.1 or 233.1, cor. to the nearest 0.1
sin x = 0 or 3 + 2 cos x = 0
3
sin x = 0 or cos x = 
(rejected)
Instant Drill 15 (P.12.40) 2
4 cos x = 3 ∴ x = 0 (rejected) or 180 or 360 (rejected)
3
cos x = 
4 Instant Drill 19 (P.12.42)
x = 180  41.410 or 180 + 41.410
(a) 2 sin x = 3 tan x
= 138.590 or 221.410 (rejected) sin x
2 sin x = 3
∴ x = 138.6, cor. to the nearest 0.1 cos x
2 sin x cos x = 3 sin x
Instant Drill 16 (P.12.41) 2 sin x cos x  3 sin x = 0
5 sin  = 2 sin x (2 cos x  3) = 0
2 sin x = 0 or 2 cos x  3 = 0
sin  = 
5 3
sin x = 0 or cos x = (rejected)
 = 180 + 63.435 or 360  63.435 2
∴ x = 0 or 180 or 360 (rejected)
= 243.435 or 296.565 (rejected)
∴  = 243.4, cor. to the nearest 0.1 (b) 3 sin x = tan x
sin x
3 sin x = 
cos x
3 sin x cos x = sin x
(a) 4 sin x  5 cos x = 0
3 sin x cos x + sin x = 0
4 sin x = 5 cos x
sin x (3 cos x + 1) = 0
4 sin x 5 cos x
= sin x = 0 or 3 cos x + 1 = 0
cos x cos x
5 1
tan x = sin x = 0 or cos x = 
4 3
x = 51.340 or 180 + 51.340 When sin x = 0,
∴ x = 51.3 or 231.3, cor. to the nearest 0.1 x = 0 or 180 or 360 (rejected)
(b) 3 sin x + 2 cos x = 0 1
When cos x =  ,
3
3 sin x = 2 cos x
x = 180  70.529 or 180 + 70.529
3 sin x 2 cos x
=
cos x cos x = 109.5 or 250.5 (rejected), cor. to the
tan x = 
2 nearest 0.1
3 ∴ x = 0 or 109.5 or 180
x = 180  33.690 or 360  33.690
∴ x = 146.3 or 326.3, cor. to the nearest 0.1

Instant Drill Corner 12.1 (P.12.7) 185 = 175  360

y ∵ 90 < 175 < 180
1. (a)
∴ 185 lies in quadrant II.
160° ∵ 270 < 337 < 360
x ∴ 337 lies in quadrant IV.
O
108 = 252  360
∵ 180 < 252 < 270
160 lies in quadrant II. ∴ 108 lies in quadrant III.
(b) y
Instant Drill Corner 12.2 (P.12.10)
4
210° 1. sin  =
x 5
O
3
cos  =
5
4
210 lies in quadrant III. tan  =
3
(c) y
2
2. sin  =
2
420°
x 2
O
cos  = 
2
2
tan  = = 1
420 lies in quadrant I.  2
(d) y
5
3. sin  = 
3
2
O
x cos  =
– 70° 3
5
tan  = 
2
70 lies in quadrant IV.
4. OP = 8 2  (6) 2
2. 60 = 300  360
= 10
∵ 270 < 300 < 360
6 3
∴ 60 lies in quadrant IV. ∴ sin  = =
10 5
∵ 90 < 130 < 180
8 4
cos  = =
∴ 130 lies in quadrant II. 10 5
∵ 270 < 275 < 360 6 3
tan  = =
∴ 275 lies in quadrant IV. 8 4
387 = 27 + 360
∵ 0 < 27 < 90
∴ 387 lies in quadrant I.

208 Solutions
5. OP = (12) 2  (5) 2 2. Let P(x , y) be a point on the terminal side of  and
= 13 OP = r.
5 ∵ 90 <  < 180
∴ sin  = 
13 ∴  lies in quadrant II.
cos  = 
12 Let x = 7 and r = 25.
13
25 = (7) 2  y 2
5 5
tan  = = 252 = 49 + y2
 12 12
y2 = 576
y = 24 or 24 (rejected)
6. 2.5 = x 2  2.4 2
24
2.52 = x2 + 5.76 ∴ sin  =
25
x2 = 0.49
24
tan  = 
x = 0.7 (rejected) or 0.7 7
2.4 24
∴ sin  = =
2.5 25
3. Let P(x , y) be a point on the terminal side of  and
0.7 7
cos  = = OP = r.
2.5 25
∵ sin  < 0
2.4 24
tan  = = ∴  lies in quadrant III or quadrant IV.
 0.7 7
When  lies in quadrant III, let y = 2 and r = 3.
3 = x 2  (2) 2
Sign of Sign of Sign of 32 = x2 + 4
 Quadrant
sin cos tan x2 = 5
1. 100 II +   x = 5 (rejected) or  5
2. 250 III   + 5
∴ cos  = 
3. 410 I + + + 3
4. 60 IV  +  2 2
tan  = =
 5 5
Instant Drill Corner 12.4 (P.12.13) When  lies in quadrant IV, let y = 2 and r = 3.
1. Let P(x , y) be a point on the terminal side of  and 3 = x 2  (2) 2
OP = r. 32 = x2 + 4
Let x = 15 and y = 8. x2 = 5
r = 15 2  (8) 2 x = 5 or  5 (rejected)
= 17 5
∴ cos  =
8 3
∴ sin  = 
17 2
tan  = 
15 5
cos  =
17

1. (a) cos 90 + tan 180 = 0 + 0
=0

(b) sin 0  cos 270 = 0  0 3. (a) sin (360 + ) + cos (90 + ) = sin  + (sin )
=0 =0
(c) sin 90  sin 270 = 1  (1) tan (180   )  tan 
(b) =
= 1 tan (270   )  1
tan 0 0 tan 
(d) =
cos180  1 = tan2 
=0
4. (a) sin 300 = sin (360  60)

2. (a) sin 225 = 0.707, cor. to 3 d.p.
= sin 60
(b) cos 323 = 0.799, cor. to 3 d.p.
3
(c) tan 341.8 = 0.329, cor. to 3 d.p. =
2
(d) cos (75) = 0.259, cor. to 3 d.p. Alternative Method
(e) sin (165) = 0.259, cor. to 3 d.p. sin 300 = sin (270 + 30)
(f) tan 194.8 = 0.264, cor. to 3 d.p. = cos 30
3
=
Instant Drill Corner 12.6 (P.12.28) 2
 1  1   1  cos   1  cos   (b) cos 225 = cos (180 + 45)
1.   1  1 =   
 cos   cos    cos   cos   = cos 45
1  cos  2
1
= =
cos 2  2
sin 2 
= Alternative Method
cos 2 
cos 225 = cos (270  45)
= tan2 
= sin 45
Alternative Method
1
 1  1  1 =
  1  1 = 1 2
 cos   cos   cos 2 
(c) tan 120 = tan (180  60)
1  cos 2 
= = tan 60
cos 2 
sin 2  = 3
=
cos  2
Alternative Method
= tan2  tan 120 = tan (90 + 30)
1
=
2 cos  tan 30
2 cos  cos  1
2. = =
3 cos   sin  3 cos   sin  1
cos 
3
2
= = 3
3  tan 
2
=
3
4 5. (a) sin2  + sin (90 + )  cos (360 + )
3
= sin2  + cos   cos 
6
=
13 = sin2  + cos2 
=1

210 Solutions
1 3. 1  cos x  1
tan (270   ) tan 
(b) = Maximum value of (3  cos x) = 3  (1)
1  sin 2 (180   ) 1  sin 2 
=4
1
= Minimum value of (3  cos x) = 3  1
tan  cos 2 
1 =2
=
sin  4
 cos 2  Maximum value of y =
cos  minimum value of (3  cos x)
1
= 4
sin  cos  =
2
1 tan 135
(c)  =2
1  cos (180   ) 1  cos ( )
4
1 tan (180  45) Minimum value of y =
=  maximum value of (3  cos x)
1  ( cos  ) 1  cos 
4
1  tan 45 =
=  4
1  cos  1  cos 
1 1 =1
= 
1  cos 1  cos
(1  cos  )  (1  cos  )
= 4. 0  cos2 x  1
(1  cos  )(1  cos  )
Maximum value of y = 1  6
2
= = 5
1  cos 2 
2 Minimum value of y = 0  6
=
sin 
2
= 6
Instant Drill Corner 12.7 (P.12.34) 5. 0  sin2 x  1

Trigonometric Maximum value of (sin2 x + 2) = 1 + 2
(a) y = sin x y = cos x y = tan x
function
Maximum =3
(b) 1 1 not exist 2
value Minimum value of (sin x + 2) = 0 + 2
Minimum
(c) 1 1 not exist =2
value
(d) Period 360 360 180 1
Maximum value of y =
minimum value of (sin 2 x  2)
1
Instant Drill Corner 12.8 (P.12.36) =
2
1. 1  cos x  1 1
Minimum value of y =
Maximum value of y = 3(1) maximum value of (sin 2 x  2)
=3 1
=
Minimum value of y = 3(1) 3
= 3
2. 1  sin x  1
Maximum value of y = 2(1)  7
= 5
Minimum value of y = 2(1)  7
= 9

6. 1  cos x  1 6. 6 sin  + 5 = 0
Maximum value of (5  cos x) = 5  (1) sin  = 
5
=6 6
 = 180 + 56.443 or 360  56.443
Minimum value of (5  cos x) = 5  1
∴  = 236.4 or 303.6, cor. to the nearest 0.1
=4
Maximum value of y = 62
7. 2 cos   3 sin  = 0
= 36
2 cos  = 3 sin 
Minimum value of y = 42
2 cos 3 sin 
= 16 =
cos cos
2
tan  =
Instant Drill Corner 12.9 (P.12.43) 3
1. Reference angle  = 19.269, cor. to the nearest 0.001  = 33.690 or 180 + 33.690
∵ sin  > 0 ∴  = 33.7 or 213.7, cor. to the nearest 0.1
∴  lies in quadrant I or quadrant II.
 = 19.269 or 180  19.269 8. sin   2 sin  cos  = 0
∴  = 19.3 or 160.7, cor. to the nearest 0.1 sin  (1  2 cos ) = 0
sin  = 0 or 1  2 cos  = 0
2. Reference angle  = 63.435, cor. to the nearest 0.001 1
sin  = 0 or cos  =
2
∵ tan  < 0
When sin  = 0,
∴  lies in quadrant II or quadrant IV.
 = 0 or 180 or 360
 = 180  63.435 or 360  63.435 1
∴  = 116.6 or 296.6, cor. to the nearest 0.1 When cos  = ,
2
 = 60 or 300
3. Reference angle  = 45.573, cor. to the nearest 0.001 ∴  = 0 or 60 or 180 or 300 or 360
∵ cos  < 0
∴  lies in quadrant II or quadrant III. 9. sin  = 2 tan 
 = 180  45.573 or 180 + 45.573 sin 
sin  =  2 
∴  = 134.4 or 225.6, cor. to the nearest 0.1 cos 
sin  cos  = 2 sin 
sin  cos  + 2 sin  = 0
4. 5 cos  = 3
3 sin  (cos   2) = 0
cos  =
5 sin  = 0 or cos   2 = 0
 = 53.130 or 360  53.130 sin  = 0 or cos  = 2 (rejected)
∴  = 53.1 or 306.9, cor. to the nearest 0.1 ∴  = 0 or 180 or 360
5. 2 tan  = 2 Exercise 12A (P.12.16)

tan  =  2 1. (a) 234 =   360
 = 180  54.736 or 360  54.736  = 126

212 Solutions
(b)  = 282  360 (b) cos  = 

1
<0
= 78 4
∴  lies in quadrant II or III.
(c) 145 =   360
(c) When cos  > 0,
 = 215
 lies in quadrant I or quadrant IV.
When sin  = 0.5 > 0,
2. (a) ∵ 180 < 215 < 270
 lies in quadrant I or quadrant II.
∴ 215 lies in quadrant III.
When cos  > 0 and sin  = 0.5,
(b) ∵ 90 < 93 < 180
 lies in quadrant I.
∴ 93 lies in quadrant II.
(d) When sin  < 0,
(c) 128 = 232  360
 lies in quadrant III or quadrant IV.
∵ 180 < 232 < 270
When cos  = 0.47 > 0,
∴ 128 lies in quadrant III.
 lies in quadrant I or quadrant IV.
(d) 380 = 20 + 360
When sin  < 0 and cos  = 0.47,
∵ 0 < 20 < 90
 lies in quadrant IV.
∴ 380 lies in quadrant I.
(e) 250 = 110  360
Quadrant in
∵ 90 < 110 < 180 5. sin  cos  tan 
which  lies
∴ 250 lies in quadrant II. (a)  +  IV
(f) ∵ 270 < 333 < 360 (b)   + III
∴ 333 lies in quadrant IV. (c) +   II
(d)  +  IV
3. (a) ∵ cos  > 0
∴  lies in quadrant I or IV. 12
6. (a) sin  = 
(b) ∵ tan  < 0 13
∴  lies in quadrant II or IV. cos  =
5
13
(c) When sin  > 0,
12
 lies in quadrant I or quadrant II. tan  = 
5
When cos  < 0,
2 2
 lies in quadrant II or quadrant III. (b) sin  =
3
When sin  > 0 and cos  < 0, 1
cos  = 
 lies in quadrant II. 3
(d) When sin  < 0, 2 2
tan  = =2 2
 lies in quadrant III or quadrant IV. 1
When tan  > 0,
 lies in quadrant I or quadrant III. 0.6
7. (a) sin  = = 0.6
1
When sin  < 0 and tan  > 0,
0.8
 lies in quadrant III. cos  = = 0.8
1
0.6
tan  = = 0.75
4. (a) sin  = 0.2 > 0 0.8
∴  lies in quadrant I or II.

4
 9. Let P(x , y) be a point on the terminal side of  and
5 4
(b) sin  = = OP = r.
1 5
3 Let x = 15 and r = 17.

5 3 17 = (15) 2  y 2
cos  = =
1 5
172 = 225 + y2
4
 y2 = 64
4
tan  = 5 =

3 3 y = 8 or 8 (rejected)
5 8
∴ sin  =
17
8. (a) OP = (8) 2  15 2 tan  = 
8
15
= 17
15
∴ sin  =
17 10. Let P(x , y) be a point on the terminal side of  and
8 OP = r.
cos  = 
17 Let y = 7 and r = 25.
15
tan  =  25 = x 2  (7) 2
8
252 = x2 + 49
(b) OQ = (12) 2  (35) 2 x2 = 576
= 37 x = 24 or 24 (rejected)
35
∴ sin  =  ∴ cos  =
24
37 25
12
cos  =  7
37 tan  = 
24
35 35
tan  = =
 12 12
(c) OR = 4  ( 33 )
2 2
OP = r.
=7 ∵ 180 <  < 270
∴ sin  = 
33 ∴  lies in quadrant III.
7
Let x = 1 and y =  3 .
4
cos  = r = (1) 2  ( 3 ) 2
7
=2
33
tan  = 
4 3
∴ sin  = 
2
1
cos  = 
2

214 Solutions
12. Let P(x , y) be a point on the terminal side of  and 16. (a) y
OP = r. P
∵ 270 <  < 360 i

50°
∴  lies in quadrant IV. O
x
Let x = 12 and r = 13.

13 = 12 2  y 2  = 180  50 = 130
(b) y
132 = 144 + y2
P
y2 = 25
y = 5 (rejected) or 5 50°
5 x
O
∴ sin  = 
13 i
5  = (180 + 50) = 230

tan  = 
12
17.  is an acute angle in quadrant I.
13. (a) cos 0 + tan 180 = 1 + 0 ∴ 0 <  < 90
=1 (a) y
(b) sin 0 + cos 180  sin 90 = 0 + (1)  1
i
= 2 90°+ i
(c) tan 0  cos 270 = 0  0 x

O
=0
cos 90  sin 180 0  0
(d) =
sin 270 1 90 +  lies in quadrant II.
=0
(b) y
14. (a) cos 123 = 0.545, cor. to 3 d.p. 360°– i

(b) sin 340 = 0.342, cor. to 3 d.p. x
O i
(c) tan (121) = 1.664, cor. to 3 d.p.
(d) cos (65) = 0.423, cor. to 3 d.p.
360   lies in quadrant IV.

15. (a) tan 276.8 = 8.386, cor. to 3 d.p.
(c)
(b) sin (188.5) = 0.148, cor. to 3 d.p.
(c) cos 450.5 = 0.009, cor. to 3 d.p.
(d) tan (192.8) = 0.227, cor. to 3 d.p.
270   lies in quadrant III.

(d) y (b) 8 = 72  y 2
82 = 49 + y2
180°+ i y2 = 15
x
O y = 15 (rejected) or  15
i
15
∴ sin  = 
8
180 +  lies in quadrant III. 7
cos  =
8
20 = x 2  16 2 15
18. (a) tan  = 
7
202 = x2 + 256
x2 = 144
x = 12 or 12 (rejected)
16 4 OP = r.
∴ sin  = =
20 5 ∵ 0 <  < 180 and cos  < 0.
12 3 ∴  lies in quadrant II.
cos  = =
20 5 Let x = 3 and r = 5.
16 4
tan  = = 5 = (3) 2  y 2
12 3
52 = 9 + y2
(b) 4 = x  ( 7 )
2 2
y2 = 16
2 2
4 =x +7
x2 = 9 4
∴ sin  =
x = 3 (rejected) or 3 5
7 4
∴ sin  =  tan  = 
4 3
3
cos  = 
4
 7 7
tan  = = OP = r.
3 3
∵ tan  = 2 and sin  > 0.
∴  lies in quadrant I.
19. (a) 1.7 = (0.8) 2  y 2
Let x = 1 and y = 2.
1.72 = 0.64 + y2
r = 12  2 2
y2 = 2.25
= 5
y = 1.5 or 1.5 (rejected)
2
1.5 15 ∴ sin  =
∴ sin  = = 5
1.7 17
1
0.8 8 cos  =
cos  = = 5
1.7 17
1.5 15
tan  = =
 0.8 8

216 Solutions
22. Let P(x , y) be a point on the terminal side of  and 24. Let P(x , y) be a point on the terminal side of  and
OP = r. OP = r.
∵ tan  > 0 ∵ sin  < 0
∴  lies in quadrant I or quadrant III. ∴  lies in quadrant III or quadrant IV.
When  lies in quadrant I, let x = 5 and y = 12. When  lies in quadrant III, let y =  3 and r = 2.
r = 5 2  12 2 2 = x 2  ( 3 ) 2
= 13 22 = x2 + 3
12 x2 = 1
∴ sin  =
13
5
cos  = 1
13 ∴ cos  = 
2
When  lies in quadrant III, let x = 5 and y = 12.  3
tan  = = 3
r = (5)  (12)
2 2
1
= 13 When  lies in quadrant IV, let y =  3 and r = 2.
12 2 = x 2  ( 3 ) 2
∴ sin  = 
13 22 = x2 + 3
5
cos  =  x2 = 1
13
1
∴ cos  =
23. Let P(x , y) be a point on the terminal side of  and 2
OP = r.  3
tan  = = 3
∵ cos  > 0 1
∴  lies in quadrant I or quadrant IV.
When  lies in quadrant I, let x = 9 and r = 41. 25. (a) sin 180 + cos 360  tan 0 = 0 + 1  0
=1
41 = 9 2  y 2
(b) tan 180 + cos 0  cos 90 = 0 + 1  0
412 = 81 + y2
=0
y2 = 1 600
(c) sin 270  cos 270 = (1)2  02
2 2
40 =1
∴ sin  = tan 360 0
41 (d)  2 sin 90 =  2(1)
40 cos180 1
tan  =
9 = 2
When  lies in quadrant IV, let x = 9 and r = 41.

Exercise 12B (P.12.28)
41 = 9 2  y 2
1  sin 2  cos 2 
412 = 81 + y2 1. =
cos  cos 
y2 = 1 600
= cos 
y = 40 (rejected) or 40
40
∴ sin  =  sin 
41 2. 1  sin  cos  tan  = 1  sin  cos  
cos
40
tan  =  = 1  sin2 
9
= cos2 

1  sin   cos 2  sin 2   sin  3 sin   2 cos 

3. = 3 sin   2 cos  cos 
(1  sin  ) cos  (1  sin  ) cos 7. =
sin   2 cos  sin   2 cos 
sin  (sin   1)
= cos 
(1  sin  ) cos 3 tan   2
sin  =
= tan   2
cos   1
3    2
= tan 
= 
3
1
 2
sin   cos  sin   cos  3
4. = 3
1
1
1
1 =
tan  sin  7
cos 
sin   cos  sin 2 
=
cos  tan 
2
1 = cos
2

sin  8.
tan   1 sin 
2 2
sin   cos  1
= cos 2 
sin   cos 
sin 2 
sin 
cos 2 
= sin  =
sin   cos 2 
2
cos 2 
sin  sin 
5. = = sin2
sin  cos   sin  sin  (cos   1)
= (0.6)2
1
= = 0.36
cos   1
1
=
2
1 9. cos   tan (360 + ) = cos   tan 
5 sin 
5 = cos  
= cos
3
= sin 
cos  sin   2 sin 2  2 sin  10. sin  + cos (270  ) = sin  + (sin )
6. = 1
cos  sin  cos 
=0
= 1  2 tan 
3
= 1  2  11. cos (90  )  sin () = sin   (sin )
4
1 = 2 sin 
=
2
12. sin (270 + )  cos (180  ) = cos   (cos )
=0
13. sin (180  )  cos (90 + ) = sin   (sin )

= sin2 

218 Solutions
1 Alternative Method
14. sin (180 + )  tan (90  ) = sin  
tan  cos 315 = cos (270 + 45)
1
= sin   = sin 45
sin 
cos  1
=
= cos  2
(c) tan 330 = tan (360  30)
sin (360   ) sin  = tan 30
15. =
cos (180   )  cos  1
=
3
= tan 
Alternative Method
1 1 tan 330 = tan (270 + 60)
16. sin (360  )  = sin  
tan ( )  tan  1
=
1 tan 60
= sin  
sin  =
1
cos  3
= cos  (d) cos 150 = cos (180  30)
= cos 30
cos ( ) cos 
17. = 3
tan (90   ) 1 =
 2
tan 
Alternative Method
= tan  cos 
sin  cos 150 = cos (90 + 60)
=  cos 
cos  = sin 60
= sin  3
=
2
1 (e) sin 120 = sin (180  60)

18. tan (270 + )  tan (180  ) =  (tan )
tan  = sin 60
=1 3
=
2
Alternative Method
19. (a) sin 210 = sin (180 + 30)
sin 120 = sin (90 + 30)
= sin 30
1 = cos 30
=
2 3
=
Alternative Method 2
sin 210 = sin (270  60) (f) tan 225 = tan (180 + 45)
= cos 60 = tan 45

1 =1
=
2 Alternative Method
(b) cos 315 = cos (360  45) tan 225 = tan (270  45)
= cos 45 1
=
1 tan 45
=
2 =1

cos  cos  cos (270   ) sin 

20.  25.  cos (180  ) =  (cos )
1  cos  1  cos  tan ( )  tan 
cos  (1  cos  )  cos  (1  cos  ) sin 
= = + cos 
(1  cos  )(1  cos  ) sin 
cos   cos 2   cos   cos 2  cos 
=
1  cos 2  = cos  + cos 
2 cos  2 =0
=
sin  2
2 cos (180 + )  cos (360  ) + 1

= 26.
sin 2 
= (cos ) cos  + 1
cos 2 
2 = 1  cos2 
=
tan 2  = sin2 
sin 2  27. sin2 (90 + )  sin ()  cos (270 + )

1
1  tan  2
cos 2   sin 2  = cos2   (sin ) sin 
21. + sin2  =
1  tan 
2
sin 2  = cos2  + sin2 
1
cos 2 
=1
cos 2   sin 2 
= cos 2   sin 2 
cos   sin 2 
2 cos (90   )  tan (180   ) sin   tan 
28. =
cos 2  sin (360   )  sin 
= cos2   sin2  + sin2  = tan 
= cos  2
sin (270   )  cos (90   ) ( cos )( sin  )

29. =
tan   sin ( ) tan   ( sin  ) tan (180   ) tan 
22. =
1  cos (180   ) 1  ( cos  ) cos  sin 
=
sin  sin 
 sin  cos 
= cos 
1  cos  = cos2 
sin   sin  cos 
= cos  1 1
1  cos  30. 
1  sin ( ) 1  sin (360   )
sin  (1  cos  )
= 1 1
cos  (1  cos  ) = 
1  ( sin  ) 1  sin 
= tan 
(1  sin  )  (1  sin  )
=
(1  sin  )(1  sin  )
23. 1  sin2 (180  ) = 1  sin2  2
=
= cos  2
1  sin 2 
2
=
cos 2 
24. tan (360  )  cos (360 + ) + sin (180 + )
= tan  cos  + (sin )
sin 
=  cos   sin 
cos 
= sin   sin 
= 2 sin 

220 Solutions
1 sin 30 4 cos   cos (270   )

31.  35.
2 sin (180   )  2 tan (360   )  cos ( )  1 cos (360   )  2 sin (180   )
1 4 cos   sin 
=
=
1
 2 cos   2( sin  )
2 sin   2 ( tan  ) cos   1 4 cos   sin 
=
1

1
= cos 
2(sin   1)  sin   cos   2 sin 
21   cos  
 cos   cos 
1 1 4  tan 
=  =
1  2 tan 
2(1  sin  ) 2(1  sin  )
1
(1  sin  )  (1  sin  ) 4
= 3
2(1  sin  )(1  sin  ) =
1
2 sin  1  2 
= 3
2(1  sin 2  )
= 13
sin 
=
cos 2 
36. Method 1
(cos   1)(cos   1) cos 2   1
32. cos (90  )  sin (360  ) + =
(sin   1)(sin   1) sin 2   1
cos (180  )  sin (90  )
1  cos 2 
= sin   (sin ) + (cos ) cos  =
1  sin 2 
= sin   cos 
2 2
sin 2 
=
= (sin2  + cos2 ) cos 2 
= 1 = tan2 
2
 12 
=  
33. 2 sin (180 + )  cos 120   5
tan (360  )  sin (270 + ) 144
=
25
= 2(sin ) cos (180  60)  (tan )(cos )
sin  Method 2
= 2 sin  (cos 60)   cos 
cos Let P(x , y) be a point on the terminal side of  and
1 OP = r.
= 2 sin    sin 
2 ∵ tan  < 0
=0
When  lies in quadrant II, let x = 5 and y = 12.
34. 1  sin (270  )  cos () = 1  (cos ) cos 
r = (5) 2  12 2
= 1 + cos2 
2 = 13
 4
= 1 +  12
 5 ∴ sin  =
13
41
= 5
25 cos  = 
13
 5  5 
   1   1
(cos   1)(cos   1)  13  13 
=
(sin   1)(sin   1)  12  12 
  1  1
 13  13 
144
=
25

When  lies in quadrant IV, let x = 5 and y = 12. 38. sin 80 = sin (90  10)
r = 5 2  (12) 2 = cos 10
= 13 sin 80 = cos2 10

2
12 ∴ sin2 10 + sin2 80 = sin2 10 + cos2 10

∴ sin  = 
13 =1
5
cos  = Similarly,
13
sin2 20 + sin2 70 = 1
5  5 
  1  1 sin2 30 + sin2 60 = 1
(cos  1)(cos  1)
= 
13  13 
(sin   1)(sin   1)  12  12  sin2 40 + sin2 50 = 1
   1   1
 13  13  ∴ sin2 10 + sin2 20 + sin2 30 + … + sin2 80
144
= = (sin2 10 + sin2 80) + (sin2 20 + sin2 70) +
25
(sin2 30 + sin2 60) + (sin2 40 + sin2 50)
(cos  1)(cos  1) 144
∴ =
(sin   1)(sin   1) 25 =1+1+1+1
=4
37. (a) tan 300 + sin 120

= tan (360  60) + sin (180  60) 1
39. tan 100 = tan (90 + 10) = 
tan 10
= tan 60 + sin 60
tan 190 = tan (180 + 10) = tan 10
3
= 3   1 
2 ∴ tan 100 tan 190 =    tan 10
 tan 10 
3
= = 1
2
(b) sin 225  cos 135 Similarly,
= sin (180 + 45)  cos (180  45) tan 110 tan 200 = 1
= sin 45  (cos 45) tan 120 tan 210 = 1

1 1 
= 
2 2 tan 170 tan 260 = 1
=0 ∴ tan 100 tan 190 + tan 110 tan 200 +
(c) tan 150  sin 300 tan 120 tan 210 + … + tan 170 tan 260
= tan (180  30)  sin (360  60) = tan 100 tan 190 + tan 110 tan 200 +
= (tan 30)(sin 60) tan 120 tan 210 + tan 130 tan 220 +
 1  3  tan 140 tan 230 + tan 150 tan 240 +
=    
 3  2  tan 160 tan 250 + tan 170 tan 260
1 = (1) + (1) + (1) + (1) + (1) + (1) + (1) +
=
2 (1)
(d) cos 240  tan 225 = 8
= cos (180 + 60)  tan (180 + 45)
= (cos 60)  tan 45
1
= 1
2
1
=
2

222 Solutions
Exercise 12C (P.12.36) 1

1. 1  sin x  1 maximum value of (cos x  7)
1
Maximum value of y = 2(1) =
8
=2
Minimum value of y = 2(1)
7. 1  sin x  1
= 2
Maximum value of (4  sin x) = 4  (1)
=5
2. 1  cos x  1
Minimum value of (4  sin x) = 4  1
Maximum value of y = 3(1)
=3
=3
2
Minimum value of y = 3(1) Maximum value of y =
minimum value of (4  sin x)
= 3 2
=
3
3. 1  sin x  1 2
Maximum value of y = 1 + 5 maximum value of (4  sin x)
=6 2
=
5
Minimum value of y = 1 + 5
=4
8. 1  cos x  1
Maximum value of (3  2 cos x) = 3  2(1)
4. 1  cos x  1
=5
Maximum value of y = 4(1)  1
Minimum value of (3  2 cos x) = 3  2(1)
=3
=1
Minimum value of y = 4(1)  1
Maximum value of y
= 5
6
=
minimum value of (3  2 cos x)
5. 1  sin x  1
=6
Maximum value of y = 6  5(1)
Minimum value of y
= 11
6
=
Minimum value of y = 6  5(1) maximum value of (3  2 cos x)
=1 6
=
5
6. 1  cos x  1
Maximum value of (cos x + 7) = 1 + 7 9. 1  sin x  1
=8 Maximum value of (5 + 4 sin x) = 5 + 4(1)
Minimum value of (cos x + 7) = 1 + 7 =9
=6 Minimum value of (5  4 sin x) = 5  4(1)
1 =1
minimum value of (cos x  7) 8
1 minimum value of (5  4 sin x)
=
6 =8

8 Minimum value of y
maximum value of (5  4 sin x) 2
=
=
8 maximum value of (4  cos 2 x)
9 2
=
5
10. 0  cos2 x  1
Maximum value of y = 1 + 6 15. 0  sin2 x  1
=7 Maximum value of (4  3 sin2 x) = 4  3(0)
Minimum value of y = 0 + 6 =4
=6 Minimum value of (4  3 sin x) = 4  3(1)
2
=1
11. 0  sin x  1
2
Maximum value of y
Maximum value of y = 5(1) + 1 7
=
=6 minimum value of (4  3 sin 2 x)
Minimum value of y = 5(0) + 1 =7
=1 Minimum value of y
7
=
maximum value of (4  3 sin 2 x)
12. 0  cos2 x  1
7
Maximum value of y = 4(1)  3 =
4
=1
Minimum value of y = 4(0)  3
16. Maximum value of (cos x + 2) = 1 + 2
= 3
=3
Minimum value of (cos x + 2) = 1 + 2
13. 0  sin2 x  1
=1
Maximum value of y = 6  0 2
=6
=9
Minimum value of y = 6  1
=5
=1
14. 0  cos2 x  1
17. Maximum value of (5  4 sin x) = 5  4(1)
Maximum value of (4 + cos2 x) = 4 + 1
=9
=5
Minimum value of (5  4 sin x) = 5  4(1)
Minimum value of (4  cos2 x) = 4 + 0
=1
=4 2
Maximum value of y
= 81
2
= Minimum value of y = 12
minimum value of (4  cos 2 x)
=1
2
=
4
1
=
2

224 Solutions
2  cos x Exercise 12D (P.12.43)

18. y =
3  cos x 1. Reference angle  = 45
When cos x = 1, (3  cos x) attains its minimum value
∵ cos  > 0
and (2 + cos x) attains its maximum value.
∴ y attains its maximum value when cos x = 1.
 = 45 or 360  45
2 1
Maximum value of y = ∴  = 45 or 315
3 1
3
=
2 2. Reference angle  = 60
When cos x = 1, (3  cos x) attains its maximum value ∵ sin  < 0
and (2 + cos x) attains its minimum value. ∴  lies in quadrant III or quadrant IV.
∴ y attains its minimum value when cos x = 1.  = 180 + 60 or 360  60
2  (1) ∴  = 240 or 300
3  (1)
1
= 3. Reference angle  = 30
4
∵ tan  < 0
Alternative Method
2  cos x
y=  = 180  30 or 360  30
3  cos x
2  3  (3  cos x) ∴  = 150 or 330
=
3  cos x
5
= 1 4. For any angle , 1  cos   1.
3  cos x
∴ cos  = 1.2 has no solutions.
1  cos x  1
Maximum value of (3  cos x) = 3  (1)
=4 5. For any angle , 1  sin   1.
Minimum value of (3  cos x) = 3  1 ∴ sin  = 3 has no solutions.
=2
Maximum value of y 6. Reference angle  = 21.801, cor. to the nearest 0.001
5 ∵ tan  > 0
= 1
minimum value of (3  cos x) ∴  lies in quadrant I or quadrant III.
=
5
1  = 21.801 or 180 + 21.801
2
3
=
2
Minimum value of y 7. Reference angle  = 83.108, cor. to the nearest 0.001
5 ∵ cos  < 0 and 0 <  < 180.
= 1
maximum value of (3  cos x) ∴  lies in quadrant II.
=
5
1  = 180  83.108
4 = 96.9, cor. to the nearest 0.1
1
=
4

8. Reference angle  = 78.690, cor. to the nearest 0.001 13. 3 sin  = 1

∵ tan  > 0 and 90 <  < 270. 1
sin  =
∴  lies in quadrant III. 3
 = 19.471 or 180  19.471
 = 180 + 78.690
= 258.7, cor. to the nearest 0.1
14. 2 tan  = 3
9. Reference angle  = 17.458, cor. to the nearest 0.001
3
∵ sin  < 0 and 180 <  < 360. tan  = 
2
∴  lies in quadrant III or quadrant IV.  = 180  56.310 or 360  56.310
 = 180 + 17.458 or 360  17.458 = 123.690 or 303.690 (rejected)
∴  = 197.5 or 342.5, cor. to the nearest 0.1 ∴  = 123.7, cor. to the nearest 0.1
10. 5 sin  = 2 15. 4 cos  = 3

2
sin  = cos  = 
3
5 4
[Reference angle   = 180  41.410 or 180 + 41.410
= 23.578, cor. to the nearest 0.001 = 138.590 or 221.410 (rejected)
∵ sin  > 0 ∴  = 138.6, cor. to the nearest 0.1
∴  lies in quadrant I or quadrant II.]
 = 23.578 or 180  23.578 16. (a) cos 300 = cos (360  60)
∴  = 23.6 or 156.4, cor. to the nearest 0.1 = cos 60
(b) cos  = cos 300
11. 2 cos  = 1 Reference angle  = 60
1
cos  = ∵ cos 300 > 0
2
[Reference angle  = 60
 = 60 or 360  60
∵ cos  > 0
∴  = 60 or 300
∴  lies in quadrant I or quadrant IV.]
 = 60 or 360  60
17. (a) sin  = sin 34
∴  = 60 or 300
Reference angle  = 34
∵ sin 34 > 0
12. 3 tan  = 4
∴  lies in quadrant I or quadrant II.
4
tan  = 
3  = 34 or 180  34
[Reference angle  ∴  = 34 or 146
= 53.130, cor. to the nearest 0.001 (b) tan  = tan 28
∵ tan  < 0 Reference angle  = 28
∴  lies in quadrant II or quadrant IV.] ∵ tan 28 < 0
 = 180  53.130 or 360  53.130 ∴  lies in quadrant II or quadrant IV.
∴  = 126.9 or 306.9, cor. to the nearest 0.1  = 180  28 or 360  28
∴  = 152 or 332

226 Solutions
(c) cos  = sin 67 23. 2 tan  + 7 = 0

= cos (90  67) tan  = 
7
= cos 23 2
 = 180  74.055 or 360  74.055
Reference angle  = 23
= 105.945 or 285.945 (rejected)
∵ sin 67 > 0
∴  = 105.9, cor. to the nearest 0.1
 = 23 or 360  23
24. 3 sin  = cos 
∴  = 23 or 337
3 sin  cos 
=
cos  cos 
18. 5 cos  = 2 1
2 tan  =
cos  =  3
5
 = 30 or 180 + 30
 = 180  26.565 or 180 + 26.565
∴  = 30 or 210
25. 6 cos  = 2 sin 

19. 2 sin  = 1 6 cos  2 sin 
=
sin  =
1 cos  cos 
2 tan  = 3
 = 45 or 180  45  = 180  71.565 or 360  71.565
∴  = 45 or 135 ∴  = 108.4 or 288.4, cor. to the nearest 0.1
20. 3 tan  = 4 26. sin   cos  = 0

4
tan  =  sin  = cos 
3
sin  cos 
 = 180  66.587 or 360  66.587 =
cos  cos 
∴  = 113.4 or 293.4, cor. to the nearest 0.1 tan  = 1
 = 45 or 180 + 45
21. 4 sin  + 3 = 0 ∴  = 45 or 225
3
sin  = 
4
27. 3 cos  + 4 sin  = 0
 = 180 + 48.590 or 360  48.590
4 sin  = 3 cos 
4 sin  3 cos
=
cos cos
22. 1  6 cos  = 0 3
tan  = 
1 4
cos  =
6  = 180  36.870 or 360  36.870
 = 80.406 or 360  80.406 ∴  = 143.1 or 323.1, cor. to the nearest 0.1
= 80.406 or 279.594 (rejected)

28. sin  (3 cos   1) = 0 31. 3 sin   8 sin  cos  = 0

sin  = 0 or 3 cos   1 = 0 sin  (3  8 cos ) = 0
1 sin  = 0 or 3  8 cos  = 0
3 3
sin = 0 or cos  =
When sin  = 0, 8
 = 0 or 180 or 360 (rejected) When sin  = 0,
1
When cos  = ,  = 0 or 180 or 360 (rejected)
3 3
When cos  = ,
 = 70.529 or 360  70.529 8
= 70.5 or 289.5, cor. to the nearest 0.1  = 67.976 or 360  67.976
∴  = 0 or 70.5 or 180 or 289.5 = 68.0 or 292.0, cor. to the nearest 0.1
∴  = 0 or 68.0 or 180 or 292.0
29. tan  (3 sin  + 2) = 0
tan  = 0 or 3 sin  + 2 = 0 32. sin   3 tan  = 0
2 sin 
tan  = 0 or sin  =  sin   3  =0
3 cos
When tan  = 0, sin  cos   3 sin  = 0
 = 0 or 180 or 360 (rejected) sin  (cos   3 ) = 0
2 sin  = 0 or cos   3 = 0
When sin  =  ,
3 sin  = 0 or cos  = 3 (rejected)
 = 180 + 41.810 or 360  41.810 ∴  = 0 or 180
= 221.8 or 318.2, cor. to the nearest 0.1
∴  = 0 or 180 or 221.8 or 318.2
33. 2 sin  = tan 
sin 
2 sin  =
30. 4 cos  sin  + cos  = 0 cos 
cos  (4 sin  + 1) = 0 2 sin  cos  = sin 
cos  = 0 or 4 sin  + 1 = 0 2 sin  cos   sin  = 0
1 sin  ( 2 cos   1) = 0
cos = 0 or sin  = 
4 sin  = 0 or 2 cos   1 = 0
When cos  = 0, 1
 = 90 or 270 2
When sin  = 
1
, When sin  = 0,
4
 = 0 or 180 or 360 (rejected)
 = 180 + 14.478 or 360  14.478
1
= 194.5 or 345.5, cor. to the nearest 0.1 When cos  = ,
2
∴  = 90 or 194.5 or 270 or 345.5  = 45 or 360  45
= 45 or 315
∴  = 0 or 45 or 180 or 315

228 Solutions
Supplementary Exercise 12 (P.12.47)  sin  cos   1

(c)   
1. (a) By Pythagoras’ theorem,  cos  sin   tan (90   )
AC2 = AB2 + BC2  sin 2   cos 2   1
= 
 sin  cos   1
AC = AB 2  BC 2  
tan 
= 10 2  24 2 1
=  tan 
= 26 sin  cos 
1 sin 
∴ sin  =
BC 24 12
= = = 
AC 26 13 sin  cos  cos 
1
AB 10 5 =
cos  = = = cos 2 
AC 26 13
BC 24 12
tan  = = =
AB 10 5 3. Coordinates of P1 = (2 , 4)
(b) Let E be a point on CD such that BE  CD. Coordinates of P2 = (2 , 4)
4. (a) Coordinates of Q1 = (3 , 1)

(b) Coordinates of Q2 = (3 , 1)
Coordinates of Q  Coordinates of Q2
∴ Q and Q2 are not the same point.
ABED is a rectangle.
DE = AB = 3 5. (a) ∵ 270 < 272 < 360
CE = DC  DE = 11  3 = 8 ∴ The terminal side of  lies in quadrant IV.
In △BCE, by Pythagoras’ theorem, (b) ∵ 90 < 175 < 180
BE2 + CE2 = BC2 ∴ The terminal side of  lies in quadrant II.
BE = BC 2  CE 2 (c) 146 = 214  360

∵ 180 < 214 < 270
= 10 2  82
∴ The terminal side of  lies in quadrant III.
=6
sin 
BE 6 3 (d) <0
∴ sin  = = = tan 
BC 10 5
∴ sin  > 0 and tan  < 0 or
CE 8 4
cos  = = = sin  < 0 and tan  > 0.
BC 10 5
When sin  > 0 and tan  < 0,
BE 6 3
tan  = = =  lies in quadrant II.
CE 8 4
When sin  < 0 and tan  > 0,
sin   lies in quadrant III.
2. (a) sin (90  )  tan  = cos  
cos  ∴ The terminal side of  lies in quadrant II or
= sin  quadrant III.
sin 
2
sin 
2
(b) =
1  sin 2
cos 2 
= tan2 

tan  (c) 50 = x 2  48 2
(e) >0
cos 
502 = x2 + 2 304
∴ tan  > 0 and cos  > 0 or
x2 = 196
tan  < 0 and cos  < 0.
When tan  > 0 and cos  > 0,
48 24
 lies in quadrant I. ∴ sin  = =
50 25
When tan  < 0 and cos  < 0,
14 7
 lies in quadrant II. cos  = =
50 25
∴ The terminal side of  lies in quadrant I or 48 24
tan  = =
quadrant II. 14 7
(f) cos  sin  < 0 (d) 17 = 15 2  y 2
∴ cos  > 0 and sin  < 0 or
172 = 225 + y2
cos  < 0 and sin  > 0.
y2 = 64
When cos  > 0 and sin  < 0,
 lies in quadrant IV.
8
∴ sin  = 
When cos  < 0 and sin  > 0, 17
 lies in quadrant II. 15
cos  =
∴ The terminal side of  lies in quadrant II or 17
quadrant IV. 8
tan  = 
15
6. (a) OP = (4) 2  32
=5
OP = r.
3
∴ sin  = Let x = 24 and y = 7.
5
4 r = (24) 2  7 2
cos  = 
5 = 25
3
tan  =  ∴ sin  =
7
4 25
(b) OP = (3) 2  ( 7 ) 2 24
cos  = 
=4 25
7
∴ sin  = 
4 8. Let P(x , y) be a point on the terminal side of  and
3 OP = r.
cos  = 
4 Let y = 12 and r = 13.
 7 7
tan  = = 13 = x 2  (12) 2
3 3
132 = x2 + 144
x2 = 25
5
∴ cos  = 
13
12 12
tan  = =
5 5

230 Solutions
9. Let P(x , y) be a point on the terminal side of  and (d) tan ()  cos () + cos (270 + )
OP = r. = tan  cos  + sin 
∵ 270 <  < 360 sin 
=  cos  + sin 
∴  lies in quadrant IV. cos 
= sin  + sin 
Let x = 3 and r = 2.
=0
2 = ( 3)2  y 2
22 = 3 + y2
13. (a) cos 300 = cos (360  60)
y2 = 1
= cos 60
1
1 =
∴ sin  =  2
2
Alternative Method
1
tan  =  cos 300 = cos (270 + 30)
3
= sin 30
1
10. (a) cos 0  tan 180 + sin 270 = 1  0 + (1) =
2
=0 (b) tan (225) = tan 225
sin 90 1
(b) = = tan (180 + 45)
cos180  cos 360 (1)  1
= tan 45
= 1
= 1
Alternative Method
1 cos 2  sin 2 
11. (a) = tan (225) = tan 225
2 cos 2  2 cos 2 
= tan (270  45)
tan 2 
= 1
2 =
tan 45
 1 
(b) cos  tan    sin   = 1
 sin  
(c) tan 210 = tan (180 + 30)
sin  1  sin 2 
= cos   
cos  sin  = tan 30
= cos 2
=
1
3
12. (a) sin (90 + )  cos (180  ) = cos   (cos ) Alternative Method
= 2 cos  tan 210 = tan (270  60)

(b) sin (270 + )  tan (180 + ) = (cos ) tan  1
=
tan 60
sin 
= cos   1
cos  =
3
= sin 
tan (180   )  tan  (d) sin 135 = sin (180  45)
(c) =
tan (270   ) 1 = sin 45
tan  1
=
= tan2 2

Alternative Method (b) 1  sin x  1

sin 135 = sin (90 + 45) Maximum value of y = 3(1)  7
= cos 45 = 4
=
1 Minimum value of y = 3(1)  7
2 = 10
(c) 1  cos x  1
cos  sin  cos  sin  Maximum value of (5 + 2 cos x) = 5 + 2(1)
14. =
sin   2 sin  cos  sin  (1  2 cos  )
=7
cos 
= Minimum value of (5 + 2 cos x) = 5 + 2(1)
1  2 cos 
1 =3
= 3 Maximum value of y
1
1  2  =
4
 3 minimum value of (5  2 cos x)
1 4
= =
5 3
Minimum value of y
3 sin   4 cos 
4
3 sin   4 cos  cos  =
15. =
2 sin  maximum value of (5  2 cos x)
2 sin 
cos  =
4
3 tan   4 7
=
2 tan  (d) 1  sin x  1
 12  Maximum value of (8  5 sin x) = 8  5(1)
3    4
= 
5
= 13
 12 
2   Minimum value of (8  5 sin x) = 8  5(1)
 5
2 =3
=
3 Maximum value of y
3
=
cos (270   )  sin  minimum value of (8  5 sin x)
16. =
1  2 sin 2 (180   ) 1  2 sin 2  =
3
4 3

5 =1
= 2
4 Minimum value of y
1  2 
5 3
=
=
20 maximum value of (8  5 sin x)
7 3
=
13
17. (a) 1  cos x  1
Maximum value of y = 1 + 2 18. (a) Reference angle 
=3 = 66.501, cor. to the nearest 0.001
Minimum value of y = 1 + 2 ∵ tan  > 0
=1 ∴  lies in quadrant I or quadrant III.
 = 66.501 or 180 + 66.501

232 Solutions
(b) Reference angle  (b) 2 tan  = 5

= 25.842, cor. to the nearest 0.001 tan  =
5
∵ cos  > 0 2
 = 68.20 or 180 + 68.20
∴  = 68 or 248, cor. to the nearest degree
 = 25.842 or 360  25.842
7
∴  = 25.8 or 334.2, cor. to the nearest 0.1 (c) 4 sin  =
3
(c) Reference angle  7
sin  =
= 15.664, cor. to the nearest 0.001 12
∵ sin  > 0  = 35.69 or 180  35.69
∴  lies in quadrant I or quadrant II. ∴  = 36 or 144, cor. to the nearest degree
 = 15.664 or 180  15.664

∴  = 15.7 or 164.3, cor. to the nearest 0.1 21. Let P(x , y) be a point on the terminal side of  and
OP = r.
19. (a) Reference angle  ∵ tan < 0 and sin  < 0.
= 56.310, cor. to the nearest 0.001 ∴  lies in quadrant IV.
∵ tan  < 0 and 0 <  < 270. Let x = 21 and y = 20.

∴  lies in quadrant II. r = 212  (20) 2
 = 180  56.310 = 29
∴ sin  = 
(b) Reference angle  29

cos  =
29
∵ cos  < 0 and 180 <  < 360.
∴  lies in quadrant III.
 = 180 + 74.930
OP = r.
∵ cos  > 0
(c) Reference angle 
When  lies in quadrant I, let x = 5 and r = 7.
∵ sin  < 0
∴  lies in quadrant III or quadrant IV. 7 = 52  y 2
∴ When 0 <  < 180, 72 = 25 + y2

sin  = 0.4 has no solutions. y2 = 24
y = 24 or  24 (rejected)
20. (a) 2 cos  =  2 24  2 6 

∴ sin  = or
7  7 
2
cos  = 
2 24  2 6 
tan  = or
 = 180  45 or 180 + 45 5  5 
∴  = 135 or 225

When  lies in quadrant IV, let x = 5 and r = 7. 24. (a)

1

1
=
1

1
sin 2
tan 
2
sin 2
sin 2 
7 = 52  y 2
cos 2 
72 = 25 + y2
1 cos 2 
= 
y2 = 24 sin 2  sin 2 
y = 24 (rejected) or  24 1 cos 2 
=
24  2 6  sin 2 
∴ sin  =  or 
7  7  sin 2 
=
sin 2 
24  2 6 
tan  =  or  =1
5   5 
1 1 (1  sin  )  (1  sin  )
(b)  =
1  sin  1  sin  (1  sin  )(1  sin  )
1
23. sin (90  ) =  2
5 =
1  sin 2 
1
cos  =  =
2
5 cos 2 
Let P(x , y) be a point on the terminal side of  and
OP = r. tan (270   )  cos 2 (90   )
25. (a)
∵ cos  < 0 cos 2 (180   )  tan (90   )
∴  lies in quadrant II or quadrant III.  1 
 ( sin  )
2
tan  
When  lies in quadrant II, let x = 1 and r = 5 . =
 1 
5 = (1) 2  y 2 ( cos ) 2  
 tan  
( 5 ) 2 = 1 + y2 sin 2 
2 =
y =4 cos 2 
y = 2 or 2 (rejected) = tan2 
2 (b) cos (90  )  sin () 
∴ sin  =
5 cos (360 + )  sin (90  )
cos  = 
1 = sin   (sin )  cos   cos 
5 = sin2   cos2 
2 = (sin2  + cos2 )
tan  = = 2
1
= 1
When  lies in quadrant III, let x = 1 and r = 5 .
(c) sin (180 + )  cos2 (360  ) + sin3 (360  )
5 = (1) 2  y 2
= sin  cos2  + (sin )3
2 2
( 5) = 1 + y
= sin  cos2   sin3 
2
y =4
= sin  (cos2  + sin2 )
 y = 2 (rejected) or 2 = sin 
2
∴ sin  = 
5
1
cos  = 
5
2
tan  = =2
1

234 Solutions
26. (a) 2 sin (270  )  sin 210 + cos 180  cos  (d) tan 240 + tan (480)  tan 120
= 2(cos ) sin (180 + 30) + (1)cos  = tan (180 + 60) + (tan 480) 
= 2(cos )(sin 30)  cos  tan (180  60)
 1 = tan 60  tan (360 + 120)  (tan 60)
= 2(cos )     cos 
 2 = 2 tan 60  tan 120
= cos   cos  = 2 tan 60  tan (180  60)
=0 = 2 tan 60  (tan 60)
cos (360   )  tan 240 = 3 tan 60
(b)
sin 240  sin  =3 3
cos   tan (180  60)
= (e) cos 570 sin 150  sin (300)
sin (180  60)  sin 
= cos (360 + 210) sin (180  30)  (sin 300)
cos tan 60
= = cos 210 sin 30  sin (360  60)
( sin 60) sin 
1
cos  3 = cos (180 + 30) + (sin 60)
= 2
3
 sin  1  3 
2 =  cos 30 +  
2  2 
2  
=
sin  1 3 3
cos  =  
2 2 2
2
= 3 3
tan  =
4
27. (a) cos 150  sin 300 28. (a) cos 100 = cos (90 + 10)
= cos (180  30)  sin (270 + 30) = sin 10
= cos 30  (cos 30) cos 100 = (sin 10)2
2
=0 = sin2 10
(b) sin (120)  cos 240 ∴ cos2 10 + cos2 100 = cos2 10 + sin2 10
sin 120
= =1
cos 240
Similarly,
sin (180  60)
=
cos (180  60) cos2 20 + cos2 110 = 1
sin 60 cos2 30 + cos2 120 = 1
=
 cos 60 
= tan 60 cos2 80 + cos2 170 = 1
= 3 ∴ cos2 10 + cos2 20 + cos2 30 + … +
(c) cos 210  tan 330 cos2 170

= cos (180 + 30)  tan (360  30) = (cos2 10 + cos2 100) + (cos2 20 +
= (cos 30)(tan 30) cos2 110) + (cos2 30 + cos2 120) +
3 1 (cos2 40 + cos2 130) + (cos2 50 +

= 
2 3 cos2 140) + (cos2 60 + cos2 150) +
1 (cos2 70 + cos2 160) + (cos2 80 +
=
2 cos2 170) + cos2 90
= 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 02
=8

(b) tan 95 = tan (90 + 5) = 

1 (b) 0  sin2 x  1
tan 5 Maximum value of (4  sin2 x) = 4  0
tan 175 = tan (180  5) = tan 5
=4
 1 
∴ tan 95  tan 175 =    (tan 5) Minimum value of (4  sin x) = 4  1
2
 tan 5 
=3
=1
Maximum value of y
Similarly,
2
tan 105  tan 165 = 1 =
minimum value of (4  sin 2 x)
tan 115  tan 155 = 1 2
=
tan 125  tan 145 = 1 3
∴ tan 95  tan 105  tan 115  …  Minimum value of y
tan 175 2
=
= (tan 95  tan 175)  (tan 105  maximum value of (4  sin 2 x)
tan 165)  (tan 115  tan 155)  =
2
4
(tan 125  tan 145)  tan 135
1
= 1  1  1  1  tan (180  45) =
2
= tan 45 (c) Maximum value of (1  3 cos x) = 1  3(1)
= 1 =4
Minimum value of (1  3 cos x) = 1  3(1)
29. tan (180  ) = 3 = 2
tan  = 3 Maximum value of y = 4 2
tan  = 3 = 16
sin   cos 
sin   cos  cos 
=
sin   cos  sin   cos  =0
cos  (d) y = 2 sin x  cos x
2 2
tan   1
= = 2 sin2 x  (1  sin2 x)
tan   1
3 1 = 3 sin2 x  1
=
3 1 0  sin2 x  1
=2 Maximum value of y = 3(1)  1
=2
30. (a) 0  cos2 x  1 Minimum value of y = 3(0)  1
Maximum value of y = 8 + 1 = 1
=9
Minimum value of y = 8 + 0 31. 5 tan  =  3
=8 3
tan  = 
5
 = 180  19.107 or 360  19.107
= 160.893 or 340.893 (rejected)

236 Solutions
32. 6 sin  = 2 36. 3 tan  cos  = tan 
sin  = 
2 3 tan  cos  + tan  = 0
6 tan  (3 cos  + 1) = 0
 = 180 + 54.736 or 360  54.736 tan  = 0 or 3 cos  + 1 = 0
= 234.736 or 305.264 (rejected) 1
tan  = 0 or cos  = 
∴  = 234.7, cor. to the nearest 0.1 3
When tan  = 0,
33. 3 sin   cos  = 0  = 0 or 180 or 360 (rejected)
3 sin  = cos  1
When cos  =  ,
3
3 sin  cos 
=  = 180  70.529 or 180 + 70.529
cos  cos 
1 = 109.5 or 250.5, cor. to the nearest 0.1
tan  =
3 ∴  = 0 or 109.5 or 180 or 250.5
 = 30 or 180 + 30
∴  = 30 or 210 37. 5 sin  = tan 
sin 
5 sin  = 
cos 
34. 2 sin  + 9 sin (90  ) = 0
5 sin  cos  = sin 
2 sin  + 9 cos  = 0
2 sin  = 9 cos  5 sin  cos  + sin  = 0
2 sin  9 cos  sin  (5 cos  + 1) = 0

=
cos  cos  sin  = 0 or 5 cos  + 1 = 0
9 1
tan  =  sin  = 0 or cos  = 
2 5
 = 180  81.070 or 360  81.070 When sin  = 0,
= 98.930 or 278.930  = 0 or 180 or 360 (rejected)
∴  = 98.9 or 278.9, cor. to the nearest 0.1 When cos  = 
1
,
5
 = 180  78.463 or 180 + 78.463
35. tan  sin   sin  = 0
= 101.5 or 258.5, cor. to the nearest 0.1
sin  (tan   1) = 0
∴  = 0 or 101.5 or 180 or 258.5
sin  = 0 or tan   1 = 0
sin  = 0 or tan  = 1
When sin  = 0,
 = 0 or 180 or 360 (rejected)
When tan  = 1,
 = 45 or 180 + 45
= 45 or 225
∴  = 0 or 45 or 180 or 225

38. 4 sin   3 tan  = 0 41. (a) 3 tan y = 1

sin  1
4 sin   3 =0 tan y =
cos 3
4 sin  cos   3 sin  = 0 y = 30 or 180 + 30
sin  (4 cos   3) = 0 ∴ y = 30 or 210
sin  = 0 or 4 cos   3 = 0 2
(b) tan  =
3 2 3
4 1
=
When sin  = 0, 3
 = 0 or 180 or 360 (rejected) From (a),  = 30 or 210.
3 ∵  lies in quadrant III.
When cos  = ,
4
∴  = 210
 = 41.410 or 360  41.410
= 41.4 or 318.6, cor. to the nearest 0.1 OP = (2 3 ) 2  (2) 2
∴  = 0 or 41.4 or 180 or 318.6 =4

∴ The polar coordinates of P are (4 , 210).
39. (a) Let y m be the required rise in height.

120 42. (a) y = x2 + 24x + 139
OQ = m = 60 m 2 2
2  24   24 
y = x2 + 24x +      + 139
sin 150 =  2   2 
60
= x2 + 24x + 144  144 + 139
y = 30
= (x + 12)2  5
∴ The required rise in height is 30 m.
∴ The coordinates of V are (12 , 5).
(b) (i) The required vertical distance
(b) OV = (12) 2  (5) 2
= [50  (60)] m
= 10 m = 13
50 5
(ii) sin  = ∴ sin  = 
60 13
 = 180 + 56.442 7 cos  = 
12
13
= 236.44, cor. to 2 d.p.
5 5
tan  = =
 12 12
40. (a) sin (A + B) = sin (180  C)
= sin C
43. (a) sin  and cos  are the roots of the equation
= sin 60
5x2 + x + k = 0.
3 1
= sin  + cos  = 
2 5
(b) tan (A + B + 2C) = tan (180 + C)
= tan C
= tan 60
= 3

238 Solutions
k 45. C
(b) sin  cos  =
5 sin 2 x
(sin  + cos ) = sin  + 2 sin  cos  + cos 
2 2 2 2
tan x 2
= cos 2x
 1
2
1  tan x
2
sin x
   = 1 + 2 sin  cos  1
 5 cos 2 x
1 k sin 2 x
= 1 + 2  =
25 5 cos 2 x  sin 2 x
1 = 25 + 10k = sin2 x
10k = 24
12 46. D
k =
5 1 + tan2 (180  x) = 1 + (tan x)2
= 1 + tan2 x
(c) From (b),
12 sin 2 x
5x + x 
2
=0 =1+
5 cos 2 x
25x2 + 5x  12 = 0 cos 2 x  sin 2 x
=
cos 2 x
(5x  3)(5x + 4) = 0
1
3 4 =
x = or  cos 2 x
5 5
∵  lies in quadrant IV.
4 3 47. C
∴ sin  =  and cos  = .
5 5 I.
3
1
cos   1 5
=
sin   1  4  1
5
8
=
9
44. A From the figure,
Let P(x , y) be a point on the terminal side of  and when 90 <  < 135, tan  < cos .
∴ I must be true.
OP = r.
Let x = 3 and y = 4. II. When 90 <  < 135, sin  > 0 and cos  < 0.
∴ sin  > cos 
r = (3) 2  4 2
∴ II must not be true.
=5
III. When 90 <  < 135, tan  < 0 and sin  > 0.
4
∴ sin  = ∴ tan  < sin 
5
cos (90 + ) + sin () = sin  + (sin ) ∴ III must be true.
= 2 sin  ∴ Only I and III must be true.
4
=  2 
5
8
=
5

48. B Alternative Method

2 sin (270  )  cos 240  17 3
 (3  2 cos  )
4  3 cos 
2 sin 120  cos (180  ) = 2 2
3  2 cos  3  2 cos 
= 2(cos ) cos (180 + 60)  17 3
= 
2[sin (180  60)](cos ) 2(3  2 cos  ) 2
= 2 cos   (cos 60)  2 sin 60 cos  1  cos   1
 1   3  Maximum value of 2(3  2 cos ) = 2[3  2(1)]
= 2 cos       2 cos 
 2   2  = 10
= cos  + 3 cos  4  3 cos 
Minimum value of
= (1  3 ) cos  3  2 cos 
17 3
= 
maximum value of 2(3  2 cos  ) 2
49. A 17 3
= 
10 2
50. B 1
=
5
0  sin2   1
Maximum value of (6  sin2 ) = 6  0
52. C
=6
2 cos  =  3
Minimum value of (6  sin2 ) = 6  1
3
=5 cos  = 
2
Maximum value of y
 = 180  30 or 180 + 30
5
= ∴  = 150 or 210
minimum value of (6  sin 2  )
5
= 53. C
5
=1  1
sin x  cos x   = 0
Minimum value of y  2
1
5 sin x = 0 or cos x  =0
= 2
maximum value of (6  sin 2  )
1
5 sin x = 0 or cos x =
= 2
6
When sin x = 0,
x = 0 or 180 or 360 (rejected)
51. A 1
When cos x = ,
4  3 cos  2
y=
3  2 cos  x = 60 or 360  60
When cos  = 1, (3  2 cos ) attains its maximum = 60 or 300
value and (4 + 3 cos ) attains its minimum value. ∴ x = 0 or 60 or 180 or 300
∴ y attains its minimum value when cos  = 1. ∴ The equation has 4 distinct roots.
Minimum value of y
4  3(1)
= 54. 78.7, 259
3  2(1)
1
=
5

240 Solutions
55. B 56. A 57. A 58. B 3. (a) 4 cos  = 2

1
cos  =  (1M)
59. D 60. B 61. D 62. A 2
 = 180  60 or 180 + 60 (1M)
∴  = 120 or 240 (1A)
63. C 64. C 65. B
(b) 3 sin   3 cos  = 0
3 sin  = 3 cos 
Unit Test (P.12.56)
3 sin  3 cos 
sin (270   )  cos  =
1. (a) = (1M) cos  cos 
tan (90   )  1
tan  1
tan  = (1M)
= cos  tan  3
sin   = 30 or 180 + 30 (1M)
= cos   (1M)
cos  ∴  = 30 or 210 (1A)
= sin  (1A)
(b) [1 + cos (180 + )][1 + cos (360  )] 4. C
= (1  cos )(1 + cos ) (1M) Let P(x , y) be a point on the terminal side of  and
= 1  cos  2
(1A) OP = r.
= sin  2
(1A) Let y = a and r = 1.
1 = x2  a2
2. (a) 1  cos x  1 12 = x2 + a2
Maximum value of y = 1  5 x2 = 1 a2
= 4 (1A)
x = 1  a 2 or  1  a 2 (rejected)
Minimum value of y = 1  5
1 a2
= 6 (1A) ∴ cos  = = 1 a2
1
(b)   sin x  1 2
cos (180  ) = cos 
Maximum value of (4  2 sin2 x) = 4  2(0)
=  1 a2
=4
Minimum value of (4  2 sin2 x) = 4  2(1)
5. C
=2
I. sin  decreases from 1 to 0 when  increases from
Maximum value of y
90 to 180.
3
= When 90 < x < y < 180, sin x > sin y.
minimum value of (4  2 sin 2 x)
∴ I must not be true.
3
= (1A)
2 II. cos  decreases from 0 to 1 when  increases
Minimum value of y from 90 to 180.
3 When 90 < x < y < 180, cos x > cos y.
=
maximum value of (4  2 sin x) 2
∴ II must be true.
=
3
(1A) III. For 90 <  < 180, tan  increases when 
4
increases.
When 90 < x < y < 180, tan x < tan y.
∴ III must be true.
∴ Only II and III must be true.

6. C
60 60
=
3 cos   5 sin 
2 2
(3 cos   3 sin 2  )  2 sin 2 
2
60
=
3(cos   sin 2  )  2 sin 2 
2
60
=
3  2 sin 2 
  sin2   1
Maximum value of (3 + 2 sin2 ) = 3 + 2(1)
=5
60
Minimum value of
3 cos   5 sin 2 
2
60
=
maximum value of (3  2 sin 2  )
60
=
5
= 12
7. D
sin  (3 cos  + 2) = 0
sin  = 0 or 3 cos  + 2 = 0
2
sin = 0 or cos = 
3
When sin  = 0,
 = 0 or 180 or 360
2
When cos  =  ,
3
 = 180  48.190 or 180 + 48.190
= 131.8 or 228.2 cor. to the nearest 0.1
∴  = 0 or 131.8 or 180 or 228.2 or 360
∴ The equation has 5 distinct roots.

CH 12

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CH 12

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202

Chapter 12 Basic Trigonometry

© Oxford University Press 2014

5. (a) Coordinates of Q = (3 , 4) Instant Drill 4 (P.12.13)

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Instant Drill 6 (P.12.21) (c) tan 240 = tan (180 + 60)

Instant Drill 9 (P.12.27)

© Oxford University Press 2014

Instant Drill 10 (P.12.28) Instant Drill 12 (P.12.36)

tan 24  tan 66 = 1 Minimum value of y = 1  5(1)

tan 42  tan 48 = 1 =

(tan 30  tan 60)  (tan 36  tan 54)  =9

(tan 42  tan 48) Minimum value of y = 12

Instant Drill 11 (P.12.35) (a) Reference angle 

= 1 ∴ x lies in quadrant I or quadrant IV.

Minimum value of y = 1  2 x = 36.870 or 360  36.870

(b) 1  cos x  1 (b) Reference angle  = 30

=7 ∴ x lies in quadrant III or quadrant IV.

Minimum value of y = 3(1) + 4 x = 180 + 30 or 360  30

(c) Maximum value of y

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Instant Drill 14 (P.12.40) Instant Drill 18 (P.12.42)

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Instant Drill Corner 12.1 (P.12.7) 185 = 175  360

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5. OP = (12) 2  (5) 2 2. Let P(x , y) be a point on the terminal side of  and

Instant Drill Corner 12.5 (P.12.16)

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4. (a) sin 300 = sin (360  60)

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Instant Drill Corner 12.7 (P.12.34) 5. 0  sin2 x  1

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5. 2 tan  = 2 Exercise 12A (P.12.16)

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(b)  = 282  360 (b) cos  = 

∴  lies in quadrant I or II.

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∵ 270 <  < 360 i

Let x = 12 and r = 13.

5  = (180 + 50) = 230

(c) tan 0  cos 270 = 0  0 x

14. (a) cos 123 = 0.545, cor. to 3 d.p. 360°– i

360   lies in quadrant IV.

270   lies in quadrant III.

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When  lies in quadrant IV, let x = 9 and r = 41.

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1  sin   cos 2  sin 2   sin  3 sin   2 cos 

13. sin (180  )  cos (90 + ) = sin   (sin )

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1 (e) sin 120 = sin (180  60)

= cos 60 = tan 45

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cos  cos  cos (270   ) sin 

2 cos (180 + )  cos (360  ) + 1

sin 2  27. sin2 (90 + )  sin ()  cos (270 + )

sin (270   )  cos (90   ) ( cos )( sin  )

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1 sin 30 4 cos   cos (270   )

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= 13 sin 80 = cos2 10