1-Definitions, Euler's Formulae

1st Topic
Fourier Series
Importance, Definitions of Fourier series
Euler’s formulae
Prepared by:
Dr. Sunil
NIT Hamirpur (HP)
(Last updated on 13-01-2011)
Latest update available at: http://www.freewebs.com/sunilnit/
(21 Solved problems and 00 Home assignments)

Introduction:
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (21 March 1768 – 16 May
1830) was a French mathematician and physicist, best known
for initiating the investigation of Fourier series and their
application to problems of heat transfer. The Fourier transform
and Fourier's Law are also named in his honour. Fourier is also
generally credited with the discovery of the greenhouse effect.
Fourier series introduced in 1807 by Fourier (after works by Euler and Danial Bernoulli)
was one of the most important developments in applied mathematics. Fourier series is
an infinite series representation of periodic function in terms of the trigonometric sine
and cosine functions.
Fourier series: Euler’s formulae Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur 2
In mathematics, a Fourier series decomposes a periodic function or

periodic signal into a sum of simple oscillating functions, namely sines and
cosines (or complex exponentials). The study of Fourier series is a branch of
Fourier analysis. Fourier series were introduced by Joseph Fourier for the
purpose of solving the heat equation in a metal plate.
Heat Equation:
The heat equation is an important partial differential equation which
describes the distribution of heat (or variation in temperature) in a given region
over time. For a function u(x,y,z,t) of three spatial variables (x,y,z) and the time
variable t, the heat equation is
or equivalently
where α is a constant.
Note: The heat equation predicts that if a hot body is placed in a box of cold water,
the temperature of the body will decrease, and eventually (after infinite
time, and subject to no external heat sources) the temperature in the box
will equalize.
Solution of heat equation prior to Fourier's work:
Prior to Fourier's work, there was no known solution to the heat equation in
a general situation, although particular solutions were known if the heat source
behaved in a simple way, in particular, if the heat source was a sine or cosine
wave. These simple solutions are now sometimes called eigensolutions. Fourier's
idea was to model a complicated heat source as a superposition (or linear
combination) of simple sine and cosine waves, and to write the solution as a
superposition of the corresponding eigensolutions. This superposition or linear
combination is called the Fourier series.
Fourier series is named in honour of Joseph Fourier (1768-1830), who

made important contributions to the study of trigonometric series, after
preliminary investigations by Leonhard Euler, Jean le Rond d'Alembert, and
Daniel Bernoulli. He applied this technique to find the solution of the heat
equation, publishing his initial results in his 1807 Mémoire sur la propagation de
la chaleur dans les corps solides and 1811, and publishing his Théorie analytique
de la chaleur in 1822.
Original motivation:
Although the original motivation was to solve the heat equation, it later
became obvious that the same techniques could be applied to a wide array of
mathematical and physical problems.
Applications:
The Fourier series has many applications in
 communication engineering,
 electrical engineering,
 vibration analysis,
 acoustics,
 optics,
 signal processing,
 image processing,
 quantum mechanics, and
 econometrics.
Fourier series is also very useful in the study of
 heat conduction,
 mechanics,
 concentration of chemicals and pollutants (impurities),
 electrostatics, and
 in areas unheard of in Fourier’s days such as computing and
 CAT scan (computer assisted tomography-medical technology that uses X-
Rays and computers to produce 3-dimensional images of the human body).
 Fourier series is very powerful method to solve ordinary and partial
differential equations particularly with periodic functions appearing as non-
homogeneous terms.
Additional validity:
As we know, Taylor’s series expansion is valid
valid only for functions, which
are continuous and differentiable. But Fourier series is possible not only for
continuous functions, but for periodic functions, functions discontinuous in their
values and derivatives.
Further, because of periodic nature, Fourier
Fourier series constructed for one
period is valid for all values.
Drawbacks in Fourier’s days:
From a modern point of view, Fourier's results are somewhat informal, due
to the lack of a precise notion of function and integral in the early nineteenth
century.
Later, Dirichlet and Riemann expressed Fourier's results with greater

accuracy and formality.
Periodic functions:
A function f(x) which satisfies the relation f x  T  f x  for all x and for some
positive number T, is called a periodic function.. The smallest positive number T, for
which this relation holds, is called the period of f(x).
If T is the period, then f x   f x  T   f x  2T   ...........  f x  nT  .....
Also f x   f x  T   f x  2T   ...........  f x  nT  .....

 f x   f x  nT , where n is a positive integer.
Thus, f(x) repeats itself after periods of T.
A graph of the sine function, showing two complete periods.

Geometrically, a periodic function can be defined as a function whose graph exhibits

translational symmetry.. Specifically, a function f is periodic with period P if the graph of
f is invariant under translation in the x-direction by a distance of P.. This definition of
periodic can be extended to other geometric shapes and patterns, such as periodic
tessellations of the plane.
A plot of f(x) = sin(x)) and g(x) = cos(x);

); both functions are periodic with period 2π.
Aperiodic functions:
A function that is not periodic is called aperiodic.
Trigonometric series:
Trigonometric series is a functional series of the form
1
a 0  a1 cos x  a 2 cos 2 x  .......... ....  b1 sin x  b 2 sin 2 x  .......... ..
2
a0  
or   a n cos nx   b n sin nx ,
2 n 1 n 1
where the coefficients a 0 , a n , b n (n = 1,2,3,……) are called the coefficients.

coefficients
Fourier series:
Most of the single valued functions, which occur in many physical and
engineering problems, can be expressed in the form
1
a 0  a1 cos x  a 2 cos 2 x  .......... ....  b1 sin x  b 2 sin 2 x  .......... ..
2
within a desired range of values of the variable.
Then, such a series is known as the Fourier series.
The individual terms in Fourier series are known as harmonics.
Euler’s Formulae: [Fourier-Euler Formulae]

The Fourier series for the function f (x) in the interval   x    2 is given by
a0  
f x     a n cos nx   b n sin nx ,
2 n 1 n 1
  2
1
where a 0 
  f x dx ,

  2
1
an 
  f x cos nxdx ,

  2
1
bn 
  f x sin nxdx .
 Leonhard Paul Euler
(17-04-1707 to 18-09-1783)
These formulae of a 0 , a n , b n are known as Euler’s Formulae.
a0
Note: For getting more symmetric formulae for the coefficients, we write instead of a 0 .
2
To establish these formulae, the following definite integrals will be required:

  2   2
sin nx
1.  cos nxdx  0 n  0

n 
  2   2
cos nx
2.  sin nxdx   0 n  0

n 
  2   2
1
3.  cos mx cos nxdx 
2  cosm  n x  cosm  n x dx
 
1 sin m  n x sin m  n x
  2
  0 m  n 
2 mn mn 
  2   2
x sin 2nx
4. 
2
cos nxdx    n  0

2 4n 
1  cosm  n x cosm  n x 
  2
5.  sin mx cos nxdx     0 m  n 

2 mn m  n 
  2   2
sin 2 nx
6.  sin nx cos nxdx  0 n  0

2n

1  sin m  n x sin m  n x 
  2
7.  sin mx sin nxdx   0 m  n 

2  m  n m  n 
  2   2
x sin 2nx
8. 
2
sin nxdx    n  0

2 4n 
Proof: Let f x  be represented in the interval ,   2 by Fourier series:
a0  
f x     a n cos nx   b n sin nx . (i)
2 n 1 n 1
In finding the coefficients a 0 , a n and b n , we assume that the series on the RHS of (i)
is uniformly convergent for   x    2 and it can be integrated term by term in the

given interval.
To determine the coefficient a 0 :
Integrate both sides of (i) w.r.t. x from x   to x    2 . Then, we get

 2   2   2   2 
1      
 f  x  dx  a 0
2  dx     a n cos nx  dx     b n sin nx  dx
    n 1    n 1 
1
 a 0   2      0  0  a 0  . [ by integrals (1) and (2) above]
2
 2 
1
Hence a 0   f  x  dx .
 
To determine the coefficient a n for n = 1, 2, 3,…….:

Multiply each side of (i) by cosnx and integrate w.r.t. x from x   to x    2 .
Then, we get
 2   2   2 
1   
 f  x  cos nxdx  a 0
2  cos nxdx     a n cos nx  cos nxdx
    n 1 
 2 
  
    b n sin nx  cos nxdx
  n 1 
 0  a n  0 . [by integrals (1),(3), (4), (5) and (6)]
  2
1
Hence a n 
  f x cos nxdx .

To determine the coefficient bn for n = 1, 2, 3,……:

Multiply each side of (i) by sin nx and integrate w.r.t. x from x   to x    2 .
Then, we get
 2   2   2 
1   
 f  x  sin nxdx  a 0
2  sin nxdx     a n cos nx  sin nxdx
    n 1 
2
  
    b n sin nx  sin nxdx
  n 1 
 0  0  bn . [by integrals (2),(5), (6), (7) and (8)]
  2
1
Hence b n 
  f x sin nxdx .

  2   2   2
1 1 1
Thus a 0   f x dx , a n   f x cos nxdx and b n   f x sin nxdx .
 
 
 
These formulae of a 0 , a n , b n are known as Euler’s (or Fourier-Euler) formulae.
The coefficients a 0 , a n and b n , are known as Fourier coefficients of f(x).

Remarks:
1.: Putting   0 , the interval becomes 0  x  2 , and the formula (1) reduce to
2 2 2
1 1 1
a0 
  f ( x )dx , a n 
  f ( x ) cos nx dx , b n 
  f ( x ) sin nx dx .
0 0 0
2.: Putting    , the interval becomes    x   and the formula (1) take the form
  
1 1 1
a0  
 
f ( x )dx , a n   f ( x ) cos nx dx , b n   f ( x ) sin nx dx .
   
Q.: What is the significance of the coefficient a 0 ?
Ans.: a 0 is an additive constant, i.e. changing it results in a shift of the graph in y-
a0
direction. Furthermore, is the mean value of the function represented by the series,
2
taken over the interval  0, 2 .
Note: Practically all interesting functions with period 2 may be written in this form.
Interpreting x as time, the coefficients a n , b n may be interpreted as representing the
contributions of frequency n to a given signal.
Now let us expand the following functions as a Fourier series. In all these
problems, f(x) is assumed to have the period 2 .
Q.No.1.: Expand in a Fourier series, the function f ( x )  x in the interval 0  x  2 .

Fourier series: Euler’s formulae Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur10

1
Sol.: Let f ( x )  a 0   a n cos nx  b n sin nx  (i)
2 n 1
be the required Fourier series.
1
2
1
2
f  x  dx   xdx 
1 x2
2

1 4  0
2

Here a 0 
 
0
0  2

 2
 2. .
0
2 2
1 1
an   f x  cos nxdx   x cos nx dx
 0
 0
I II
2
1   sin nx    cos nx   1  cos 2n   1 
  x     1      20      0  2 
  n   n
2
0   n 2
  n 
1 1 1 
   0.
  n 2 n 2 
2 2
1 1
 f x sin nxdx    vdx  .v1  v 2  .v3  .v4  ....

bn  x sin nx dx
  I II 
0 0
2
1   cos nx    sin nx  
  x  .    1  
  n   n
2
0
1  1  2 cos 2n   12n  1

  2  0   0  0     .  
2  n  n sin 2n  0 
Hence, from (i), we get
1 
  2  
f (x)  .2     0    sin nx 
2 n 1   n  

sin nx
 f (x)    2 dx , is the required Fourier series.
n 1 n
Q.No.2.: Prove that for all values of x between   and  ,

1 1 1 1
x  sin x  sin 2 x  sin 3x  sin 4 x  .........
2 2 3 4
1
Sol.: Here f ( x )  x,   x  .
2
As f(x) is an odd function.

Hence, the required Fourier series is f (x)   b n sin nx.
n 1
 
1 1 1
Now b n   f x sin nxdx   x sin nxdx (i)
    2
   
1

  x sin nxdx  2 x sin nxdx
 0 I
 x sin nx dx   0 
 
x sin nx is even function 

1    cos nx    sin nx 
 x   1 
  n   n 2  0
1  
  n
 1     1n  1n 1

sin n  0, n  Z 
 
cosn   1 , n  Z
 n n
 n n


f x   
 1n 1 sin x
n 1 n
sin 2x sin 3x
 f (x)  sin x    ......... , is the required Fourier series.
2 3

2 cos nx
Q.No.3.: Prove that x 2   4   1n ,   x  .
3 n 1 n2
1 2
Hence, show that (i)  n2

6
,
 1n 1  2
(ii)  n2 12
,
1 2
(iii)  2n  12 
8
.
or
Develop a Fourier series for the function f (x)  x 2 in the interval    x   .
2
1  1n 1  2 1 2
Hence, show that (i)  n 2 6 , (ii)   n2 12
, (iii)  2n  12 
8
.
Sol.: The Fourier series is given by

a0  
f (x)  x 2    a n cos nx   b n sin nx . (i)
2 n 1 n 1
  
1 1 1 x3 1 23 22
Here a 0   f x dx   x dx
2
   .
     3  3 3

 

1

1 1  x 2 sin nx  2
a n   f  x  cos nxdx   x cos nxdx
2
     x sin nxdx
      n    n  
  
1  x 2 sin nx  2   x cos nx  1 
        cos nxdx 
  n  n  n   n   


1  x 2 sin nx 2x 2 
   2 cos nx  3 sin nx 
  n n n   
2  4 1  4 1
n n
1   2 .0 2 2  2 .0 2 
   2  1  3 0 
n
 2  1  3 .0 
n
 .
  n n n n n n  n 2 n2
     
1 1 1   x 2 cos nx  2 
b n   f x sin nxdx   x sin nxdx  
2
   x cos nxdx 
      n    n   

 
1   x 2 cos nx  2  x sin nx 

1
  
        sin nxdx  
  n    n  n    n    
 

1   x 2 cos nx 2x 2 
   2 sin nx  3 cos nx 
  n n n  
1   2
 1n  22.0  23  1n    1  22.0  231   0 .
2 n n
 
  n n n n n n 
 bn  0 .
Substituting the values of ai’s and bi’s in (i), we get the required Fourier series of
f ( x )  x 2 for    x   as
a0  
x2    a n cos nx   b n sin nx
2 n 1 n 1
2 2  4 1n
x  2
 cos nx  0
3.2 n 1 n 2
 x2 
2
 4

 1n cos nx
. (ii)
3 n 1 n2
1 2
To show (i):  n2

6
.
Putting x   in equation (i), we obtain
2 1 1 1 1 
2   4 2  2  2  2  ..............
3 1 2 3 4 
1 1 1 1   2 2 2
 4 2  2  2  2  ..............  2  
1 2 3 4  3 3
1 1 1 1 2
     ............. 
12 22 32 42 6
1 2
  ,which is the required result.
n2 6
 1n 1  2
To show (ii):  n2 12
.
Putting x = 0 in (i), we get
2  1 1 1 1   1 1 1 1  2
0  4 2  2  2  2  .........  4 2  2  2  2  .........  
3  1 2 3 4   1 2 3 4  3
 1
n 1
2
 4 
n2 3
 1
n 1
2
  , which is the required result.
n2 12
1 2
To show (iii):  2n  12 
8
.
Adding results (i) and (ii), we get
1 1 1 1  1 1 1 1  2 2
 2  2  2  2  .............   2  2  2  2  .........   
1 2 3 4  1 2 3 4  6 12
1 1  2 1 1  2
 2 2  2  .............    2  2  .............  
1 3  4 1 3  8
1 2
  , which is the required result.
2n  12 8
Q.No.4.: f x   x  x 2 for    x   and f x    2 for x    .

Expand f(x) in Fourier series and show that
2  4 2 
x  x2     1n  2 cos nx  sin nx  .
3 n 1 n n 
1 1 1 2
Hence, show that    ......  .
12 22 32 12
a0  
f x   x  x 2    a n cos nx   b n sin nx . (i)
2 n 1 n 1
 
1
    2

1  x 2 x3 
Here a 0   x  x dx       
2
3 

1   2 3  2 3  2  2
  2 3

2
 
3  3
.

 
1  sin nx 

an 
1
 
x  x2
cos nxdx  
 
x  x 
2 sin nx 
 
n    
1  2 x 
n
dx 

  2 x  1 cos nx 
 
1  2 cos nx 

 
 
x x 2 sin nx 
 
n     n n    

n2
dx 

1 
  x  x 
2 sin nx

1  2 x cos nx 

 
 2 sin nx  
   
  n n2     n 3    


 

1     2 sin n 1  2 cos n 2 sin n 
 
  n n2 n 3 
 
 

1      2 sin  n  1  2 cos n  2 sin  n  
 
  n n2 n3 
1  1  2  1n 1  2 1n 

   
  n2 n2 
1  1  2  1  2
  2
 1n   1  42  1n  42  1n .
 n   n n

1  cos nx 
 
bn 
1
 
x x 2
sin 
nxdx  
 
 x  x 2 cos nx 

n    
 1 
 2 x 
n
dx 

 1  2 x sin nx 
  
1  2 sin nx 
   x  x
 

2 cos nx 

n    
 n2
  
   n 2
dx 

 
 

1   x  x 2 cos nx 1  2x sin nx 2 cos nx 
 

  n n2 n 3  
 
 

1      2 cos n 1  2x sin n 2
 cos n


  n n2 n3 
 
 
1      2 cos n  1  2  sin  n  2
  cos(  n  )


  n n2 n3 
1    1n   2
 

2 n
 3  1  
 
   1n   2 2 
 3  1n 
 
  n n  
  n n 

1    1n   2
 
 2
 3  1n 

  2 
 1n  23  1n  
  n n n n 

1

 1 2
    2     2  1n   
 n

 1n .
2
 bn   1n .
n
Substituting the values of a0, an and bn in (i), we get the required Fourier series of
f x   x  x 2 , in the range    x   , as
1 2 2  4 
2
x  x2     2  1n cos nx     1n sin nx
2 3 n 1 n n 1 n
2  4 2 
  1
n
 x  x2   n 2 cos nx  n sin nx  .
3 n 1  
Deduction: Put x = 0, in above, we get
0
n2
 4

 1n
 0 
2  1 1 1 
 4  2  2  2  ........ 
3 2 3
n 1 n  1 2 3 
2 1 1 1
  2  2  2  ......
12 1 2 3
Q.No.5.: Find a Fourier series to represent x  x 2 from x   to x   .
1 1 1 1 2
Hence, show that     .......  .
12 22 32 42 12
a0  
f (x)  x  x 2    a n cos nx   b n sin nx . (i)
2 n 1 n 1
 
1
 

Here a 0   x  x 2 dx  
1 x 2 x3
 2

3
 
22
3
.

  
1 
1
 
a n   x  x 2 cos nxdx   x  x 2
   
sin nx
n
  
sin nx
 1  2x  n dx 
  

1  cos nx  
 


  x  x2
sin nx
n
  cos nx 
 1  2x    

 
n2   
  2 

dx 
n 2  
 
 4 1n

1


  x  x2
sin nx
n
  cos nx 
 1  2x    
 n2 
   2  sin nx 


  
n 3   

n2
.
 cos n   1 
n
4 4 4 4
 a1  2
, a2  2
, a3  2
, a4  ,……. etc.
1 2 3 42

1
Finally, b n   x  x 2 sin nxdx
 
 

1
  cos nx 
  x  x2  
  n 
  sin nx 
 n 
 cos nx 
  1  2x     2    2 3 
 n   
 2 1n
 .
n
2 2 2 2
 b1  , b2  , b3  , b 4  ,……. etc.
1 2 3 4
f ( x )  x  x 2 from x   to x   as
2  cos x cos 2x cos 3x cos 4x 

x  x2    4 2  2
 2  2
 .............
3  1 2 3 4 
 sinx sin 2x sin 3x sin 4x 
 2     ............. . Ans.
 1 2 3 4 
2nd Part:
Putting x = 0, in the above relation, we get
2 1 1 1 1 
0  4 2  2  2  2  ..... 
3 1 2 3 4 
1 1 1 2 1
 2  2  2  2  .....  , which is the required result.
1 2 3 4 12
Remarks:
In the above example, we have used the result sin n  0 and cos n   1n .
 1  1
Also sin n     1n and cos n    0 .
 2  2
Q.No.6.: Obtain the Fourier series of f x  

  x  in the interval 0, 2 .
2
 1 1 1
Deduce  1     ........
4 3 5 7

1
2 n 1
be the required Fourier series. Then

2
1   x 
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 2
a0 
  f (x)dx 
  2
   x  dx  
2  2  1 
 
4

  2  0. 
0 0  0
2 2
1 1 1
an   f ( x ) cos nxdx     x  cos nx dx
 0
 0
2 I II
Integrating by parts, we get

2
1    cos nx   1  1   1 
   x  
sin nx 
an      1     2  0  n 2    0  n 2   0.
2   n   n
2
0    
2 2
1 1 1
Also b n 
  f ( x ) sin nxdx 
  2  I x sinIInx dx
0 0

2
1  sin nx 
   x  sin xdx     x   
1 cos nx 
bn     1 2 
2 2   n  n 0
1   1     1     1
         0      0       .
2    n   n   2n  n n  n

1 1   sin nx
f (x)  .0    sin nx    , is the required Fourier series.
2 n 1  n  n 1 n
 1 1 1
2nd Part: Deduce  1     ........
4 3 5 7

Put x  , then Fourier series becomes
2

 
2  1 
2

4 n 1 n
sin n
2
 1 1 1
  1     ........
4 3 5 7
2
  x  2  cos nx
Q.No.7.: If f x    in the range 0 to 2 , then show that f ( x )   .
 2  12 n 1 n 2

1 2
Also, deduce that (i). 
n 1 n2

6
.
1 1 1 1 2
(ii).     ......  ,
12 22 32 42 12
1 1 1 2
(iii).    ......  .
12 32 52 8
2
  x  a0  
f x       a cos nx   b n sin nx . (i)
 2 
n
2 n 1 n 1
2 2 2 2 2
1  
2
1 1 x
Here a 0   f x dx     dx     2
dx  2   xdx   x 2dx 
 0
 0  2  4  0 0 0 
 2 2 
1  2 2 x2 x3 
  x 0  2 
4  2 3 
 0 0 
1  3 3 83  2 2 2
2
2
 2  4        .
4  3  2 3 6
2 2 2
1 1 x
an   f x coxnxdx     cos nxdx
 0
 0  2 
2 2 2
1  2 
 
4   cos nxdx  2  x cos nxdx   x 2 cos nxdx 

0 0 0
2 2 2
1  2 sin nx 
   2  x cos nxdx   x 2 cos nxdx  .
4  n 0 0 0 
2 2 2
x sin nx 1 x sin nx 1
Let I1   x cos nxdx 
n

n  sin nxdx 
n
 2 cos nx
n 0
0 0
 2 sin n 2 cos n 2   cos0n  1 1

  2   2   2  2  0.
 n n   n  n n
2 2 2 2
x 2 sin nx 2 x 2 sin nx 2
  
2
I2  x cos nxdx   x sin nxdx   x sin nxdx .
0
n n 0
n n 0
0
2
Let I3   x sin nxdx
0
2 2 2
 x cos nx 1
 I3   x sin nxdx   
1
  cos nx dx   x cos nx  1 sin nx
0
n n 0
n n n n 0
2
x 2 sin nx 2   x cos nx 1 sin nx  4
 I2       .
n n n n n 
0
n2
1  4  4 1 1
Thus a n   0  2  0  2   2.
4  n  n 4 n
2 2
1 x
It is clear that bn  0 
    sin nxdx  0 .
 2 
0
2
  x 
f x     in the range 0 to 2 , as
 2 
 2  cos nx
f x    . (ii)
12 n 1 n 2
2nd Part:

2 1
(i) To show:  2 .
6 n 1 n
Putting x = 0 in (ii), we get
2 2  1 1 1 1 
   2  2  2  2  .........
4 12 1 2 3 4 
2 2  1 1 1 1 
    2  2  2  2  .........
4 12 1 2 3 4 

2 1
   2 , which is the required result.
6 n 1 n
1 1 1 1 2
(ii) To show:     ......  .
12 22 32 42 12
Put x   in (ii), we get
 2   1n  2  1 1 1 
0  2
  1  2  2  2  ..........
12 n 1 n 12  2 3 4 
2 1 1 1
  1  2  2  2  ......, which is the required result.
12 2 3 4
1 1 2 1
(iii) To show: 2  2  2  ......  .
1 3 5 8
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
2 2  1 1 1   1 1 1 
  1  2  2  2  ..........   1  2  2  2  .......... 
6 12  2 3 4   2 3 4 
2  1 1 
  21  2  2  ......
4  3 5 
2 1 1
  1  2  2  ...... , which is the required result.
8 3 5
Q.No.8.: Prove that for    x   ,

 2

 x 2 x sin x sin 2x
 2  2  ......
12 1 2 .
Sol.: f ( x ) 

x 2  x 2
,   x  .

12
Now f ( x )  x
 2
 x2 
 f ( x )  f(x) is odd function.
12
 a 0  0 , a n  0.

Let f ( x )   b n sin nx (i)
n 1
1

1 2  x 2

 
   
Now b n  f ( x ) sin nxdx  x sin nxdx
12
 

1

12 

 2 x  x 3 sin nxdx 
1

6 0
 2 x  x 3 sin nx dx
II
 
I
 x  x sin nx is even function 

2 3



1  2

6 
  n

  cos nx 
 x  x3  2 3   sin nx 
    3x 
  n 2

 
 cos nx 
 n 
 sin nx 
   6 x  3    6  4 
 n  0
1  6 1n    1n 1 sinn  0, n  Z

  00  0  0 
 sin0  0 
6  n3 
  n3  

 2  x 2    1n 1 sin nx  sin x  sin 2 x  ......

 12  
x 
  n 1 n3 12 22
.
Q.No.9.: Obtain the Fourier series to represent e x in the interval 0  x  2 .


1
2 n 1
1
2
1 2 e 2
1.
Now a 0   e dx  e x 
x
 0
n 0 
2 2
1 1
an 
  f ( x ) cos nxdx 
  e x cos nxdx
0 0
2
1  ex   e ax 
  cos nx  n sin nx    e cos bxdx  2
ax
a cos bx  b sin bx 
 1  n 2
  a b 2

0
1  e 2 1  e 2  1
  1  0   1  0 
 1  n 2 1 n2   1  n
2
.
 
2 2
1 1
bn 
  f ( x ) sin nxdx 
  e x sin nxdx
0 0
2
1  ex   e ax 
  sin nx  n cos nx    e sin bxdx  2
ax
a sin bx  b cos bx 
 1  n 2   a  b2 
0

1 2
     
1 1
    n 1  e 2  

 
e  0 n   1  n 2 n .

 1 n2    1 n2
f x  
1 2x
2

e 1   
e 2   1   cos nx n sin nx 
 n 1  1  n 2

1 n2 
.
Q.No.10.: Find the Fourier series to represent ex in the interval  ,   .


1
2 n 1


1 1 1
Now a 0   f ( x )dx  e x dx  e x
   





1 
2 
e  e   sinh  sinh  

e   e  
2

 
 
1 1 1 x
an  
 
f (x) cos nxdx  
  
e cos nxdx
  e ax 
1  ex  
  e ax
cos bxdx  a cos bx  b sin bx 
  cos nx  n sin nx   a 2  b2 
 1  n 2    Here a  1, b  n 

1  ex

 1  n 2
 
1n
 0 
e x
1 n2

 1n
 0

  

1  1n 
  cos(  n)  cos n   1n 
 e  e 

 1 n2

 Also sinn  0, n  Z


2sinh   1
n
 e   e  
 . sinh   

 1 n2   2 
Further,
 
1 1
bn  
 
f (x) sin nxdx   e x sin nxdx
 
  e ax 
1  ex    e cos bxdx  2
ax
a cos bx  b sin bx 
  sin nx  n cos nx   a  b2 
 1  n 2    Here a  1, b  n 
  1n n  2n  1 sinh 

 
n
1  e
 
 1  n 2
0  
  1
n

e 
1 n

2
 n   1
n 

  1 n
2
e  e 

 1 n2
.
 
1 2   2 sinh  2n  1n 
f x   . sinh       n
    
2  n 1
 1 n2
  1
 cos nx
 1  n 2
sinh
x
sin nx


2 sinh   1    1n cos nx n  1n 

     
  2 n 1  1 n2
  1 n 2
sin nx


2sinh   1  1 cos 2x cos3x 

    cos x    ..... 
 2  2 5 10 
1 2 3 
  sin x  sin 2x  sin 3x  ..... .
2 5 10 
Q.No.11.: Obtain the Fourier series for f x   e  x in the interval 0  x  2 .

 
a0
ex    a n cos nx   b n sin nx . (i)
2 n2 n 1
2 2
1 1 1 2 1  e 2
Here a 0   f x dx   e  x dx   e x  .
 0
 0
 0 
2 2
1 1
an   f x cos nxdx   e  x cos nxdx
 0
 0
1 2  1  e 2   1
e  x  cos nx  n sin nx   .


 n2  1  0    n2  1
 
.
 1  e  2  1  1  e 2  1  2   1
 a1    , a2    , a3  1  e  .......etc.
  2   5    10
     
2 2
1 1
Finally, b n   f x sin nxdx   e  x sin nxdx
 0
 0
1 2  1  e 2   n
e  x  sin nx  n cos nx   .


 n2  1  0    n2  1
 
.
 1  e 2   1  2    2   3
 b1   . , b 2   1  e . 2 , b 3   1  e . ,…. etc.
  2   5    10
     
f x   e  x in the interval 0  x  2 as
1  1 1 1 
2    cos x  cos 2x  cos 3x  .......... .... 
1 e  2  2 5 10 
e x     . Ans.
  
    1 sin x  2 sin 2x  3 sin 3x  ..............
 2 5 10 
Q.No.12.: Obtain a Fourier series to represent e ax from x   to x   .


Hence, derive series for .
sinh 
a0  
f x   e ax    a n cos nx   b n sin nx . (i)
2 n 1 n 1
  
 e ax 
1 1
Here a 0   f x dx   e ax dx  
   
 
 1  ax
e   
  
 1  a
e  e a 
 a    a a
 e a  e  a  2 sinh a
  .
 a  a
e x  e x
Since we know that sinh x   2 sinh x  e x  e x  ea  e a  2 sinh a .
2

1
e  ax cos nxdx  I (say).
 
Also a n 
1  e ax    e ax  
 n sin nx dx 
Then I  cos nxdx  
  

 a 
    a    
 e a cos nx n   e  ax    e  ax  
sin nx    .n cos nxdx 
 a  
 
a a   a  
    
 eax cos nx n sin nx.eax n 2 ax

   2 e cos nxdx
a a 2 a 
  
 eax cos nx n cos nxeax n 2 1
   2 I  I   e ax cos nxdx 
a a 2 a    

 n 2   n sin nxeax e ax cos nx 
 I  2 .I    
 a   a 2 a   

 n sin nxeax e ax cos nx 
a2
I 2 
 
a  n 2  a 2  a

  
a  n  a  n sin nxe 
a2 1  ax 
 2 2
 2
 e  ax a cos nx  

a  n 
2
ne sin n  ae cos n  n sin ne  ae
1
2
 a  a  a  a
cos n 

1
a  n 
2
0  ae  1  0  ae  1  
2
1
 a
a  n 
ae n a n
2 2
 a

 ae a  1n

 1n a 2 sinh a .
 2
n a 2

Now put n  1, 2, 3, .......... .......... , we get
 2a sinh a 2a sinh a  2a sinh a
a1 

 a 12 2
 , a2 

a 2 2 2
 , a3 

 a 2  32  , ...........etc.

1
Similarly, b n   eax sin nxdx  I (say).
 
 
1  eax    e ax    ax 
.n cos nxdx     e sin nx   n e  ax cos nxdx
 I  sin nx
 

 a  

 a    a    a 
     

  e  ax sin nx  n   e  ax    e  ax  
    n  sin nxdx 
 a  
    cos nx
 a    a   a  
    
  
  e ax sin nx   ne ax cos nx  n2
    2   2  e  ax sin nxdx .
 a     a    a   

 n 2   e ax sin nx ne ax cos nx 
Thus I  2 .I    
 a   a a 2   

  e ax sin nx neax cos nx 
a2
I 2   
a  n 2  a a 2   
a  n  a   ae sin x  ne cos nx 
a2 1  ax  ax 
I  2 2
 2 

1
a  n 
 ae sin n  ne cos n  ae
2 2
 a  a a
sin n  nea cos n 
0  ne  1n  0  nea  1n   2 1 2 ne 
n
1  a a
  nea
a  n 
2 2
a  n 
e  b
n  1n a a n  1n 2 sinh a
 e I

 a2  n2
n

 a 2  n2  .
 2 sinh a  e a
 e  a 
Now putting n  1, 2, 3,........ .. , we get
 2 sinh a 22 sinh a  3 2 sinh a
b1  , b2  b3 

 a 1 2 2
 
a 2 2 2
 ,

 a 2  32  ..... etc.
f ( x )  e  ax from x   to x   as
2 sinh a 2 sinh a  a cos x a cos 2x a cos 3x 

e  ax    2 2  2  
2a   a 1 a  22 
a 2  32  
.......... .....
   
2 sinh a   sin x 2 sin 2 x 3 sin 3x 
  2 2  2
2a  a  1 
a 2 2
 2
 
a 3 2
 
 .......... .....
 
 1 a cos x a cos 2x a cos3x 
 2a  a 2  12  a 2  22  a 2  32  ...................  
2sinh a  
 e ax 
   sin x 2sin 2x 3sin 3x  
  2 2  2  2 2  ...............  
 a 1 a 2 a 3
2
  
2nd Part:
By putting x = 0, a = 1 in the above relation, we get
 1 cos 0 cos 0 cos 0 
  2 2  2 2  2 2  ................... 
2 sinh   2 1  1 2 1 3 1 
e 10  
   sin 0 2 sin 0 3 sin 0 
   2 2  2 2  2 2  ............... 
 1 1 2 1 3 1 
2 sinh   1 1 1 1  
1    2 2  2 2  ........  0
  2 2 2  1 3  1  
 1 1 1
  2  2  2  ........ ,
2 sinh  2  1 3  1 4  1
which is the required result.
Q.No.13.: Obtain the Fourier series expansion of f (x)  e ax in (0, 2 ) .
a0  
f x   e ax    a n cos nx   b n sin nx . (i)
2 n 1 n 1
2 2 2
1 1 e ax e 2ax  1
 
ax
Here a 0  f ( x )dx  e dx   .
 0
 0
 
0
2 2
1 1
an 
  e ax cos nxdx
0 0
a cos bx  b sin bx 
Using  e ax cos bxdx  e ax
a 2
 b2 
 2 
 
1  ax a cos nx  n. sin nx   1
 ae 2ax cos 2n  e 0 . cos 0
an 


e 2
a n 2
0 
 2
a n 2
 
ae 
1 2a
 1 .

a n 2 2
2  2 
1 1  ax a sin nx  n cos nx  

ax
bn  sin nxdx 
 0
e


e
a2  n2 0 
  
 ax a sin bx  b cos bx 
  e sin bxdx  e
ax
 
a 2  b2


 e  a  1  e .
n 2 a n 2 a
 bn  cos 2n  1 

a n 2 2 2
n 2
f x   e ax , in the range 0  x  2 , as
 e 2a  1   1   1    ae 2a  1  
f (x)             cos nx . Ans.
   2
 
2 2
n 1  a  n 
 n sin nx
    2
 n 1 a  n
2
 
Q.No.14.: Find the Fourier series to represent e ax in the interval    x   .
a0  
f x   e ax    a n cos nx   b n sin nx . (i)
2 n 1 n 1
  
1
 
1
 
1  e ax 
Here a 0   f x dx   e ax dx  
  a 
 
1 ax
a
e  e ax 
2 sinh a
a
.  

  
1 1 1  e ax 
a n   f ( x ) cos nxdx   e ax cos nxdx   a cos nx  n sin nx 
      a 2   2  
   2a 1n sinh a .

ae 
1 ax ax a cos n e ax  e  ax
 cos n  ae cos n 

 a2  n2 
 a 2  2  a 2  n 2 
2n  1n sinh a
Similarly, b n 

 a2  n2  .
sinh a  2a  1n sinh a 

2n  1n sinh a
e ax      a 2  n 2 sin nx
a n 1  a2  n2
cos

nx
n 1   
 1 a cos x a cos 2 x a cos 3x 
  2 2  2   .......... ......... 
2 sinh a  2a a  1 a  2 2 a 2  32 
e ax  . Ans.
   sin x 2 sin 2 x 3 sin 3x  
  2 2  2   ...............  
  a 1 a  2 2 a 2  32  
Q.No.15.: Expand f x   x sin x , 0  x  2 , in a Fourier series.
a0  
Sol.: The Fourier series is given by f x   x sin x    a n cos nx   b n sin nx .(i)
2 n 1 n 1
2
Here a 0 
1
  x sin xdx 
1

x  cos x     cos x dx
2
0

0
2
  x cos x sin x  1
    sin x  x cos x 02 
   0 

1
0  2 1  0  0   2 x  2 .
 
2 2 2
1 1 2 1
an 
  x sin x. cos nxdx 
  2
.x sin x cos nxdx 
2  x.2 sin x cos nxdx
0 0 0
2 2 2
1 1 1
  xsin x  nx   sin x  nx dx   x sin x 1  n dx   x sin x 1  n dx
2 0
2 0
2 0
1   cos x 1  n   cos x 1  n  dx 
2
 x
2  1 n
  1 n


0
1   cos x 1  n   cos x 1  n  dx 
2
 x
2  1 n
  1 n


0
2 2
  x cos x 1  n  sin x 1  n     x cos x 1  n  sin x 1  n  
      
 21  n  2n  12  0  21  n  2n  12  0
  2 cosn  12    2 cos1  n 2 

  0  0  0    0  0  0
 21  n    21  n  
  1 12n 1  1 121n   (1) 12 n  2 1  n   ( 1) 122n 1  n 
  
 1 n 1  n   1 n2  
1 n 1 n 2 2
 2
 2
 2
. n  1
1 n 1 n n 1
2
Thus a n  . n  1 .
2
n 1
When n = 1, then
1  x  cos 2x  sin 2x 
2 2 2
1 1 x
a1 
  x sin x cos xdx 
  2
sin 2 xdx 
2  2

2  0
0 0
1  2 1  0  1   2  1
      .
2  2  2  2  2
2
1
Also b n   x sin x sin nxdx  0 .  x sin x sin nx is odd function
 0
When n = 1, then
2 2
1 1
b1 
  x sin x. sin xdx 
  x sin 2 xdx
0 0
2
1
2
1  cos 2x  dx  1   x2   sin 2x 
2

  x
2

2  2 
 
 2 0

0 0
1  4 2  1 4 2
   0  0    .
2  2  2 2
f x   x sin x , in the range 0  x  2 , as

1 cos nx
x sin x  1   sin x  cos x  2  2 .
2 n 2 n  1
Q.No.16.: Prove that, in the range    x   ,
cosh ax 
2a  1 
sinh ax  2   2
 1n cos n .
2 
  2a n 1 n  a 
a0  
f x   cosh ax    a n cos nx   b n sin nx . (i)
2 n 1 n 1
  
1 1 2 1
Here a 0   f x dx   cosh axdx 
 0
cosh axdx
   
  
1 eax  e ax  2  ax 
 2 dx     e dx   e ax dx 
  0 2  2  0 0 


1 eax e ax
 a
 
a

1 a a
e e  
a 

2  e a  e a 

2
sinh a .
a
0
2  a
2 2a 2 1
Thus a 0  sinh a  sinh a 2  .
a  a 
   eax  eax 
1 1
a n   cosh ax cos nxdx     cos nxdx
     2 
 
 
1  
   e cos nxdx   e ax cos nxdx  .
ax
(i)
2    
 
 eax  n
Let I1   e cos nxdx  
ax
cos nx    eax  sin nx dx
  a    a  

 eax n eax n 
 cos nx   sin nx  I1 
 a a  a a 



I n2  a2    e ax
cos nx 
neax 
sin nx 

a2  a a2   

 eax
 I1   2
 n  a
2

a cos nx  n sin nx   2 1 2 ea .a  1n  ea.a  1n
   n  a
 
2a  1  e a  e  a  2a  1n sinh a
 
n 2  a 2  2

 a2  n2
.
 
 
 e ax 
Similarly, I 2   e  ax
cos nxdx   2 2
 a cos nx  n sin nx 
  n  a   

n a 2
1
2
e  a
 a  1n  ea  a  1n 
 a   

e  a
n2  a2
 a  1   ne
n
2
a 2
 a  1n 

 
2 1n  a   e  a  ea  2a  1n  ea  e  a   2a  1n


n 2  a 2 

2
 2
 n  a
2 
 2
 2
 n  a2 
sinh a .
4a  1n
Thus I1  I 2 
n 2
 a2 sinh a .
On keeping the values of I1  I2 in equation (i), we get
2a  1n sinh a
an 

 n2  a2  .
1
Also b n  


eax  e ax
sin nxdx  0 .
 [as odd function]
  2
f x   cosh ax , in the range    x   , as
2a sinh a  1 
 1n cos nx 
 2  2
cosh ax 
  2a n 1 a  n
2
 .
 
Q.No.17.: Obtain the Fourier series for 1  cos 2x in the interval  0, 2  .
Sol.: Let f ( x )  1  cos 2x  2 sin 2 x  2 sin x .
 x   x 
Also f (x)  2 sin(x)  2  sin x  2 sin x  f (x) .  
  1  1 
 f ( x ) is even function
 b n  0n

1
Let f ( x )  a 0   a n cos nx , (i)
2 n 1
be the required Fourier series for f(x).

2 2  2 
1 1 2
Now a 0   f ( x )dx   2 sin x dx    sin x   sin x dx 
 0
 0
  0  
  x, x  0 
x  
 2   -x, x  0 
2
   sin xdx    sin x dx   For 0  x  , sinx   ve and 
  0    
 For  x  2, sinx   ve 
 
 


2
  2
 cos x 0  cos x  

2

 cos   cos 0  cos 2  cos 
2
 1  1  1  1  4 2 . (ii)
 
2 2
1 2
Also a n 
  sin x cos nxdx
0 0
 2
2 
   sin x cos nxdx    sin x cos nxdx 
  0  
 2
21 2 1

 20 2 cos nx sin xdx  .
 2  2 cos nx sin xdx

 2
1 1

2 0
 sinn  1x  sinn  1x dx  2
 sin n  1x  sin n  1x dx

 2
1   cosn  1x cosn  1x  1   cosn  1x cosn  1x 
  n  1   
2  n  1  0 2  n  1
 n  1  
1   cosn  1 cosn  1   1 1 
     
2  n 1 n 1  n  1 n  2 
  cos 2n  1 cos 2n  1    cosn  1 cosn  1 
     
 n 1 n 1   n 1 n  1 
1    1n 1  1n 1 1 1 1 1  1n 1   1n 1 

        
2  n  1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n  1 
2    1n 1  1n 1 1 1 
     
2  n  1 n 1 n  1 n  1
 1 1 1 1
    ; n is even
2 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
 
  1 1 1 1
   ; n is odd
 n  1 n  1 n  1 n  1
 2 2
2  , n is even
 n 1 n 1
 
0, n is odd
4 2


 n2 1 , n is even.
4 2
Take n = 2m, we get a n 
  , m =1, 2, …..
 4m 2  1
(iii)
Putting the values of a0 from (ii) and an from (iii) in (i), we get
 
1 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 cos 2mx
f (x)      
.
2  2

m 1  4m  1
cos 2 mx
   2
m 1  4m  1  

2 2 4 2 cos nx
Thus 1  cos x 



 4n 2  1
.
n 1
Q.No.18.: Obtain a Fourier expansion for 1  cos x in the interval    x   .
x x
Sol.: Here f (x)  1  cos x  2sin 2  2 sin .
2 2
 x x
Now f (x )  2 sin    2 sin  sin    sin 
 2 2
x
 2 sin  f (x ) .  x   x 
2
 f ( x ) is even function.  bn  0 .
a0 
Let f ( x )    a n cos nx (i)
2 n 1

  
1 1 x 2 x
Now a 0   f ( x )dx   2 sin dx   2 sin dx
    2 0 2
 x, x  0 
3/ 2  x   
2 x   x, x  0 

  sin dx
2  x x x
0 For 0  x  , sin is positive  sin  sin 
 2 2 2 

x
 cos
23 / 2 2 0  2 3/ 2 4. 2
  .2 0  1  .
 1/ 2  

1 x  x 
 
Also a n  2 sin cos nxdx  sin 2 cos nx is even function
2  
 
2 x 2 x
 . 2  sin cos nxdx  2.  sin cos nxdx { For 0  x  , sinx is positive}
 0
2  0
2

2  1  1  
  sin  2  n  x  sin  2  n  x  dx 2 sin A cos B  sin(A  B)  sin(A  B
 0      

  1 1  
 cos n   x cos  n  x 
2  2 2  
  
  1 1 
n n
 2 2 
 0
  1  1   
  cos n   cos n     
2   2  2    1 1 
   
  1 1   1 1 
 n n  n n  
 2 2   2 2 
  cosn     1n cos  

2  1 1   
     
 cos n  2    1 cos 2 
  1 1
n  
n
n  
 2 2
4 2


 4n 2  1 .
x a0  1 4 2  4 2
   a n cos nx  . 
2 sin
2 2 n 1 2  2
n 1  4n  1 
. cos nx


x 2 2 4 2 cos nx
 2 sin
2




n 1 4n 2  1
,
is the required Fourier series.

Q.No.19.: Express f ( x )  cos wx ,    x   , where w is a fraction, as a Fourier
1 2 2
series. Hence, prove that cot    2  2  .......... .
   2
  4 2 .
Sol.: Here f ( x )  cos wx is an even function.  bn  0. cos wx  cos wx

1
Let f ( x )  a 0   a n cos nx (i)
2 n 1
a a 
1

1

2

  f ( x )dx  2 f (x )dx 
Now a 0  
 
f (x)dx   cos wxdx   cos wxdx
  0
a 0 
 
if f ( x) is even 

2 sin wx 2
   sin w  .
 w 0 w
 
1 1
a n   f ( x ) cos nxdx   cos wx cos nxdx
   
 
2 1
  cos wx cos xdx   2 cos wx cos nxdx cos wx cos x is even function
0 0

1
  cosw  n x cosw  n x dx
0
2 cos A cos B  cosA  B  cosA  B

1  sinw  n x sinw  n x  1  sin w  n  sin w  n  

=      
 wn w  n 0   w  n w  n 
1  sin w cos n  cos w sin n sin w cos n  cos w sin n 

 
  wn wn 

1  sin w cos n sin w cos n 
  sin n  0
  wn wn 
sin w cos n  1 1 
   
   w  n   w  n  
sin w cos n  w  n  w  n  2 w sin w cos n

  w  n w  n   
    w2  n2  
2w  1 sin w 2w  1
n n 1
sin w
  .

 w n 2 2
 
 w  n2 2

1  sin w  2w  1n 1 sin w

f ( x )  a 0   a n cos nx  
2 n 1 w n 1  n2  w2
cos nx
 
 1
n 1
sin w 2w 
  sin w cos nx
w  n 1 n 2
 w2 
sin w 2w sin w  cos x cos 2x cos3x 
   2  2  2  ........... 
w  1  w
2
2 w 3 w
2 2

2w sin w  1 cos x cos 2x cos3x 

   2  2  2  ........... 
  2w 1  w 2  w 3  w
2 2 2 2

2w sin w  1 cos x cos 2x cos3x 
 cos wx    2  2  2  ...........  .
  2w 1  w
2 2
2 w 3 w
2 2

Deduction : Take x   , we get
w 1 cos x cos 2x  cos   1
cos wx  2 sin w      ...........  cos 2  1 
  2w 2 12  w 2 2 2  w 2   
1 2w 2w
 cot w   2   ..........
  
w 1  w 2  2 2  w 2  
 w  
1 2 2  .
 cot    2  2  .....
   2
  4 2 w   
 
Q.No.20.: Find the Fourier series for f(x) in the interval  ,   , when
n  x,  x 0
f (x)   .
n  x, 0x
n  x,  x  0
Sol.: f ( x)  
n  x, 0 x 
  x, 0x
 1  2  4  1  2  4
  x,  x 0
 f ( x )  f(x) is even function.  bn  0.


1
Let f ( x )  a 0   a n cos nx (i)
2 n 1

 0 
1 1 1
Now a 0   f ( x )dx     x dx     x dx
    0
0 
1 x2  1 x2  1   2 2   1  2 2 
  x     nx     0          0
  2    2    2    2 
 0
1  2 1 2  
 .  .    .
 2  2 2 2
 0 
1 1 1
a n   f x  cos nx     x  cos nxdx     x  cos nxdx
    0
0 
1  sin nx    cos nx  1  sin nx    cos nx 
   x    1     x     1 
  n   n 2
     n   n 2  0
1 1  cos nx   1  cos nx   1 
  0 2 0     0     0  2 
 n  n    
2 2
n   n 
1  2 2 cos n  2
  2   2 1  cos n
n n 2
 n 
0, n is even

 4
 2 , n is odd
n 
  4  cos x cos 3x cos 5x
 4 
f (x )    2 cos nx    2    ........ .
2 n odd n  2  1 3 2
5 2

Q.No.21.: Define Fourier series over the interval   to  .
Is it possible to write the Fourier sine series for the function f x   cos x , over
the interval  ,   ?
Sol.: Let f(x) be a function defined in the interval  ,   . Then
a0 
f (x )    a n cos nx  b n sin nx 
2 n 1
  
1 1 1
where a 0   f ( x ) , a n   f ( x ) cos nxdx , b n   f ( x ) sin nxdx
     
is called Fourier series for f(x).

For half range sine series f(x) must be defined in the interval  0,   .
Hence, we cannot find the Fourier half range sine series for f x   cos x , over the
interval  ,   .
Home Assignments
No assignment
(Students are advised to solve each problem before moving next topic)
*** *** *** *** ***
*** *** ***
***

1-Definitions, Euler&#39;s Formulae

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

1-Definitions, Euler&#39;s Formulae

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

1st Topic

(21 Solved problems and 00 Home assignments)

In mathematics, a Fourier series decomposes a periodic function or

Fourier series is named in honour of Joseph Fourier (1768-1830), who

Later, Dirichlet and Riemann expressed Fourier's results with greater

Also f x   f x  T   f x  2T   ...........  f x  nT  .....

A graph of the sine function, showing two complete periods.

Geometrically, a periodic function can be defined as a function whose graph exhibits

A plot of f(x) = sin(x)) and g(x) = cos(x);

where the coefficients a 0 , a n , b n (n = 1,2,3,……) are called the coefficients.

Euler’s Formulae: [Fourier-Euler Formulae]

To establish these formulae, the following definite integrals will be required:

Proof: Let f x  be represented in the interval ,   2 by Fourier series:

is uniformly convergent for   x    2 and it can be integrated term by term in the

Integrate both sides of (i) w.r.t. x from x   to x    2 . Then, we get

To determine the coefficient a n for n = 1, 2, 3,…….:

To determine the coefficient bn for n = 1, 2, 3,……:

These formulae of a 0 , a n , b n are known as Euler’s (or Fourier-Euler) formulae.

The coefficients a 0 , a n and b n , are known as Fourier coefficients of f(x).

Q.: What is the significance of the coefficient a 0 ?

Ans.: a 0 is an additive constant, i.e. changing it results in a shift of the graph in y-

Q.No.1.: Expand in a Fourier series, the function f ( x )  x in the interval 0  x  2 .

be the required Fourier series.

1  1  2 cos 2n   12n  1

Q.No.2.: Prove that for all values of x between   and  ,

Hence, from (i), we get

Sol.: The Fourier series is given by

Putting x   in equation (i), we obtain

Putting x = 0 in (i), we get

Adding results (i) and (ii), we get

Q.No.4.: f x   x  x 2 for    x   and f x    2 for x    .

1  1  2  1n 1  2 1n 

Q.No.5.: Find a Fourier series to represent x  x 2 from x   to x   .

2  cos x cos 2x cos 3x cos 4x 

Q.No.6.: Obtain the Fourier series of f x  

be the required Fourier series. Then

Integrating by parts, we get

Integrating by parts, we get

 2 sin n 2 cos n 2   cos0n  1 1

Putting x = 0 in (ii), we get

Q.No.8.: Prove that for    x   ,

be the required Fourier series.

 x  x sin nx is even function 

Integrating by parts, we get

1  6 1n    1n 1 sinn  0, n  Z

Hence, from (i), we get

 2  x 2    1n 1 sin nx  sin x  sin 2 x  ......

Q.No.9.: Obtain the Fourier series to represent e x in the interval 0  x  2 .

be the required Fourier series.

Hence, from (i), we get

Q.No.10.: Find the Fourier series to represent ex in the interval  ,   .

be the required Fourier series.

  1n n  2n  1 sinh 

2 sinh   1    1n cos nx n  1n 

2sinh   1  1 cos 2x cos3x 

Q.No.11.: Obtain the Fourier series for f x   e  x in the interval 0  x  2 .

Q.No.12.: Obtain a Fourier series to represent e ax from x   to x   .

 eax cos nx n sin nx.eax n 2 ax

2 sinh a 2 sinh a  a cos x a cos 2x a cos 3x 

   2a 1n sinh a .

sinh a  2a  1n sinh a 

Q.No.15.: Expand f x   x sin x , 0  x  2 , in a Fourier series.

  2 cosn  12    2 cos1  n 2 

Q.No.16.: Prove that, in the range    x   ,

1-Definitions, Euler's Formulae

1-Definitions, Euler's Formulae