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Industry 4.0
Attaining safer, more productive and efficient mining practices
White paper
2 White paper
Reimagine mining networks for Industry 4.0
Mining embraces Industry 4.0
Few industries operate in more volatile business and political conditions than mining companies. They
face the challenges of operating in harsh, remote and sometimes even uninhabitable regions amidst
unpredictable world political events, constantly fluctuating commodity prices and rising production
costs. In this environment, they strive to attain profitability, safety and eco-sustainability.
In response, mining companies are embracing Industry 4.01, a new industrial revolution that promises
the automation of everything through the adoption of digital technologies to automate and optimize
the whole mining operations chain, from pit to port to control center2. With digital transformation,
mining companies can boost productivity and efficiency while attaining safety and profitability.
Two innovative digital technologies are key to mining digital transformation efforts: automation plus
analytics and cloud computing.
Automation
At the forefront of mining automation is the introduction of automated systems. Whether it is tele-remote,
assisted control or fully autonomous, automation enables more consistent and efficient operations of
mining equipment while improving safety and reducing accidents.
An autonomous haulage system can load and dump ore and navigate haul roads with minimum driver
control or remote manual control. An autonomous drilling system allows the mining industry to expand
access to ore deposits in areas previously deemed too dangerous and inhospitable to drill. Automatic
stockpiles operation provides optimal storage space management. Deployment of automated systems
optimizes return on mining assets while improving productivity and safety.
Operation of autonomous systems in remote mines requires real-time monitoring of the systems’
operating conditions by a centralized control or one located on site. From high-definition video feed to
sensors to high-precision GPS coordinates, continuous gathering of critical operational metrics is pivotal
to safety and efficiency.
1 To learn about Industry 4.0, read “Industry 4.0: The revolution is here”
2 To learn more about digital transformation for mining, read “Future X for industries: Mining”
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Reimagine mining networks for Industry 4.0
Cloud computing, also referred to as data center virtualization, is foundational to this data-intensive and
analytics-driven Industry 4.0 paradigm. Cloud computing empowers mining companies to consolidate
and virtualize all compute resources distributed in their own data centers (private cloud) and public-cloud
hosted by cloud service providers (virtual private cloud) into one seamless pool. In this way, compute
resources can be dynamically and elastically allocated and adjusted to individual mining operations locally
or globally to run different applications on demand.
As a mine goes through the typical cycle of exploration, assessment and approval, construction, operation
and closure — all in the midst of boom-bust economic cycles — analytics applications are essential tools.
They’re used for geological modeling, geographic information systems, enterprise and supply chain
planning, global economic modeling, as well as drilling and dispatch operations. A cloud-based approach
is an effective compute model to efficiently provide just-in-time compute capacity.
The advent of real-time applications such as video analytics and slope monitoring systems requires data
processing and analytics to be performed closer to data sources such as cameras and sensors. By reducing
latency, faster response and better decisions can be supported. This calls for the adoption of edge cloud
to perform data pre-processing and real-time actions.
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Reimagine mining networks for Industry 4.0
This application-specific network model saddles mine operators with many disparate networks and incurs
high operating costs. The solution is also ill-suited to embrace Industry 4.0 to harness the power of
automation and analytics, hampering future technology evolution. As a result, network transformation
to a high-performance converged service network infrastructure that supports digital transformation by
connecting everything and everyone has become necessary.
Transformation
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Reimagine mining networks for Industry 4.0
Figure 2. Mining network transformation blueprint
Mine Industrial
facility 1
control IP/MPLS 1 3
WAN
Corporate Data
LAN center
Packet
IP/MPLS MW/optical Data SDN
Voice gateway transport center network
gateway fabric
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Reimagine mining networks for Industry 4.0
Figure 3. Nokia mining network transformation product portfolio
Datacenter Virtualized
SDN Services
Platform VSD VSC VRS NSG
LTE
SAR-Ax SAR-M SAR-Hc SAR-Hm 7210 SAS-Sx
7210 SAS-D
IP/MPLS 7210 SAS-R6
WAN 7250 IXR-e 7210 SAS-K30
VSR 7750 SR-a4 7750 SR-a8 7750 SR-1e 7750 SR-2e 7750 SR-3e 7250 IXR-R6 7250 IXR-6 7250 IXR-10 7210 SAS-T 7210 SAS-K5
7750 Service Routers 7250 Interconnect Router (IXR) 7210 Service Access Switches
Optics Microwave
WaveLite PSS-4 PSS-8 PSS-16 PSS-32 MSS-0/1/8 MPT series UBT series 7705 SAR
(MWA)
1830 Photonic Service Switch Wavence Packet Radio
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Reimagine mining networks for Industry 4.0
capable of supporting layer 1, layer 2 and layer 3 VPNs, either in point-to-point or multipoint configuration.
Techniques such as IP route leaking can be used in conjunction with a stateful firewall to allow collaborative
inter-VPN communications.
Table 1 shows typical operational and IT applications used in mines and indicates how to leverage VPN
flexibility to provide the required connectivity.
As multiple services are put on the same port in the same node, advanced service-aware hierarchical
QoS (H-QoS) is important to allocate sufficient bandwidth resources with the right priority to avoid
performance compromise.
QoS management
In a converged network carrying numerous applications, service awareness is crucial for application
performance assurance. As application traffic enters the network edge, the edge router can treat each
application’s traffic with an individually tailored QoS policy that includes its own set of traffic queues
and traffic rate to ensure that no application can send beyond the agreed rate, impacting the rest
(see Figure 4). H-QoS also renders flexibility to each service to consume its assigned bandwidth without
affecting the others.
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Reimagine mining networks for Industry 4.0
Full integration with transport and access technologies
Whether it is an environmentally controlled office or a remote outpost, the network needs to reach all sites
for different departments. Whether it is for in-pit or pit-to-port communications, operators need flexible
transport technology. Modern IP/MPLS routers have natively integrated transport technologies such as
packet microwave, LTE and coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM).
A converged IP/MPLS router (see Figure 5) can fully integrate transport and access to efficiently bring
IP/MPLS services everywhere needed. By eliminating the need for extra equipment, the router simplifies
network design, installation and operation as well as saving power and footprint.
IP/MPLS platform
with integrated
transport/access
support
LTE modem
IP/MPLS Packet
router microwave
Optical
WDM IP/MPLS router
4 For a more detailed discussion, read the white paper “MPLS for mission-critical microwave networks: Building a multi-fault tolerant microwave network”
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High scalability for future growth
To meet future application needs, the network must be able to scale in capacity, control plane and link
bandwidth. An IP/MPLS router family ranging from a terabit core router supporting a 400 Gb/s slot in
a central office setting to a multi-gigabit, hardened outdoor router allows operators to select a cost-
effective choice dimensioned for projected traffic growth.
Effectively utilizing fiber or microwave transport assets requires advanced techniques such as:
• Optical CWDM and dense wave division multiplexing (DWDM)
• Industry-first 200 Gb/s wavelength
• High-order microwave modulation: 2048 QAM
• MPLS-aware compression
• Link aggregation
• Cross-polarization interference cancellation (XPIC).
All of these techniques enable operators to scale the transport infrastructure.
Seamless TDM migration
Although TDM network equipment and carrier services are being retired, many deployed legacy
applications such as emergency communications and SCADA systems are here to stay. To migrate TDM
applications onto the network, it is imperative that low-speed interfaces such as E&M, FSX/FSO and serial
interfaces are supported so as not to disrupt current operations and to ensure that network services can
be provisioned with the acceptable range of delay and jitter.5 For a smooth migration process, network
operators also need to take into consideration certain engineering guidelines when designing the network.
5 For a detailed discussion of TDM migration, read “Transformation of mission-critical communications networks: Migrating from SDH/SONET networks to IP/MPLS
networks”
6 For more information, read the white paper “The need for converged mining automation networks”
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Reimagine mining networks for Industry 4.0
Figure 6. A converged MAN
Asset
Voice management
CCTV Application
M2M
LTE
IP/MPLS
Transport
Microwave Optics
7 For more information, visit the Nuage Networks Virtualized Service Platform web page.
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Reimagine mining networks for Industry 4.0
hosting servers for different company operators and departments. While a bare metal server is suitable
when compute resources are dedicated to a single user and application, it is inefficient and insufficient
when application workloads are becoming elastic, driven by mining cycles.
With server virtualization technology, virtual machines (VMs) can now be created and deleted as business
needs changes. Server virtualization makes compute resources dynamically consumable. New VMs can be
created to serve different users and applications on an as-needed basis, on any servers in any locations
that have the required capacity and bandwidth connectivity. In the cloud computing age, VM is a required
technology to manage compute capacity with agility and efficiency.
However, this new paradigm requires an equally agile data center network fabric. Today, while it may take
only minutes to instantiate a new VM through a cloud orchestrator, it often takes hours or even days to
configure the underlay fabric network to provide the necessary connectivity.
SDN has emerged as the de facto data center networking solution to unleash the constraints. Through
seamless coordination with a cloud orchestrator in the data center, the SDN overlay network can respond
to VM creation and movement automatically by reconfiguring itself over the existing underlying network,
which is typically an IP or Ethernet network.
Evolving the data center network to an SDN architecture removes the existing data center underlay
network constraint, automates the required network configuration change, and enables users to share and
consume compute resources more dynamically and efficiently without needing to replace the underlying
network infrastructure. This is particularly attractive to multi-tenant data centers that serve multiple
operations teams supporting mines worldwide.
An extensible DCI network8
With the data center becoming an integral component of the ICT infrastructure, operators have become
acutely aware of the vulnerability of maintaining mission- and business-critical information in a single site.
Site diversity, also called georedundancy, is crucial to their business continuity and disaster recovery strategy.
A WDM-based service platform can form a scalable data center interconnect (DCI) optical gateway to
extend the Ethernet LAN and SAN connecting compute and servers in multiple data centers (see Figure 7).
LAN LAN
Server farm/ Ethernet
NAS server LAN
SAN SAN
Optical WDM optical Optical
Fiber
Storage array gateway network gateway
channel
8 For a more detailed discussion of DCI technology and the Nokia DCI solution, read the white papers “Data center interconnect market trends and requirements”
and “Data center interconnect solutions for large enterprises”
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With the adoption of the cloud computing paradigm, distributed computing in the form of VMs can now
be placed anywhere unused compute capacity can be found. A distributed application, typically written
with a three-layer architecture (web-GUI, business logic and database), can reside in multiple VMs placed
in different centers. The VMS can migrate from one server in one data center to another server in another
data center to scale up or down as well as accommodate server maintenance.
As a result of the movement, the DCI network also needs to be reconfigured to instantiate new IP
connectivity across data centers. An SDN-controlled data center gateway on top of the optical gateway
can instantiate IP subnet connectivity across data centers automatically (see Figure 8).
Branch offices
Cloud service Services Cloud Cloud service
management Policy Engine orchestrator management
plane plane
Multi-protocol BGP4
Data center Data center
control
SDN IP/MPLS network SDN
control
Controller Controller
plane plane
Robust cybersecurity
According to EY’s 2018 Global Information Security Survey, 55 percent of energy and resource companies
have experienced a significant cybersecurity breach. Forty-eight percent of respondents believe it
is unlikely that they would be able to detect a sophisticated cyber attack, and 97 percent of mining
companies admit their current cybersecurity systems do not meet their needs.
A variety of environmentally, politically and criminally inspired hackers are trying to exploit the
vulnerabilities that asset-intensive industries are exposed to due to their reliance on ICT.
While traditional attacks such as eavesdropping and man-in-the-middle attacks and still prevalent, new
attacks are more sophisticated, targeted and orchestrated. Examples include advanced persistent threat,
ransomware and distributed denial of service. In this escalating and evolving cyber attack landscape, it is
imperative for mine operators to identify, address and mitigate these threats. This calls for a predictive,
automated, defense-in-depth cybersecurity architecture that performs intelligent, multidimensional
analytics, reporting and management for early detection and rapid, effective response (see Figure 9).
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Figure 9. A predictive, automated, defense-in-depth cyber security architecture
By fusing security event management, intelligent analytics, policy orchestration and defense playbook
capability – on top of LTE and IP/MPLS-based network security – this architecture enables security
operations to streamline and accelerate security processes. The architecture also reduces costs and
proactively prevents, pinpoints and addresses security threats before they result in breaches or even
disrupt operations9. The defense-in-depth capabilities, including multilayer encryption and network
segmentation, build a robust defense perimeter, thwarting cyber attack on the infrastructure10.
Conclusion
Mining companies are at a tipping point. As they strive to boost productivity and efficiency, attain safety
and eco-sustainability, and deliver higher shareholder value, they need to reimagine their operations
paradigms and embrace new digital innovations and technologies. Fundamental to the new paradigms
is a revamped and transformed network infrastructure that connects pits, ports, operations centers,
data centers and offices seamlessly and unfailingly, delivering information when and where needed
without compromise.
A successful network transformation requires the right partner. Nokia’s broad and deep product portfolio
spans IP/MPLS, microwave and optical transmission, SDN and LTE. This robust portfolio is complemented
by full suite of professional services, including audit, design and engineering practices. With this
combination of products and services, Nokia has the unique capability and flexibility to help mining
companies transform their network infrastructure to fully embrace Industry 4.0 and harness the power
of digital transformation.
To learn more about Nokia solutions for the mining industry, visit our Mining web page.
9 For more information about security, visit the Nokia Security solutions web page
10 For a more detailed discussion of defense, read “Impregnable network defense for mission-critical networks”
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Abbreviations
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
CCTV closed circuit television
CWDM coarse wave division multiplexing
DCI data center interconnect
FSO foreign exchange office
FSX foreign exchange subscriber
GPS Global Positioning System
GUI graphical user interface
HPC high-performance computing
H-QoS hierarchical QoS
ICT information and communications technology
IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem
IP Internet Protocol
LAN local area network
LMR land mobile radio
LOS line of sight
LTE long term evolution
M2M machine-to-machine
MAN mining automation network
MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching
MWA microwave aware
NAS network-attached storage
NSG Nuage Networks Network Services Gateway
NSP Nokia Network Services Platform
OAM operations, administration and maintenance
PMR private mobile radio
QAM quadrature amplitude modulation
QoS quality of service
RAN radio access network
SAN storage area network
SCADA supervisory control and data acquisition
SDH synchronous digital hierarchy
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SDN software-defined network
SLA Service Level Agreement
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol
SONET synchronous optical network
TDM time division multiplexing
UHF ultra high frequency
VHF very high frequency
VLL virtual leased line
VM virtual machine
VPLS virtual private LAN service
VPN virtual private network
VRS Nuage NetworksVirtual Routing and Switching
VSC Nuage Networks Virtualized Services Controller
VSD Nuage Networks Virtualized Services Directory
VSG Nuage Networks Virtualized Services Gateway
WAN wide area network
XPIC cross-polarization interference cancellation
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