References
Allmendinger, R. W., 1986, Tectonic development, south-
eastern border of the Puna Plateau, northwest Argentine
Andes: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 97,
p. 1070 1082.
Allmendinger, R. W., 1998, Inverse and forward numerical
modeling of trishear fault-propagation folds: Tectonics,
v. 17, no. 4, p. 640 656.
Allmendinger, R. W., Zapata, T. R., Manceda, R., and
Dzelalija, F., 2004, Trishear kinematic modeling of struc-
tures, with examples from the Neuquén Basin, Argentina, in
McClay, K., ed., Thrust tectonics and hydrocarbon Systems:
Tulsa, American Association of Petroleum Geologists,
356 p.
Alsop, G. I., and Holdsworth, R. E., 2006, Sheath folds as
discriminators of bulk strain type: Journal of Structural
Geology, v. 28, p. 1588 1606. Alvarez, W., Engelder, T.,
and Geiser, P. A., 1978, Classification of solution cleavage
in pelagic limestones: Geology, v. 6, p. 263 266.
Alvarez, W., Engelder, T., and Lowrie, W., 1976, Formation
of spaced cleavage and folds in brittle limestone by dis-
solution: Geology, v. 4, p. 698 701.
Anderson, E. M., 1951, The dynamics of faulting and dyke
formation with applications to Britain: Oliver & Boyd,
Edinburgh, 206p.
Anderson and Mehnert, 1979, Reinterpretation of the history of
the Hurricane fault in Utah: Basin and Range Symposium,
Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, p. 124 165.
Anderson, J. G., Wesnousky, S. G., and Stirling, M. W., 1996,
Earthquake size as a function of fault slip rate: Bulletin of
the Seismological Society of America, v. 86, p. 683 690.
Anderson, R. E., 1971, Thin-skin distension in Tertiary rocks
of southeastern Nevada: Geological Society of America
Bulletin, v. 82, p. 43 58.
Anderson, R. E., 1973, Large magnitude Late Tertiary strike
slip faults, north of Lake Mead, Nevada: United States
Geological Survey Professional Paper 794, 18 p.
Anderson, R. N., and Noltimier, H. C., 1973, A model for the
horst and graben structure of midocean ridge crests based
upon spreading velocity and basalt delivery to the oceanic
crust: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical
Society, v. 34, p. 137 147.
Angelier, J., 1979, Determination of the mean principal
directions of stresses for a given fault population: Tecto-
nophysics, v. 56, p. T17 T26.
Angelier, J., 1994, Fault slip analysis and palaeostress
reconstruction, in Hancock, P. L. (ed.), Continental
deformation: Pergamon Press, Oxford, p. 53 100.
Argus, D. F., and Gordon, R. G., 2001, Present tectonic
motion across the Coast Ranges and San Andreas fault
system in central California: Geological Society of
America Bulletin, v. 113, no. 12, p. 1580 1592.
Argus, D. F., Heflin, M. B., Donnellan, A., Webb, F. H.,
Dong, D., Hurst, K. J., Jefferson, D. C., Lyzenga, G. A.,
Watkins, M. M., and Zumberge, J. F., 1999, Shortening
and thickening of metropolitan Los Angeles measured and
inferred by using geodesy: Geology, v. 27, no. 8,
p. 703 706.
Argus, D. F., Heflin, M. B., Peltzer, G., Crampe, F., and
Webb, F. H., 2005, Interseismic strain accumulations and
anthropogenic motion in metropolitan Los Angeles: Jour-
nal of Geophysical Research, v. 110, B04401, doi:10.1029/
20033JB002934.
Armstrong, R. L., 1972, Low-angle (denudation) faults, hin-
terland of the Sevier orogenic belt, eastern Nevada and
western Utah: Geological Society of America Bulletin,
v. 83, p. 1729 1754.
Ashby, M. F., 1972, A first report on deformation mechan-
ism maps: Acta Metallurgica et Materialia, v. 20,
p. 887 897.
Ashby, M. F., and Verrall, R. A., 1973, Diffusion accom-
modated flow and superplasticity: Acta Metallurgia et
Materialia, v. 21, p. 149 163.
Atkinson, B. K., 1987, Introduction to fracture mechanics and
its geophysical applications, in Atkinson, B. K. (ed.),
Fracture Mechanics of Rock: Academic Press, London,
p. 1 26.
Atkinson, B. K., and Meredith, P. G., 1987, The theory of
subcritical crack growth with applications to minerals and
rocks, in Fracture mechanics of rock, B. K. Atkinson (ed.):
Academic Press Geology Series, London, p. 111 166.
Atwater, T. M., 1970, Implications of plate tectonics for the
Cenozoic tectonic evolution of western North America:
Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 81,
p. 3513 3536.
Atwater, T., and Stock, J., 1998, Pacific-North American
plate tectonics of the Neogene southwestern United States:
International Geology Review, v. 40, no. 5, p. 375 402.
Aydin, A., 1978, Small faults formed as deformation bands in
sandstone: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 116, p. 913 930.
Aydin, A., and DeGraff, J. M., 1988, Evolution of polygonal
fracture patterns in lava flows: Science, v. 239, p. 471 476.
Aydin, A., and Johnson, A. M., 1978, Development of faults as
zones of deformation bands and as slip surfaces in sand-
stone: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 116, p. 931 942.
Aydin, A., and Johnson, A. M., 1983, Analysis of faulting in
porous sandstone: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 5,
p. 19 31.
Azor, A., Keller, E. A., and Yeats, R. S., 2002, Geomorphic
indicators of active fold growth: South Mountain Oak
Ridge anticline, Ventura basin, southern California: Geo-
logical Society of America Bulletin, v. 114, no. 6,
p. 745 753.
799
800 REFERENCES
Babaie, H., April 14, 2010, Force, traction, and stress: http://
www.gsa.edu/~geohab/pages/geo/4013/lectures.htm.
Bacon, S. N., and Pezzopane, S. K., 2007, A 25,000-year
record of earthquakes on the Owens Valley fault near Lone
Pine, California: implications for recurrence intervals, slip
rates, and segmentation models: Geological Society of
America Bulletin, v. 119, no. 7/8, p. 823 847.
Bahat, D., 1999, Single-layer burial joints vs. single-layer
uplift joints in Eocene chalk from the Beer Sheva syncline
in Israel: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 21, no. 3,
pp. 293 303.
Bahat, D., and Engelder, T., 1984, Surface morphology on
cross-fold joints of the Appalachian Plateau, New York
and Pennsylvania: Tectonophysics, v. 104, p. 299 313.
Bahat, D., Bankwitz, P., and Bankwitz, E., 2003, Preuplift
joints in granite: evidence for subcritical and postcritical
fracture growth: Geological Society of America Bulletin,
v. 115, no. 2, p. 148 165.
Bahat, D., Grossenbacher, K., and Karasaki, K., 1999,
Mechanism of exfoliation joint formation in granitic rocks,
Yosemite National Park: Journal of Structural Geology,
v. 21, no. 1, pp. 85 96.
Bai, T., and Pollard, D. D., 2000, Fracture spacing in layered
rocks: a new explanation based on the stress transition:
Journal of Structural Geology, v. 22, p. 43 57.
Bailey, E. B., 1938, Eddies in mountain structure: Geological
Society of London Quarterly Journal, v. 94, p. 607 625.
Balk, R., 1949, Structure of Grand Saline salt dome, Van
Zandt County, Texas: American Association of Petroleum
Geologists Bulletin, v. 33, p. 1791 1829.
Bally, A. W., Gordy, P. L., and Stewart, G. A., 1966,
Structure, seismic data, and orogenic evolution of the
southern Canadian Rocky Mountains: Bulletin of Canadi-
an Petroleum Geology, v. 14, p. 337 381.
Banks, C. J., and Warburton, J., 1986, “Passive-roof” duplex
geometry in the frontal structures of the Kirthar and
Suaiman mountain belts, Pakistan: Journal of Structural
Geology, v. 66, p. 1196 1230.
Barnett, J. A. M., Mortimer, J., Rippon, J. H., Walsh, J. L.,
and Watterson, J., 1987, Displacement geometry in the
volume containing a single normal fault: American
Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 71,
p. 925 938.
Bastida, F., Aller, J., Toimil, N. C., Lisle, R. J., and Bobillo-
Ares, N. C., 2007, Some considerations on the kinematics
of chevron folds: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 29,
no. 7, p. 1185 1200.
Baudon, C., and Cartwright, J., 2008, Early stage evolution of
growth faults: 3D seismic insights from the Levant Basin,
Eastern Mediterranean: Journal of Structural Geology,
v. 30, p. 888 898.
Beach, A., 1980, Retrogressive metamorphic processes in
shear zones with special reference to the Lewisian com-
plex, in Carreras, J., Cobbold, P. R., Ramsay, J. G., and
White, S. H. (eds.), Shear zones in rocks: Journal of
Structural Geology, v. 2, p. 257 263.
Beanland, S., and Clark, M. M., 1982, The Owens Valley
fault zone, eastern California, and surface faulting asso-
ciated with the 1872 earthquake: U. S. Geological Survey
Bulletin 1982, 29p.
Bebout, D. G., Loucks, R. G., and Gregory, A. R., 1978, Frio
sandstone reservoirs in the deep subsurface along the
Texas Gulf Coast: University of Texas Bureau of
Economic Geology Report of Investigation 91, 93 p.
Behrmann, J. H., 1987, A precautionary note on shear bands
as kinematic indicators: Journal of Structural Geology,
v. 9, no. 5 6, p. 659 666.
Bell, T. H., 1985, Deformation partitioning and porphyroblast
rotation in metamorphic rocks: a radical reinterpretation:
Journal of metamorphic geology, v. 3, no. 2, p. 109 118.
Benedetti, L., Finkel, R., King, G., Armijo, R., Papanastassiou,
D., Ryerson, F. J., Flerit, F., Farber, D., and Stavrakakis, G.,
2003, Motion on the Kaparelli fault (Greece) prior to the
1981 earthquake sequence determined from 36Cl cosmo-
genic dating: Terra Nova, v. 15, p. 118 124.
Bengtson, C. A., 1980, Structural use of tangent diagrams:
Geology, v. 8, p. 599 602.
Bengtson, C. A., 1981, Statistical curvature analysis techniques
for structural interpretation of dipmeter data: American
Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 65, no. 2,
p. 312 332.
Bennett, R. A., Wernicke, B. P., Niemi, N. A, Friedrich, A.
M., and Davis, J. L., 2003, Tectonics, v. 22, no. 2,
doi:10.129/2001TC001255.
Bergbauer, S., and Pollard, D. D., 2004, A new conceptual
fold-fracture model including prefolding joints, based on
the Emigrant Gap anticline, Wyoming: Geological Society
of America Bulletin, v. 116, no. 3/4, pp. 294 307.
Bernal, A., and Hardy, S., 2002, Syn-tectonic sedimentation
associated with three-dimensional fault-bend fold struc-
tures: a numerical approach: Journal of Structural Geology,
v. 24, p. 609 635.
Berthé, D., and Brun, J. P., 1980, Evolution of folds
during progressive shear in the South Armorican shear
zone, France: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 2,
p. 127 133.
Berthé, D., Choukroune, P., and Jegouza, P., 1979, Orthog-
neiss, mylonite and noncoaxial deformation of granites:
the example of the South Armorican shear zone: Journal of
Structural Geology, v. 1, p. 31 42.
Beutner, E. C., 1978, Slaty cleavage and related strain in
Martinsburg Slate, Delaware Water Gap, New Jersey:
American Journal of Science, v. 278, p. 1 23.
Bevis, M., Schutz, B., Taylor, F. W., and Recy, J., 1993,
Direct observations of convergence and back-arc spread-
ing at the Tonga Arc (1988 1992): Geological Society of
America Abstracts with Programs, v. 25, p. 242.
Bijlaard, P. P., 1946, On the elastic stability of thin plates
supported by a continuous medium: Royal Dutch Acade-
my of Science Proceedings, v. 49, p. 1189 1199.
Billings, M. P., 1972, Structural geology (3rd edition):
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 606 p.

Biot, M. A., 1957, Folding instability of a layered viscoelastic
medium under compression: Royal Society of London
Proceedings, Series A, v. 242, p. 211 228.
Biot, M. A., 1959, On the instability of folding deformation
of a layered viscoelastic medium under compression:
Journal of Applied Mechanics, v. 26, p. 393 400.
Biot, M. A., Ode, H., and Roever, W. L., 1961, Experimental
verification of the folding of stratified viscoelastic media:
Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 72,
p. 1621 1630.
Bishop, R. S., 1977, Shale diapir emplacement in south
Texas: Laward and Sherriff examples: Transactions of the
Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies, v. 27,
p. 20 31.
Bjorn, L. I., 1970, Natural stress-values obtained in different
parts of the Fennoscandian rock masses: Proceedings of
the Second Congress of the International Society for Rock
Mechanics, “Jaroslav Cerni” Institute for Development of
Water Resources, Belgrade, Yugoslavia, p. 209 212.
Blackwood, J. R. (ed.), 1969, College talks: Oxford Univer-
sity Press, New York, 177 p.
Blakely, R. J., Wells, R. E., Weaver, C. S., Johnson, S. Y.,
2002, Location, structure, and seismicity of the Seattle
fault zone, Washington: Evidence from aeromagnetic
anomalies, geologic mapping, and seismic-reflection data:
Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 114, no. 2,
p. 169 177.
Boatwright, J., and Bundock, H., 2005, Modified Mercalli
intensity maps for the 1906 San Francisco earthquake
plotted in ShakeMap format: Open-file Report, U.S.
Geological Survey (2005), OF 2005 1135.
Bobyarchick, A. R., 1986, The eigenvalues of steady flow in
Mohr space: Tectonophysics, v. 122, p. 35 51.
Bohannon, R. G., Grow, J. A., Miller, J. J., and Blank, R. H.,
1993, Seismic stratigraphy and tectonic development of
Virgin River depression and associated basins, southeast-
ern Nevada and northwestern Arizona: Geological Society
of America Bulletin, v. 105, p. 501 520.
Bolton, T., 1989, Geologic maps; their solution and inter-
pretation: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United
Kingdom, 144 p.
Borradaile, G. J., and Jackson, M., 2004, Structural geology,
petrofabrics and magnetic fabrics (AMS, AARM, AIRM):
Journal of Structural Geology, v. 32, no. 10, p. 1519 1551.
Bott, M. H. P., 1982, The mechanism of continental splitting,
in Hales, A. L. (ed.), Geodynamics final symposium:
Tectonophysics, v. 81, p. 301 309.
Boyer, S. E., and Elliott, D., 1982, Thrust systems: American
Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 66,
p. 1196 1230.
Brace, W. F., Paulding, B. W., Jr., and Scholz, C., 1966,
Dilatancy in the fracture of crystalline rocks, Journal of
Geophysical Research, v. 71, p. 3939 3953.
Bradley, D., and Hanson, L., 1998, Paleoslope analysis of
slump folds in the Devonian Flysch of Maine: Journal of
Geology, v. 106, p. 305 318.
REFERENCES 801
Brocher, T. M., Blakely, R. J., and Wells, R. E., 2004,
Interpretation of the Seattle uplift, Washington, as a pas-
sive-roof duplex: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of
America, v. 94, p. 1379 1401.
Bronowski, J., 1973, The ascent of man: Little, Brown, &
Company, Boston, 448 p.
Bruhn, R. L., DuRoss, C. B., Harris, R. A., and Lund, W. R.,
2005, Neotectonics and paleoseismology of the Wasatch
fault, in Pederson, J., and Dehler, C. M., (eds.), Interior
Western United States: Geological Society of America
Field Guide 6, 20 p., doi: 10.1130/2005.fld006(11).
Brun, J.-P., Soukoutis, D., and Van Den Driessche, J., 1994,
Analogue modeling of detachment fault systems and core
complexes: Geology, v. 22, p. 319 322.
Bucher, W. H., 1944, The stereographic projection, a handy
tool for the practical geologist: Journal of Geology, v. 52,
p. 191 212.
Burchfiel, B. C., and Stewart, J. H., 1966, “Pull-apart”
origin of the central segment of Death Valley, California:
Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 77,
p. 439 441.
Burford, R. O., and Harsh, P. W., 1980, Slip on the San
Andreas fault in central California from alinement array
surveys: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,
v. 70, p. 1233 1261.
Burkhard, M., 1993, Calcite twins, their geometry, appear-
ance and significance as stress-strain markers and indica-
tors of tectonic regime: a review, in Casey, M., Dietrich,
D., Ford, M., Watkinson, J., and Hudleston, P. J. (eds.),
The geometry of naturally deformed rocks: Journal of
Structural Geology, v. 15, p. 351 368.
Butler, R. W. H., Grasso, M., and LaManna, F., 1992, Origin
and deformation of the Neogene Recent Maghrebian
foredeep at the Gela Nappe, Southeast Sicily: Journal of
the Geological Society, v. 149, p. 547 556.
Byerlee, J. D., 1967, Frictional characteristics of granite
under high confining pressure: Journal of Geophysical
Research, v. 72, p. 3639 3648.
Byerlee, J. D., 1978, Friction of rocks: Pure and Applied Geo-
physics, v. 116, p. 615 626. Caddey, S. W., Bachman, R. L.,
Campbell, T. J., Reid, R. R., and Otto, R. P., 1991,
The Homestake gold mine, an Early Proterozoic
iron-formation hosted gold deposit, Lawrence County,
South Dakota: U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper
1857-J, 67p.
Capuano, R. M., 1993, Evidence of fluid flow in micro-
fractures in geopressured shales: American Association
of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 77, no. 8,
p. 1303 1314.
Carena, S., Suppe, J., and Kao, H., 2002, Active detachment
of Taiwan illuminated by small earthquakes and its control
of first-order topography: Geology, v. 300, no. 10,
p. 935 938.
Carey, S. W., 1958, The tectonic approach to continental
drift, in Carey, S. W. (eds.), Contiental drift: Hobart,
Tasmania, University of Tasmania Geology Department
Symposium 2, p. 177 355.
802 REFERENCES
Carey, S. W., 1962, Folding: Journal of Alberta Association
of Petroleum: Geologists, v. 10, p. 95 144.
Carney S. M., and Janecke, S. U., 2005, Excision and the
original low dip of the Miocene-Pliocene Bannock
detachment system, SE Idaho: Northern cousin of the
Sevier Desert detachment?: Geological Society of America
Bulletin, v. 117, p. 334 353.
Carreras, J., Estrada, A., and White, S., 1977, The effects of
folding on the c-axis fabrics of a quartz mylonite: Tecto-
nophysics, v. 39, p. 3 24.
Carter, N. L., and Hansen, F. D., 1983, Creep of rock salt:
Tectonophysics, v. 92, p. 275 333.
Cashman, P. H., and Fontaine, S. A., 2000, Strain partitioning
in the northern Walker Lane, western Nevada and north-
eastern California: Tectonophysics, v. 326, p. 111 130.
Cemen, I., Gokten, E., Varol, B., Kilic, R., Ozaksoy, V.,
Emre, C., and Pinar, A., 2000, Turkish earthquakes reveal
dynamics of fracturing along a major strike-slip fault zone;
EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 81,
no., 28, p.309 and 313.
Chamberlain, R. T., 1910, The Appalachian folds of Central
Pennsylvania: Journal of Geology, v.18, p. 228 251.
Chamberlain, R. T., 1919, The building of the Colorado
Rockies: Journal of Geology, v. 27, p. 225 251.
Chang, W. L., and Smith, R. B., 2002, Integrated seismic-
hazard analysis of the Wasatch Front, Utah: Bulletin of
the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 5,
p. 1904 1922.
Chang, W. L., and Smith, R. B., 2006, Contemporary defor-
mation of the Wasatch Fault, Utah, from GPS measure-
ments with implications for inter-seismic fault behavior
and earthquake hazard: observations and kinematic anal-
ysis: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 111, B11405,
doi:10.1029/2006JB004326.
Chapman, D. S., and Pollack, H. N., 1977, Regional geo-
therms and lithospheric thickness: Geology, v. 5,
p. 265 268.
Chappel, W. M., 1978, Mechanics of thin-skinned fold-and-
thrust belts: Geological Society of America, v. 89,
p. 1189 1198.
Chase, C., 1978, Plate kinematics: the Americas, east Africa,
and the rest of the world: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Letters, v. 37, p. 355 368.
Chester, J. S., Logan, J. M., and Spang, J. H., 1991, Influence
of layering and boundary conditions on fault-bend and
fault-propagation folding: Geological Society of America
Bulletin, v. 103, p. 1059 1072.
Cloos, E., 1946, Lineation: A critical review and annotated bibli-
ography: Geological Society of America Memoir 18, 122 p.
Cloos, E., 1947, Oolite deformation in the South Mountain
fold, Maryland: Geological Society of America Bulletin,
v. 58, p. 843 918.
Cloos, E., 1968, Experimental analysis of Gulf Coast fracture
patterns: American Association of Petroleum Geologists
Bulletin, v. 52, p. 420 444.
Cloos, H., 1936, Einführung in die Geologie, ein Lehrbuch
der inneren Dynamik: Borntraeger, Berlin, 503 p.
Cobbold, P. R., and Quinquis, H., 1980, Development of
sheath folds in shear regimes: Journal of Structural Geol-
ogy, v. 2, p. 119 126.
Cobbold, P. R., Gapais, D., Means, W. D., and Treagus, S. H.
(eds.), 1987, Shear criteria in rocks: Journal of Structural
Geology, v. 9, 778 p.
Cocard, M., Kahle, H.-G., Peter, Y., Geiger, A., Veis, G.,
Felekis, S., Paradissis, D., and Billiris, H., 1999, New
constraints on the rapid crustal motion of the Aegean
region: recent results inferred from GPS measurements
(1993 1998) across the West Hellenic Arc, Greece: Earth
and Planetary Science Letters, v. 172, p. 39 47.
Conybeare, C. E. B., and Crook, K. A. W., 1968, Manual of
sedimentary structures: Commonwealth of Australia,
Department of National Development, Bureau of Mineral
Resources, Geology and Geophysics Bulletin, v. 102, 327 p.
Cook, F. A., Brown, L. D., and Oliver, J. E., 1980, The
southern Appalachians and the growth of continents: Sci-
entific American, v. 243, p. 156 168.
Coulomb, C. A., 1773, Sur une application des regles de
maximis et minimis à quelques problemes de statique
relatifs à l’architecture: Academie Royale des Sciences,
Memoires de Mathematique et de Physique par divers
Savants, v. 7, p. 343 382.
Couzens-Schultz, B. A., Vendeville, B. C., and Wiltschko,
D. V., 2003, Duplex style and triangle zone formation:
insights from physical modeling: Journal of Structural
Geology, v. 25, p. 1623 1644.
Cox, A., and Hart, R., 1986, Plate tectonics: how it works:
Blackwell Scientific Publications, London, 392 p.
Crider, J. G., and Peacock, D. C. P., 2004, Initiation of brittle
faults in the upper crust: a review of field observations:
Journal of Structural Geology, v. 26, p. 691 707.
Crone, A. J., Machette, M. N., Bonilla, M. G., Lienkaemper,
J. J., Pierce, K. L., Scott, W. E., and Bucknam, R. C.,
1987, Surface faulting accompanying the Borah Peak
earthquake and segmentation of the Lost River fault,
Central Idaho: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of
America, v. 77, no. 3, p. 739 770.
Crouch, J. K., 1979, Neogene tectonic evolution of the
western Transverse Ranges and the California Continental
Borderland: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 90,
p. 338 345.
Crowell, J. C., 1959, Problems of fault nomenclature:
American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,
v. 43, p. 2653 2674.
Crowell, J. C., 1974, Origin of late Cenozoic basins in
southern California, in Dickinson, W. R. (ed.), Tectonics
and sedimentation: Society of Economic Paleontologists
and Mineralogists Special Publication 22, p. 190 204.
Cruikshank, K. M., and Johnson, A. M., 1993, High-amplitude
folding of linear-viscous multilayers: Journal of Structural
Geology, v. 15, p. 79 94.
Cruikshank, K. M., Zhao, G., and Johnson, A. M., 1991,
Analysis of minor fractures associated with joints and
faulted joints: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 13,
p. 865 886.

Currie, J. B., Patnode, A. W., and Trump, R. P., 1962,
Development of folds in sedimentary strata: Geological
Society of America Bulletin, v. 73, p. 655 674.
Curry, H. D., 1938, “Turtleback” fault surfaces in Death
Valley, California [abs]: Geological Society of America
Bulletin, v. 49, p. 1875.
Cutler, A., 2003, The seashell on the mountain; a story of
science, sainthood, and the humble genius who discovered
a new history of the earth: Dutton, New York, 228 p.
Dahlen, F. A., Suppe, J., and Davis, D. M., 1984, Mechanics
of fold-and-thrust belts and accretionary wedges (contin-
ued): Cohesive Coulomb theory: Journal of Geophysical
Research, v. 89, p. 10087 10101.
Dahlstrom, D. C. A., 1960, The upper detachment in con-
centric folding: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,
v. 17, p. 326 346.
Dahlstrom, D. C. A., 1969a, Balanced cross sections:
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 6, p. 743 757.
Dahlstrom, D. C. A., 1969b, The upper detachment in con-
centric folding: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,
v. 17, no. 3, p. 323 346.
Dahlstrom, D. C. A., 1970, Structural geology in the eastern
margin of the Canadian Rocky Mountains: Bulletin
Canadian Petroleum Geologists, v. 17, p. 326 346.
Dahlstrom, D. C. A., 1990, Geometric constraints derived
from the law of conservation of volume and applied to
evolutionary models for detachment folding: American
Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 74, no. 3,
p. 336 344.
Davies, R. J., and Stewart, S. A., 2005, Emplacement of giant
mud volcanoes in the south Caspian Basin: 3D seismic
reflection imaging of their route zones: Journal of the
Geological Society (London), v. 162, p. 1 4.
Davis, D. M., and Engelder, T., 1985, The role of salt in fold-
and-thrust belts: Tectonophysics, v. 119, p. 67 88.
Davis, D. M., and Engelder, T., 1985, The role of salt in fold-
and-thrust belts, in Carter, N. L. and Uycda (eds.), Colli-
sion tectonics: Deformation of continental lithosphere:
Tectonophysics, v. 119, p. 67 88.
Davis, D. M., Suppe, J., and Dahlen, F. A., 1983, Mechanics
of fold-and-thrust belts and accretionary wedges: Journal
of Geophysical Research, v. 88, p. 1153 1172.
Davis, G. A., and Lister, G. S., 1988, Detachment faulting in
continental extension: Perspectives from the Southwestern
U.S. Cordillera: Geological Society of America Spec. Paper
218 (John Rodgers Symposium Volume), p. 133 159.
Davis, G. A., Anderson, J. L., Frost, E. G., and Shackelford,
T. J., 1980, Mylonitization and detachment faulting in the
Whipple-Buckskin-Rawhide Mountains terrane, south-
eastern California and western Arizona, in Crittenden, M.
D., Jr., Coney, P. J., and Davis, G. H. (eds.), Cordilleran
metamorphic core complexes: Geological Society of
America Memoir 153, p. 79 129.
Davis, G. A., Lister, G. S., and Reynolds, S. J., 1986, Structural
evolution of the Whipple and South mountains shear
zones, southwestern United States: Geology, v. 14, no. 1,
p. 7 10.
REFERENCES 803
Davis, G. H., 1972, Deformational history of the Caribou
strata-bound sulfide deposit, Bathurst, New Brunswick,
Canada: Economic Geology, v. 67, p. 634 655.
Davis, G. H., 1978, The monocline fold pattern of the Col-
orado Plateau, in Matthews, V. (ed.), Laramide folding
associated with basement block faulting in the western
United States: Geological Society of America Memoir
151, p. 215 233.
Davis, G. H., 1979, Laramide folding and faulting in south-
eastern Arizona: American Journal of Science, v. 279,
p. 543 569.
Davis, G. H., 1980, Structural characteristics of metamorphic
core complexes, in Crittenden, M. D., Jr., Coney, P. J., and
Davis, G. H. (eds.), Cordilleran metamorphic core com-
plexes: Geological Society of America Memoir 153,
p. 35 77.
Davis, G. H., 1983, Shear-zone model for the origin of meta-
morphic core complexes: Geology, v. 11, p. 348 351.
Davis, G. H., 1987, Saguaro National Monument, Arizona:
outstanding display of structural characteristics of meta-
morphic core complexes, in Hill, M. L. (ed.), Centennial
Field Guide Volume 1, Cordilleran Section of the Geological
Society of America: Geological Society of America,
Boulder, p. 35 40.
Davis, G. H., 1998, Fault-fin landscape: Geological Magazine,
v. 135, no. 2, p. 283 286.
Davis, G. H., and Reynolds, S. J., 1996, Structural geology of
rocks and regions: John Wiley and Sons, New York, 776p.
Davis, G. H., Bevis, M., Blom, R. G., Brandon, M., Bull, W.,
Cowan, D., Doka, R. K., Fink, J., Humphreys, E., Johnson,
A., Mayer, L., Lay, T., McNutt, M., Minster, B., Sieh, K.,
Smith, R. B., Sutter, J., Tullis, J., Yeats, R. S., Zoback, M. L.,
1996, Active tectonics and society: a plan for integra-
tive science: National Science Foundation, Washington,
D. C., 56p.
Davis, G. H., Bump, A. P., Garcı́a, P. E., and Ahlgren, S. G.,
1999, Conjugate Riedel deformation band shear zones:
Journal of Structural Geology, v. 22, p. 169 190.
Davis, G. H., Eliopulos, G. J., Frost, E. G., Goodmundson, R. C.,
Knapp, R. B., Liming, R. B., Swan, M. M., and Wynn, J. C.,
1974, Recumbent folds—focus of an investigative workshop
in tectonics: Journal of Geological Education, v. 22,
p. 204 208.
Davis, G. H., Gardulski, A. F., and Lister, G. S., 1987, Shear
zone origin of quartzite mylonite and mylonitic pegmatite
in the Coyote Mountains: Journal of Structural Geology,
v. 9, p. 289 298.
Davis, G. H., Showalter, S. R., Benson, G. S., McCalmont, L.
S., and Cropp, F. W., 1981, Guide to the geology of the
Salt River Canyon region, Arizona: Arizona Geological
Society Digest, v. 13, p. 48 97.
Davis, G. H., 1999, Structural geology of the Colorado
Plateau region of southern Utah, with special emphasis on
deformation band shear zones: Geological Society of
America Special Paper 342, 157 p.
Davis, G. H., and Bump, A. P., 2009, Structural geologic
evolution of the Colorado Plateau, in Kay, S. M., Ramos,
804 REFERENCES
V. A., and Dickinson, W. R., (eds.), Backbone of the
Americas: Shallow subduction, plateau uplift, and ridge
and terrane collision: Geological Society of America
Memoir 204, p. 99 124.
Davis, T., and Namson, J., 1994, A balanced cross section of
the 1994 Northridge earthquake, southern California:
Nature, v. 372, p. 167 169.
Davison, I., 1994, Linked fault systems; extensional, strike-
slip and contractional, in Hancock, P. L. (ed.), Continental
Deformation: Pergamon Press, Oxford, p. 121 142.
De Paor, D. G., 1988, Rf/φ strain analysis using an orientation
net: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 10, p. 323 333.
DeSitter, L. U., 1964, Structural geology (2nd edition):
McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 551 p.
De Paor, D. G., 2001, New interactive animations for analysis
of stress, strain, and flow: Journal of the Virtual Explorer,
v. 3, ISSN 1441 8126.
De Sitter, L. U., 1964, Structural geology: McGraw-Hill, New
York, 551p.
Dean, S. L., Kulander, B. R., and Skinner, J. M., 1988,
Structural chronology of the Alleghenian orogeny
in southeastern West Virginia: Geological Society of
America Bulletin, v. 100, p. 299 310.
Debacker, T. N., Dumon, M., and Matthys, A., 2009, Inter-
preting fold and fault geometries from within the lateral to
oblique parts of slumps: a case study from the Anglo-
Brabant Deformation Belt: Journal of Structural Geology,
v. 31, p. 1525 1539.
DeCelles, P. G., and Coogan, J. C., 2006, Regional structure
and kinematic history of the Sevier fold-thrust belt, central
Utah: Geological Society of America, v. 118, p. 841 864.
DeGraff, J. M., and Aydin, A., 1987, Surface morphology of
columnar joints and its significance to mechanics and
direction of joint growth: Geological Society of America,
v. 99, p. 605 617.
DeGraff, J. M., Long, P. E., and Aydin, A., 1989, Use of joint-
growth directions and rock textures to infer thermal regimes
during solidification of basaltic lava flows: Journal of Vol-
canology and Geothermal Research, v. 38, p. 309 324.
Dennis, A. J., and Secor, D. T., 1987, A model for the
development of crenulations in shear zones with applica-
tions from the Southern Appalachian Piedmont: Journal of
Structural Geology, v. 9, p. 809 817.
Dennis, J. G., 1972, Structural geology: Ronald Press,
New York, 532 p.
Dewey, J. F., 1972, Plate tectonics: Scientific American,
v. 226, p. 56 72.
Dewey, J. F., and Bird, J. M., 1970, Mountain belts and the
new global tectonics: Journal of Geophysical Research,
v. 75, p. 2625 2647.
Diamond, W. P., McCulloch, C. M., and Bench, B. M., 1975,
Estimation of coal-cleat orientation using surface-joint and
photolinear analysis: Geology, v. 3, no. 12, p. 687 690.
Diegel, F. A., Karlo, J. P., Schuster, D. C., Shoup, R. C., and
Tauvers, P. R., 1995, Cenozoic structural evolution and
tectono-stratigrapphic framework of the northern Gulf
coast continental margin, in Jackson, M. P. A., Roberts, D.
G., and Snelson, S. (eds.), Salt tectonics: a global per-
spective: American Association of Petroleum Geologists
Memoir 65, p. 109 151.
Dietz, R. S., 1961, Continent and ocean basin evolution by
spreading of sea floor: Nature, v. 190, p. 854 857.
Dietz, R. S., 1968, Shatter cones in cryptoexplosion struc-
tures, in French, B. M., and Short, N. M. (eds.), Shock
metamorphism of natural materials: Mono Book Corpo-
ration, Baltimore, p. 267 285.
Dillard, A., 1987, An American childhood: Harper & Row,
New York, 257p.
Dixon, T. H., Miller, M., Farina, F., Wang, H., and Johnson,
D., 2000, Present-day motion of the Sierra Nevada block
and some tectonic implications for the Basin and Range
Province, North American Cordillera: Tectonics, v. 19,
p. 1 24.
Dokka, R. K., and Travis, C. J., 1990, Role of the Eastern
California shear zone in accommodating Pacific-North
American plate motion: Geophysical Research Letters,
v. 19, p. 1323 1326.
Dolan, J. F., Sieh, K., and Rockwell, T. K., 2000, Late
Quaternary activity and seismic potential of the Santa
Monica fault system, Los Angeles, California: Geological
Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, no. 10, p. 1559 1581.
Dolan, J. L., Bowman, D. D., and Sammis, C. G., 2007,
Long-range and long-term fault interactions in southern
California: Geology, v. 35, p. 855 858.
Donath, F. A., 1961, Experimental study of shear failure in
anisotropic rocks: Geological Society of America Bulletin,
v. 72, p. 985 989.
Donath, F. A., 1962, Analysis of Basin-Range structure,
south-central Oregon: Geological Society of America
Bulletin, v. 73, p. 1 16.
Donath, F. A., 1966, A triaxial pressure apparatus for
testing of consolidated or unconsolidated materials sub-
jected to pore pressure, in Johnson, A. I, and Wallace,
G. B. (eds.), Testing techniques for rock mechanics:
American Society for Testing and Materials, STP 402,
p. 41 51.
Donath, F. A., 1970a, Rock deformation apparatus and
experiments for dynamic structural geology: Journal of
Geological Education, v. 18, p. 1 12.
Donath, F. A., 1970b, Some information squeezed out of
rock: American Scientist, v. 58, p. 54 72.
Donath, F. A., and Parker, R. B., 1964, Folds and folding:
Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 75, p. 45 62.
Druguet, E., and Carreras, J., 2006, Analogue modeling of
synthetic leucosomes in magmatic schists: Journal of
Structural Geology, v. 28, p. 1734 1747.
Dula, W. F., 1991, Geometric models of listric normal faults
and rollover folds: American Association of Petroleum
Geologists Bulletin, v. 75, p. 1609 1625.
Duncan, R. A., 1981, Hotspots in the southern oceans: an
absolute frame of reference for motion of the Gondwana
continents: Tectonophysics, v. 74, p. 29 42.

Dunne, L. A., Manoogian, P. R., and Pierini, D. F., 1990,
Structural style and domains of the Northern Oman
Mountains (Oman and United Arab Emirates), in
Robertson, et al. (eds.), The geology and tectonics of the
Oman region: Geological Society of London Special
Publication 49, p. 375 386.
Durney, D. W., and Ramsay, J. G., 1973, Incremental strains
measured by syntectonic crystal growths, in De Jong, K.
A., and Scholten, R. (eds.), Gravity and tectonics: John
Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 67 96.
Dutton, S. P., 1982, Pennsylvanian fan-delta and carbonate
deposition, Mobeetie Field, Texas Panhandle: American
Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 66,
p. 389 407.
Ekstrom, G., Stein, R. S., Eaton, J. P., and Eberhart-Phillips,
D., 1992, Seismicity and geometry of a 110-km-long blind
thrust fault 1. The 1985 Kettleman Hills, California,
earthquake: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 97,
no. B4, p. 4843 4864.
Elasser, W. M., 1968, The mechanics of continental drift in
Gondwanaland revisited: new evidence for continental
drift: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society,
v. 112, p. 344 353.
Elliott, D., and Johnson, M. R. W., 1980, Structural evolution
in the northern part of the Moine thrust belt, northwest
Scotland: Royal Society of Edinburgh Transactions, v. 71,
p. 69 96.
Ellis, P. G., and McClay, K. R., 1988, Listric extensional fault
systems: results of analogue model experiments: Basin
Research, v. 1, p. 55 70.
Engelder, T., 1984, Loading paths to joint propagation during
a tectonic cycle: an example from the Appalachian Pla-
teau, U.S.A.: Eos, American Geophysical Union Trans-
actions, v. 65, p. 1118.
Engelder, T., 1985, Loading paths to joint propagation during
a tectonic cycle: an example from the Appalachian
Plateau, U.S.A.: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 7,
p. 459 476.
Engelder, T., 1987, Joints and shear fractures in rock, in
Atkinson, B. K. (ed.), Fracture mechanics of rock: Aca-
demic Press, London, p. 27 69.
Engelder, T., 1999, Transitional-tensile fracture propagation:
a status report: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 21,
p. 1049 1055.
Engelder, T., and Engelder, R., 1977, Fossil distortion
and decollement tectonics of the Appalachian Plateau:
Geology, v. 5, p. 457 460.
Engelder, T., and Geiser, P., 1979, The relationship between
pencil cleavage and lateral shortening within the Devonian
section of the Appalachian Plateau, New York: Geology,
v. 7, p. 460 464.
Engelder, T., and Geiser, P., 1980, On the use of regional joints
sets as trajectories of paleostress fields during the develop-
ment of the Appalachian Plateau, New York: Journal of
Geophysical Research, Series B, v. 85, p. 6319 6341.
Engelder, T., and Marshak, S., 1988, Analysis of data from
rock-deformation experiments, in Marshak, S., and Mitra,
REFERENCES 805
G. (eds.), Basic methods of structural geology: Prentice-
Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, p. 193 212.
Engelder, T., and Oertel, G., 1985, The correlation between
undercompaction and tectonic jointing within the Devo-
nian Catskill Delta: Geology, v. 13, p. 863 866.
Epard, J.-L., and Groshong, R. H., Jr., 1993, Excess area and
depth to detachment: American Association of Petroleum
Geologists Bulletin, v. 77, no. 8, p. 1291 1302.
Ernst, W. G., 1988, Metamorphism and crustal evolution of
the western United States: Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle
River, New Jersey.
Erslev, E. A., 1991, Trishear fault propagation folding:
Geology, v. 19, p. 617 620.
Erslev, E. A., and Koenig, N. B. 2009, 3D kinematics of
Laramide, basement-involved Rocky Mountain deforma-
tion, U.S.A.: insights from minor faults and GIS-enhanced
structure maps, in Kay, S., Ramos, V., and Dickinson, W. R.
(eds.), Backbone of the Americas: Shallow subduction,
plateau uplift and ridge and terrane collision: Geological
Society of America Bulletin, v. 120, p. 877 892.
Erslev, E. A., and Larson, S. M., 2006, Testing Larmide
hypotheses for the Colorado Front Range arch using minor
faults, in Raynolds, R., and Sterne, E. (eds.), Mountain
Geologist Special Issue on the Colorado Front Range,
v. 43, p. 45 64.
Erslev, E. A., and Rogers, J. L., 1993, Basement-cover
geometry of Laramide fault-propagation folds, in Schmidt,
C. J., Chase, R. B., and Erslev, E. A., (eds.), Laramide
basement deformation in the Rocky Mountain foreland of
the western United States: Geological Society of America
Special Paper 280, p. 125 146.
Erslev, E. A., and Ward, D. J., 1994, Element and volume
flux in coalesced slaty cleavage: Journal of Structural
Geology v. 16, p. 531 554.
Escher, A., Escher, J. C., and Watterson, J., 1975, The reori-
entation of the Kangamiut dike swarm, West Greenland:
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 12, no. 2,
p. 158 173.
Etchecopar, A., and Malavieille, J., 1987, Computer models
of pressure shadows: a method for strain measurement and
shear-sense determination, in Cobbold, P. R., Gapais, D.,
Means, W. D., and Treagus, S. H. (eds.), Shear criteria in
rocks: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 9, p. 667 677.
Etchecopar, A., and Vasseur, G., 1987, A 3-D kinematic
model of fabric development in polycrystalline aggregates:
comparisons with experimental and natural samples:
Journal of Structural Geology, v. 9, p. 705 717.
Evans, J. P., and Bradbury, K. K., 2004, Faulting and frac-
turing of nonwelded Bishop Tuff, Eastern California:
deformation mechanisms in very porous materials in the
vadose zone: Vocose Zone Journal, v. 3, p. 602 623.
Eyal, Y., Gross, M. R., Engelder, T., and Becker, A., 2001,
Joint development during fluctuation of the regional stress
in southern Israel: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 23,
no. 2/3, pp. 279 296.
Faill, R. T., 1973, Kind-band folding, Valley and Ridge
Province, Pennsylvania: Geological Society of America
Bulletin, v. 84, p. 1289 1314.
806 REFERENCES
Farrell, S. G., and Eaton, S., 1987, Slump strain in the tertiary
of Cyprus and the Spanish Pyrenees. Definition of
palaeoslopes and models of soft-sediment deformation, in,
Jones, M. E., and Preston, R. M. F. (eds.) Deformation of
sediments and sedimentary rocks, Geological Society,
London, Special Publications v. 29, p. 181 196.
Faulds, J. E., Henry, C. D., and Hinz, N. H., 2005, Kinematics
of the northern Walker Lane: an incipient transform along
the Pacific-North American plate boundary: Geology,
v. 33, no. 6, p. 505 508.
Feininger, T., 1978, The extraordinary striated outcrop at
Saqsaywaman, Peru: Geological Society of America Bul-
letin, v. 89, p. 494 503.
Ferrill, D. A., and Morris, A. P., 1999, Geometric con-
siderations of deformation above curved normal faults and
salt evacuation surfaces: The Leading Edge, v. 16,
p. 1129 1133.
Ferrill, D. A., and Morris, A. P., 2003, Dilational normal faults:
Journal of Structural Geology, v. 25, no. 2, pp. 183 196.
Fink, J., 1980, Surface folding and viscosity of rhyolite flows:
Geology, v. 8, p. 250 254.
Fischer, M. P., and Polansky, A., 2006, Influence of flaws on
joint spacing and saturation: results of one-dimensional
mechanical modeling: Journal of Geophysical Research,
v. 111, B07403, doi:10.1029/2005JB0041152006.
Fisher, M. P., Woodward, N., and Mitchell, M., 1992, The
kinematics of break-thrust folds: Journal of Structural
Geology, v. 14, p. 451 460.
Fleuty, M. J., 1964, The description of folds: Geological
Association Proceedings, v. 75, p. 461 492.
Flinn, D. 1962. On folding during three-dimensional pro-
gressive deformation: Quarterly Journal of the Geological
Society of London, v. 118, p. 385 433.
Forsyth, D. W., and Uyeda, S., 1975, On the relative importance
of the driving forces of plate motion: Geophysical Journal of
the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 43, p. 163 200.
Fossen, H., and Tikoff, B., 1993, The deformation matrix for
simultaneous simple shearing, pure shearing, and volume
change, and its implications to transpression/transtension
tectonics: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 15, p. 413 422.
Frehner, M., and Schmalholz, S. M., 2006, Numerical simu-
lations of parasitic folding in multilayers: Journal of
Structural Geology, v. 28, no. 9, p. 1569 1724.
French, K. S., 2011, Displacement patterns of cemetery
monuments in Ferndale, CA during the Mw 6.5 offshore
northern California earthquake of January 10th, 2010:
Senior Thesis, Department of Geology, Humboldt State
University.
French, K. S., Cashman, S. M., and Structural Geology Class,
Spring 2010, 2010, Displacement patterns of cemetery
monuments in Ferndale, CA, during the Mw 6.5 offshore
California earthquake of January 10, 2010: American
Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, 2010, Abstract No.
S51B-1930.
Friedman, M., Handin, J., Logan, J. M., Min, K. D., and
Stearns, D. W., 1976, Experimental folding of rocks under
confining pressure. Part III. Faulted drape folds in multi-
lithologic layered specimens: Geological Society of
America Bulletin, v. 87, p. 1049 1066.
Fry, N., 1979, Random point distributions and strain mea-
surement in rocks: Tectonophysics, v. 60, p. 69 105.
Fuis, G. S., Ryberg, T., Godfrey, N. J., Okaya, D. A., and
Murphy, J. M., 2001, Crustal structure and tectonics from
the Los Angeles basin to the Mojave Desert, southern
California: Geology, v. 29, no. 1, p. 15 18.
Garcı́a, P. E. and Davis, G. H., 2004, Evidence and mecha-
nism for folding of granite, in Sierra de Haulfı́n basement-
cored uplift, northwest Argentina: American Association
of Petroleum Geologists, v. 88, no. 9, p. 1255 1276.
Gardner, J. N., Reneau, S. L., Lewis, C. J.,Lavine, A., Krier,
D., Wolde Gabriel, G., and Guthrie, G. 2001. Geology of
the Pajarito fault zone in the vicinity of S-Site (TA-16),
Los Alamos National Laboratory, Rio Grande rift, New
Mexico. Los Alamos National Laboratory Report
LA-13831-MS, 86 pp.
Gash, S. P. J., 1971, A study of surface features relating to
brittle and semi-brittle fracture: Tectonophysics, v. 12,
no. 5, p. 349 391.
Ghisetti, F. C., and Sibson, R. H., 2006, Accommodation of
compressional inversion in northwestern South Island
(New Zealand): Old faults versus new? Journal of Struc-
tural Geology, v. 28, p. 1994 2010.
Ghosh, K., and Mitra, S., 2009, Structural controls of fracture
orientations, intensity, and connectivity, Teton anticline,
Sawtooth Range, Montana: American Association of
Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 93, no. 8, pp. 995 1014.
Ghosh, S. K., 1968, Experiments of buckling of multilayers
which permit interlayer gliding: Tectonophysics, v. 6,
p. 207 249.
Ghosh, S. K., 1993, Structural geology: fundamentals and
modern developments: Pergamon Press: Oxford, 598 p.
Gibbs, A. D., 1983, Balanced cross-section construction from
seismic sections in areas of extensional tectonics: Journal
of Structural Geology, v. 141, p. 121 129.
Giles, K. A., and Lawton, T. F., 2002, Halokinetic sequence
stratigraphy adjacent to El Papalote diapir, La Popa basin,
northeastern Mexico: American Association of Petroleum
Geologists Bulletin, v. 86, p. 823 841.
Glazner, A. F., Bartley, J. M., Coleman, D. S., Gray, W., and
Taylor, R. Z., 2004, Are plutons assembled over millions
of years by amalgamation from small magma chambers?:
GSA Today, v. 14, no. 4/5, doi: 10.1130/1052-5153(2004)
014,0004:APAOMO.2.0.CO;2.
Golombek, M. P., 1981, Geometry and rate of extension
across the Pajarito fault zone, Española basin, Rio Grande
rift, northern New Mexico: Geology, v. 9, p. 21 24.
Golombek, M. P., McGill, G. E., and Brown, L., 1983, Tec-
tonic and geologic evolution of the Española basin, Rio
Grande rift: structure, rate of extension, and relation to the
state of stress in the western United States: Tectono-
physics, v. 94, p. 483 507.
Gourmelen, N., and Amelung, F., 2005, Postseismic mantle
relaxation in the Central Nevada Seismic Belt: Science,
v. 310, no. 5753, p. 1473 1476.

Gray, D. R., 1977a, Morphologic classification of crenulation
cleavages: Journal of Geology, v. 85, p. 229 235.
Gray, D. R., 1977b, Some parameters which affect the mor-
phology of crenulation cleavages: Journal of Geology,
v. 85, p. 763 780.
Gray, D. R., 1979, Microstructure of crenulation cleavages:
An indication of cleavage origin: American Journal of
Science, v. 279, p. 97 128.
Gray, D. R., 1981, Compound tectonic fabrics in singly fol-
ded rocks from southwest Virginia, U.S.A.: Tectono-
physics, v. 78, p. 229 248.
Gray, D. R., and Durney, D. W., 1979, Investigations on the
mechanical significance of crenulation cleavage: Tecto-
nophysics, v. 58, p. 35 79.
Grieve, R. A. F., and Pesonen, L. J., 1992, The terrestrial
impact cratering record: Tectonophysics, v. 216, p. 1 30.
Griffith, A. A., 1924, Theory of rupture: Proceedings of the
First International Congress on Applied Mechanics, Delft,
the Netherlands, p. 55 63.
Griggs, D. T., Turner, F. J., and Heard, H. C., 1960, Defor-
mation of rocks at 500 to 800 C, in Griggs, D. T., and
Handin, J. (eds.), Rock deformation: Geological Society of
America Memoir 79, p. 39 104.
Grimaldi, G. O., and Dorobek, S. L., 2011, Fault framework and
kinematic evolution of inversion structures: Natural examples
from the Neuquén Basin, Argentina: American Association of
Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 95, no. 1, p. 27 60.
Groshong, R. H., Jr., 1975, “Slip” cleavage caused by pres-
sure solution in a buckle fold: Geology, v. 3, p. 411 413.
Groshong, R. H., Jr., 1988, Low-temperature deformation
mechanisms and their interpretation: Geological Society of
America Bulletin, v. 100, p. 1329 1360.
Gross, M. R., 1993, The origin and spacing of cross-joints:
examples from the Monterey Formation, Santa Barbara
coastline, California: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 15,
pp. 737 751.
Gross, M. R., and Eyal, Y., 2007, Throughgoing fractures in
layered carbonate rocks: Geological Society of America
Bulletin, v. 119, no. 11/12, pp. 1387 1404.
Gross, M. R., Fischer, M. P., Engelder, T., and Greenfield, R.
J., 1995, Factors controlling joint spacing in interbedded
sedimentary rocks: integrating numerical models with field
observations from the Monterey Formation, U.S.A., in
Ameen, M. S. (ed.), Fractography: Fracture topography as
a tool in fracture mechanics and stress analysis: Geological
Society [London] Special Publication 92, pp. 215 233.
Guilbert, J. M., and Park, C. F., Jr., 1986, The geology of ore
deposits: W. H. Freeman, New York, 985 p.
Gustafson, J. K., Burrell, H. C., and Garretty, M. D., 1950,
Geology of the Broken Hill ore deposit, New South Wales,
Australia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 61,
p. 1369 1437.
Hafner, M., and Passchier, C. W., 2000, Development of S-C’
type cleavage in paraffin wax using a circular shear rig:
Journal Virtual Explorer, v. 2, p. 16 17.
Hafner, W., 1951, Stress distribution and faulting: Geological
Society of America Bulletin, v. 62, p. 373 398.
REFERENCES 807
Hall, N. T., and Niemi, T. M., 2008, The 1906 Earthquake
fault rupture and paleoseismic investigations of the
northern San Andreas fault at the Dogtown site, Marlin
County, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society
of America, v. 98, no. 5, p. 2191 2208.
Hamblin, W. K., 1965, Origin of “reverse drag” on the
downthrown side of normal faults: Geological Society of
America Bulletin, v. 76, p. 1145 1164.
Hamilton, W., 1964, Geologic map of the Big Maria Moun-
tains NE Quadrangle, Riverside County, California, and
Yuma County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic
Quadrangle Map GQ 350.
Hamilton, W., 1987, Mesozoic geology and tectonics of the
Big Maria Mountains region, southeastern California, in
Dickinson, W. R., and Klute, M. A. (eds.), Mesozoic rocks
of southern Arizona and adjacent areas: Arizona Geolog-
ical Society Digest, v. 18, p. 33 47.
Handin, J., 1969, On the Coulomb-Mohr failure criterion:
Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 74, p. 5343 5348.
Handin, J., and Hager, R. V., 1957, Experimental deformation
of sedimentary rocks under confining pressure: tests at
room temperature on dry samples: American Association
of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 41, p. 1 50.
Handin, J., Hager, R. V., Jr., Friedman, M., and Feather, J. N.,
1963, Experimental deformation of sedimentary rocks
under confining pressure: pore pressure tests: American
Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 47,
p. 717 755.
Handy, M. R., 1990, The solid-state flow of polymineralic
rocks: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, p. 21,
613 21, 634.
Handy, M. R., Wissing, S. B., and Streit, L. E., 1999,
Frictional-viscous flow in mylonite with varied bimineralic
composition and its effect on lithospheric strength: Tec-
tonophysics, v. 303, p. 175 191.
Hanmer, S., and Passchier, C., 1991, Shear-sense indicators: a
review: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 90 17, p. 72.
Hardy, S., and Finch, E., 2006, Discrete element modeling of the
influence of cover strength on basement-involved fault-prop-
agation folding: Tectonophysics, v. 415 (1 4), p. 225 238.
Hardy, S., and Ford, M., 1997, Numerical modeling of trishear
fault propagation folding: Tectonics, v. 16, p. 841 854.
Haynes, F. M., and Titley, S. R., 1980, The evolution of
fracture-related permeability within the Ruby Star grano-
diorite, Sierrita porphyry copper deposit, Pima County,
Arizona: Economic Geology, v. 75, p. 673 683.
Heard, H. C., 1963, Effect of large changes in strain rate in
the experimental deformation of Yule marble: Journal of
Geology, v. 71, p. 162 195.
Heat-Moon, W. L., 1991, PrairyErth: Houghton Mifflin, New
York, 622p.
Heidrick, T. L., and Titley, S. R., 1982, Fracture and dike
patterns in Laramide plutons and their structural and tec-
tonic implications: American Southwest, in Titley, S. R.
(ed.), Advances in geology of the porphyry copper
deposits: Southwest North America: University of Arizona
Press, Tucson, Arizona, p. 73 91.
808 REFERENCES
Helgeson, D. E., and Aydin, A., 1991, Characteristics of joint
propagation across layer interfaces in sedimentary rocks:
Journal of Structural Geology, v. 13, p. 897 911.
Hendry, H. E., and Stauffer, M. R., 1977, Penecontempora-
neous folds in cross-bedding: inversion of facing criteria
and mimicry of tectonic folds: Geological Society of
America Bulletin, v. 88, p. 809 812.
Herwegh, M., De Bresser, J. H. P., and Ter Heege, J. H.,
2005, Combining natural microstructures with composite
flow laws: an improved approach for the extrapolation of
lab data to nature: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 27,
p. 503 521.
Hess, H. H., 1962, History of ocean basins, in Engel, A. E. J.,
James, H. L., and Leonard, B. F. (eds.), Petrologic studies:
a volume in honor of A. F. Buddington: Geological
Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, p. 599 620.
Hickman, S., and Zoback, M. D., 2004, Stress measurements
in the SAFOD pilot hole: implications for the frictional
strength of the San Andreas fault: Geophysical Research
Letters, v. 31, L15S12.
Hickman, S., and Zoback, M., 2004, Stress orientations and
magnitudes in the SAFOD pilot hole: Geophysical Research
Letters, v. 31, L15S12, doi:10.1029/2004GL020043.
Hickman, S., Zoback, M., and Ellsworth, W., 2004, Intro-
duction to special section: Preparing for the San Andreas
Fault Observatory at Depth: Geophysical Research Letters,
v. 31, L12S01.
Higgins, M. W., 1971, Cataclastic rocks: United States
Geological Survey Professional Paper 687, 97 p.
Hill, M. L., 1959, Dual classification of faults: Geological
Society of America Bulletin, v. 43, p. 217 221.
Hirth, G., and Tullis, J., 1992, Dislocation creep regimes in
quartz aggregates: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 14,
p. 145 160.
Hobbs, B. E., Means, W. D., and Williams, P. F., 1976, An
outline of structural geology: John Wiley & Sons,
New York, 571 p.
Hobbs, B., Regenauer-Lieb, K., and Ord, A., 2008, Folding
with thermal-mechanical feedback: Journal of Structural
Geology, v. 30, no. 12, p. 1572 1592.
Hobbs, D. W., 1967, The formation of tension joints in sed-
imentary rocks: an explanation: Geological Magazine,
v. 104, pp. 550 556.
Hodgson, R. A., 1961, Classification of structures on joint
surfaces: American Journal of Science, v. 259, p. 493 502.
Hogan, J. P., and Dunne, W. M., 2001, Calculation of
shortening due to outcrop-scale deformation and its rela-
tion to regional deformation patterns: Journal of Structural
Geology, v. 23, p. 1508 1529, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141
(01)00016-5.
Holyoke, C. W., III, and Tullis, J., 2006, Mechanisms of weak
phase interconnection and the effects of phase strength
contrast on fabric development: Journal of Structural
Geology, v. 28, p. 621 640.
Hoover, J. R., Malone, R., Eddy, G., and Donaldson, A.,
1969, Regional position, trend, and geometry of coals and
sandstones of the Monongahela Group and Waynesburg
formation in the Central Appalachians, in Donaldson, A.
C. (ed.), Some Appalachian coals and carbonates: models
of ancient shallow-water deposition: West Virginia Geo-
logical and Economic Survey, Morgantown, West Virgi-
nia, p. 157 192.
Horne, R., and Culshaw, N., 2001, Flexural-slip folding in the
Meguma Group, Nova Scotia: Journal of Structural
Geology, v. 23, no. 10, p. 1631 1652.
Horton, B. K., 1998, Sediment accumulation on top of the
Andean orogenic wedge: Oligocene to late Miocene basins
of the Eastern Cordillera, southern Bolivia: Geological
Society of America Bulletin, v. 110, p. 1174 1192.
Hubbert, M. K, 1937, Theory of scale models as applied to
the study of geologic structures: Geological Society of
America Bulletin, v. 48, p. 1459 1519.
Hubbert, M. K., 1951, Mechanical basis for certain familiar
geologic structures: Geological Society of America
Bulletin, v. 62, p. 355 372.
Hubbert, M. K., and Rubey, W. W., 1959, Role of fluid pressure
in mechanics of overthrust faulting. Part 1: Geological
Society of America Bulletin, v. 70, p. 115 166.
Hudleston, P. J., 1973, Fold morphology and some geomet-
rical implications of theories of fold development: Tec-
tonophysics, v. 16, p. 1 46.
Huiqi, L., McClay, K. R., and Powell, C. M., 1992, Physical
models of thrust wedges, in McClay, K. R. (ed.), Thrust
tectonics: Chapman and Hall, New York, p. 71 81.
Hull, D., and Bacon, D. S., 1984, Introduction to dislocations:
Pergamon Press, New York, 251 p.
Humphreys, E. D., and Weldon, R. J., 1994, Deformation
across the western United States: a local estimate of
Pacific-North America transform deformation: Journal
of Geophysical Research, v. 99, p. 19,975 20,010.
Hunt, C. B., Averitt, P., and Miller, R. L., 1953, Geology and
geography of the Henry Mountain region, Utah: United
States: Geological Survey Professional Paper 228, 234 p.
Huntoon, P. W., and Richter, H. R., 1979, Breccia pipes in the
vicinity of Lockhart Basin, Canyonlands area, Utah, in
Baars, D. L. (ed.), Permianland: Four Corners Geological
Society Guidebook, 9th Field Conference, p. 47 53.
Huntoon, P. W., and Sears, J. W., 1975, Bright Angel
and Eminence faults, eastern Grand Canyon, Arizona:
Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 86, p.
465 472.
Iacopini, D., Passhier, C. W., Koehn, D., and Carosi, R.,
2007, Fabric attractors in general triclinic flow systems
and their application to high-strain zones: a dynamical
systems approach: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 29,
p. 298 317.
Ingraffea, A. R., 1987, Theory of crack initiation and prop-
agation in rock, in Atkinson, B. K. (ed.), Fracture
mechanics of rock: Academic Press, London, p. 71 110.
Isacks, B., and Molnar, P., 1969, Mantle earthquake
mechanisms and the sinking of the lithosphere: Nature,
v. 223, p. 1121 1124.

Isacks, B., Oliver, J., and Sykes, L. R., 1968, Seismology and
the new global plate tectonics: Journal of Geophysical
Research, v. 73, p. 5855 5899.
Jackson, J. A., Gagnepain, J., Houseman, G., King, G. C. P.,
Papadimitriou, P., Soufleris, C., and Virieux, J., 1982,
Seismicity, normal faulting, and the geomorphological
development of the Gulf of Corinth (Greece): the Corinth
earthquakes of February and March, 1981: Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, v. 57, p. 377 397.
Jackson, J., 2006, Fatal attraction: living with earthquakes,
the growth of villages into megacities, and earthquake
vulnerability in the modern world: Philosophical Trans-
actions of the Royal Society A, v. 364, p. 1911 1925.
Jackson, J., and McKenzie, D., 1999, A hectare of fresh
striations on the Arkitsa fault, central Greece: Journal of
Structural Geology, v. 21, p. 1 6.
Jackson, J., and Molnar, P., 1990, Active faulting and block
rotations in the western Transverse Ranges, California:
Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, p. 22,073 22,089.
Jackson, M. P. A., 2008, Evolution of the Cretaceous Astrid
thrust belt in the ultradeep-water Lower Congo Basin,
Gabon: American Association of Petroleum Geology,
v. 92, p. 487 511.
Jackson, M. P. A., and Vendeville, B. C., 1994, Regional
extension as a geologic trigger for diapirism: Geological
Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, no. 1, p. 57 73.
Jackson, M. P. A., Vendeville, B. C., and Schultz-Ela, D. D.,
1994, Structural dynamics of salt systems: Annual Reviews
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 22, p. 93 117.
Jaeger, J. C., and Cook, N. G. W., 1976, Fundamentals of
rock mechanics: Halsted Press, New York, 585 p.
Jefferies, S. P., Holdsworth, R. E., Wibberley, C. A. J.,
Shimamoto, T., Spiers, C. J., Niemeijer, A. R., and Lloyd,
G. E., 2006, The nature and importance of phyllonite
development in crustal-scale fault cores : an example from
the Median Tectonic Line, Japan: Journal of Structural
Geology, v. 28, p. 333 352.
Jeng, F. S., Lin, M. L., Lai, Y. C., and Teng, M. H., 2002,
Influence of strain rate on buckle folding of an elasto-
viscous single layer: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 24,
no. 3, p. 501 516.
Jessell, M. W., 1988a, Simulation of fabric development in
recrystallizing aggregates; I, Description of the model:
Journal of Structural Geology, v. 10, p. 771 778.
Jessell, M. W., 1988b, Simulation of fabric development in
recrystallizing aggregates; II, Example model runs: Jour-
nal of Structural Geology, v. 10, p. 779 793.
Johnson, A. M., 1970, Physical processes in geology: Free-
man, Cooper, and Company, San Francisco, 577 p.
Johnson, A. M., 1977, Styles of folding: mechanics
and mechanisms of folding of natural elastic materials:
Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam,
406 p.
Johnson, A. M., and Fleming, R. W., 2004, Ground distortion
and lurching—causes of near-fault damage to engineering
structures, Part II, Fracture belts: p. 54 124.
REFERENCES 809
Johnson, A. M., Fleming, R. W., and Cruikshank, K. M.,
1994, Broad belts of right-lateral surface rupture along
simple segments of fault zones that slipped during the
28 June 1992 Landers, California, earthquake: Bulletin
of the Seismological Society of America, v. 84,
p. 499 510.
Johnson, A. M., Johnson, K. M., Durdella, J., Sozen, M., and
Gur, T., 2001, Main rupture and adjacent belt of right-
lateral distortion detected by viaduct at Kaynasli, Turkey,
12 November 1999, Düzce earthquake: Earthquake Engi-
neering Group School of Civil Engineering and Harry
Fielding Reid Earthquake Rupture Laboratory, Department
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University,
April 3, 2001, 33 p.
Johnson, S. Y., Dadisman, S. V., Childs, J. R., and Stanley,
W. D., 1999, Active tectonics of the Seattle fault and
central Puget Sound, Washington—Implications for
earthquake hazards: Geological Society of America Bulletin,
v. 111, no. 7, p. 1042 1053.
Jones, P. B., 1996, Triangle zone geometry, terminology and
kinematics: Canadian Petroleum Geology Bulletin, v. 44,
p. 139 152.
Jordan, T. E., and Allmendinger, R. W., 1986, The Sierras
Pampeanas of Argentina: A modern analogue of Rock
Mountain foreland deformation: American Journal of
Science, v. 286, p. 737 764.
Jordan, T. H., 1988, Structure and formation of the continental
tectosphere, in Menzies, M., and others (eds.), Oceanic and
continental lithosphere; similarities and differences: Journal
of Petrology, Special Lithosphere Issue, p. 11 37.
Jordan, W. M., 1965, Regional environmental study of the
Early Mesozoic Nugget and Navajo Sandstones: Ph.D.
dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 206 p.
Karato, S. I., and Wu, P., 1993, Rheology of the upper
mantle: a synthesis: Science, v. 260, p. 771 778.
Kearey, P., and Vine, F. J., 1990, Global tectonics: Blackwell
Scientific Publications, Boston, 302 p.
Kelley, V. C., 1955a, Monoclines of the Colorado Plateau:
Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 66, p. 789 804.
Kelley, V. C., 1955b, Regional tectonics of the Colorado
Plateau and relationship to the origin and distribution of
uranium: New Mexico University Publications in Geology,
no. 5, 120 p.
Kelsey, H. M., Sherrod, B. L., Nelson, A. R., Brocher, T. M.,
2008, Earthquakes generated from bedding plane-parallel
reverse faults above an active wedge thrust, Seatlle fault
zone: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 120,
no. 11/12, p. 1581 1597.
Kerrich, R., 1978, An historical review and synthesis of
research on pressure solution: Zentralblatt für Geologie,
Mineralogie und Palaeontologie, v. 1, p. 512 550.
Kim, Y.-S., Peacock, D. C. P., and Sanderson, D. J., 2004,
Fault damage zones: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 26,
p. 503 517.
Knipe, R. J., 1989, Deformation mechanisms: recognition
from natural tectonites: Journal of Structural Geology,
v. 11, p. 127 146.
810 REFERENCES
Koyi, H. A., and Maillot, B., 2007, Quantifying the effect of
ramp dip and friction on thickness change of hanging wall
units: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 29, 924 932.
Krantz, R. W., 1986, The odd-axis model: orthorhombic fault
patterns and three-dimensional strain fields: Ph.D. disser-
tation, University of Arizona, Tucson, 97 p.
Krantz, R. W., 1988, Multiple fault sets and three-dimen-
sional strain: theory and application: Journal of Structural
Geology, v. 10, p. 225 237.
Kranz, R. L., 1983, Microcracks in rocks; a review, in
Friedman, M., and Toksoez, M. N. (eds.), Continental
tectonics: structure, kinematics and dynamics: Tectono-
physics, v. 100, p. 449 480.
Kreemer, C., and Hammond, W. C., 2007, Geodetic con-
strains on areal changes in the Pacific-North America plate
boundary zone: what controls Basin and Range extension?:
Geology, v. 35, no. 10, p. 943 947.
Kreemer, C., Blewitt, G., and Hammond, W. C., 2010, Evi-
dence for an active shear zone in southern Nevada linking
the Wasatch fault to the Eastern California shear zone:
Geology, v. 38, no. 5, p. 475 478.
Kronenberg, A. K., Segall, P., and Wolf, G. H., 1990, Hydro-
lytic weakening and penetrative deformation within a natural
shear zone, in Duba, A. G., Durham, W. B., Handin, J. W.,
and Wang, H. F. (eds.), The brittle-ductile transition in rocks:
Geophysical Monograph, v. 56, p. 21 36.
Kuenen, P. H., and DeSitter, L. U., 1938, Experimental
investigation into the mechanism of folding: Leidse Geo-
logical Mededlingen, v. 9, p. 217 239.
Kukla, P. A., Urai, J. L., and Mohr, M. 2008, Dynamics of
salt structures, in Litke, R., Bayer, U., Gajewski, D., and
Nelskamp, S., (eds.), Dynamics of complex intraconti-
nental basins: The Central European Basin System:
Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, p. 291 306.
Kukla, P., Urai, J. Warren, J., Reuning, L., Becker, S.,
Schoenherr, J., Morh, M., van Gent, H., Abe, S., Li, S.,
Desbois, G., Scheder, Z., and de Keijzer, M., 2010, An
integrated, multi-scale approach to salt dynamics and
internal dynamics of salt structures—Salt tectonics, sedi-
ments and prospectivity: The Geological Society, Burling-
ton House, London: reproduced in American Association of
Petroleum Geologists Search and Discovery.
Kulander, B. R., and Dean, S. L., 1993, Coal-cleat domains
and domain boundaries in the Allegheny Plateau of West
Virginia: American Association of Petroleum Geologists
Bulletin, v. 77, no. 8, p. 1374 1388.
Lachenbruch, A. H., 1961, Depth and spacing of tension
cracks: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 66,
p. 4273 4292.
Ladeira, F. L., and Price, N. J., 1981, Relationship between
fracture spacing and bed thickness: Journal of Structural
Geology, v. 3, p. 179 183.
Lamerson, P. R., 1982, The Fossil Basin and its relationship
to the Absaroka system, Wyoming and Utah: in Powers, R. B.
(ed.), Geologic studies of the Cordilleran thrust belt:
Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, v. 1,
p. 279 340.
Lapworth, C., 1885, The highland controversy in British
geology: its causes, course and consequences: Nature,
v. 32, p. 558 559.
Lash, G. G., and Engelder, T., 2009, Tracking the burial and
tectonic history of Devonian shale of the Appalachian
Basin by analysis of joint intersection style: Geological
Society of America Bulletin, v. 121, p. 265 277.
Lash, G., Loewy, S., and Engelder, T., 2004, Preferential
jointing of Upper Devonian black shale, Appalachian
Plateau, U.S.A.: evidence supporting hydrocarbon gener-
ation as a joint-driving mechanism, in Rogers, C. M., and
Engelder, T. (eds.), The initiation, propagation, and arrest
of joints and other fractures: Geological Society Special
Publication 231, London, pp. 129 151.
Lavine, A., Gardner, J. N., and Reneau, S. L., 2003a, Total
station geologic mapping: an innovative approach to ana-
lyzing surface-faulting hazards: Engineering Geology,
v. 70, no. 1 2, p. 71 91.
Lavine, A., Lewis, C. J., Katcher, D. K., Gardner, J. N., and
Wilson, J. E., 2003b, Geology of the north-central to
northeastern portion of the Los Alamos National Labora-
tory, New Mexico: Los Alamos National Laboratory
Report: LA-14043-MS, 44 p.
Law, R. D., Casey, M., and Knipe, R. J., 1986, Kinematic and
tectonic significance of microstructures and crystallo-
graphic fabrics within quartz mylonites from the Assynt
and Eriboll regions of the Moine thrust zone, NW Scot-
land: Royal Society of Edinburgh Transactions, v. 77,
p. 99 125.
Law, R. D., Knipe, R. J., and Dayan, H., 1984, Strain path
partitioning within thrust sheets: microstructural and pet-
rofabric evidence from the Moine Thrust zone at Loch
Eriboll, northwest Scotland: Journal of Structural Geology,
v. 6, no. 5, p. 477 497.
Lawn, B. R., and and Wilshaw, T. R., 1975, Fracture of brittle
solids: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 204 p.
Lawton, T. F., Roca, E., Guimera, J., 1999. Kinematic-strat-
igraphic evolution of a growth syncline and its implica-
tions for tectonic development of the proximal foreland
basin, southeastern Ebro basin, Catalunya, Spain. Geo-
logical Society of America Bulletin 111 (3), 412 431.
Le, K., Lee, J., Owen, L. A., and Finkel, R., 2007, Late
Quaternary slip rates along the Sierra Nevada frontal fault
zone, California: slip partitioning across the western
margin of the Eastern California shear zone-Basin and
Range province: Geological Society of America Bulletin,
v. 119, no. 1 2, p. 240 256.
Legg, M. R., Goldfinger, C., Kamerling, M. J., Chaytor, J. D.,
and Einstein, D. E., 2007, Morphology structure, and
evolution of California Continental Borderland restraining
bends: Geological Society of London Special Publications,
v. 290, p. 143 168.
Lewis, C. J., Gardner, J. N., Schultz-Fellenz, E. S., Lavine, A.,
Reneau, S., and Olig, S., 2010, Fault interaction and along-
strike variation in throw in the Pajarito fault system, Rio
Grande rift, New Mexico: Geosp;here, v. 5, p. 252 269.
Lienkaemper, J. J., Pezzopane, S. K., Clark, M. M., and
Rymer, M. J., 1987, Fault fractures formed in association

with the 1986 Chalfant Valley, California, earthquake
sequence: preliminary report: Bulletin of the Seismologi-
cal Society of America, v. 7, p. 297 305.
Lisle, R. J., 1992, Strain estimation from flattened buckle
folds: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 14, p. 369 371.
Lisle, R. J., 1994, Palaeostrain analysis, in Hancock, P. L. (ed.),
Continental deformation: Pergamon Press, New York,
p. 28 42.
Lisle, R. J., 2000, Predicting patterns of strain from three-
dimensional fold geometries: neutral surface folds and
forced folds, in Cosgrove, J. W., and Ameen, M. S. (eds.),
Forced folds and fractures: Geological Society Special
Publication No. 169, p. 213 222.
Lister, G. S., and Hobbs, B. E., 1980, The simulation of fabric
development during plastic deformation and its application
to quartzite: the influence of deformation history: Journal
of Structural Geology, v. 2, p. 355 370.
Lister, G. S., and Snoke, A. W., 1984, S-C mylonites: Journal
of Structural Geology, v. 6, p. 617 638.
Lister, G. S., and Williams, P. F., 1983, The partitioning of
deformation in flowing rock masses: Etheridge, M. A., and
Cox, S. F. (eds.), Deformation processes in tectonics:
Tectonophysics, v. 92, p. 1 33.
Lloyd, G. E., and Knipe, R. J., 1992, Deformation mechanisms
accommodating faulting of quartzite under upper crustal
conditions: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 14, p. 127 143.
Lorenz, J. C., Warpinski, N. R., and Teufel, L. W., 1996,
Natural fracture characteristics and effects: The Leading
Edge, v. 15, no. 8, p. 909 911.
Lubetkin, L. K. C., and Clark, M. M., 1987, Late Quaternary
fault scarp at Lone Pine, California: location of oblique slip
during the great 1872 earthquake and earlier earthquakes, in
Hill, M. L. (ed.), Centennial Field Guide Volume 1: Cor-
dilleran Section of the Geological Society of America: The
Decade of North American Geology Project Series, Geo-
logical Society of America, Boulder, CO, p. 151 156.
Lund, W. R., Hozik, M. J., and Hatfield, S. C., 2006, Paleo-
seismic investigation and long-term slip history of the
Hurricane Fault in Southwestern Utah: Utah Geologic
Survey Special Study 119, 52p.
Lund, W. R., Taylor, W. J., Pearthree, P. A., Stenner, H. D.,
Amoroso, L., and Hurlow, H. A., 2006, Structural develop-
ment and paleoseismology of the Hurricane fault, south-
western Utah and northwestern Arizona, in Lund, W. R. (ed.),
Field Guide to geologic excursions in southwestern Utah
and adjacent areas of Arizona and Nevada: Utah Geological
Survey Open File Report 02 172, p. 1 84.
Lundin, E. R., 1989, Thrusting of the Claron Formation, the
Bryce Canyon region, Utah: Geological Society of
America Bulletin, v. 101, p. 1038 1050.
Luyendyk, B. P., Kamerling, M. J., and Terres, R. R., 1980,
Geometric model of Neogene crustal rotations in southern
California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 91,
p. 211 217.
Macdonald, G. A., 1967, Forms and structures of extrusive
basaltic rocks in Hess, H. H., and Poldervaart, A. (eds.),
Basalts: the Poldervaart treatise on rocks of basalt
REFERENCES 811
composition: Wiley-Interscience Publishers, New York,
v. 1, p. 1 61.
Machette, M., Haller, K., Dart, R., and Rhea, S., 1996 2004,
Summary of the Late Quaternary tectonics of the Basin
and Range province in Nevada, Eastern California, and
Utah: Derived from USGS database on Quaternary faults
and folds in the United States: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/
regional/imw/imw_bnr_faults/
Mackin, J. H., 1950, The down-structure method of viewing
geologic maps: Journal of Geology, v. 58, p. 55 72.
Malavieille, J., 1987, Kinematics of compressional and
extensional ductile shearing deformation in a metamorphic
core complex of the northeastern Basin and Range: Journal
of Structural Geology, v. 9, p. 541 554.
Malcolm, W., 1912, Gold fields of Nova Scotia: Canadian
Geological Survey Memoir 20-E, 331 p.
Mann, P., Hempton, M. R., Bradley, D. C., and Burke, K.,
1983, Development of pull-apart basins: Journal of
Geology, v. 91, p. 529 554.
Manton, O. O., 1965, The orientation and origin of shatter-
cones in the Vredefort Ring: New York Academy of
Science Annals, v. 123, p. 1017 1049.
Marlow, P. C., and Etheridge, M. A., 1977, Development of a
layered crenulation cleavage in mica schists of the Kan-
mantoo Group near Macclesfield, South Australia: Geo-
logical Society of America Bulletin, v. 88, p. 873 882.
Marshak and Mitra, 1988, Basic methods of structural
geology: Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey,
446p.
Marshak, S., and Tabor, J. R., 1989, Structure of the Kingston
orocline in the Appalachian fold-thrust belt, New York:
Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 101, no. 5,
p. 683 701.
Marshak, S., and Woodward, N., 1988, Introduction to cross-
section balancing, in Marshak, S., and Mitra, G. (eds.),
Basic methods of structural geology: Prentice-Hall, Eng-
lewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 303 326.
Marshak, S., Karlstrom, K., and Timmons, J. M., 2000,
Inversion of Proterozoic extensional faults: An explanation
for the pattern of Laramide and Ancestral Rockies intra-
cratonic deformation: Geology, v. 28, p. 735 738.
Martin, R. G., 1978, Northern and eastern Gulf of Mexico
continental margin, stratigraphic and structural framework,
in Bouma, A. H., Moore, G. T., and Coleman, J. M. (eds.),
Framework, facies, and oil-trapping characteristics of the
upper continental margin: American Association of
Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology 7, p. 21 42.
McClay, K. R., (ed.), 1992, Thrust tectonics: Chapman and
Hall, London, 447 p.
McClay, K. R., 1989, Analogue models of inversion tecton-
ics, in Cooper, M. A., and Williams, G. D. (eds.), Inver-
sion tectonics: Geological Society of London Special
Publication No. 44, Blackwell Scientific Publications,
London, p. 41 59.
McClay, K. R., and Coward, M. P., 1981, The Moine thrust
zone: an overview, in McClay, K. R., and Price, N. J.
812 REFERENCES
(eds.), Thrust and nappe tectonics: Geological Society of
London Special Publication 9, Blackwell Scientific Pub-
lications, p. 241 260.
McClay, K. R., and Scott, A. D., 1991a, Experimental models
of hangingwall deformation in ramp-flat listric extensional
fault systems, in Cobbold, P. R. (ed.), Experimental and
numerical modelling of continental deformation: Tecto-
nophysics, v. 188, p. 85 96.
McClay, K. R., Waltham, D. A., Scott, A. D., and Abousetta,
A., 1991b, Physical and seismic modelling of listric nor-
mal fault geometries, in Roberts, A. M., Yielding, G., and
Freeman, B. (eds.), 1991, The geometry of normal faults:
Geological Society of London Special Publication No. 56,
p. 231 239.
McClusky, S. C., Bjornstad, S. C., Hager, B. H., King, R. W.,
Meade, B. J., Miller, M. M., Monastero, F. C., and Souter,
B. J., 2001, Present day kinematics of the Eastern Cali-
fornia shear zone from a geodetically constrained block
model: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 28, no. 17,
p. 3369 3372.
McClusky, S., Balassanian, S., Barka, A., Demir, C.,
Ergintav, S., Georgiev, I., Gurkan, O., Hamburger, M.,
Hurst, K., Kahle, H., Kastens, K., Kekelidze, G., King, R.,
Kotzev, V., Lenk, O., Mahmoud, S., Mishin, A., Nadariya,
M., Ouzounis, A., Paradissis, D., Peter, Y., Prilepin, M.,
Reilinger, R., Sanli, I., Seeger, H., Tealeb, A., Toksoz, M.
N., and Veis, G., 2000, Global positioning system con-
straints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern
Mediterranean and Caucasus: Journal of Geophysical
Research, v. 105, no. B3, p. 5695 5719.
McConaughy, D. T., and Engelder, T., 2001, Joint initiation
in bedded clastic rocks: Journal of Structural Geology,
v. 2/3, pp. 203 221.
McCulloch, C. M., Deul, M., and Jeran, P. W., 1974, Cleat in
bituminous coalbeds: U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of
Investigation, No. 7910, 25 p.
McKinstry, H. E., 1961, Mining geology: Prentice-Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 680 p.
McQuarrie, N., and Davis, G. H., 2002, Crossing the several
scales of strain-accomplishing mechanisms in the hinter-
land of the central Andean fold-thrust belt, Bolivia: Jour-
nal of Structural Geology, v. 24, no. 10, p 1587 1602.
Means, W. D., 1976, Stress and strain: Springer-Verlag, New
York, 339 p.
Means, W. D., 1980, High temperature simple shearing fab-
rics; a new experimental approach: Journal of Structural
Geology, v. 2, p. 197 202.
Means, W. D., 1987, A newly recognized type of slickenside
striation: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 9, p. 585 590.
Means, W. D., 1990, Review paper: Kinematics, stress,
deformation, and material behavior: Journal of Structural
Geology, v. 12, no. 8, p. 953 971.
Means, W. D., Hobbs, B. E., Lister, G. S., and Williams, P. F.,
1980, Vorticity and non-coaxiality in progressive deforma-
tions: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 2, no. 3, p. 371 378.
Memeti, V., Paterson, S., Matzel, J., Mundil, R., and Okaya,
D., 2010, Magmatic lobes as “snapshots” of magma
chamber growth and evolution in large, composite bath-
oliths: an example from the Tuolumne intrusion, Sierra
Nevada, California: Geological Society of America Bul-
letin, v. 122, no. 11 12, p. 1912 1931.
Menges, C. M., 1981, The Sonoita Creek basin: implications for
late Cenozoic evolution of basins and ranges in southeastern
Arizona: M.S. thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, 239 p.
Merle, O., and Guillier, B., 1989, The building of the Central
Swiss Alps: an experimental approach: Tectonophysics,
v. 165, p. 41 56.
Milnes, A. G., 1979, Albert Heim’s general theory of natural
deformation (1878): Geology, v. 7, p. 99 103.
Mishra, R. K., 2009, How do scissors work?: http://www.
laparoscopyhospital.com/PRO3.HTM
Mitra, S., 1986, Duplex structures and imbricate thrust sys-
tems: geometry, structural position and hydrocarbon
potential: American Association of Petroleum Geologists
Bulletin, v. 70, p. 1087 1112.
Mitra, S., 1988, Three-dimensional geometry and kinematic
evolution of the Pine Mountain thrust system, southern
Appalachians: Geological Society of America Bulletin,
v. 100, p. 72 95.
Mitra, S., 1990, Fault-propagation folds: Geometry, kinematic
evolution, and hydrocarbon traps: American Association
of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 74, p. 921 945.
Mitra, S., 1990, Geometry and kinematic evolution of
inversion structures: American Association of Petroleum
Geologists Bulletin, v. 77, 1159 1191.
Mitra, S., 2003, A unified kinematic model for the evolution
of detachment folds: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 25,
p. 1659 1673.
Mitra, S., and J. S. Namson, 1989, Equal-area balancing:
American Journal of Science, v. 289, p. 563 599.
Mitra, S., and Mount, V. S., 1998, Foreland basement
involved structures: American Association of Petroleum
Geologists Bulletin, v. 82, p. 70 109.
Mohr, O., 1882, Ueber die Darstellung des Spannungszus-
tandes und des Deformationszustandes eines Körper-
elementes und über die Anwendung derselben in der
Festigkeitslehre, Civilingenieur 28, pp. 113 115.
Mohr, O. C., 1900, Welche Ümstande bedingen die Elasti-
zitätsgrenze und den Bruch eines Materials: Zeitschrift der
Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure, v. 44, p. 1524 1530 and
1572 1577.
Molnar, P., 1988, Continental tectonics in the aftermath of
plate tectonics: Nature, v. 335, p. 131 137.
Molnar, P., and England, P., 1990, Temperatures, heat flux
and frictional stress near major thrust faults: Journal of
Geophysical Research, Series B: Solid Earth and Planets,
v. 95, p. 4833 4856.
Molnar, P., and Tapponier, P., 1975, Cenozoic tectonics of
Asia: effect of a continental collision: Science, v. 189,
p. 419 425.
Moore, D. E., and Rymer, M. J., 2007, Talc-bearing serpen-
tinites and the creeping section of the San Andreas fault:
Nature, v. 448, p. 795 797.

Morgan, S., A. Stanik, E. Horsman, B. Tikoff, M. de Saint
Blanquat, and G. Habert, 2008, Emplacement of multiple
magma sheets and wall rock deformation: Trachyte Mesa
intrusion, Henry Mountains, Utah, J. Struct. Geol., v. 30,
p. 491 512, doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2008.01.005.
Morgan, W. J., 1968, Rises, trenches, great faults, and crustal
blocks: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 73, p. 1959 1982.
Morgan, W. J., 1971, Convection plumes in the lower mantle:
Nature, v. 230, p. 42 43.
Morgan, W. J., 1972, Convection plumes and plate motions:
American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,
v. 56, p. 203 213.
Morley, C. K., and Guerin, G., 1996, Comparison of gravity-
driven deformation styles and behavior associated with
mobile shales and salts: Journal of the Geological Society
of London, v. 155, p. 475 490.
Mosar, J., and Suppe, J., 1992, Role of shear in fault-propa-
gation folds, in McClay, K., (ed.), Thrust tectonics:
Chapman & Hall, London, p. 123 132.
Mulchrone, K. F., Grogan, S., and De, P., 2005, The rela-
tionship between magmatic tiling, fluid flow and crystal
fraction: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 27, p. 179 197.
Namson, J. S., and Davis, T. L., 1988, Seismically active
fold and thrust belt in the San Joaquin Valley, central
California: Geological Society of America Bulletin,
v. 100, p. 257 273.
Narr, W., 1991, Fracture density in the deep subsurface: techniques
with application to Point Arguello oil field: American
Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 66,
p 1231 1247.
Narr, W., and Suppe, J., 1991, Joint spacing in sedimentary
rocks: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 13, p. 1037 1048.
Naus-Thijssen, F. M. J., Johnson, S. E., and Koons, P. O.,
2010, Modeling crenulation cleavage: a polymineralic
approach: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 32, p. 330 341.
Nelson, A. R., Johnson, S. Y., Kelsey, H. M., Wells, R. E.,
Sherrod, B. L., Pezzopane, S. K., Bradley, L.-A., Koehler
III, R. D., and Bucknam, R. C., 2003, Late Holocene
earthquakes on the Toe Jam Hill fault, Seattle fault zone,
Bainbridge Island, Washington: Geological Society of
America Bulletin, v. 115, no. 11, p. 1388 1403.
Nicholson, C. L., Seeber, P., Williams, P., and Sykes, L. R.,
1986, Seismicity and fault kinematics through the eastern
Transverse Ranges, California: Block rotations, strike-slip
faulting, and low-angle thrusts: Journal of Geophysical
Research, v. 91, p. 4891 4908.
Nickelsen, R. P., 1972, Attributes of rock cleavage in some
mudstones and limestones of the Valley and Ridge prov-
ince, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Academy of Science
Proceedings, v. 46, p. 107 112.
Nickelsen, R. P., 2009, Overprinted strike-slip deformation in
the southern Valley and Ridge in Pennsylvania: Journal of
Structural Geology, v. 31, p. 865 873.
Nickelsen, R. P., and Hough, V. D., 1967, Jointing in the
Appalachian Plateau of Pennsylvania: Geological Society
of America Bulletin, v. 78, p. 609 630.
REFERENCES 813
Nicol, A., Walsh, J. J., Villamor, P., Seebeck, H., and Berryman,
K. R., 2010, Normal fault interactions, paleoearthquakes
and growth in an active rift: p. 1101 1113.
Nicol, A., Walsh, J., Berryman, K., and Nodder, S., 2005, Growth
of a normal fault by the accumulation of slip over millions
of years: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 27, p.327 342.
Nicolas, A., 1987, Principles of rock deformation: petrology
and structural geology: D. Reidel Publishing Company,
Dordrecht, Netherlands, 208 p.
Nicolas, A., and Poirier, J. P., 1976, Crystalline plasticity and
solid state flow in metamorphic rocks: selected topics in
geological sciences: John Wiley & Sons, London, 444 p.
Niemi, T. M., Hall, N. T., and Dahne, A., 2006, The 1906 earth-
quake rupture trace of the San Andreas fault north of San
Franscisco, with stops at points of geotechnical interest, in
Prentice, C. S., Scotchmoor, J. G., Moores, E. M., and Kiland, J.
P. (eds.), 1906 San Francisco Earthquake Centennial Field
Guides: Field trips associated with the 100th Anniversary
Conference, 18 23 April 2006, San Francisco, California:
Geological Society of America Field Guide 7, p. 157 176.
Nur, A., 1982, The origin of tensile fracture lineaments:
Journal of Structural Geology, v. 4, p. 31 40.
Nur, A., and Simmons, G., 1970, The origin of small cracks
in igneous rocks: International Journal of Rock Mechanics
and Mining Science, v. 7, p. 307 312.
O’Hara, K., 2007, Reaction weakening and emplacement of
crystalline thrusts: diffusion control on reaction rate and
strain rate: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 29,
p. 1301 1314.
Oertel, G., 1965, The mechanism of faulting in clay experi-
ments: Tectonophysics, v. 2, p. 343 393.
Oertel, G., 1970, Deformation of a slaty, lapillar tuff in the
Lake District, England: Geological Society of America
Bulletin, v. 81, p. 1173 1188.
Oldow, J. S., 2003, Active transtensional boundary zone
between the western Great Basin and Sierra Nevada block,
western U. S. Cordillera: Geology, v. 31, no. 12,
p. 1033 1036.
Oldow, J. S., and Singleton, E. S., 2008, Application of
Terrestrial Laser Scanning in determining the pattern of
late Pleistocene and Holocene fault displacement from the
offset of pluvial lake shorelines in the Alvord extensional
basin, northern Great Basin, Utah: Geosphere, v. 4, no. 3,
p. 536 563.
Olson, J., and Pollard, D. D., 1988, Inferring stress states
from detailed joint geometry, in Cundall, P. A., Sterling,
R. L., and Starfield, A. M. (eds.), Key questions in rock
mechanics: Proceedings of the 29th U. S. Symposium on
Rock Mechanics, A. A. Balkoma, Rotterdam, p. 159 167.
Olson, J., and Pollard, D. D., 1989, Inferring paleostresses
from natural fracture patterns: a new method: Geology,
v. 17, p. 345 348.
Otton, J. K., 1974, Geologic features of the central Black
Mountains, Death Valley, California, in Guidebook,
Death Valley region, California and Nevada: Shoshone,
Californaia, Death Valley Publishing Company, p. 65 72.
814 REFERENCES
Park, C. F., and MacDiarmid, R. A., 1964, Ore deposits: W.
H. Freeman, San Francisco, 475 p.
Park, R. G., 1988, Geological structures and moving plates:
Blackie, Glasgow, 337 p.
Park, Y., Yoo, S.-H., and Ree, J.-H., 2006, Weakening of
deforming granitic rocks with layer development at middle
crust: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 2006, p. 919 928.
Parsons, T., Trehu, A. M., Luetgert, J. H., Miller, K. C.,
Kilbride, F., Wells, R. E., Fisher, M. A., Flueh, E. R., ten
Brink, U. S., and Christensen, N. I., 1998, A new view into
the Cascadia subduction zone and volcanic arc; implica-
tions for earthquake hazards along the Washington margin:
Geology, v. 26, no. 3, p. 199 202.
Passchier, C. W., 1987, Stable positions of rigid objects in
non-coaxial flow: a study in vorticity analysis, in Cobbold,
P. R., Gapais, D., Means, W. D., and Treagus, S. H. (eds.),
Shear criteria in rocks: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 9,
p. 679 690.
Passchier, C. W., 1994, Mixing in flow perturbations: a model
for development of mantled porphyroclasts in mylonites:
Journal of Structural Geology, v. 16, p. 733 741.
Passchier, C. W., and Simpson, C., 1986, Porphyroclast sys-
tems as kinematic indicators: Journal of Structural Geol-
ogy, v. 8, p. 831 843.
Passchier, C. W., and Sokoutis, D., 1993, Experimental
modeling of mantle porphyroclasts: Journal of Structural
Geology, v. 15, p. 895 909.
Passchier, C. W., and Trouw, R. A. J., 2005, Microtectonics:
Springer, Berlin, 366p.
Passchier, C. W., Myers, J. S., and Kroner, A., 1990, Field
geology of high-grade gneiss terrains: Springer-Verlag,
New York, 150 p.
Paterson, M. S., and Weiss, L. E., 1966, Experimental
deformation and folding of phyllite: Geological Society of
America Bulletin, v. 77, p. 343 374.
Paterson, M. S., Fowler, T. K., and Miller, R. B., 1996, Pluton
emplacement in arcs: a crustal-scale exchange process:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth
Sciences, v. 87, p. 115 123.
Paterson, W. A., 1978, A technique for approximating values
for the formation factor parameters of “m” and “a” and
formation water resistivities of shaly formations: The Log
Analyst, v. 19, p. 12 22.
Patterson, S. R., Vernon, R. H., and Tobisch, O. T., 1989, A
review of criteria for the identification of magmatic and
tectonic foliations in granitoids: Journal of Structural
Geology, v. 11, no. 3, p. 349 363.
Pavlis, T. L., 1986, The role of strain heating in the evolution
of megathrusts: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 91,
p. 6522 6534.
Peach, B. N., Horne, J., Gunn, W., Clough, C. T., Hinxman,
L. W., and Teall, J. J. H., 1907, The geological structure of
the Northwest Highlands of Scotland: Memoir of the
Geological Survey of the United Kingdom.
Peacock, D. C. P., 2003, Scaling of transfer zones in the British
Isles: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 25, p. 1561 1567.
Peacock, D. C. P., and Sanderson, D. J., 1992, Effects of
layering and anisotropy on fault geometry: Journal of the
Geological Society of London, v. 149, Part 5, p. 793 802.
Pearthree, P. A., Lund, W. R., Stenner, H. D., and Everitt, B. L.,
1998, Paleoseismic investigation of the Hurricane fault in
southwestern Utah and northwestern Arizona—Final project
report: Arizona Geological Survey (Tucson) and Utah
Geological Survey (Salt Lake City), Final Technical
Report to the U.S. Geological Survey National Earthquake
Hazard Reduction Program, award no. 1434-HQ-97-GR-
03047, 131 p.
Phillips, F. C., 1971, The use of stereographic projection in
structural geology: Edward Arnold, London, 90 p.
Phillips, J., 1844, Orientation movements in the parts of
stratified rocks: British Association for the Advancement
of Science Report 1843, p. 60 61.
Piane, C. D., Burlini, L., Kunze, K., Brack, P., and Burg. J. P.,
2008, Rheology of dolomite: large strain torsion experi-
ments and natural examples: Journal of Structural Geolo-
gy, v. 30, p. 767 776.
Pinter, N., 1995, Faulting on the Volcanic Tableland, Owens
Valley, California: Journal of Geology, v. 103, p. 73 83.
Platt, J. P., and Vissers, R. L. M., 1980, Extensional structures
in anisotropic rocks: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 2,
p. 397 410.
Pollard, D. D., and Aydin, A., 1988, Progress in under-
standing jointing over the past century: Geological Society
of America Bulletin, v. 100, p. 1181 1204.
Pollard, D. D., and Fletcher, R. C., 2005, Fundamentals of
structural geology: Cambridge University Press, Cam-
bridge, 500p.
Pollard, D. D., and Segall, P., 1987, Theoretical displace-
ments and stresses near fractures in rock: with applications
to faults, joints, veins, dikes, and solution surfaces, in
Atkinson, B. K. (ed.), Fracture mechanics of rock: Aca-
demic Press, London, p. 277 349.
Ponce De Leon, M. I., and Choukroune, P., 1980, Shear zones in
the Iberian arc: Journal of structural geology, v. 2, p. 63 68.
Powell, C. McA., 1979, A morphological classification of
rock cleavage, in Bell, T. H., and Vernon, R. H. (eds.),
Microstructural processes during deformation and meta-
morphism: Tectonophysics, v. 58, p. 21 34.
Powell, C., 1989, Structural controls on Palaeozoic basin
evolution and inversion in southwest Wales: Journal of the
Geological Society (London), v. 146, p. 439 446.
Prentice, C. S., and Moores, E. M., 2006, Introduction, in
Prentice, C. S., Scotchmoor, J. G., Moores, E. M., and
Kiland, J. P. (eds.), 1906 San Francisco earthquake cen-
tennial field guides: The Geological Society of America
Field Guide 7, p. vii xi.
Price, N. J., and Cosgrove, J. W., 1990, Analysis of geolog-
ical structures: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
England, 502 p.
Price, R. A., and Mountjoy, E. W., 1970, Geologic structure of
the Canadian Rocky Mountains between Bow and Atha-
basca rivers progress report, in Wheeler, J. O. (ed.): Geo-
logical Association of Canada Special Paper 6, p. 7 25.

Price, R. A., Mountjoy, E. W., and Cook, G. G., 1978, Geologic
map of Mount Goodsir (west half), British Columbia: Geo-
logical Survey of Canada, map 1477A, 1:50,000.
Price, R. A., Beaumont, C., Nguyen, M., and Lee, B., 1988,
Mechanics of thin-skinned fold-and-thurst belts: insights
from numerical models, in Sears, J. W., Harms, T. A., and
Evenchick, C. A., (eds.), Whence the mountains? Inquiries
into the evolution of orogenic systems: a volume in honor
of Raymond A. Price: Geological Society of America
Special Paper 433, p. 63 98.
Proffett, J. M., Jr., 1977, Cenozoic geology of the Yerington
district, Nevada, and its implications for the nature and
origin of Basin and Range faulting: Geological Society of
America Bulletin, v. 88, p. 247 266.
Quinquis, H., Audren, C., Brun, J. P., and Cobbold, P. R.,
1978, Intense progressive shear in Île de Groix blueschists
and compatibility with subduction or obduction: Nature,
v. 273, p. 43 45.
Ragan, D. M., 1969, Introduction to concepts of two-dimen-
sional strain and their application with the use of card-deck
models: Journal of Geological Education, v. 17, p. 135 141.
Ragan, D. M., 1973, Structural geology, an introduction to
geometrical techniques (2nd edition): John Wiley and Sons,
New York, 208 p.
Ragan, D. M., 1985, Structural geology, an introduction to
geometrical techniques (3rd edition): John Wiley and Sons,
New York, 416p.
Ragan, D. M., 2009, Structural geology, an introduction to
geometrical techniques (4th edition): Cambridge Univer-
sity Press, Cambridge, 624 p.
Ramberg, H., 1959, Evolution of ptygmatic folding: Norsk
Geologisk Tidsskrift, v. 39, p. 99 151.
Ramberg, H., 1962, Contact strain and folding instability of a
multilayered body under compression: Geologische
Rundschau, v. 51, p. 405 439.
Ramberg, H., 1963, Evolution of drag folds: Geological
Magazine, v. 100, p. 97 106.
Ramberg, H., 1967, Gravity, deformation and the Earth’s
crust as studied by centrifuged models: Academic Press,
New York, 214 p.
Ramberg, H., 1973, Model studies in gravity-controlled tec-
tonics by the centrifuge technique, in De Jong, K. A., and
Scholten, R. (eds.), Gravity and tectonics: John Wiley &
Sons, New York, p. 49 66.
Ramberg, H., 1975, Particle paths, displacement and pro-
gressive strain applicable to rocks: Tectonophysics, v. 28,
p. 1 37.
Ramos, V. A., 2009, Darwin at Puente del Inca: Observations
on the formation of the Inca’s Bridge and mountain
building: Revisita de la Associatión Geológica Argentina,
v. 64, no. 1, p. 170 179.
Ramsay, J. G., 1967, Folding and fracturing of rocks:
McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 560 p.
Ramsay, J. G., 1969, The measurement of strain and dis-
placement in orogenic belts, in Kent, P. E., Satterthwaite,
G. E., and Spencer, A. M. (eds.), Time and place in
REFERENCES 815
orogeny: Geological Society of London Special Publica-
tion 3, p. 43 79.
Ramsay, J. G., 1980a, Shear zone geometry: a review: Journal
of Structural Geology, v. 2, p. 83 99.
Ramsay, J. G., 1980b, The crack-seal mechanism of rock
deformation: Nature, v. 284, p. 135 139.
Ramsay, J. G., and Graham, R. H., 1970, Strain variation in
shear belts: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 7,
p. 786 813.
Ramsay, J. G., and Allison, I., 1979, Structural analysis of
shear zones in Alpinised Hercynian granite, Maggia
Nappen, Pennine Zone, Central Alps: Schweiz. Miner.
Petronr., v. 59, p. 251 279.
Ramsay, J. G., and Huber, M. I., 1983, The techniques of
modern structural geology, v. 1: Strain analysis: Academic
Press, London, 307 p.
Ramsay, J. G., and Huber, M. I., 1987, The techniques of
modern structural geology, v. 2: Folds and fractures:
Academic Press, London, 381 p.
Reber, S., Taylor, W. J., Stewart, M., and Schiefelbein, I. M.,
2001, Linkage and reactivation along the northern Hurricane
and Sevier faults, Southwestern Utah, in Erskine, M. C.,
Faulds, J. E., Bartley, J. M., and Rowley, P. D. (eds.), The
geologic transition, High Plateaus to Great Basin—a sym-
posium and field guide (The Mackin Volume): Utah Geo-
logical Association Publication 30, p. 379 400.
Reches, Z., 1978a, Development of monoclines: Part 1.
Structure of the Palisades Creek branch of the East Kaibab
monocline, Grand Canyon, Arizona, in Mathews III,
Vincent, (ed.), Laramide folding associated with basement
block faulting in the western United States: Geological
Society of America Memoir 151, p. 235 272.
Reches, Z., 1978b, Analysis of faulting in three-dimensional
strain field: Tectonophysics, v. 47, p. 109 129.
Reches, Z., 1983, Faulting of rocks in three-dimensional
strain fields: II. Theoretical analysis: Tectonophysics,
v. 95, p. 133 156.
Reches, Z., and Dieterich, J. H., 1983, Faulting of rocks in
three-dimensional strain fields: 1. Failure of rocks in
polyaxial, servo-control experiments: Tectonophysics,
v. 95, p. 111 132.
Reches, Z., and Johnson, A. M., 1978, Development of
monoclines. Part II. Theoretical analysis of monoclines, in
Matthews, V. (ed.), Laramide folding associated with
basement block faulting in the western United States:
Geological Society of America Memoir 151, p. 273 311.
Redfern, R., 1986, The making of a continent: American
Geological Institute, Royal Smeets, 242 p.
Rehrig, W. A., and Heidrick, T. L., 1972, Regional fracturing in
Laramide stocks of Arizona and its relationship to
porphyry copper mineralization: Economic Geology, v. 67,
p. 198 213.
Rehrig, W. A., and Heidrick, T. L., 1976, Regional tectonic
stress during the Laramide and late Tertiary intrusive
periods, Basin and Range province, Arizona: Arizona
Geological Digest, v. 10, p. 205 228.
816 REFERENCES
Reid, J. B., Bucklin, E. P., Copenagle, L., Kidder, J., Pack, S. M.,
Polissar, P., Pratigya, J., and Williams, M. L., 1995, Sliding
rocks at the Racetrack, Death Valley: What makes them
move?: Geology, v. 23, p. 819 822.
Reilinger, R. E., Ergintav, S., Bürgmann, R., McClusky, S.,
Lenk, O., Barka, A., Gurkan, O., Hearn, L., Feigl, K. L.,
Cakmak, R., Aktug, B., Ozener, H., Töksoz, M. N., 2000,
Coseismic and postseismic fault slip for the 17 August
1999, M57.5, Izmit, Turkey Earthquake: Science, v. 289,
p. 1519 1524.
Reks, I. J., and Gray, D. R., 1982, Pencil structure and strain
in weakly deformed mudstone and siltstone: Journal of
Structural Geology, v. 4, p. 161 176.
Reynolds, C. W., 1987, Flocks, herds, and schools: A dis-
tributed behavioral model, in Computer Graphics, v. 21,
no. 4, SIGGRAPH ‘87 Conference Proceedings, p. 25 34.
Reynolds, S. J., and Lister, G. S., 1987, Structural aspects of
fluid-rock interactions in detachment zones: Geology,
v. 15, p. 362 366.
Reynolds, S. J., and Lister, G. S., 1990, Folding of mylonitic
zones in Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes: evidence
from near the mylonitic front: Geology, v. 18, p. 216 219.
Reynolds, S. J., Richard, S. M., Haxel, G. B., Tosdal, R. M.,
and Laubach, S. E., 1988, Geologic setting of Mesozoic
and Cenozoic metamorphism in Arizona, in Ernst, W. G.
(ed.), Metamorphism and crustal evolution of the western
United States (Rubey Volume VII): Prentice Hall, Engle-
wood Cliffs, New Jersey, p. 466 501.
Rich, J. L., 1934, Mechanics of low-angle overthrust faulting
as illustrated by Cumberland thrust block, Virginia, Ken-
tucky, and Tennessee: American Association of Petroleum
Geologists Bulletin, v. 18, p. 1584 1596.
Richter, D., 1976, Allgemeine Geologie: Walter de Gruyter,
Berlin, 366 p.
Ridgeway, J., 1920, Preparation of illustrations for the reports
of the United States Geological Survey, with brief
descriptions of processes of reproduction: United States
Geological Survey, Washington, D. C., 101 p
Riedel, W., 1929, Zur Mechanik geologischer Brucherschei-
nungen: ein Beitrag zum Problem der “Fiederspälten”:
Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie, und Paleontologie,
Part B, p. 354 368.
Rispoli, R., 1981, The stress fields about strike-slip faults
inferred from stylolites and tension gashes: Tectono-
physics, v. 75, p. 29 36.
Rives, T., Razack, M., Petit, J. P., and Rawnsley, K. D., 1992,
Joint spacing: analogue and numerical simulations: Journal
of Structural Geology, v. 14, pp. 925 937.
Roberts, J. C., 1961, Feather fractures and the mechanics of rock
jointing: American Journal of Science, v. 259, p. 481 492.
Rockwell, T. K., Keller, E. A., and Dembroff, G. R., 1988,
Quaternary rate of folding of the Ventura Avenue anticline,
western Transverse Ranges, southern California: Geological
Society of America Bulletin, v. 100, p. 850 858.
Roeder, D., Gilbert, O. E., and Witherspoon, W. D., 1978,
Evolution and macroscopic structure of Valley and Ridge
thrust belt, Tennessee and Virginia: Studies in Geology,
Department of Geological Sciences, University of Ten-
nessee, Knoxville, 25p.
Roy, A. B., 1978, Evolution of slaty cleavage in relation to
diagenesis and metamorphism: a study from the Huns-
rückschiefer: Geological Society of America Bulletin,
v. 89, p. 1775 1785.
Royse, F., Jr., 2003, Detachment fold train, Reed Wash area,
west flank San Rafael swell, Utah: An example of a limb
lengthening, roll-through folding process on the eastern
margin of the Sevier thrust belt: The Mountain Geologist,
v. 33, p. 45 64.
Royse, F., Jr., Warner, M. A., and Reese, D. L., 1975, Thrust
belt structural geometry and related stratigraphic pro-
blems, Wyoming-Idaho-northern Utah, in Bolyard, D. W.
(ed.), Deep drilling frontiers of the central Rocky Moun-
tains Symposium: Rocky Mountain Association of Geol-
ogists, p. 41 54. Rummel, F., 1987, Fracture mechanics
approach to hydraulic fracturing stress measurements, in
Atkinson, B. K., Fracture mechanics of rock: Academic
Press, London, p. 217 239.
Rutter, E. H., 1976, The kinetics of rock deformation by
pressure solution: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society of London, Series A, v. 283, p. 203 219.
Rymer, M. J., Hickman, S. H., and Stoffer, P. W., 2006, A
field guide to the central, creeping section of the San
Andreas fault and the San Andreas Fault Observatory at
Depth, in Prentice, C. S., Scotchmoor, J. G., Moores, E. M.,
and Kiland, J. P. (eds.), 1906 San Francisco earthquake
centennial field guides: The Geological Society of America
Field Guide 7, p. 237 272.
Sammis, C. G., Biegel, R., and King, G., 1986, A self-similar
model for the kinematics of gouge deformation: American
Geophysical Union Transactions, v. 67, p. 1187.
Sammis, C. G., King, G., and Biegel, R., 1987, The kine-
matics of gouge formation: Pure and Applied Geophysics,
v. 125, p. 777 812.
Sander, B., 1930, Gefügekunde der Gesteine: Springer-Ver-
lag, Vienna, 352 p.
Sander, B., 1970, The study of fabrics of geological bodies:
Pergamon Press, New York, 641 p.
Sanford, A. R., 1959, Analytical and experimental study of
simple geologic structures: Geological Society of America
Bulletin, v. 70, p. 19 52.
Savalli, L., and Engelder, T., 2005, Mechanisms controlling
rupture shape during subcritical growth of joints in layered
rocks: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 177,
no. 3/4, p. 436 449.
Schmidt, C. J., James, C., and Shearer, J. N., 1981,
Estimate of displacement in major zone of tear-faulting
in fold and thrust belt, southwest Montana: American
Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 65,
p. 986 987.
Schmidt, R. B., Chase, R. B., and Erslev, E. A., 1993, Lar-
amide basement deformation in the Rocky Mountain
foreland of the western United States: Geological Society
of America Special Paper 280, 365p.

Scholz, D. H., 1990, The mechanics of earthquakes and
faulting: Cambridge University Press, New York, 439p.
Schreiber, J. F., Jr., 1974, Field descriptions of sedimentary
rocks, in Davis, G. H. (ed.), Geology field camp manual:
University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, p. 97 110.
Schwartz, D. P., and Coppersmith, K. J., 1984, Fault behavior
and characteristic earthquakes: examples from the
Wasatch and San Andreas fault zones: Journal of Geo-
physical Research, v. 89, no. B7, p. 5681 5698.
Scott, W. E., Pierce, K. L., and Hait, M. H. Ur, 1985, Qua-
ternary tectonic setting of the 1983 Borah Peak earth-
quake, central Idaho: Bulletin of the Seismological Society
of America, v. 75, no. 4, p. 1053 1066.
Secor, D. T., Jr., 1965, Role of fluid pressure in jointing:
American Journal of Science, v. 263, p. 633 646.
Sengupta, S., and Ghosh, S. K. 2007, Origin of striping lin-
eation and transposition of linear structures in shear
zones: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 29, no. 2,
p. 273 287.
Serway, R. A., 1990, Physics for Scientists and Engineers
(3rd edition): Saunders, Philadelphia: 336 p.
Shackelton, J. R., and Cooke, M. L., 2007, Is plane strain a
valid assumption in non-cylindrical fault-cored folds?:
Journal of Structural Geology, v. 29, p. 1229 1240.
Sharp, R. P., and Carey, D. L., 1976, Sliding stones, Race-
track Playa, California: Geological Society of America
Bulletin, v. 87, p. 1704 1717.
Sharpe, D., 1847, On slaty cleavage: Geological Society of
London Quarterly Journal, v. 3, p. 74 105.
Shaw, J. H., Conners, C., and Suppe, J., 2005, Seismic
interpretation of contractional fault-related folds: Ameri-
can Association of Petroleum Geologists, Studies in
Geology 53, 156p.
Shepard, R. N., 1990, Mind sights: original visual illusions,
ambiguities, and other anomalies: W. H. Freeman and
Company, New York, 213 pp.
Sheridan, M. F., 1975, Tectonic displacement of the Bishop
Tuff: California Geology, May, 1975, p. 107 110.
Sherrod, B. L., Brocher, T. M., Weaver, C. S., Buckham, R. C.,
Blakey, R. J., Kelsey, H. M., Nelson, A. R., and Haugerud,
R., 2004, Holocene fault scarps near Tacoma, Washington,
USA: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 32, no. 1,
p. 9 12.
Sherwin, J. A., and Chapple, W. M., 1968, Wavelengths of
single layer folds: a comparison between theory and obser-
vation: American Journal of Science, v. 266, p. 167 179.
Sibson, R. H., 1977, Fault rocks and fault mechanisms: Journal
of the Geological Society (London), v. 133, p. 191 213.
Sibson, R. H., 1980, Transient discontinuities in ductile shear
zones: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 1, p. 165 171.
Sibson, R. H., 1986, Brecciation processes in fault zones:
inferences from earthquake rupturing: Pure and Applied
Geophysics, v. 124, p. 159 175, doi: 10.1007/BF00875724
Sibson, R. H., and Toy, V., 2006, The habitat of fault-gen-
erated pseudotachylyte: presence vs. absence of friction-
melt, in Earthquakes: radiated energy and the physics of
REFERENCES 817
faulting: Geophysical Monograph Series 170, American
Geophysical Union, p. 153 166.
Sieh, K., and Wallace, R. E., 1987, The San Andreas fault at
Wallace Creek, San Luis Obispo County, California, in
Hill, M. L. (ed.), Centennial Field Guide Volume 1:
Cordilleran Section of the Geological Society of
America: The Decade of North American Geology Project
Series, Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO,
p. 233 238.
Simpson, C., 1986, Determination of movement sense in
mylonites: Journal of Geological Education, v. 34,
p. 246 261.
Simpson, C., 1988, Analysis of two-dimensional finite strain,
in Marshak, S., and Mitra, G. (eds.), Basic methods of
structural geology: Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New
Jersey, p. 333 359.
Simpson, C., and De Paor, D. G., 1993, Strain and kinematic
analysis in general shear zones: Journal of Structural
Geology, v. 15, p. 1 20.
Simpson, C., and Schmid, S. M., 1983, An evaluation of criteria
to deduce the sense of movement in sheared rocks:
Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 94,
p. 1281 1288.
Sloan, D., and Wells, D., 2006, The Hayward fault, in
Prentice, C. S., Scotcmoor, J. G., Moores, E. M., and
Kiland, J. P., (eds.), 1906 San Francisco earthquake cen-
tennial field guides: Field trips associated with the 100th
anniversary conference, 18 23 April 2006, San Francisco,
California: Geological Society of America Field Guide 7,
p. 273 332.
Smith, K. D., and Priestly, K. F., 2000, Faulting in the 1986
Chalfant, California, sequence: local tectonics and earth-
quake source parameters: Bulletin of the Seismological
Society of America, v. 90, no. 4, p. 813 831.
Smith, R. B., and Sbar, M. L., 1974, Contemporary tectonics
and seismicity of the western United States with emphasis
on the Intermountain Seismic Belt: Geological Society of
America Bulletin, v. 85, p. 1205 1218.
Snoke, A. W., and Tullis, J., 1998b, An overview of fault
rocks, in Snoke, A. W., Tullis, J., and Todd, V. R. (eds.),
Fault-related rocks: a photographic atlas: Princeton Uni-
versity Press, Princeton, N. J., p. 3 18.
Snoke, A. W., Tullis, J. A., and Todd, V. R. (eds.), 1998a,
Fault-related rocks: a photographic atlas: Princeton Uni-
versity Press, Princeton, N.J., 617 p.
Soliva, R., and Benedicto, A., 2004, A linkage criterion for
segmented normal faults: Journal of Structural Geology,
v. 26, p. 2251 2267.
Sorby, H. C., 1853, On the origin of slaty cleavage: Edin-
burgh New Philosophical Journal, v. 55, p. 137 148.
Sorensen, K., 1983, Growth and dynamics of the Nordre
Stromfjord shear zone: Journal of Geophysical Research,
v. 88, no. B4, p. 3419 3437.
Spencer, E. W., 1993, Geologic maps; a practical guide to the
interpretation and preparation of geologic maps for geol-
ogists, geographers, engineers and planners: Macmillan
Publishing Company, New York, 147 p.
818 REFERENCES
Spratt, D. A., Dixon, J. M., and Beattie, E. T., 2004, Changes
in structural style controlled by lithofacies contrast across
transverse carbonate bank margins—Canadian Rocky
Mountains and scaled physical models, in McClay, K. R.
(ed.), Thrust tectonics and hydrocarbon systems: American
Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, v. 82,
p. 259 275.
Spry, A. H., 1969, Metamorphic textures: Pergamon Press,
Oxford, 350 p.
Srivastava, D. C., and Lisle, R. J., 2004, Rapid analysis of
fold shape using Bezler curves: Journal of Structural
Geology, v. 26, no. 9, p. 1553 1559.
Srivastava, D., and Shah, J., 2006, A rapid method for strain
estimation from flattened parallel folds: Journal of Struc-
tural Geology, v. 28, no. 1, p. 1 8.
Stallard, A., Ikei, H., and Masuda, T., 2002, Quicktime
movies of 3D spiral inclusion trail development, in
Bobyarchick, A. (ed.), Visualization, teaching and learning
in structural geology: Journal of the Virtual Explorer, v. 9,
http://virtualexplorer.com.au/article/2002/63/3d-spiral-trail-
development.
Stearns, D. W., 1968, Certain aspects of fractures in naturally
deformed rock, in Riecker, R. E. (ed.), NSF Advanced
Science Seminar in Rock Mechanics,Air Force Cambridge
Research Laboratories.
Stearns, D. W., 1978, Faulting and forced folding in the
Rocky Mountain foreland, in Matthews, V. (ed.), Laramide
folding associated with basement block faulting in the
western United States: Geological Society of America
Memoir 151, p. 1 37.
Stewart, K. J., and Alvarez, W., 1991, Mobile-hinge kinking
in layered rocks and models: Journal of Structural Geol-
ogy, v. 13, p. 243 259.
Stewart, M. E., and Taylor, W. J., 1996, Structural analysis
and fault segment boundary identification along the Hur-
ricane fault in southwestern Utah: Journal of Structural
Geology, v. 18, p. 1017 1029.
Stewart, M. E., Taylor, W. J., Pearthree, P. A., Solomon, B.
J., and Hurlow, H. A., 1997, Neotectonics, fault segmen-
tation, and seismic hazards along the Hurricane fault in
Utah and Arizona—an overview of environmental factors
in an actively extending region: Brigham, Young Univer-
sity Geologic Studies, v. 42, part II, p. 235 277.
Stock, P., 1992, A strain model for antithetic fabric rotation in
shear band structure: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 14,
p. 1267 1275.
Stockdale, P. B., 1922, Stylolites: their nature and origin:
Indiana University Studies, Bloomington, v. 9, 97 p.
Stone, D. S., 1993, Basement-involved thrust-generated folds
as seismically imaged in the subsurface of the central
Rocky Mountain foreland, in Schmidt, C. J., Chase, R. B.,
and Erslev, E. A., (eds.), Laramide deformation in the
Rocky Mountain foreland of the western United States:
Geological Society of America Special Publication 280,
p. 271 318, with 3 plates.
Storti, F., Billi, A., and Salvini, F., 2003, Particle size dis-
tributions in natural carbonate fault rocks: insights for non-
self-similar cataclasis: Earth and Planetary Science Let-
ters, v. 206, p. 173 186.
Su, J., Zhu, W., Lu, H., Xu, M., Yang, W., and Zhang, Z., 2009,
Geometry styles and quantification of inversion structures in
the Jiyang depression, Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China:
Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 26, p. 25 38.
Suppe, J., 1980, A retrodeformable cross section of northern
Taiwan: Geological Society of China Proceedings, no. 23,
p. 46 55.
Suppe, J., 1983, Geometry and kinematics of fault-bend
folding: American Journal of Science, v. 283, p. 684 721.
Suppe, J., 1985, Principles of structural geology: Prentice-
Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 537 p.
Suppe, J., Chou, G. T., and Hook, S. C., 1992, Rates of
folding and faulting determined from growth strata, in
McClay, K. R., (ed.), Thrust tectonics: Chapman and Hall,
London, p. 105 121.
Suppe, J., Connors, C. D., and Zhang, Y., 2004, Shear fault-
bend folding, in McClay, K. R. (ed.), Thrust tectonics and
hydrocarbon systems: American Association of Petroleum
Geologists Memoir, 82, p. 303 323.
Suppe, J., Sabat, F., Munoz, J. A., Poblet, J., Roca, E., and
Verges, J., 1997, Bed-by-bed fold growth by kink-
band migration: Sant Llorenc de Morunys, eastern Pyrenees:
Journal of Structural Geology, v. 19, no. 3 4, p. 443 461.
Surpless, B., 2008, Modern strain localization in the central
Walker Lane, western United States: Implications for the
evolution of intraplate deformation in transtensional set-
tings: Tectonophysics, v. 457, p. 239 243.
Susong, D. D., Janecke, S. U., and Bruhn, R., 1990, Structure
of a fault segment boundary in the Lost River fault zone,
Idaho, and possible effect on the 1983 Borah Peak earth-
quake rupture: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of
America, v. 80, no. 1, p. 57 68.
Sutton, B., Davydov, A., and Yancey, T., 2008, Diagenesis and
alteration in Kasimovian limestones, Gzhel quarry, Gzhel vil-
lage, Russia; Carboniferous fossils of Russia, Stratigraphy and
sediments, www.lakeneosho.org/Russia/Stratig3.html
Swan, M. M., 1976, The Stockton Pass fault: an element of
the Texas lineament: M.S. thesis, University of Arizona,
Tucson, 119 p.
Sykes, L. R., 1967, Mechanism of earthquakes and nature of
faulting on the mid-oceanic ridges: Journal of Geophysical
Research, v. 72, p. 2131 2153.
Tapponnier, P., Peltzer, G., Le Dain, A. Y., Armijo, R., and
Cobbold, P., 1982, Propagating extrusion tectonics in
Asia; new insights from simple experiments with plasti-
cine: Geology, v. 10, p. 611 616.
Taylor, W. J., Stewart, M. E., and Orndorff, R. L., 2001, Fault
segmentation and linkage: examples from the Hurricane
fault, Southwestern U.S.A., in Erskine, M. C., Faulds, J.
E., Bartley, J. M., and Rowley, P. D. (eds.), The geologic
transition, High Plateaus to Great Basin—A symposium
and field guide (The Mackin Volume): Utah Geological
Association Publication 30, p. 113 126.
ten Brink, U. S., Molzer, P. C., Fisher, M. A., Blakely, R. J.,
Bucknam, R. C., Parson, T., Crosson, R. S., and Creager,

K. C., 2002, Subsurface geometry and evolution of the
Seattle fault zone and the Seattle basin, Washington:
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, V. 92,
no. 5, p. 1737 1753.
Ter Heege, J. H., De Bresser, J. H. P., and Spiers, C. J., 2005,
Rheological behaviour of synthetic rocksalt: the interplay
between water, dynamic recrystallization, and deformation
mechanisms: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 27,
p. 948 963.
Thatcher, W., Foulger, G. R., Julian, B. R., Svarc, J., Quilty,
E., and Bawden, G. W., 1999, Present-day deformation
across the Basin and Range province, western United
States: Science, v. 283, no. 5408, p. 1714 1719.
Thomson, S. N., Stöckhert, B., and Brix, M. R., 1998,
Thermochronology of the high-pressure metamorphic
rocks of Crete, Greece: implications for the speed of tec-
tonic processes: Geology, v. 26, no. 3, p. 259 262.
Thrasher, G. P., King, P. R., and Cook, R. A., 1995, Taranaki
Basin Petroleum atlas. 50 maps plus booklet. Institute of
Geological and Nuclear Sciences Ltd, Lower Hutt.
Tikoff, B., and Fossen, H., 1999, Three-dimensional reference
deformations and strain facies: Journal of Structural
Geology, v. 21, p. 1497 1512.
Tindall, S., 2000, Development of oblique-slip basement-
cored uplifts: insights from the Kaibab Uplift and from
physical models: Ph.D. dissertation, The University of
Arizona, 261p.
Titley, S. R. (ed.), 1982, Advances in geology of the porphyry
copper deposits: Southwest North America: University of
Arizona Press, Tucson, 560 p.
Toimil, N. C., and Fernández, F. J., 2007, Kinematic analysis
of symmetrical natural folds developed in competent lay-
ers: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 29, p. 467 480.
Troxel, B. W., and Wright, L. A., 1987, Tertiary extensional
features, Death Valley region, eastern California, in Hill, M.
L. (ed.), Centennial Field Guide Volume 1: Cordilleran
Section of the Geological Society of America: The Geo-
logical Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, p. 121 132.
Trudgill, B., and Cartwright, J., 1994, Relay-ramp forms and
normal-fault linkages: Geological Society of America
Bulletin, v. 106, p. 1143 1157.
Trümpy, R., 1960, Paleotectonic evolution of the central and
western Alps: Geological Society of America Bulletin,
v. 71, p. 843 908.
Tsutsumi, H., Yeats, R. S., and Huftile, G. J., 2001, Late
Cenozoic tectonics of the northern Los Angeles fault
system, California: Geological Society of America Bulle-
tin, v. 113, no. 4, p. 454 468.
Tullis, J., 1990, Experimental studies of deformation
mechanisms and microstructure in quartzo-feldspathic
rocks, in Barber, D. J., and Meredith, P. G. (eds.),
Deformation processes in minerals, ceramics and rocks:
Unwin Hyman, London, p. 190 227.
Tullis, J., Dell’Angelo, L., and Yund, R. A., 1990, Ductile
shear zones from brittle precursors in feldspathic rocks;
the role of dynamic recrystallization, in Duba, A. G.,
Durham, W. B., Handin, J. W., and Wang, H. F. (eds.),
REFERENCES 819
The brittle-ductile transition in rocks: Geophysical
Monograph, v. 56, p. 67 82.
Tullis, T. E., and Tullis, J., 1986, Experimental rock deforma-
tion techniques, in Hobbs, B. E., and Heard, H. C. (eds.),
Mineral and rock deformation; laboratory studies; the
Paterson volume: Geophysical Monograph, Monash Uni-
versity, Clayton, Victoria, Australia, v. 36, p. 297 324.
Tullis, T. E., and Wood, D. S., 1975, Correlation of finite
strain from both reduction bodies and preferred orientation
of mica in slate from Wales: Geological Society of
America Bulletin, v. 86, p. 632 638.
Turner, F. J., and Weiss, L. E., 1963, Structural analysis of
metamorphic tectonites: McGraw-Hill Book Company,
New York, 560 p.
Twiss, R. J., and Moores, E. M., 1992, Structural geology: W.
H. Freeman & Company, New York, 532 p.
United States Geological Survey, 1988, Crater Lake National
Park and vicinity, Oregon: 1:62,500-scale topographic
map with text and block diagrams, U.S. Geological Sur-
vey, Denver.
Unruh, J. Humphrey, J., and Barron, A., 2003, Transtensional
model for the Sierra Nevada frontal fault system, eastern
California: Geology, v. 31, no. 4, p. 327 330.
Urai, J. L., Means, W. D., and Lister, G. S., 1986, Dynamic
recrystallization of minerals, in Hobbs, B. E., and Heard,
H. C. (eds.), Mineral and rock deformation: laboratory
studies; the Paterson volume: Geophysical Monograph,
v. 36, p. 161 199.
Urai, J. L., Schenk, O., van der Zee, W., and Blumenthal, M.,
2008, Photograph of the month: Journal of Structural
Geology, v. 30, p. 1201.
Urai, J. L., Williams, P. F., and van Roermund, H. L. M.,
1991, Kinematics of crystal growth in syntectonic fibrous
veins: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 13, p. 823 836.
Van den Driessche, J., and Brun, J.-P., 1987, Rolling struc-
tures at large shear strain, in Cobbold, P. R., Gapais, D.,
Means, W. D., and Treagus, S. H. (eds.), Shear criteria in
rocks: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 9, p. 691 704.
van der Pluijm, B. A., and Marshak, S., 1997, Earth Structure:
an introduction to structural geology and tectonics (1st
edition): WCB/McGraw Hill, New York, 493p.
van der Pluijm, B. A., and Marshak, S., 2003, Earth Structure:
an introduction to structural geology and tectonics (2nd
edition): W.W. Norton, New York, 674p.
Van Hise, R., 1896, Principles of North American pre-Cam-
brian geology: United States Geological Survey 16th
Annual Report, Part 1, p. 581 844.
Vendeville, B. C., and Jackson, M. P. A., 1994, The rise of
diapirs during thin-skinned extension: Marine and Petro-
leum Geology, v. 9, p. 331 353.
Vendeville, B., Cobbold, P. R., Davy, P., Brun, J. P., and
Choukroune, P., 1987, Physical models of extensional tec-
tonics at various scales, in Coward, M. P., Dewey, J. F.,
and Hancock, P. L. (eds.), Continental extensional
tectonics: Geological Society of London Special Publica-
tion, v. 28: Blackwell Scientific Publications, London,
p. 95 107.
820 REFERENCES
Vernon, R. H., 1998. Chemical and volume changes during
deformation and prograde metamorphism of sediments, in
Treloar, P. J., and O’Brien, P. J. (eds.), What drives
metamorphic reactions?: Geological Society, London,
Special Publications, v. 138, p. 215 246.
Waldron, J. W. F., 2005, Extensional fault arrays in strike-slip
and transtension: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 27,
p. 23 34.
Wallace, R. E., 1984, Eyewitness account of surface faulting
during the earthquake of 28 October 1983, Borah Peak,
Idaho: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,
v. 74, no. 3, p. 1091 1094.
Wallace, R. E., 1987, Grouping and migration of surface
faulting and variations in slip rates on faults in the Great
Basin province: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of
America, v. 77, p. 868 876.
Walsh, J. J., Watterson, J., and Yielding, G., 1991, The
importance of small-scale faulting in regional extension:
Nature, v. 351, p. 391 393.
Weijermars, R., 1993, Pulsating strains: Tectonophysics,
v. 220, p. 51 67.
Weiss, L. E., 1972, The minor structures of deformed rocks: a
photographic atlas: Springer-Verlag, New York, 431 p.
Wells, D. L., and Coppersmith, K. J., 1994, New empirical
relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture
width, rupture area, and surface displacement: Bulletin of
the Seismological Society of America, v. 84, no. 4,
p. 974 1002.
Wells, R. E., Weaver, C. S., Blakely, R. J., 1998, Fore-arc
migration in Cascadia and its neotectonic signficance:
Geology, v. 26, no. 8, p. 759 762.
Wernicke, B. P., 1985, Uniform-sense normal simple shear of
the continental lithosphere: Canadian Journal of Earth
Sciences, v. 22, p. 108 125.
Wernicke, B., 1981, Low-angle normal faults in the Basin and
Range province: nappe tectonics in an extending orogen:
Nature, v. 291, p. 645 648.
Wernicke, B., and Burchfiel, B. C., 1982, Modes of
extension tectonics: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 4,
p. 105 115.
Wesnousky, S. G., 2005a, The San Andreas and Walker Lane
fault systems, western North America: transpression,
transtension, cumulative slip and the structural evolution
of a major transform plate boundary: Journal of Structural
Geology, v. 27, p. 1505 1512.
Wesnousky, S. G., 2005b, Active faulting in the Walker Lane:
Tectonics, v. 24, TC3009, doi:10.1029/2004TC001645.
White, S. H., and Knipe, R. J., 1978, Transformation and
reaction-enhanced ductility in rocks: Geological Society of
London Journal, v. 135, Part 5, p. 513 516.
White, S. H., Bretan, P. G., and Rutter, E. H., 1986, Fault-
zone reactivation; kinematics and mechanisms: Royal
Society of London Philosophical Transactions, Series A:
Mathematical and Physical Sciences, v. 317, p. 81 92.
White, S. H., Burrows, S. E., Carreras, J., Shaw, N. D., and
Humphreys, F. J., 1980, On mylonites in ductile shear
zones, in Carreras, J., Cobbold, P. R., Ramsay, J. G., and
White, S. H. (eds.), Shear zones in rocks: Journal of
Structural Geology, v. 2, p. 175 187.
Whitten, E. T. H., 1966, Structural geology of folded rocks:
Rand-McNally, Skokie, Illinois, 663 p.
Wibberley, C., 2007, Talc at fault: Nature, v. 448, no. 16,
p. 756 757.
Wilcox, R. E., Harding, T. P., and Seely, D. R., 1973, Basic
wrench tectonics: American Association of Petroleum
Geologists Bulletin, v. 57, p. 74 96.
Wilkinson, P., Soper, N. J., and Bell, A. M., 1975, Skolithos
pipes as strain markers in mylonites: Tectonophysics,
v. 28, no. 3, p. 143 157.
Williams, G. D., Powell, C. M., and Cooper, M. A., 1989,
Geometry and kinematics of inversion tectonics, in Coo-
per, M. A., and Williams, G. D. (eds.), Inversion tectonics:
Geological Society of London Special Publication No. 44,
Blackwell Scientific Publications, London, England,
p. 3 15.
Willis, B., 1894, The mechanics of Appalachian structure:
United States Geological Survey 13th Annual Report, Part
2, p. 213 281.
Wilson, C. J. L., 1981, Experimental folding and fabric
development in multilayered ice: Tectonophysics, v. 78,
p. 139 159.
Wilson, C. J. L., 1986, Deformation induced recrystallization
of ice: the application of in situ experiments: Geophysical
monograph 36, p. 213 232.
Wilson, G., 1961, The tectonic significance of small-scale
structures and their importance to the geologist in the field:
Annales de la Société Géologique de Belgique, v. 84,
p. 424 548.
Wilson, G., 1982, Introduction to small-scale geologic
structures: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., London, 128p.
Wilson, J. T., 1965, A new class of faults and their bearing on
continental drift: Nature, v. 207, p. 343 347.
Witkind, I. J., and Stickney, M. C., 1987, The Hebgen Lake
earthquake area, Montana and Wyoming, in Beus, S. S.
(ed.), Centennial Field Guide Volume 2: Rocky Mountain
Section of the Geological Society of America, p. 89 94.
Woodcock, N. H., and Rickards, B., 2003, Transpressive
duplex and flower structure: Dent Fault System, NW Eng-
land: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 25, p. 1981 1992.
Woodward, N. B., 1997, Low-amplitude evolution of break-
thrust folding: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 19,
p. 293 301.
Woodward, N. B., Boyer, S. E., and Suppe, J., 1985, An
outline of balanced cross sections: Studies in Geology
(Knoxville), v. 11, 170 p.
Woodworth, J. B., 1896, On the fracture system of joints,
with remarks on certain great fractures: Boston Society of
Natural History Proceedings, v. 27, p. 163 184.
Worrall, D. M., 1977, Structural development of Round Moun-
tain area, Uinta County, Wyoming, in Heisey, E. L. (ed.),
Rocky Mountain thrust belt, geology and resources: Wyom-
ing Geological Association Guidebook 29, p. 537 541.

Wright, L. A., Otton, J. K., and Troxel, B. W., 1974, Tur-
tleback surfaces of Death Valley viewed as phenomena of
extensional tectonics: Geology, v. 2, p. 53 54.
Wright, T. O., and Platt, L. B., 1982, Pressure dissolution and
cleavage in the Martinsburg Shale: American Journal of
Science, v. 282, p. 122 135.
Wu, H., and Pollard, D. D., 1995, An experimental study
of the relationships between joint spacing and layer
thickness: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 17,
pp. 887 905.
Xiao, Hongbin, and Suppe, J., 1992, The origin of rollover:
American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,
v. 76, p. 509 529.
Yamada, Y., and McClay, K., 2004, Analog modeling of
inversion thrust structures, in McClay, K. R. (ed.), Thrust
tectonics and hydrocarbon systems: American Association
of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 82, p. 276 301.
Yeats, R. S., and Grigsby, F. B., 1987, Ventura Avenue
anticline: amphitheater locality, California, in Hill, M. L.
(ed.), Centennial Field Guide Volume 1: Cordilleran
Section of the Geological Society of America: The Decade
of North American Geology Project Series, Geological
Society of America, Boulder, CO, p. 219 223.
Yielding, G., Walsh, J. J. and Watterson, J. 1992, The pre-
diction of small-scale faulting in reservoirs: First Break,
v. 10, p. 449 460.
Yonkee, A., and Weil, A. B., 2010, Reconstructing the
kinematic evolution of curved mountain belts: Internal
REFERENCES 821
strain patterns in the Wyoming salient, Sevier thrust belt,
U.S.A.: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 122, no
1/2, p. 24 49.
Younes, A. I., and Engelder, T., 1999, Fringe cracks: key
structures for the interpretation of the progressive
Alleghanian deformation of the Appalachian plateau:
Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 111, no. 2,
pp. 219 239.
Yue, L-F., Suppe, J., and Hung, J.-H., 2005, Structural
geology of a classic thrust belt earthquake: the 1999 Chi-
Chi earthquake Taiwan (Mw 5 7.6): Journal of Structural
Geology, v. 27, no. 11, p. 2058 2083.
Zák, J., Paterson, S. R., and Memeti, V., 2007, Four magmatic
fabrics in the Tuolumne batholith, central Sierra Nevada,
California (USA): Implications for interpreting fabric
patterns in plutons and evolution of magma chambers in
the upper crust: Geological Society of America Bulletin,
v. 119, no. 1/2, p. 184 201.
Zhang, Y., Hobbs, B. E., and Jessell, M. W., 1993, Crystal-
lographic preferred orientation development in a buckled
single layer: a computer simulation: Journal of Structural
Geology, v. 15, p. 265 276.
Zingg, T., 1935, Beitrag zur Schotteranalyze: Schweizer
Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, v. 15,
p. 39 140.
Zoback, M., Hickman, S., and Ellsworth, W., 2010, Scientific
drilling into the San Andreas fault zone: Eos, v. x91,
no. 22, June 2010, p. 197 199.