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PUBLIC SPACE, PLACE OF URBAN LIFE

Conference Paper · October 2007

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 PUBLIC SPACE, PLACE OF URBAN LIFE

Francisco M. Serdoura1,2 Jorge M. Ribeiro1,3

fs@fa.utl.pt jribeiro@fa.utl.pt
1
Faculdade de Arquitectura. Universidade Técnica de Lisboa
Rua Sá Nogueira, Pólo Universitário, Alto da Ajuda
1349-055 LISBOA – Portugal
2
CIAUD – Centro de Investigação de Arquitectura, Urbanismo e Design
Rua Sá Nogueira, Pólo Universitário, Alto da Ajuda
1349-055 LISBOA – Portugal
3
CERENA – Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente do IST
Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 LISBOA – Portugal

ABSTRACT

This paper aims to contribute to the comprehension of the conditions that allow or support
urban living within town’s public space. This research work relies in the affinity that seems to
exist between the configurations of urban fabric, drawn by the net of public spaces, the
location of land uses and the patterns of urban living that were observed in these spaces. The
data collected was submitted to a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) algorithm in order to
characterise the public life in public spaces.

1. INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, there is a lack of methodologies for analysis and characterization of public life,
land use and environmental issues in an integrated mode in the design of the new public
spaces and intervention in pre-existent ones.

This paper proclaims that the analysis and evaluation methodologies to be use must have a
scientific support that sustains the liability of the results to be obtained. In this context, space
syntax analysis and multivariate data analysis, namely PCA, techniques were applied to an
area of Lisbon – Parque das Nações – which presents the particularity of having been built
from the ground during the last decade. This area is located in the East part of Lisbon, near
Rio Tejo (Tagus River).

Urban life, as observed and studied in Parque das Nações, reflects an integrated vision on the
way people use that part of the city, allowing to integrate in the study their
perception/understanding of the urban shape, as well as the socio-cultural aspects inherent and
the potential (environmental and functional) that the urban structure shows.

This study allowed the demonstration of how the quality of the urban design proved to be
decisive to enhance people affluence to Parque das Nações area. It is also intended to
demonstrate how the urban design quality influence people to develop there different patterns
of activities, which enabled urban living in those spaces.
2. THEORETICAL ASPECTS

2.1 URBAN SPACE

Kevin Lynch (Lynch, 1981) sustains the importance of the procedure of urban drawing in the
construction of modern cities, where public space enhances an intense urban living as long as
it contains vitality, sensation, adequacy, accessibility and control.

Also Jacobs and Appleyard (1987) refer to these concepts in the manifest about urban design
that determined the change between modern ideals1 and the new ideas about the city model
that attempted the rehabilitation of the traditional city2. These two authors state seven
objectives for the construction of high quality public spaces: life; identity and control; the
access to opportunities, imagination and distraction; authenticity and meaning; public and
communitarian live; urban self-confidence and good environment for everybody.

Tibbalds (1988), by his turn, makes the synthesis between traditionalist vision and human
needs within public urban space, considering that the drawing of urban space, so that in it can
occur urban living, must respect the heritage of the past and insert new interventions within
the existing context, encouraging the diversity of urban functions in public space and people
freedom of circulation in those spaces, satisfying needs of fulfilment to every social sectors
and, simultaneously, avoiding large scale transformations. To public space planning should be
given priority rather than to constructions; new urban spaces must be drawn to human scale
and satisfy its needs, and should be built with ‘legibility’ and ‘durability’, enabling interaction
between people and public space and vice-versa.

2.2 THE PUBLIC LIFE

Hillier’s theory of “Natural Movement” (Hillier et al.,1984, Hillier, 1988, Hillier et al.,1993
and Hillier, 1996) explores the relation between mainly pedestrian moves and the
configuration of urban space, as well as between pedestrian flows and land uses. Subjects like
accessibility and the character of urban spaces are important: for instance, a pedestrian flow in
an unfriendly environment can be significantly increased if that space becomes friendlier,
from the pedestrian point of view (Hass-Klau et al., 1999; Gehl and Gemzöe, 2000). Gehl
(1986) also states that, in public spaces of reduced quality, only activities that are strictly
necessary (ex. walking) can occur.

On the other hand, in spaces of high quality, necessary activities occur approximately with the
same frequency, although people chose to spend more time in its practice, and more
important, they tend to incur in an increased number of ‘optional activities’. The desire
characteristic of persons to practice certain activities, subject to the condition of existing
urban environment or to climatic conditions, allows people to develop optional activities

1 The urban model justified in the ‘Athens Charter’ is considered as reflex and vehicle of a new social life, where
it was believed that the configuration of spaces would determine behaviours and would change mentalities.
2 Where buildings shouldn’t be regarded as the ‘positive’ placed upon a free space (negative), but where public
outside space (streets and squares) regains an ordering role and not as remaining, shapeless and insignificant
(Portas, 1987).
within public spaces (Gehl, 1986). When people interact between them in public space ‘social
activities’ are developed, the character of the latter depend on the existing context, occurring
in residential areas, multi-functional central areas and in those dominated by employment.

The role of public space, as well as the nature and the content of social interaction that occurs
there, changes accordingly to social class, ethnic group, age, structures and type of urban
dominant functions of the neighbourhood where it is located (Levitas, 1986). Ellin (1986)
noticed how dominance and separation activities increased to contribute, in the present
society, to the displacement towards the interior of the buildings of many activities that
previously occurred in the streets. On the other hand, we must recover the argument
sustaining that the city, while consisting in a system, promotes human connections. In this
way, central areas of the city become guides, when allowing the opportunity for people to
meet (Tibbalds, 1992). Therefore, public spaces must be accessible to all, regardless of age,
capacities, origins or income.

Gehl and Gemzöe (2000) consider that the use of public space, as social and leisure places,
has been growing gradually. In this way, urban planning recognizes more and more the
importance to urban living of the different ways of public life in public spaces. The 90’s (XX
century) were marked by changes in institutional condition, both social and political, which
drove to a new urban mentality. Strategic objectives were established in order to promote the
sustained and maintainable development of the city, which enhanced the need to bring nearer
its centre and the peripheries, through the improvement of the quality of public space, the
integration of social dynamics and the proper completions of the first, which, in turn, are
related with aesthetic concerns as well as functional arrangement concerns.

The perception of public space quality appears as a consequence of the perceived images of
the local (where functional and formal aspects are melted), and as a result of who and how
they are understood. The interaction between urban form and behaviour can be harmonizing
or conflicting with human demands of urban life, but can not be separated from them.
Changes and substitutions of human activities related with the use of space are the
consequence of individual and social perception over that space, differing from case to case.

It can be said that, in order to better satisfy people that daily use public space, one must try to
relate public spaces with urban context in which they are inserted, so that it can be possible to
identify and analyse cultural and urban life changes that people promote whether individually
or in group, since those are the changes that promote new needs and new spaces. It will be
then desirable to encourage ways of drawing public space which work in the way of
dedicating the city to everyone; it will be considered necessary to leave behind physical
barriers that stipulate the access and movements of certain parts of the community, whether
they derive from its situation within the cycle of life (children and aged people), whether they
are unable (permanent or temporarily) of moving themselves normally.

3. URBAN MORPHOLOGY AND LAND USE PATTERN

3.1 OVERVIEW OF THE CITY OF LISBON IN 2001

In the beginning of the 90’s (XX century), the priority given to the Municipal Master Plan
(MMP) meant the establishment of occupation, use and transformation rules of the municipal
territory, by implementing options and urban concepts considered in the scope of the Strategic
Plan of Lisbon. The MMP has recommended the reinforcement of the functional centre
(office buildings concentration) in the Avenidas Novas (centre of town) and in less
centralized areas, such as Chelas area (SE of town), Olivais (NE of town), in the area of
intervention of Expo’98 (E of town), in Aterro da Boavista (S of town) and in Alcântara
industrial area (SW of town); as well as in different spots throughout the northern periphery
of the city. The concentration of commercial uses (office and retail) foreseen in the MMP
seems to contribute to justify the dimension of the central area of the town core, the Avenidas
Novas (vd. Fig. 1). The privileged accessibilities between the geographical centre – Avenidas
Novas – and the new urban expansion of the city – Expo’98 – contributed to the emergence of
a new centrality in that area of the city. The expansion of the centre towards North suggests
that the growth of the city was due to the fulfilment of previously empty spaces, promoting a
higher density in the urban structure of the Peripherical Ring area (vd. Fig. 1).

Figure 1: Integration (rn) of Lisbon 2001.

The town’s new urban settlement, located by the Rio Tejo and resulting from the urban
regeneration following the Expo’98 – actually included in Parque das Nações – is one of the
main centralities in Lisbon. The concentration of axis of strong global integration (rn) in the
Eastern area of the town offers a stabilising condition to that area of the city, whether through
the consolidation of proposed urban configuration whether through order in the structure of
public spaces that have been planned. It is important to emphasize that the centre of the city
coincides with urban areas whose spatial patterns are based in squares, morphologies that
show a good degree of permeability.

The Parque das Nações – new centrality of Lisbon – generated a new functional dynamic in
the city, contributing in this way to the morphologic stabilisation of the Eastern area of
Lisbon, through the construction of an harmonious urban structure strongly articulated with
its surroundings (ex. Olivais e Moscavide) and with the centre of the town (ex. Avenidas
Novas). The morphologic quality of the squares, that configures the urban structure of Parque
das Nações, allows each part to maintain its own identity, without distressing the whole (the
global area).

3.2 THE SPATIAL PATTERNS OF PARQUE DAS NAÇÕES AREA

The space syntax analysis of the urban configuration of Parque das Nações contributes to
understanding how the urban structure can enhance the mobility of people in urban space. The
strong integration (rn) of the central area of Parque das Nações (vd. Fig. 2), reinforced with
cautious urban fabric, appears to demonstrate that public space holds favourable conditions to
people uses.

Figura 2: Integration (rn) of Parque das Nações 2001.

The importance of Parque das Nações as a spot of centrality in Lisbon is shown by the
dimension of its urban structure. This fact helps understanding of how the centre of the city
leaned towards the Eastern periphery of Lisbon. The accessibility that the Parque das Nações
net shows, establishes an important factor allowing comprehension of the relation between
people and public space, within the development of urban life.
4. METHODOLOGY FOR PUBLIC LIFE ANALYSIS

4.1 DATA SET OVERVIEW

In the study for public living in Parque das Nações, it has been considered a set of variables
representing land uses, design characteristics of public space, environmental characteristics of
that space and developed human activities observed in public spaces. It is also worth
mentioning that the variables deducted from the space syntax analysis of the urban net were
equally considered in the analysis.

As potential generators of intense pedestrian moves, the areas of: offices, retail, restaurants
and civic facilities, form the main set of variables used in this study. Other land uses able to
show flow peaks of concentration were also considered, although they usually do not generate
intense moves, namely: housing, local facilities, tourist equipments and logistic.

The environmental variables considered, were: tree alignments and artificial elements
providing shadows, green spaces (gardens, parks, green areas and river promenades) and
water elements. The variables of urban design considered in the study were: side walk width
and their useful area, markers and parking. The elements of urban furniture in public space,
which promote the conditions of occurrence of human activities, were also assumed as factors
attracting pedestrian moves or leisure and public social contacts. As variables analysed in this
scope were considered: benches for resting/relaxing, aesthetic elements and public art.

The use of axial maps, representing the system of public spaces, allowed the calculation and
measurement of different properties of the urban system. A set of those properties (measured)
was tested according to its importance in relation to the empiric information used in this work,
specifically: uses, environmental factors, number of persons present in public spaces and
number of persons engaged in activities. The measures of space syntax analysis that were
used against the empirical data are: integration (rn), mean depth of lines, measure ‘R’ (radius
3 – r3), control, connectivity and axial lines length.

The principal human variables considered in this study were the different groups of users of
public spaces sorted by groups according to age (children, youth, adults and elderly persons)
and by gender. It was also considered persons with locomotion difficulties or disabled
persons, tourists, construction workers, security officers (employees of Parque Expo’98, S.A.)
and suppliers (people that support the running of commercial activities). Secondly, different
groups of activities developed by people in public spaces were considered, as they are
potentially generators of public life, grouped by: strictly necessary (walking), optional (eating,
staying in the sun, reading, sitting and smoking) and social (talking/mobile phone talking,
running/jogging, cycling, roller skating/skating and walking the dog).

4.2 MULTIVARIATE DATA ANALYSIS METHOD

The simultaneous study of multiple variables vs. public spaces, sustained upon advanced
statistical techniques, is considered as part of the Multivariate Data Analysis, while using
statistics with a multi-dimensional incidence. The variables above presented were organised
in a matrix of 47 variables by 67 urban spaces. This data set was submitted to a Principal
Component Analysis (PCA) algorithm in order to characterise the relationships between
variables, urban spaces and variables & urban spaces. The similarities or differences between
activities performed by people in public space, at different periods, was one of the objectives
of the analysis. It was considered that, if different groups of persons performed the same type
of activity in different environments, it was possible to make that analysis with the help of
this factorial method which allows a graphical representation of these proximities between
groups of persons.

In the study of relationships between the variables, it has been considered that two variables
are correlated if there dispersion behaviour relies upon a linear structure (Ribeiro, 1999).
Similarly to the idea underlying the bivariate analysis, the PCA is a powerful tool in the
establishment of relationships between different variables, combining them. The preliminary
univariate and bivariate variables analysis, usually is not enough to explain some of the
information that is “hidden” in a set of data. Therefore, the multivariate data analysis is a
precious tool in this field, enabling the description and analysis of the data as a whole,
redrawing information that in another way remained disguised.

The previous matrix3 was divided in six sub-matrixes referred to different periods of time of
the day. Each one of these sub-matrixes was submitted to PCA algorithm in order to allow the
analysis, in descriptive terms, of the existing relationships between the activities and the
public spaces where they occurred. The co-ordinates of the variables in the factorial axis
correspond to the correlation coefficient with the associated factors, i.e. the axis, contained in
the interval [-1;1] (vd. example of Fig. 3 for one of these time periods).

Figure 3: Projection of the variables on the factorial plan F1/F2, for the period between 8 and 10 am.

3 The matrix was built and organised in a way so that the columns (variables) and the rows (individuals), allow
the crossing of the information referring to the activities developed by people in public space, meaning that
each element of the matrix a represents the number of people that perform one given activity (column j) in
ij

a given public space (row i).

It is considered that the variables projected in the interior of a circumference centred in the
origin and a 0.5 radius, are not explained in that factorial plane. The variables projected
outside of this circumference are explained by the respective factorial axis.

In Figure 4 the relations between used public spaces are showed. The concentration of dots
around the origin projects public spaces without distinction between human activities, while
the public spaces projected outside, revealed diversity and intensity of use and human
activities.

Figure 4: Projection of the spaces on the factorial plan F1/F2, for the period between 8 and 10 am.

5. CASE STUDY – URBAN LIFE AT PARQUE DAS NAÇÕES

The analysis of the results obtained by PCA allowed the spatial mapping of the human
activities in the public spaces that were revealed as more important in terms of public life. At
the first hours of the day (8:00 – 10:00 am) the urban life in Parque das Nações was
dominated by people necessity to reach their working places, or by the option of paying a visit
to local shopping areas to purchase goods or services in spaces as Avenida D. João II (1), the
axis with greater concentration of services in the area, and in the beginning of Avenida do
Pacífico (2) (vd. Fig. 5).

Figure 5: Patterns of public life in Parque das Nações, 8:00 – 10:00 am working days.

Also, in the beginning of the morning, urban life is filled with the significant presence of
children. Their presence in public space had more impact in Passeio de Ulisses (3), as this is
the best access to Oceanário (4). Besides using that area to access the above mentioned
equipment, they also used public space to perform other activities, namely the well being and
urban leisure, having their morning meal there, enjoying the space dimension and for safe
entertainment.

Simultaneously, in this period, elderly persons enjoyed an urban life more individualised,
guided by permanence. They have chosen places with benches or low walls where they can
seat, spending some time in quiet privacy, although in the vicinity of other people, watching
other people’s activities. This occurs preferably by the riverside spaces, Passeio das Tágides
(5) and Rua da Pimenta (6) (vd. Fig. 5). By the other hand, groups of young people and adults
used those two spaces for conventional leisure, particularly running/jogging, and non
conventional leisure, using the space for cycling. Environmental characteristics and drawing
of urban space, with quite big dimension, where the division in sub-spaces (Garcia da Horta
gardens (7)) is subtle but clear, enhance the diversity in the use by the different groups
(adults, youth and elderly persons), and proved to be more suitable to activities whether
occasional or social. Also due to the same characteristics, some people have chosen Alameda
dos Oceanos (8) (central space) to perform some activities of well being and urban leisure (vd.
Fig. 5).

In the mid morning period (10:00 – 12:00 am) the necessary activity (commuting) had been
observed according to flow patterns, where people passing trough the area profit of their
presence in the area to enjoy the environment, trying to take advantage of such a pleasant
space and surrounding landscape (vd. Fig. 6).

Figure 6: Patterns of public life in Parque das Nações, 10:00 – 12:00 am working days.

According to the different age groups in public space, lunch time (12.00 – 14:00) registered
movement patterns showing the good use of the working pause. People going out of their
working places and walking to the locals where they regularly have their meals (Shopping
Mall (12), bars and restaurants by the river (13)) usually go in small groups (2-4 persons) in a
relaxing way, talking together, smoking or talking in the mobile phones. The most used space
in these moves is Avenida D. João II (1), where the promenades have a comfortable width (4
meters), allowing people to walk side by side, also being the shortest distance to the Shopping
Mall (12) (vd. Fig. 7).
 Figure 7: Patterns of public life in Parque das Nações, 12:00 – 14:00 working days.

Those who preferred the bars and restaurants by the river for their noon meal, had to cross the
area in the East/West direction, having to change direction at least twice; therefore these
moves formed a sinuous pattern. In this case, people tried to take advantage of the pleasant
environment, by choosing spaces with trees or water elements. People opting to remain in this
area, were influenced by security reasons (the presence of more persons), and by the comfort
associated to the presence of urban furniture suitable to their needs, for instance, benches.

In early afternoon, after lunch time (14:00 – 16:00), people that used Parque das Nações
showed availability to remain for longer periods. Among the groups present in the area, the
adults were the ones that registered the greater number of presence in the space. The children
and youth groups were also active in the area. Passeio das Tágides (5), Rua da Pimenta (6)
and Jardins de Água (14), were the spaces with higher people concentration, as a
consequence, on one hand, of the urban fabric and of environmental comfort and, on the other
hand, due to the large dimensions, allowing great diversity of use to all different users (vd.
Fig. 8).

Figure 8: Patterns of public life in Parque das Nações, 14:00 – 16:00 working days.

In mid afternoon (16:00 – 18:00) the observation of urban life in Parque das Nações provided
the record of different types of pedestrian movements (vd. Fig. 9). Between 17:00 and 18:00,
a pattern of direct movements was recorded, strongly related with the first period of people
leaving the offices. This movement was again registered along the axis where the services are
located (Avenida D. João II (1)).
 Figure 9: Patterns of public life in Parque das Nações, 16:00 – 18:00 working days.

In the end of the afternoon (18:00 – 20:00), patterns of urban life associated to the
concentration of employment in that area were again observed. Between 18:00 and 19:00
people used public space as an interface between the offices and the means of conveyance
(vd. Fig. 10). This pattern of direct movement was observed in Avenida D. João II (1) (space
where services are located), towards the bus and train station (Gare do Oriente (16)),
transforming Praça do Oriente (17), the beginning of Avenida do Índico (18) and Avenida do
Pacífico (2), in spaces of convergence (vd. Fig. 10). The necessary activity (walking) has
always been associated to other three: ‘talking’, ‘smoking’ and ‘using mobile phones’, which
allowed the association between movements and the social contact among persons.

Figure 10: Patterns of public life in Parque das Nações, 18:00 – 20:00 working days.

Later, between 19:00 and 20:00, the pattern of urban life observed showed a higher diversity
related to urban living (ex: eating), leisure (ex: sitting while watching the sunset) or non
conventional recreation (ex: cycling and walking the dog). The observation of such diversity
of activities in only one space (Passeio das Tágides (5)), validates the quality of urban fabric,
the identity of the local, the control that people have upon the space and the diversity of
opportunities that they can delight while using it.

6. CONCLUSIONS

The study of public life in Parque das Nações allowed the evaluation of the way people
interact with urban space (public and private) and how it has stimulated people to do a
variability of human activities. The space syntax analysis allowed to statement the existence
of public spaces with less activity, where urban life was scarce or occurred occasionally (to
which correspond spaces of less accessibility and therefore less integrated) and the existence
of spaces with good accessibility, where urban life was more intense and diversified,
becoming spaces of compulsory passage. The study confirmed the belief that the central zone
of Parque das Nações is a place where people enjoy staying in their day to day activities or in
leisure. The permeability of the urban fabric proved to be very good, particularly in the
periods of higher affluence and concentration of people in the public space (8:00 – 10:00 am,
12:00 – 14:00 and 18:00 – 20:00).

This research work also allowed the identification of urban functions that contributed more to
the occurrence of urban life in Parque das Nações. Although the studied area showed a
diversity of urban functions, only some (offices, retail, restaurants and civic facilities)
revealed the existence of relations of dependence with the number of persons present in the
public space. The quality of urban drawing (side walks width, area of pedestrian public
space), the presence of urban furniture in most public spaces (benches, markers, etc.), the
environmental quality of the space (shadow areas and water elements), where factors that
allowed testing the pleasantness of the space and the dynamic of the relations between space
and people, showing that the former stimulated the latter to stay in the area for longer periods
of time.

The results of multivariate data analysis drove to the conclusion of the existence of an
important correlation between variables that characterise the pleasantness of the urban
environment and the diversity of existing functions and the number and time of people
permanence in public space, as well as with the activities that they developed there. In fact,
positive correlations beyond 0.60 were found between the following variables: totality of
people ‘TP’, totality of adults ‘TA’, total area of construction ‘TAC’, special land uses ‘EU’,
retail/restaurants ‘C/R’, useful length of the streets ‘LUt’, side walks width ‘pass’, green
spaces ‘EVerd’, benches ‘Banc’, water elements ‘H2O’, walking ‘And’, sitting ‘sent’,
drinking ‘bebe’, eating ‘come’, talking ‘Conv’, smoking ‘fumo’, global integration (rn) ‘Tint’
and connectivity ‘Conn’. In this way, it was possible to conclude that not only the quality of
the public spaces and their functions diversity influence the way it is used by people, as well,
different behaviours of people are observed as a function of the type of activity they want to
perform in the public space, which leads to a intensive use of these spaces in detriment of
others, as a function of its physic and urban characteristics and of the position they hold in the
net of urban connections that they guarantee.

7. REFERENCES

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Hass–Klau, C.; Crampton, G.; Dowland, C. E.¨; Nold, I. (1999) Streets as Living Space:
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