INTRODUCTION

 Typhoid fever is one of the common endemic and life threatening

bacterial infectious diseases among humans. It is caused by the
highly virulent and invasive bacterium Salmonella typhi (S. typhi).
 Its primary mode of transmission is through ingestion of water,
drink or food that has been already contaminated with faces or
urine of an infected patient or a carrier (WHO 2003). This is
usually as a consequence of lack of sanitation or poor hygiene
practices. It has been confirmed that it spread by contaminated
food and water since the 1800s. Such contamination was
predominant in densely populated cities that had no adequate
sewage system
 Typhoid fever remains a common problem in undeveloped
countries. It is endemic in Central America, Indian subcontinent,
South East Asia and some parts of Africa, including Nigeria.
 In an infected human, the bacteria travels into the intestine and
then find its way into the blood stream (Muhammad et al., 2015).
 Typhoid fever symptoms usually takes between 1 to 3 weeks for
develop. Incubation time is between 7 to 14 days while the disease
take up to 3 to 4 weeks depending on its severity (Crump et al.,
2004).
 The symptoms of typhoid fever include high fever (103F or 39.5c),
enlarged spleen and liver, chest, congestion, fatigue, chills and
generalized pain and weakness, nausea, loss of appetite,
constipation and diarrhoea (WHO, 2018). Although, these
symptoms are similar to those of malaria, it takes a lab
 experiment to confirm the presence of S. typhi in a culture of the
human blood or other body fluid or tissue.
 If not properly treated, complications may arise. If a large
number of the bacteria get into the bloodstream it may cause
bacteremia. If it gets to the lungs, it causes pneumonia. In the
lining of the brain it caused meningitis. In the bones it causes
osteomyelitis. In the heart valves, it causes endocarditis. In the
kidneys, it causes glomerulonephritis.
RESEARCH PROBLEM

AIM OF STUDY
The main aim of this research is to study the dynamic and optimal control
analysis of typhoid fever. We also construct approximate analytic
solutions using a very reliable technique. We achieve this by establishing
the following objectives:
 construct a mathematical model that describe the dynamic of typhoid
fever;
 study some important properties of solutions which ensure that the
constructed model is epidemiologically well-posed;
 Introduce some control mechanisms into the model in order to study
the optimal control of the model from a mathematical point of view;
 Employ the homotopy analysis method to construct approximate
solutions to the model.