REVIEW ON LITERATURE AND Language Model

ELEMENTS OF FICTION
- - for language development (e.g.,
improvement of vocabulary and
LITERARY STANDARDS grammar)

Universality Personal Growth Model

- Appeals to everyone regardless of culture, - for pleasure, enrichment, and

sex, and time development of love for reading

Artistry CLASSIFICATIONS OF LITERATURE

- Aesthetically appealing and has sense of A.) Structure

beauty 1.) Fiction—from the imagination
Intellectual Value expressed orally or through written means,
mainly for entertainment purposes
- requires and enriches critical thinking and
teaches truths about life 2.) Non-Fiction—based on “real life,”
history, and facts, mainly for intellectual
Suggestiveness appeal or enrichment
- filled with symbols and implied meanings B.) Form
and messages
1.) Prose—spoken or written in a
Spiritual Value way similar to how language is used in
- uplifts and motivates the spirit and soul communicating with others, i.e., through
sentences and paragraphs
Permanence
2.) Poetry—expressed in verse, is
- endures time measured, rhythmic, melodic and
- has timeliness and timelessness imaginative

Style C.) Genre

- presents peculiar ways about how life is 1.) Fiction—narrates in prose

viewed by the author as seen in the
organization of the ideas, structures, and
expressions in his/ her literary work
LITERARY MODELS
Cultural Model
- for understanding and appreciating
one’s own and other people’s
cultures
imaginative recreation of life based on
objective and/ or subjective reality
a.) Novel—with chapters
b.) Short Story—without chapters
2.) Poetry—follows a pattern, is
imaginative, metrical/ measured, and is
rhythmical because of rhyming and
counting of syllables
3.) Essay—explains, explores, and evaluates E.) Cultural
a subject or topic in prose
- The piece is seen and judged based
4.) Drama (aka Stage Play/ Theater)— on its usefulness as a tool to teach and to
presents a story through dialogues or lines learn about a particular culture or tradition.
delivered between and among characters
F.) Psychological
while in front of a live audience
- The piece is thought to best be
processed or understood by first
LITERARY APPROACHES understanding how the author thinks and
how characters think.
G.) Impressionistic
A.) Formalistic or Literary
- The value of the piece is dependent
- The literary piece is “independent”
on the reaction and/ or response it is able
from the author or the period when it was
to elicit from its readers.
written.
- View about the text needs little to
- Elements present and how they
no explanation at all as it is based on the
work together in the piece are what
impact it has on its readers.
determine its value, beauty, or relevance.
B.) Moral or Humanistic
ELEMENTS OF FICTION
- The value of the literary piece
depends on how it presents human nature/ FICTION
behavior and how it teaches good or bad
 A narrative in prose
things.
 Presents human life in two levels
C.) Historical
1. World of objective reality
- The value of the literary piece
depends on how it reflects the times and 2. World of subjective reality
place when and where it was written.
 Manipulated story
- Its meaning may best be
 Unrealistic
understood if its historical background is
involved.  Categorized as novel or short story
D.) Sociological ELEMENTS OF FICTION
- The value and the message of the SETTING
piece depend on how struggles between
- Time and place
and among classes of people or characters
are depicted. CHARACTERS
 - Representation of human beings in and likewise lays out the characters by
a story introducing their environment,
- Complex combination of inner and characteristics, pursuit, purposes,
outer self limitations, potentials, and basic
assumptions.
CHARACTERIZATION - Ways of
2. Complication
Revealing Literary Characters
- is the start of the major conflict or
1. Actions of the character problem in the plot.
2. Thoughts of the character
CONFLICT - is the opposition of persons or
3. Descriptions of the character
forces in a story that give rise to the
4. Descriptions of other characters
dramatic action in a literary work. the basic
5. Descriptions of the author
tension, predicament, or challenge that
propels a story’s plot.
Kinds of Character  TYPES OF CONFLICT
1. Person vs. Person / Man vs. Man
1. PRINCIPALITY
 Protagonist 2. Person vs. Society /Man vs. Society
 Antagonist
3. Person vs. Self / Man vs. Self
2. DEVELOPMENT
 Dynamic 4. Person vs. Nature / Man vs. Nature
 Static
5. Person vs. Fate / Man vs. Fate
3. PERSONALITY
 Round 3. Crisis
 Flat
× - is the part that establishes
PLOT curiosity, uncertainty, and tension; it
requires a decision.
- Sequence of events
4. Climax
KINDS OF PLOT
× - is the peak of the story which leads
1. Linear plot
to an affirmation, a decision, an
2. Circular plot action, or even a realization. This is
the point of greatest emotional
3. En Medias Res
intensity, interest, as well as
PARTS OF A PLOT suspense.
1. Exposition 5. Denouement
- is the part of the plot that sets the scene
by introducing the situation and settings
 × - is the finishing of things right after
the climax, and shows the resolution
of the plot
6. Ending
× - is the part that brings the story
back to its equilibrium.
LITERARY DEVICES
1. FLASHBACK/FLASHFORWARD
2. FORESHADOWING
POINT OF VIEW
- Determines the narrator of the story
TYPES OF POINT OF VIEW
1. First-Person POV
2. Third-Person “Omniscient” POV
3. Third-Person “Limited” POV
4. Third-Person “Central” POV
5. Third-Person “Editorial” POV
THEME
- the main subject being discussed or
described in the story