CE144 - SEWERAGE AND

DRAINAGE ENGINEERING
By: Engr. Cris Edward F. Monjardin
Course Description
• A course that deals with the study of the components that makes up the sewage
flow from a community including storm water. The course also includes the
design and construction and maintenance of sewer system and study of the
principles of sewage collection and disposal. The course also deals with the
design, evaluation, and operation of flood control and drainage structures. It
includes measurements and monitoring of flows and water levels, canal and
pipeline.
Course Outcomes
• Develop an understanding of wastewater generation, collection, transport,
treatment and disposal incorporating realistic constraints such as standards.

• Distinguish the different appurtenances used in the sewerage system and discuss
the sewage the treatment process

• Design a drainage and sewerage system of a medium sized subdivision

 Homework #1
1. Define the following terms:
a. Sewer
b. Sewage
c. Sewerage
2. Research about the different Types of Sewer and define each

3. Research about the different Types of Sewage and define each

4. Research about History of wastewater engineering

Introduction
 Difference between Sewers, Sewage and
Sewerage System
Sewers - a system of underground conduits or pipes for the collection
and removal of various liquid wastes

Sewage is the term used to describe the liquid wastes of a community.

Sewerage System - the general process for the collection and removal of
various liquid wastes. It may include the piping system, provision for a
treatment plant and other appurtenances to this objective.
Sewers
Sewage
Sewerage System
 Methods of Collection
The so-called dry method for the collection of human excreta preceded
the modern water-carriage method of collection.

Dry method – still practiced in unsewered areas throughout the world,

consists of the accumulation of night soil in privies, midden heaps, and
cesspools, and its removal by manual methods and its transportation in
vehicales to points of ultimate disposal.

Water-carriage Method – The mixing of human excreta with sufficient

water to act as a vehicle to create sewage, together with the collection of
sewage in a system of pipes through which it is conducted by the buoyant
effect and scouring velocity of water. The dilution of the solid matter in
water to form sewage is normally so great that the mixture flows
according to the laws of hydraulics as applied to water.
 Types of Sewers
Branch Sewer – a sewer which receives sewage from a relatively small
area, usually a few laterals, and discharges into a main sewer.

Combined Sewer – a sewer that receives storm water, surface runoff, and
sewage .

Depressed Sewer – synonymous with siphon or inverted siphon, a section

of sewer constructed lower than adjacent sections, to pass beneath an
obstacle or obstruction. It runs full under the force of gravity.

Intercepting Sewer – a sewer which receives dry-weather flow from a

number of transverse sewers or outlets and frequently additional
predetermined quantities of storm water and conducts such waters to a
point for treatment and disposal
Lateral or lateral sewer – a sewer discharging into another sewer and
having no other common sewer tributary to it.

Main or Trunk sewer – a sewer that receives the sewage from many
tributary branches and sewers, serving as an outlet for a large territory.

Outfall sewer – a sewer that receives the sewage from the collection
system and conducts it to a point of final discharge or to a disposal plant.
It may be considered as that portion of a main or trunk sewer below the
lowest branch.

Relief sewer or Overflow sewer – a sewer built to carry the flows in

excess of the capacity of an existing sewer

Sanitary Sewer – a sewer intended to carry sanitary sewage

Separate Sewer – a sewer intended to carry only sanitary sewage and dry
weather flow
Storm sewer, Storm-water drain, or Storm-water channel
– a sewer which carries storm water and surface water,
street wash and other wash waters or drainage but
excludes sewage and industrial wastes.

Storm overflow or Storm-water Overflow – a sewer used

to carry the excess of storm flow from a main or
intercepting sewer to an independent outlet

Trunk sewer – a sewer which receives many tributary

branches and serves a large territory
 Types of Sewage
Combined sewage – a combination of sanitary sewage and
surface or storm water, with or without industrial wastes.

Crude sewage or Raw sewage – untreated sewage

Dilute or Weak Sewage – sewage containing less than 150

ppm of suspended solids and BOD

Domestic Sewage – sewage derived principally from dwellings,

business buildings, institutions, and the like.
Dry Weather flow – the normal flow in a sewer during dry weather

Fresh sewage – sewage of recent origin containing dissolved oxygen at the point
of examination

Ground water or Infiltration water – water that has leached from the ground
into the sewer

House sewage – sewage from dwellings and loosely used domestic sewage

Industrial sewage – sewage in which industrial wastes predominate

Sanitary sewage – sewage containing human excrement

- domestic sewage with storm and surface water excluded
- sewage discharging from the sanitary conveniences of dwellings (
including apartment houses and hotels ), office buildings, factories, or
institutions
- the water supply of a community after it has been used and discharged
into a sewer
Septic sewage – sewage undergoing putrefaction under
anaerobic conditions

Stale sewage – a sewage containing little or no oxygen, but as

yet free from putrefaction

Storm water or Storm sewage – is the excess water from

rainfall that runs off on the surface of the ground. It is to be
distinguished from surface water, which is water other than
storm water flowing on or over the surface of the ground

Wet weather flow – normal sewage flow plus infiltration and

storm inflow.
 Physical Characteristic of Sewage
Sewage contains a small amount of solids in a proportionally
tremendous weight of water. In normal, domestic sewage it may
be expected that 1 ton or more of water will carry 1 lb of solids, of
which ½ lb is in solution, ¼ lb will settle, and ¼ lb is in suspension.

Ordinary Fresh Sewage – is gray, somewhat of the appearance of

soapy dishwater. It contains particles of suspended matter can be
distinguished as matches, bits of paper, fecal matter, rags and
etc…
Sewerage System and Common Problems
 History of Wastewater Engineering
SEWAGE COLLECTION SYSTEM (Development of sewage
project)
Sewers are underground, watertight conduits for conveying
sewage by gravity flow from urban areas to points of disposal.
The earliest drainage systems, constructed in the 16th and 17th
century cities, were to carry storm runoff from built-up areas
protecting them against inundation. Privies and cesspools were
used for disposal of human excreta, and household wastes were
often thrown on the streets. Although this created deplorable
sanitary conditions, cities such as London and Philadelphia,
prohibited discharge of household wastes to storm drains as
late as 1850. Soon cesspools were banned and water borne
wastes were piped storm drains, converting them to combined
sewers. While this water-carried system improved conditions
within the city, untreated wastes were now being directed to
surface water courses.
 Cesspools (or leaching pools) are pits into
Privies which concrete, brick or cement block
walls have been placed. Wastewater flows
into the cesspool and drains or
“percolates” into the soil through
perforated walls.
Combined sewers were constructed in many cities of the limited states
prior to 1900 without recognizing the need for segregation and treatment
of domestic and industrial wastes. Although this system still exists in older
municipalities separate sewer have dominated construction during the 20th
century. Storm sewers carry only surface runoff and other
uncontaminated waters to natural channels directly, while sanitary sewers
convey domestic and industrial waste water treatment works for
processing prior to their disposal.
pipes exist, intercepting sewers have been constructed to collect the
dry weather flow from a number of transverse outfalls and to transport it
to a treatment plant; wet-weather flow in excess of treatment plant capacity
is still routed directly to disposal in most cases.
In Metro Manila Area, the existing sewerage systems
under the jurisdiction of the MWSS consist of:
1. The Manila System which is centralized sewerage system,
where sewage is collected by laterals and interceptor pipes of
15 cm to 150 cm diameters. Sewage is then conveyed to the
Tondo Sewage pumping station thru six (6) sewage pump/lift
stations. Paco, Malate, Luneta and Port area stations, all
south of Pasig River, Legarda and Sta. Cruz stations are also
connected in series and discharging to Tondo. Sta. Ana a
district of Manila has a separate system and has its waste
discharging directly to Pasig River. However, constructions of
a sewer main line is on-going to interconnect this system (Sta.
Ana) to Paco sewage pump station.
Thirteen
2. (13) isolated systems in Quezon City, most of which are
located in NHA housing projects. Sewage are collected thru
pipes into septic or tracks, the effluent water being disinfected
before discharging into creeks and streams.
Environmental Regulation and Protection
Wastewater Sources
Sources of sewage discharges:
• residences
• institutions
• business buildings
• industries, such as manufacturing plants
• storm water
Wastewater Sources
Plumbing fixtures discharging into sewer
system
• toilets
• baths
• sinks
• lavatories
• other plumbing fixtures
 Classification of Sewage: According to its source

Sanitary sewage - sewage from residences, institutions and

business buildings

Domestic sewage or house sewage

• consists of water and accompanying solids resulting from washing dishes
or clothing, toilet flushings, bathing or other dometic purposes.
• solid materials: 1 to 2 parts per thousand or 1,000 to 2,000 ppm - half in
solution and half suspended or floating

Industrial waste or trade waste - resulting from manufacturing or

industrial processes
• vary greatly in composition depending upon the type of industry and
characteristics of the particular plant
• the percentage of solid material may be very small or inordinately large
Classification of Sewage: According to its source

Storm water or storm sewage - resulting from runoff during or immediately following rainfall.
• should excluded from sanitary sewers
• may carry much suspended material and organic material during first flushing of streets from heavy
rainfall.
Classification of Sewage: According to its organic
content
• Strong sewage – high organic content

• Weak sewage – low organic content

Classification of Sewage: According to state of
decomposition
• Fresh sewage - has a slightly soapy and cloudy appearance depending upon its
concentration

• Stale sewage - darkening in color with a pronounced smell due to microbial

activity.
 Problems brought by Sewage
• Potential source of disease – fecal material in sewage may contain various
pathogens of diseases such as typhoid fever, dysenteries, intestinal infections,
poliomyelitis and infectious hepatitis.

• Source of serious nuisance problem – odor and unsightly floating material

• Affects the quality of the water flowing in streams into which the sewage is
discharged.

• Interferes with the use of bodies of water for municipal or private water
supplies.
 Classification of Sewer
• Sanitary sewer – sewer intended to carry only domestic or house
sewage

• Storm sewer – sewer designed to carry only runoff from rainfall

 Classification of Sewer Systems

• Separate sewer – sewer system

where separate sewers are used for
domestic and storm water

• Combined sewer – both domestic

and storm water are conveyed into a
single sewer pipe
Pipe selection and sewer
appurtenances
 Sewer appurtenances
• Manholes – shafts or chambers to permit access to the sewers for inspection
or cleaning;
• Inverted siphons – which permit crossing under streams
• Inlets – permit the entrance of storm runoff into storm sewers or combined
sewers
• Catch basins – performs essentially the functions of inlets
• Flush tanks – intended to discharge quickly a considerable volume of water to
flush out lateral sewers in which there is a such a small volume of flow that
solids may be stranded in the line
• Overflows or regulators – operates when the flow in the combined sewers
exceeds a predetermined amount, permitting the excess to discharge into a
relief sewer, a storm-water-treatment plant, or a convenient watercourse at a
point where the resulting pollution will have a minimum effect.
 Inverted
Manholes Siphon

Inlets

Catch Basins
Flush Tanks Overflow
 Properties of Conduits for Sewers
• The inner or contact surface of the conduit should be smooth.
• The pipe material should be strong and impervious
• The joint materials must assure tight and easily made joints and 3 the piping
and joints alike must be resistant to corrosion or decay.
• Joints that are not tight may permit excessive infiltration of ground water.
• The inner surface of the conduit should be resistant to the action of acids,
alkalis, or the products of sewage decomposition.
• The outer surface should be resistant to corrosion from external soil
conditions.
• The pipe should be sufficiently strong to support the loads resulting from the
backfill in the trench and from traffic.
 Shapes and Materials for Sewers
Circular – most common cross section of sanitary sewer

Vitrified clay Asbestos cement

Cast iron Precast concrete
plastic
Flattened form – to permit deeper cover over shallow lines

Oval or egg shaped – to improve the low flow characteristics

Horshoe-shaped – used for very large lines