The World of Energy

Chapter 47 – Indonesia Energy Overview

47.1. Law, Policy & Blueprint of Indonesia Energy

Ch. 47 - 1
Indonesia Oil & Gas Law No. 22/2001

Ch. 47 - 2
Indonesia Energy Planning 2002 - 2025

Environmental Issue:
- Population Increase: - Global Warming
- Energy Demand Increase
- Increase in Economic (200%): - Air Pollution
Growth:
- Electricity Demand - Acid Rain
- Increase in Living Increase (350%): - Health
Standard

TYPE OF ENERGY SELECTION

Environment INFRA ENERGY SOCIAL- GEO ECONOMY
STRUCTURE RESOURCES CULTURE POLITIC

Fosil Energy NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY

(hydrocarbon resources)

Hydro, Solar, wind,

OIL COAL Gas Nuclear biomass,
Microhydro geothermal,
hidrogen, FC
BASED ON NATURAL RESOURCES BASED ON TECHNOLOGY

“Comprehensive Assessment of Different Energy Source for Electricity Generation in Indonesia”, 2002.

Ch. 47 - 3
 Indonesia Planned Energy Mix 2025

Year 2000
Oil Fuel
Hydro
Geotherm
Coal
Nat'l Gas
Renewable

Energy Mix 2025 Renewable

Bussiness As Usual - Energy
2025 Optimal Scenario
Optimisation of 4,4%
energy
Oil Oil
Hydro Hydro
Geotherm Geotherm
Coal Coal
Nat’l Gas Nat'l Gas
Renewable Renewable

Oil 35% Hydro 4% Geoth 1% Coal 34% Gas 26%

Oil 10% Hydro 4% Geothrm 5% Coal 38%
Nat’l Gas 39% Renewable 4%
Ch. 47 - 4
 Indonesia Energy Mix Year 2025

Optimization Scenario

Microhydro 0.216%
Biofuel 1.335%
Coal 32.7%
Solar Power 0.020%
Wind Power 0.028%
Large Hydro 2.4%
Fuel cell 0.000%
ENERGY Geothermal 3.8%
MANAGEMENT Biomassa 0.766%
Other 4.4%
OPTIMISATION
Natural
Gas 30.6%
Nuclear 1.993%
Oil 26.2%

Ch. 47 - 5
 Program Rasionalisasi Harga BBM
Rp/liter
HARGA
KEEKONOMIAN

BPP5)

Subsidi BBM
PERTIMBANGAN
EKONOMI

2005 2006 2007+ Tahun

PENUGASAN PERTAMINA1) 2) 3)

1) Sesuai UU No.22/2001 penugasan PERTAMINA sampai November 2005 3) Minyak Tanah pada harga keekonomian
2) - Penugasan PSO dapat kepada PERTAMINA atau lembaga lain 4) Sesuai amandemen UU 22/2001 tentang Migas
- Premium dan Solar pada harga keekonomian 5) Saat ini mengacu pada MOPS + 15%

Ch. 47 - 6
 Sasaran Pengelolaan Energi Nasional 2025
Batubara cair
2%
Panas Bumi
Bioetanol 5%
Biooil
Biodiesel Biofuel
5%
EBT Lainnya Gas Bumi
5% 30%

Minyak Bumi
20%

Batubara
33%
PerPres No. 5 Tahun 2006 Tentang Kebijakan Energi Nasional

Ch. 47 - 7
Perkembangan Subsidi BBM (2000 – 2005)

100
89
90
80
80
Besar Subsidi (trilyun Rp)
70
70
60 55

50
40
30
30
20 14

10
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Sumber: Rama Prihandana, 2006

Ch. 47 - 8
Pengaruh Penggunaan BBM Rumah Tangga
Terhadap Beban Subsidi

Minyak Tanah LPG Biofuel

Konsumsi 11 383 886 kl 6 542 385 MT 12 226 729 kl

Nilai Kalor 10 479 kcal/kg 11 255 kcal/kg 9 756 kcal/kg
Masa Jenis 0,81 kg/l 0,56 kg/l 0,87 kg/l
Efisiensi 40 % 53 % 40 %
Harga 5 665 Rp/l 7 093 Rp/kg 1000 - 2250 Rp/l
Ekonomis
Harga Pasar 2 500 Rp/l 2 843 Rp/kg 2 500 Rp/l
Subsidi 3 165 Rp/l 2 843 Rp/kg 0 Rp/l

Total Subsidi 36,03 Triliun Rp 18,6 Triliun Rp 0 Rp

Ch. 47 - 9
Sasaran Pengelolaan Energi Nasional

 Terwujudnya peningkatan konsumsi energi perkapita dari 4 SBM (2006)

menjadi minimal 10 SBM dan rasio elektrifikasi dari 55% (2006) menjadi
minimal 95% pada tahun 2025

 Terwujudnya keamanan pasokan energi dalam negeri, melalui (Ref.

PERPRES No. 05/2006)

 Tercapainya penurunan elastisitas energi dari 1.84 (2006) menjadi

< 1 (2025)

 Terwujudnya energi (primer) mix yang optimal

 Peranan minyak bumi menurun menjadi < 20%
 Peranan gas bumi meningkat menjadi > 30%
 Peranan batubara meningkat menjadi > 33%
 Peranan bahan bakar nabati (biofuel) menjadi > 5%
 Peranan panas bumi menjadi > 5%
 Peranan energi baru dan energi terbarukan lainnya (biomassa,
nuklir, tenaga air, tenaga surya, dan tenaga angin) menjadi > 5%
 Peranan batubara cair (liquified coal) menjadi > 2%

 Terpenuhinya pasokan energi fosil dalam negeri dengan mengurangi

ekspor secara bertahap

Ch. 47 - 10
Sasaran Pengelolaan Energi Nasional
 Terwujudnya kondisi ekonomi sehingga kemampuan/daya
beli masyarakat meningkat

 Tersedianya infrastruktur energi

 BBM
 Jaringan pipanisasi Jawa
 Kilang; depot; terminal transit
 Gas
 Integrated Indonesian Gas Pipeline
 Trans ASEAN Gas Pipeline (TAGP)
 Terminal regasifikasi LNG
 Batubara
 Sarana dan prasarana transportasi dari mulut tambang
ke pelabuhan
 Pelabuhan di titik suplai dan di lokasi konsumen; sarana
dan prasarana distribusi
 Listrik: Transmisi Jawa, Kalimantan, Sulawesi dan yang
terhubung dengan ASEAN POWER GRID

 Tercapainya struktur harga energi sesuai keekonomiannya

Ch. 47 - 11
Konsumsi BBM (subsidi)

Solar (Jut a KL)

Pr emium Ker osene
Tahun
(Jut a KL) (Jut a KL) Tr anspor t List r ik Jumlah

2005 16.036 10.500 11.791 7.120 18.911

2006 17.080 10.000 14.498 7.334
*) 21.832
2007 17.460 9.500 12.836 7.407 20.243
2008 17.809 9.690 13.478 7.481 20.959
2009 18.165 9.884 14.152 7.556 21.708
2010 18.529 10.081 14.859 7.631 22.490

*) Susidi langsung

Ch. 47 - 12
Elastisitas Pemakaian Energi (E) <1
Pemakaian energi Indonesia masih boros, ditunjukkan dengan tingginya
elastisitas pemakaian energi
2.00
1.84
1.69

1.50
1.36

1.16
1.05
1.00

0.73

0.47
0.50

0.26
0.17
0.10

(0.50)

Catatan: Diolah dari data BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2004 dan IMF World Monetary Outlook 2004

Ch. 47 - 13
The Role of Regional Government
on Energy Projects

 Honor the existing contracts (contract sanctity)

 Securing the current energy projects

 Understanding the difference between equity

participation and revenue sharing

 Supporting the implementation of community

development program on the basis of company
capabilities

 For the future project, improving the investment

climate in the region

Ch. 47 - 14
The World of Energy
Chapter 47 – Indonesia Energy Overview

47.2. ASEAN Energy Co-operation

Ch. 47 - 15
Oil Industry Structure of ASEAN Countries

DOMINANT
ACTIVITY AREA
COUNTRY SECTOR
Regulation Upstream Downstream Gov’t Private

BRUNEI D. BOGA BSP & Private BSP

CAMBODIA CNPA Contractors Importers, Retailers

INDONESIA Pertamina Pertamina / Contractors / Operators

LAO PDR MTT None MTT

MALAYSIA Petronas Petronas / Contractors / Operators

MYANMAR MOGE MOGE/Contractors Gov’t Enterprises

PHILIPPINES DOE PNOC / Private Deregulated 1998

SINGAPORE EMA None Deregulated

THAILAND PTT PTT / Contractors Deregulated 1991

VIETNAM PetroVietnam PetroVietnam / Gov’t Companies

Contractors

BOGA: Brunei Oil & Gas Authority; BSP: Brunei Shell Petroleum; CNPA: Cambodia National Petroleum Authority;
MTT: Ministry of Trade and Tourism; MOGE: Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise; DOE: Department of Energy; PNOC:
Philippine National Oil Company; EMA: Energy Market Authority; PTT: Petroleum Authority of Thailand.

Ch. 47 - 16
ASEAN Natural Gas Strategy
 ASEAN natural gas
 Proven reserve is 225.9 Tcf
 Production is 5.8 Tcf per year

 The existence of Trans ASEAN Gas Pipeline play strategic

role
 Fulfill energy demand “sustainability” within the ASEAN
region
 Will enhance the upstream and downstream investments.

 To secure future ASEAN energy supply

 ASEAN gas resources to supply through the TAGP
 Construction of ASEAN LNG receiving terminal hub

Monthly Oil Market Report 2004

Ch. 47 - 17
TAGP Master Plan 2001

Ch. 47 - 18
Trans ASEAN Gas Pipeline (TAGP)

SEOUL
1200 KM

TOKYO
1500 KM

TAIWAN
800 KM
S. CHINA P/L

1100 KM

PHILIPINES
RATCHABURI P/L

1600 KM

1650 KM
NATUNA

870 KM
SINGAPORE
BONTANG

1350 KM

1100 KM

JAKARTA

PT PERUSAHAAN GAS NEGARA

(PERSERO)
LEGEND : LENGTH :

EXISTING NATUNA TO - JAKARTA = 1350 KM

- SINGAPORE = 870 KM
SHORT TERM - RATCHABURI = 1650 KM
- PHILIPINES = 1600 KM
LONG TERM - TAIWAN = 2700 KM
- SEOUL = 4200 KM
- TOKYO = 5400 KM
- S. CHINA = 3500 KM

Ch. 47 - 19
ASEAN Gas Grid
East Kalimantan – Sabah– Manila Transmission System
N
MANILA
Mariveles W E

Malampaya North
Palawan

South
Palawan

Banggi
Island

Sandakan

Brunei

ALTERNATIVE - 1
Bontang - Banggi Island (SABAH) = 985 km
L Brunei - Banggi Island (SABAH) = 460 km
E Banggi Island (SABAH) - Manila = 1205 km
G
E ALTERNATIVE - 2
N Bontang - Brunei = 770 km
Brunei - Banggi Island (SABAH) = 430 km
Bontang D
Banggi Island (SABAH) - Malampaya = 585 km
Malampaya - Manila = 585 km

Ch. 47 - 20
ASEAN Power Grid
1. Peninsular Malaysia – Singapore
2. Thailand – Peninsular Malaysia
3. Sarawak – Peninsular Malaysia
4. Sumatra – Peninsular Malaysia
5. Batam – Bintan – Singapore
6. Sarawak – West Kalimantan
7. Philippines – Sabah
8. Sarawak – Sabah – Brunei
9. Thailand – Lao PDR
10. Lao PDR – Cambodia
11. Thailand – Myanmar
12. Vietnam – Cambodia
13. Lao PDR – Vietnam
14. Thailand – Cambodia
15. Sabah – East Kalimantan

15

Ch. 47 - 21
ASEAN Gas Regulation/ Liberalisation
Free Market Economics vs Monopoly with Subsidies

Ch. 47 - 22
ASEAN Gas Regulation/ Liberalisation
Free Market Economics vs Monopoly with Subsidies

Ch. 47 - 23
ASEAN Gas Regulation/ Liberalisation
Free Market Economics vs Monopoly with Subsidies

Ch. 47 - 24
Public & Private Sector Involvement In
ASEAN Gas Sector Development

Ch. 47 - 25
Other ASEAN Cooperation Schemes Related to Oil

 ASEAN Petroleum Sharing Agreement (APSA, 1986)

 Common Effective Preferential Tariff Scheme for the ASEAN Free
Trade Area (AFTA, 1992)
 Agreement for the Facilitation of Search of Ships in Distress and
Rescue of Survivors of Ship Accidents (1975)
 ASEAN Framework Agreement on Multimodal Transport (2001)
 The remaining transport-related Protocols for the ASEAN
Framework Agreement on the Facilitation of Goods in Transit
(2001)
 ASEAN Framework Agreement on the Facilitation of Inter-State
Transport (2001).

Ch. 47 - 26
The World of Energy
Chapter 47 – Indonesia Energy Overview

47.3. Indonesian Energy Statistic

Ch. 47 - 27
Indonesia Energy Resources (January 2005)

TYPE OF
R/P
FOSSIL RESOURCES RESERVES PRODUCTION (YEARS)
ENERGY
Oil 86.9 billion 9.1 387 million bbl 23
bbl
Gas 384.7 TSCF 185.8 2.95 TSCF 62
Coal 57.8 billion 19,3 132 Million Ton 146
Ton

NON FOSSIL INSTALLED

RESOURCES EQUIVALENT UTILIZATION
ENERGY CAPACITY

Hydro 845 Million 75,670 MW 6,851,000 MWh 4,200 MW

BOE
Geothermal 219 Million 27,000 MW 2,593,500 MWh 807 MW
BOE
Mini/Micro 458.75 MW 458.75 MW 54 MW
hydro
Biomass 49,810 MW 302.4 MW
Solar 4.8 kWh/m2/day 5 MW

Wind 9,287 MW 0.5 MW

Uranium 24.112 Tons* 3 GW

*) only in Kalan region, West Kalimantan

Ch. 47 - 28
Cadangan Energi Fossil & Energy Terbarukan
Energi Fosil Tahun 2002

Rasio
Energy Type Cadangan Total Cadangan Terbukti Produksi (Cadangan/
Produksi)
Minyak Bumi 86,9 milyar bbl 5 milyar bbl 500 juta bbl 10 tahun

Gas Bumi 385 TSCF 90 TSCF 2,9 TSCF 30 tahun

Batubara 50 milyar Ton 5 milyar Ton 100 juta Ton 50 tahun

Energi Terbarukan
Potensi Kapasitas Terpasang

Tenaga Air 75.67 GW 4200 MW

Panas Bumi 27 GW 807 MW

Mini/ Micro hydro 712 MW 206 MW

Biomassa 49.81 GW 302.4 MW

Tenaga Surya 4.8 kWh/m2/hari 6 MW

Tenaga Angin 3-6 m/detik 0.6 MW

Sumber : KEN - DJLPE

Ch. 47 - 29
Potensi Energi Non Fosil (2005)

ENERGI KAPASITAS
SUMBER DAYA SETARA
NON FOSIL TERPASANG
Tenaga Air 845.00 juta BOE 75.67 GW 4.2 GW
Panas Bumi 219.00 juta BOE 27.00 GW 0.8 GW
Mini/Micro Hydro 0.45 GW 0.45 GW 0.084 GW
Biomass 49.81 GW 49.81 GW 0.3 GW
4.80
Tenaga Surya - 0.008 GW
kWh/m2/hari
Tenaga Angin 9.29 GW 9.29 GW 0.0005 GW
24.112 ton* e.q. 3
Uranium (Nuklir) GW untuk 11
tahun
* Hanya di daerah Kalan - Kalbar

Ch. 47 - 30
The Energy Resources of Indonesia

Resource Reserve Production Reserve to

Capacity production ratio
(per year) (Year)
1)
Oil 9.82 billion BOE 0.5 billion BOE 18
Natural Gas 1) 165.89 TSCF 3.19 TSCF 52
Coal 1) 38.01 billion TCE 0.05 billion TCE 760
Peat 200 billion tons - -
Hydropower 75,000 MW 3,200 MW -
Geothermal 20,000 MWe 230 MWe -
Biomass 1.085 million sq. - -
km area and
silviculture waste
Tidal, wave and Identified - -
OTEC
Wind Prospective - -
BOE, barrel oil equivalent; TSCF, trillion standard cubic feet; TCE, ton coalquivalent
e
1)
Source: Base on data January 1, 1999 Department of Mines and Energy, August 30,
1999
- KUBE, Overall Policy on energy sector, 1999 (data based on 1997)

Ch. 47 - 31
Potensi Energi Indonesia

ENERGI KAPASITAS
NON FOSIL SUMBER DAYA SETARA PEMANFAATAN TERPASANG

Tenaga Air 845,0 juta 75,67 GW 6.8851,0 4.200,0 MW

BOE GWh
Panas Bumi 219,0 juta 27,00 GW 2,593,50 800,0 MW
BOE GWh
Mini/micro-hydro 458,75 MW 458,75 MW 54,0 MW

Biomasa 49,81 GW 302,40 MW

Tenaga Surya 4,80 5,00 MW

kWh/m2/hari

Tenaga Angin 9,29 GW 0,50 MW

Uranium (Nuklir) 24.112 Ton* 33,00 GW

Sumber : Materi presentasi Kepala BATAN 14 juni 2005

Ch. 47 - 32
Potensi Sumber Energi baru & Terbarukan Indonesia

KAPASITAS
NO SUMBER ENERGI POTENSI
TERPASANG
%

1 Hydro (Incl small scale) 75.450 MW 4.264 MW ± 5,6 %

2 Geothermal 30.000 MW 802 MW ± 4,1 %

3 Alternative Energy

Equivalent 50.000
Biomass 302 MW
MW

Equivalent
Solar 4,8 kWh/m2/day
± 5 MW

Equivalent Equivalent
Wind
9.450 MW ± 0,5 MW

10 – 35 MW per
Sea wave
Km coast length

Ch. 47 - 33
Indonesia Renewable Energy Resources

Installed
Potential Equivalent Utilization Capacity *
Hydro 845 million BOE 75.67 GW 6,851 GWh 4,200 MW
Geothermal 219 Million BOE 27 GW 2,593.5 GWh 800 MW
Mini/Microhydro 458.75 MW 458.75 MW 84 MW
Biomassa 49.81 GW 302.4 MW
Solar Energy 4.8 8 MW
kWh/m2/day
(1203 TW)
Wind Energy 3-6 m/sec 0.5 MW
9,287 MW
Ocean Wave 20 kW/m
coastal line**
Uranium 24,112 ton e.q
(Nuclear) to 3 GW for 11
year***

Source: DGEEU – Directorate General for Electricity and Energy Utilization

•*By the Year 2003
•** Green Energy Policy Document – DEMR - Department of Energy and Mineral Resources
•*** National Energy Management Blueprint (BP-PEN) 2005 – 2025, DEMR

Ch. 47 - 34
Indonesia Hydrocarbon Basins Map

Producing Basin (15) Drilled basin, no discovery yet (15)

Drilled and proven discovery, but Undrilled basin (22)

not producing yet (8)

Ch. 47 - 35
Indonesia Oil Production Forecast

Ch. 47 - 36
Indonesia Oil Discovery

Ch. 47 - 37
Fossil Energy Production of Indonesia

7,000

6,000
4,193
5,000
Thousand Barrel Oil Equivalent/Day

4,000
Coal
3,000
2,531
2,000 Gas

1,000 1,062
Oil
0
2001
1999

2000

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2014

2015
1997
1994

1995

1996

1998

2010

2011

2012

2013
Year

Oil Gas Coal

Ch. 47 - 38
Indonesia Still Being Main Fossil Energy Producer

(Thousand Barrel Oil Equivalent/Day), 2005

NO OPEC MEMBER OIL GAS COAL TOTAL
1 SAUDI ARABIA 9390 1289 - 10679

2 IRAN 3924 1711 - 5635

3 INDONESIA 1062 1469 1662 4193

4 UAE 2447 843 - 3290

5 VENEZUELA 2633 523 - 3156

6 ALJAZAIR 1349 1615 - 2964

7 NIGERIA 2412 394 - 2806

8 KUWAIT 2504 223 - 2727

9 IRAQ 1830 48 - 1878

10 LIBYA 1642 212 - 1854

11 QATAR 796 787 - 1583

Ch. 47 - 39
Projection & Realization of Oil Production of Indonesia

PRODUCTION (THOUSAND BARREL/DAY)

1800
1700
1600 Average production on Production target on
1500 2005 : 1062 MBOPD 2006 : 1050 MBOPD
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
Pesimistic Scenario
200
100
0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2015
1999

2000

2013

2014
2011

2012
1998
1996
1995

1997

2009
1994

2010
Existing On-Going Dev. Projects Marginal Fields (Projects)

Expected New Field Dev. Brown Fields (Projects) New Potential Dev.

Ch. 47 - 40
Projection & Realization of Oil Production of Indonesia

1,800
1,700 PRODUCTION (THOUSAND BARREL/DAY)
1,600
1,500
1,400
1,300
1,200
1,100
1,000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300 Optimistic Scenario
200
100
0
2002

2007
2001

2003

2004

2006

2013

2014

2015
2005

2008

2012
1999

2000

2009

2011
1998
1994

1995

1996

1997

2010
Existing Maintenance Optimization On-Going Dev. Projects Marginal Fields (Projects)

Brown Fields (Projects) Expected New Field Dev. Block Cepu New Potential Dev.

Ch. 47 - 41
Projection on Fossil Energy Production – 2009

Thaousands Barrel Oil Equivalent/Day

PESIMISTIC OPTIMISTIC
SCENARIO SCENARIO

Oil 1,070 1,350

Gas 1,886 2,065

Coal 2,014 2,416

Total 4,970 5,831

Ch. 47 - 42
Indonesia Energy Consumption

Ch. 47 - 43
 Energy Consumption in Indonesia

The distribution of final energy in 1969

Terra Joule (TJ) Coal

2,500,000 LPG Natgas 1.25% Electricity
2.94%
Electricity 1.22% LPG
0.01%

2,000,000 Coal
Natural gas
1,500,000
Crude oil
94.58%

1,000,000
Crude oil The distribution of final energy in 1999

Electricity
500,000 10.89% LPG
Coal 1.86%
4.18%

0 Natgas
8.46%

Crude oil
74.60%

Ch. 47 - 44
 The Development of Energy Utilization by Sector

Terra Joule
2,500,000 Household Industry Transportation
100%

90%
2,000,000
80%

Transportation 70%

1,500,000 60%

50%

40%
1,000,000
30%
Industry
20%
500,000
10%

Household 0%

0.00 1969 1983 1996

Ch. 47 - 45
Pangsa Energi di Indonesia 2005
Listrik
Sektor Rumah 33.04%
Transportasi
Tangga & Komersial 27.40% Menurut Sektor

BBM
60.82% Gas Kota
0.29%
LPG
5.77% Industri
Briket 54.24%
0.08%

Sektor Rumah Tangga &

Transportasi Komersial
18.37%
BBM
100%

Gas
0% Batubara
Listrik 8.85%
0%
LPG
1.44%
Listrik Menurut Jenis
9.62%

BBM
27%

Sektor
Industri Gas Bumi BBM
48% 54.82%

Listrik Gas Bumi

7% 25.28%

Batubara
LPG 17%
1%

Ch. 47 - 46
Pemakaian Energi Pembangkit Listrik 2005

Hydro Power,
3,325 , 15%

Geothermal, 804 ,
4%

BBM, 8,915 , 41%

Batubara, 5,100 ,
24%

Gas, 3,491 , 16%

Ch. 47 - 47
 Konsumsi Energi per kapita vs Intensitas Energi

600

500
indeks (Jepang = 100)

400

300

200

100

0
Jepang OECD Thailand Indonesia Malaysia North Am. Germany
Intensitas Energi Energy Per Kapita

• Intensitas Energi • Konsumsi Energi per Kapita

(toe per juta US$ PDB) (toe per kapita)
 Jepang : 92,3  Jepang : 4,14
 Indonesia : 470  Indonesia : 0,467
Ch. 47 - 48
Energy Cost at PT. Krakatau Steel

Oil Fuel
10%

Natural Gas
30% Electricity
60%

Ch. 47 - 49
Energy Cost Structure Krakatau Steel

Fix Cost,
Energy,
12%
22%

Others, 12%

Raw
Material,
54%

Ch. 47 - 50
Energy Consumption Segment at PT. KS

Iron making
Rolling Mill
6%
Electricity 18%

Consumption
Segment at PT. KS

Steel Making
76%

Rolling Mill
15%
Steel Making
6%

Natural Gas
Consumption Iron Making
Segment at PT. KS 79%

Ch. 47 - 51
Coal Bearing Formation in Indonesia

Ch. 47 - 52
Indonesia Coal Resources Distribution

100%
100%
4%
11%
21%
37% 59%
68%
17% 11%
4% KALIMANTAN
SUMATRA 15%
13%
28%

59%
26%
PAPUA
100%
43% 31%
68%
28%
57%

JAVA

LEGEND

Lignite
Subbituminous C
Subbituminous A+B
Bituminous

Ch. 47 - 53
COAL RESOURCES AND RESERVES
(Source : Directorate of Mineral Resource Inventory, 2003)

RESOURCES RESERVES
PROVINCE / LOCATION % %
(M Ton) (M Ton)

RIAU 2,057.22 4 15.15 0

JAMBI 1,592.57 3 9.00 0
SOUTH SUMATERA 22,240.40 38 2,653.98 37
CENTRAL KALIMANTAN 1,399.21 2 48.59 1
SOUTH KALIMANTAN 8,674.56 15 1,787.32 26
EAST KALIMANTAN 19,567.79 34 2,410.33 35
OTHERS 2,315.99 4 57.25 1
TOTAL 57,847.74 100 6,981.62 100

Ch. 47 - 54
Indonesian Operating Coal Mines

Ch. 47 - 55
 INDONESIAN COAL EXPORT DESTINATION 2002 – 2003

85,680,621
90,000,000
74,177,928
80,000,000

70,000,000 2002 2003

60,000,000
Tonnes

50,000,000

40,000,000

30,000,000

20,000,000

10,000,000

0.00
ASIA EUROPE AUSTRALIA - OTHERS TOTAL
AMERICA
(Source : Directorate of Mineral & Coal
Enterprise, 2004)
Destination Country
Ch. 47 - 56
 INDONESIAN COAL PRODUCTION AND SALES 1990 – 2003

140,000

120,000 114,610
103,372
100,000 92,493
85,681
76,946
74,178
000 Tns

80,000 73,603
65,281
61,829
58,460
60,000 54,651
49,981
41,156 55,301
47,626
40,000 32,433 29,849
41,726 27,388 29,257
36,381
31,316 19,245 22,341
20,000 25,367 15,473
9,264 11,305 13,412
8,463

0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

STATE OWNED CONTACTORS M A HOLDER COOPERATIVE UNIT PRODUCTION DOMESTIC EXPORT

(Source : Directorate of Mineral & Coal Enterprise, 2004)

Ch. 47 - 57
FORECAST OF INDONESIAN
COAL PRODUCTION 2004 - 2008

Ch. 47 - 58
The World of Energy
Chapter 47 – Indonesia Energy Overview

47.4. Oil – Downstream Business

Ch. 47 - 59
 Indonesia Oil Refineries & Distribution
THAILAN LAOS
D
Manila
Transit Terminal
Bangkok
CAMBODI
Ban
A
Philipines Pipeline Distribution
Mabtapud
Phnom VIETNAM South
Tanker
Penh
Ho Chi
China Existing Oil Refinery
Minh
P. Brandan Erawan City
Khanon Sea
5 MBOPD Planned Oil Refinery
Songkhl Bangkot
a
Lawi
Jerneh
t
Gunton Kota
Banda Aceh Penang BRUNE Kinibalu
g West NatunaAlph
Lhokseumawe a I
Bandara Seri
WEST Kerte Duyong
h Mogpu Natun Kasim
MALAYS
IA a Begawan Balikpapan
Kuala 10 MBOPD
Port Bint 280 MBOPD
Medan Klang
Port Lumpur EASTulu
Dickson MALAYSIA HALMAHERA Pacific Ocean
Dumai Manado
SINGAPORE Kuch
Ternate
Duri Batam Binta ing Bontang
n
Dumai Attaka
Musi Banyuasin
120 MBOPD Padang
KALIMANTA Samarinda Tunu Sorong
N Balikpapan Bekapai
Jambi
SULAWESI Jayapu
Sei Pakning Pare-Pare ra
Griss Palembang Banjarmasi
50 MBOPD ik n IRIAN JAYA
BURU SERAM

Musi 135 &

Ujung
20 MBOPD Pandang P. Selayar

Balongan
Jakart Semarang
JAV
MADURA
Bangkalan
I N D O N E S I
Pagerungan
a Bandung Surabaya
125 MBOPD A Yogyakarta A
SUMBA FLORES Merauk
BALI WA e
LOMBO
K TIMOR
Indian Ocean SUMBA
Cilacap AUSTRALIA
348 MBOPD Situbondo
Tuban

Cepu 3.8
MBOPD Total Refinery Capacity 1,057,000 BOPD

Ch. 47 - 60
Indonesia Fuel Distribution Facilities

 175 Facilities of Distribution

 7 Transit Terminals
 84 Seafed Depots
 23 Inland Depots
 39 Standar Airport Depots
 15 Pioneer Airport Depots.

Ch. 47 - 61
Pola Penyediaan & Distribusi BBM
PENYEDIAAN PENDISTRIBUSIAN SEKTOR PENGGUNA

AVGAS TRANSPORTASI

AVTUR TRANSPORTASI

PREMIUM TRANSPORTASI
IMPOR
TRANSPORTASI

SOLAR INDUSTRI

LISTRIK
DEPOT
RUMAH TANGGA

M . TANAH KOMERSIAL

INDUSTRI

KILANG
TRANSPORTASI

M. DIESEL INDUSTRI

LISTRIK

TRANSPORTASI

M. BAKAR INDUSTRI

LISTRIK

Ch. 47 - 62
 Sarana & Fasilitas Distribusi BBM
 175 Facilities of Distribution
 7 Transit Terminals
 84 Seafed Depots
 23 Inland Depots
39 Standar Airport Depots
SABANG

KRUENG

RAYA
LHOK
 15 Pioneer Airport Depots.
SEUMAWE
MEULABOH
UP. I - PKL. BRANDAN P.
NATUNA
LAB. TARAK TAHUNA
AN
DELI

SIBOLGA
G. SITOLI UP. II - DUMAI P.
SIAK BATAM
BITUNG
TERNA TOBEL
TOLI - GORONTALO TE O
TL. SINTANG TOLI
BAYUR BONTAN
P. MOUTON
TT. TLK. SAMARIND SUBUN
KABUNG SAMBU A
G DONGGAL
G G
SORON BIA
PONTIANA A
JAMB K.PATI K
BPAPAN PABUH
A G K
I PARI POS LUWUK
CILIK GI O MANOKWAR
P. SANAN I
BALAM SAMPIT RIWUT A SERU JAYAPUR
BENGKUL KOLONDA BANGG
P. BUL A
PALOP
LE AI
KENDARI I
U PLAJU PKL.BU PISAU PARE - NAMLE
A
FAK - NABIR
O MASO
N PARE FAK E
A HI
BANJARMASI
KOLEKA
RAHA
WAY AME
KOTA
N
SMK BARU BAU -
UJ. BAU

PANDANG TUAL DOBO

CAMPLON
JKT BALONGAN G
SEMARANG
SURABA MENEN AMPEN
IMPORT KALBUT
YA G AN RE L.
BADU MAUME MERAUK
O RE KALABA
NG TUKA E
CILACAP HI
ATAPU DILI
EN PU SAUMLA
BIM
MANGGIS A DE
WAINGA
KI

PU
KUPANG

NOTE : IMPORT

: DOMESTIC OIL EFINERY : TRANSIT TERMINAL : BACK LOADING

: JALUR DISTRIBUSI : DEPOT BBM : FLOATING STORAGE

TERMINAL

Ch. 47 - 63
The World of Energy
Chapter 47 – Indonesia Energy Overview

47.5. Natural Gas

Ch. 47 - 64
 Indonesia Gas Reserves

Source: Department of Industry RI – April, 2006

Ch. 47 - 65
Natural Gas Reserves - End 2002
Country Proved Reserves World Reserves (%)
Tcm
Russia (APEC member) 47.57 30.5
Iran 23.00 14.8
Qatar 14.40 9.2
Saudi Arabia 6.36 4.1
United Arab Emirates 6.01 3.9
United States (APEC member) 5.19 3.3 Indonesia 2.62
Algeria 4.52 2.9
Venezuela 4.19 2.7 Malaysia 2.12
Nigeria 3.51 2.3
Iraq 3.11 2.0 Brunei 0.39
Indonesia (APEC member) 2.62 1.7
Australia (APEC member) 2.55 1.6 Other ASEAN Members 1.20
Norway 2.19 1.4
Malaysia (APEC member) 2.12 1.4 Total ASEAN 6.33
Trukmenistan 2.01 1.3
Uzbekistan 1.87 1.2 (4.06
Kazakhstan 1.84 1.2 %)
Netherlands 1.76 1.1
Canada (APEC member) 1.70 1.1
Egypt 1.66 1.1
China (APEC member) 1.51 1.0
Libya 1.31 0.8
Oman 0.83 0.5
Bolivia 0.68 0.4
Trinidad/Tobago 0.66 0.4
Yemen 0.48 0.3
Brunei 0.39 0.3
Peru (APEC member) 0.25 0.2

Rest of World ------ 7.3

TOTAL WORLD 155.78 100

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2003

Ch. 47 - 66
Indonesia Natural Gas Reserves

Dit.Jen Migas, January 2005

Ch. 47 - 67
Indonesia Gas & LNG Infrastructures
THAILAND LAOS
Manila
LNG Receiving Terminal
Bangkok
CAMBODI Philipines Existing Pipeline
Ban
A
Mabtapud
Phnom South
VIETNAM Planned Pipeline
Penh
Ho Chi China
Minh CNG Plant
Khanon Erawan City Sea
Arun LNG Plant,
Songkhl
LNG Plant a
Bangkot existing and planned
12 MMTpa Law
it Jerneh

Gunton Kota
Banda Aceh Penang BRUNE Kinibalu
g
West NatunaAlp
Lhokseumawe WEST Kerte Duyong
ha I
Bandara Seri Bontang
Mogpu Natuna Tangguh
h
MALAYS
IA Begawan LNG Plant
Kuala 22 MMTpa LNG Plant
Bin
Medan
Port
Lumpur EASTtul
7 MMTpa
Klang
Port
Dickson
u
MALAYSIA Pacific Ocean
Dumai Manado
SINGAPORE Kuch
Ternate HALMAHERA
ing
Duri Batam Binta
n
Attaka
KALIMANTA Samarinda Tunu
Padan Bekapai
N Balikpapan Sorong
g
Jambi
SULAWESI Jayapu
ra
Griss Palembang Banjarmasi
ik n IRIAN JAYA
BURU SERAM

Ujung
LNG Pandang
Ardjuna
Receiving Terminal Fields
3 MMTpa Jakarta CirebonSemarang MADURA I Pagerungan
N D O N E S I A Maluku Selatan
Bangkalan
J A V A Surabaya
SUMBAWA FLORES Merauk
BALI e
Gresik LNG Indian Ocean LOMBOK TIMOR
Receiving Terminal SUMBA
3 MMTpa AUSTRALI
A
Donggi Masela
LNG Plant LNG Plant
2 MMTpa 3 MMTpa

Ch. 47 - 68
Indonesia Natural Gas as an Alternative Source of Energy

Primary Source of Energy Target Gas Consumption

Geothermal Hydro Geothermal
Hydro
1.9% 1.9%
4.1% 4.1%
Coal Coal
15.7% 15.7% Oil
Gas consumption in 2009 was 35.0%
targeted to reduce oil
consumption
Oil to 35%
55.0%

Natural Gas
23.4%
Oil & Gas Consumption
Natural Gas
43.3%
Source: MIGAS 2003

25% 25%
2%

22% 20%

14% 14%

19% 19%

20% 20%

CURRENT OIL CONSUMPTION TARGET OIL REPLACEMENT BY GAS

Household - Oil Industry - Diesel Oil Industry - Gas Power - Diesel Oil
Power - Gas Transportation - Diesel Oil Transportation - Gas Transportation - Others

 Relies on oil for 55% of energy; Only 23% natural gas; Gas becoming
natural substitute
 Oil import will reduce to 21 Million Kilo Liter annually or equal to 40%
reduction on oil subsidy

Ch. 47 - 69
 Indonesia Natural Gas Pricing Dynamics Promote Demand

 Fuel oil price by average has

increased 126% in October PGN’s Gas Tariffs vs Oil Price
2005, hence, has created a
stimulus to utilize more natural US$/MMBTU
gas 20,00
18.34
17.09
 High international oil prices 16,00
(above US$75/bbl) increased 12.71
the burden on the Government 12,00 12.47
to keep the subsidy in place
8,00

 Government emphasize on 4,00

increasing gas usage
 Reduce oil subsidy
 Increase revenue from oil
export
 Environmental benefits
(Blue Sky Policy)
5.00
0,00
Jan-02 Jun-02 Nov-02 Apr-03 Sep-03 Feb-04 Jul-04 Dec-04 May-05 Oct-05 Mar-06 Aug-06
Crude Oil International MOPS + 15% HSD Subsidised Price
HSD Unsubsidised Price PGN Average Sales Price

Natural gas price has become more competitive and stable than fuel oil

Ch. 47 - 70
Current Gas Utilization in Indonesia

Ch. 47 - 71
Gas Transportation Mode
Pipeline, 3 Chains

Production Pipeline Offtaker

LNG, 5 Chains

Receiving
Production Liquifaction Shipping Offtaker
Terminal

CNG, 4 Chains

High
Production Shipping Offtaker
Compression

Ch. 47 - 72
Integrated Indonesian Gas Transmission System

Ch. 47 - 73
South Sumatra – West Java Gas Transmission

Ch. 47 - 74
Medan

Legend : Dumai
1 Duri
1. = Grissik - Duri, completed Aug 1998 Singapore
( dia 28", L = 536 km ) Tanjung Piai
2
2. = Grissik - Singapore , completed Aug 2003 Pemping Batam
(dia 28". L = 477 km)

3. = Duri - Belawan, expected June 2006

(dia 24". 400 km ) Pekanbaru

File : North Sumatra Project 1.vsd

4. = Pemping - Tj Piai, under negotiation
( dia 28", 60 km)
1 2
4. = Station

PC ; JobiSumteng2
5. = Customer

PT Perusahaan Gas Negara ( Persero )

North Sumatera
Proyek Transmisi Gas Bumi Indonesia
Gas Transmission and Distribution Project
Edition 01 : September 2003

Ch. 47 - 75
East Kalimantan – West Java
Gas Transmission
Bontang

Samarinda
Legend :

1. = Bontang - Banjarmasin Balikpapan

( dia 32". L = 720 km)

2. = Banjarmasin - Gresik
( dia 32", L = 380 km )

3. = Gresik - Semarang
= (dia 28". L = 360 km)
Banjarmasin
4. = Semarang - Cirebon
= (dia 28". 290 km )

5. = Station

6. = LNG Terminal (Proposed)

7. = Distribution Zone

Jakarta Cirebon

File : East Kalimantan - West Java ver 1 .vsd

Tuban
Semarang Gersik Pagerungan

Surabaya

Situbondo

PC ; JobiSumteng2
PT Perusahaan Gas Negara ( Persero )
East Kalimantan - West Java
Gas Transmission and Distribution Project Proyek Transmisi Gas Bumi Indonesia Ch. 47 - 76
Edition 01 : September 2003
The World of Energy
Chapter 47 – Indonesia Energy Overview

47.6. Geothermal

Ch. 47 - 77
Indonesia Geothermal Potential
40% of World Geothermal Resources

Ch. 47 - 78
ChevronTexaco Salak Geothermal Project

330 MW, Gn. Salak – Java, Indonesia

Liquid-dominated 225 - 310º C,
1 - 3 km deep

Medan

Kalimantan Sulawesi

JAVA

SALAK PROJECT

INDEX MAP
SCALE 1:30.000.000
0 100KM

Ch. 47 - 79
Salak Geothermal Power Plant Schematic

Ch. 47 - 80
Salak Geothermal Power Plant
 During Project Life
 Produce >10 12 lbs steam
 Inject 16 billion bbl brine

Ch. 47 - 81
Salak Geothermal Power Plant

Turbine and Generator

Ch. 47 - 82
Drilling Cost Reduction at Salak Geothermal

DAYS PER WELL

AWIBENGKOK EXPANSION

75
80 64
70
60 44
50
40 27
30
20
10
0
Units 1 & 2 1995 1996 1997

Ch. 47 - 83
Karaha Bodas Geothermal

Ch. 47 - 84
Darajat Geothermal Expansion
 110 MW Expansion of Darajat
geothermal power project

 Will help meet electricity

demands of Java, Madura and
Bali, where supply shortages are
anticipated

 Will help Indonesia avoid more

than 400,000 tons per year of
CO2 emissions

 Darajat’s geothermal resources

are abundant, clean, renewable.

 Resource operated by
ChevronTexaco Energy
Indonesia Ltd (CTEI)

Ch. 47 - 85
Darajat Geothermal Expansion

Ch. 47 - 86
 Darajat Geothermal Power Plant

Project Name Client, Location Type of Plant, Scope Project

Capacity of Work Period

Darajat Geothermal Amoseas, Indonesia 78MW x 1 EPC 1996-1999

Power Plant Station II

Darajat Geothermal PLN, Indonesia 55MW x 1 EPC 1992-1994

Power Plant Station I
(Mech. & Elec.)

Ch. 47 - 87
The World of Energy
Chapter 47 – Indonesia Energy Overview

47.7. Nuclear

Ch. 47 - 88
Indonesian Nuclear Power Plant Planning

Source: National Energy Management Blueprint (BP-PEN) 2005 – 2025, DEMR

Ch. 47 - 89
Road-map PLTN di Indonesia

Sumber : Materi presentasi Kepala BATAN 14 juni 2005

Ch. 47 - 90
Sumber Energi Utama

RESOURCES Energi Bahan bakar per

1000 MWe

per kg bahan bakar plant

per tahun

Fisi Nuklir a) 50.000 kWh 30 ton

Batu bara 3 kWh 2.600.000 ton

Minyak bumi 4 kWh 2.000.000 ton

Ch. 47 - 91
Advanced Scenario for Nuclear Energy

Scenario Reserves Utilization

Present LWR 4.36 million 72 years

tons
Advanced - FBR 4.36 million ~ 10,000
- Multirecycle tons years
- Higher
efficiency
- U in the sea 4 billion tons ~ million
- Thorium ~3xU years

From : Nuclear Technology, Marshall, W., 1983

Ch. 47 - 92
GHG Emission of Energy Sources

Ch. 47 - 93
Potensi Sumber Daya Radioaktif di Indonesia

Sumber : Materi presentasi Kepala BATAN 14 juni 2005

Ch. 47 - 94
Keunggulan PLTN

 Konservasi : bagi fosil khususnya BBM

 Intensifikasi : meningkatkan ekspor untuk memperoleh

“hardcurrency”, BBM untuk transportasi dan fosil untuk
“feed stock”

 Diversifikasi : pasokan energi dalam bentuk listrik

 Keberlanjutan : memperpanjang ketersediaan fosil,

kogenerasi menghasilkan “EOR”, “Coal Liquefaction &
Gasification”, “H2 Production”, “Desalination”

 Mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca (GHC) secara significant

Sumber : Materi presentasi Kepala BATAN 14 juni 2005

Ch. 47 - 95
PLTN di Dunia

Ch. 47 - 96
The World of Energy
Chapter 47 – Indonesia Energy Overview

47.8. Electricity

Ch. 47 - 97
 Kondisi Kelistrikan Indonesia
Kalimantan 2004 2010 Indonesia 2004 2010
Sumatera 2004 2010
Sales (TWh) 3.2 4.5 Sales (TW h) 99 145
Sales (TWh) 11.6 16.3
No.of Cust. (M) 1.7 2 No.of Cust. (M) 33.0 44
No.of Cust. (M ) 5.9 7.1
Capacity (GW) 0.7 1.3
Capac ity (GW ) 24.3 37.9
Capacity (GW) 3.0 6.0 Electrif Ratio (%) 46.6 52.9
Electrif Ratio (%) 53.1 61.9 Elec trif Ratio (%) 54.8 70.0

IPP 0.9 IPP 10.8

Sulawesi 2004 2010

Sales (TWh) 3.1 4.4
No.of Cust. (M) 2.0 2.6
Capacity (GW) 0.8 1.3
Electrif Ratio (%) 47.2 53.8
Jawa-Bali 2004 2010
IPP 0.4
Sales (TWh) 79.7 125.9
No.of Cust. (M) 22.6 27.3
Others 2004 2010
Capacity (GW) 18.6 28.3 Sales (TWh) 1.3 5.3
Electrif Ratio 59.42 69.4 No.of Cust. (M) 0.9 2.1

IPP 9.6 Capacity (GW) 0.5 1.1

Legends :
Total IPP = 27
Electrif Ratio 33 37.9
IPP IN OPERATION

IPP

Ch. 47 - 98
 Kapasitas Terpasang Pembangkit PLN
Gas Turbine Diesel
Panas Bumi 4% 1% Hidro
2% 16%
PLTU
Combine Cycle
Batu Bara
Gas
27%
Gas Turbine 21%
Diesel
6% Hidro
12%
15%
Combine Cycle Gas
Panas Bumi
20%
2%
PLTU BBM
5% PLTU Gas Combine Cycle
6% BBM
Jawa – Bali (18.658 MW) 18%

Diesel
44% Hidro Combine Cycle
13% Gas
16%

PLTU
Batu Bara Combine Cycle BBM
23% PLTU BBM PLTU Gas 13%
5% 4% PLTU BBM
6%

Indonesia (22.231 MW) Gas Turbine

Panas Bumi
PLTU Batu Bara
11% 10%
0%

Luar Jawa – Bali (5.573 MW)

Ch. 47 - 99
 Realisasi & Proyeksi Fuel Mix Listrik
100% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3%
5% 4%
8%
8% 7% 8% 8% 8% 7% 6%
90% 21% 8%
22% 24% 22% 9% 5% 4%
28% 27% 6% 6% 6% 6% 5%
30% 6%
80% 6%
11% 10% 22%
12% 8% 25%
70% 8% 27%
3% 10% 6% 32% 30%
3% 4% 5% 36%
6% 36% 40%
60% 4% 5% 32%
19%
50% 30% 26% 18% 19%
29%
26%
40%

64%
30% 57% 60%
51% 54%
45% 45% 44% 48%
41% 44%
20% 38% 40%
35% 34% 33%
10%

0%
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Batubara Gas Alam Panas bumi Tenaga Air Minyak

Note : Coal Demand ± 3M ton / yr / 1000 MW

Ch. 47 - 100
Biaya Bahan Bakar Tenaga Listrik (2004)

Jenis Energi Rp. Milyar Produksi (GWh)

Minyak 14504 63.2% 31184 33.2

Gas 3771 16.4% 19899 21.2%

Batubara 3576 15.6% 30700 32.6%

Panas Bumi 1060 4.6% 3084 3.3%

Air 45 0.2% 9171 9.8%

Total 22956 100% 94040 100%

Ch. 47 - 101
Proyek Tenaga Listrik Energi Alternatif

Capacity Operation
No Energy Type Location Remarks
(KW) Plan
1 Wind Energy 3 x 250 Bali 2006 / 2007 PLN
2 Wind Energy 3 x 250 NTB 2006 / 2007 PLN
3 Wind Energy 6 x 250 NTT 2006 / 2007 PLN
4 Solar Cell & Diesel Hybrid 40 West Kalimantan 2004 PLN
5 Solar Cell & Diesel Hybrid 20 NTT 2005 PLN
BIOMASS :
6 Palm oil waste 12.500 North Sumatera Under evaluation Private
7 Palm oil waste 10.500 North Sumatera Under evaluation Private
8 Palm oil waste 10.500 Riau Under evaluation Private
9 Rice husk 10.000 Lampung Under evaluation Private
10 Palm oil waste 15.000 Riau Under evaluation Private
11 Bagasse 7.000 Lampung Under evaluation Private
12 Rice husk 20.000 Bali Under evaluation Private
13 City waste 42.000 Jakarta Under evaluation Private

Ch. 47 - 102
Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi

NO PEMBANGKIT LOKASI KAPASITAS (MW) KETERANGAN

PLTP Kamojang 1 X 30 Pertamina, Operasi

1 Jawa Barat
PLTP Kamojang IV 1 X 60 Swasta-IPP, Rencana Op. 2006/2007

3 X 60 Unocal-PLN, Operasi
2 PLTP Gn Salak Jawa Barat
3 X 65 Unocal-IPP, Operasi

1 X 55 PLN, Operasi
3 PLTP Darajat Jawa Barat
3 X 145 Amoseas-IPP, Rencana Op. 2007

4 PLTP Wayang Windu Jawa Barat 1 X 110 Pertamina-MNL, Operasi

4 PLTP Cibuni Jawa Barat 1 X 10 Swasta-IPP, Rencana Op. 2007/2008

5 PLTP Patuha Jawa Barat 3 X 60 Swasta-IPP, Rencana Op. 2008/2009

6 PLTP Dieng Jawa Tengah 1 X 60 Geopdipa

7 PLTP Bedugul Bali 1 X 10 Swasta-IPP, Rencana Op. 2006/2007

PLTP Lahendong 1 1 X 20 PLN, Operasi

8 PLTP Lahendong 2 & 3 Sulawesi Utara 2 X 20 Rencana Operasi 2007/2008
PLTP Lahendong 4 & 5 2 X 20 Rencana Operasi 2010/2011

9 PLTP Ulumbu NTT 2 X 2,5 PLN, Rencana Op. 2007/2008

10 PLTP Mataloko NTT 1 X 2,5 PLN, Rencana Op. 2007/2008

11 PLTP Ulubelu Lampung 2X 55 PLN, Rencana Op. 2010/2011

12 PLTP Lumut Balai Sumatera Selatan 2 X 55 PLN, Rencana Op. 2010/2011

13 PLTP Tulehu Maluku 2 X 2,5 PLN, Rencana Op. 2010/2011

14 PL:TP Sarulla Sumatera Utara 6 X 55 PLN-Swasta, Rencana Op. 2008/2009

15 PLTP Sibayak Sumatera Utara 1 X 10 Swasta-IPP, Rencana Op. 2007/2008

Ch. 47 - 103
Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mikro Hidro (PLTM)

Project Capacity Location

Year
Name (MW) Province Load Center
PLTM Merasap 2 x 0.75 West Kalimantan Bengkayang 2005

PLTM Lobong 2 x 0.8 North Sulawesi Kotamobagu 2005

Minahasa
PLTA Poigar 2 2 x 16 North Sulawesi 2007
System
PLTM Mongango 1.2 Gorontalo Gorontalo 2005

PLTM Prafi 1.6 Papua Manokwari 2006

PLTM Tatui 1.2 Papua Serui 2006

PLTM Amai 1.1 Papua Depabre 2006

PLTA Genyem 2 x 9.6 Papua Jayapura System 2007

PLTM Santong 0.85 NTB Lombok System 2005

PLTM Ndungga 2 x 0.95 NTT Ende 2005

Ch. 47 - 104
Proyek Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air (PLTA)
HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PROJECTS
( Development Plan)
UNIT TOTAL
OPERATION NUMBER
NO PROJECT NAME LOCATION CAPACITY CAPACITY FINANCING
PLAN (YEAR) OF UNIT
(MW) (MW)

1 Rajamandala HEPP West Java 2008/2009 2 30 60 PLN / Private

2 Poigar 3 HEPP North Sulawesi 2008/2009 2 7 14 PLN / Private

3 Sawangan HEPP North Sulawesi 2009/2010 2 8 16 PLN / Private

4 Merangin HEPP Jambi 2009/2010 4 75 300 PLN / Private

5 Malea HEPP South Sulawesi 2010 4 45 180 PLN / Private

6 Bakaru 2 HEPP South Sulawesi 2010 2 60 120 PLN / Private

7 Wampu HEPP North Sumatera 2010 2 40 80 PLN / Private

8 Wai Rancang HEPP NTT 2010 1 15 15 PLN / Private

Total Capacity 785

Ch. 47 - 105
Rencana Proyek PLTM
SMALL SCALE HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PROJECTS
( Development Plan)
UNIT TOTAL
OPERATION NUMBER
NO PROJECT NAME LOCATION CAPACITY CAPACITY FINANCING
PLAN (YEAR) OF UNIT
(MW) (MW)
1 Rongi MHEPP Soutrh East Sulawesi 2006 2 0.75 1.5 PLN / Private
2 Mikuasi MHEPP Soutrh East Sulawesi 2006 2 1.5 3 PLN / Private
3 Muara Kadihin MHEPP South Kalimantan 2010 1 0.6 0.6 PLN / Private
4 Purui MHEPP Central Kalimantan 2010 1 1.6 1.6 PLN / Private
5 Batu Sitando MHEPP South Sulawesi 2010 2 1.1 2.2 PLN / Private
6 Rante Bala MHEPP South Sulawesi 2010 1 0.75 0.75 PLN / Private
7 Usumalili MHEPP South Sulawesi 2010 2 2.5 5 PLN / Private
8 Palangka MHEPP South Sulawesi 2010 2 1.9 3.8 PLN / Private
9 Kadundung MHEPP South Sulawesi 2010 2 0.8 1.6 PLN / Private
10 Manipi MHEPP South Sulawesi 2010 2 3 6 PLN / Private
11 Sambilambo MHEPP Soutrh East Sulawesi 2010 2 2.25 4.5 PLN / Private
12 Rante Limbong MHEPP Soutrh East Sulawesi 2010 2 1.1 2.2 PLN / Private
13 Sawidago MHEPP Central Sulawesi 2010 2 0.4 0.8 PLN / Private
14 Parigi MHEPP Central Sulawesi 2010 2 0.3 0.6 PLN / Private
15 Tindaki MHEPP Central Sulawesi 2010 2 0.3 0.6 PLN / Private
16 Sansarino MHEPP Central Sulawesi 2010 2 1.1 2.2 PLN / Private
17 Kinali MHEPP North Sulawesi 2010 2 0.5 1 PLN / Private
18 Mokobang 2 MHEPP North Sulawesi 2010 2 0.75 1.5 PLN / Private
19 Rowoketang MHEPP North Sulawesi 2010 2 0.58 1.16 PLN / Private
20 Tangangah MHEPP North Sulawesi 2010 2 0.57 1.14 PLN / Private
21 Tincep MHEPP North Sulawesi 2010 2 1.8 3.6 PLN / Private
22 Puruk Cahu MHEPP Central Kalimantan 2010 1 0.38 0.38 PLN / Private
23 Gendang Timburu MHEPP South Kalimantan 2010 1 0.65 0.65 PLN / Private
24 Pekatan MHEPP NTB 2010 1 0.6 0.6 PLN / Private
25 Ngowali MHEPP Maluku 2010 2 0.8 1.6 PLN & Private
Total Capacity 49

Ch. 47 - 106
Situasi Umum Ketenagalistrikan Indonesia

 Total Pembangkit di Indonesia sebesar 25.218 MW

 21.768 MW (86,3%) milik PLN
 3.450 MW (13,7%) milik Listrik Swasta

 Pertumbuhan permintaan tenaga listrik selama kurun waktu 10

tahun terakhir mencapai rata-rata 6 – 9% setiap tahunnya

 Jumlah Pelanggan mencapai 35 Juta pelanggan

 Ratio Elektrifikasi baru mencapai 56%

 Kenaikan harga BBM yang sangat signifikan pada tahun 2005

meningkatkan biaya produksi

Ch. 47 - 107
 EBITDA PLN (Juta US$)

Earning Before Interest, Tax and Depreciation

7,000
6,012
6,000
Kenaikan TDL bertahap
5,054
5,000 5,049
4,432
Krisis moneter 4,233
4,000 4,320

3,000 2,849
2,942
2,136
2,000 1,591 1,283 1,495
931 1,239
1,000 1,383 840
653 1,019
37
- Kenaikan BBM
(148)
95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
(1,000) (320)

Catatan: EBITDA tahun 2006-2015 hasil prognosa

Ch. 47 - 108
Harga BBM & Tarif Dasar Listrik (TDL)

Harga BBM (Rp)

6300
7000

6000 4800
5000 BPP = Rp589 /kWh
TDL = Rp585 /kWh
4000

3000 2200
1600
BPP = Rp 970/kWh
2000

1000 TDL = Rp 600/kWh

0
Jan-05 Mar-05 Okt-05 Sep-06

Ch. 47 - 109
 PLN Revenue vs Cost Gap (2006)
Rata-Rata PLN 971
Dist.Jabar 748
Dist.Jateng 767
Dist.Jatim 775
Dist.Jaya 788
Bali 821 Rekening Rata-Rata vs BPP (Rp/kWh)
Sulselra 896
Sumut 955
Lampung 1,071
Sumbar 1,079
S2JB 1,121
Kalselteng 1,204
Suluttenggo 1,353
Kaltim 1,433
NAD 1,469
Riau 1,766
Kalbar 2,245
Papua 2,300
NTB 2,364
Babel 2,612
NTT 2,821
Maluku 3,080

- 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500

Ch. 47 - 110
Perkembangan Diversifikasi Energi PLN

Sebelum Krisis:
1980 porsi • Penjualan tetap tumbuh
listrik BBM • Pembangkit relatif tak
77% Pada 1993
porsi listrik bertambah
BBM 54% • Pertumbuhan dicover BBM

Pada 2005
Sebelum 1980: porsi listrik
• Sebagian besar listrik Pada 1997 Pada 2010
BBM naik
dari BBM porsi listrik porsi listrik
lagi: 30%
• PLTA sebagian kecil BBM 21% BBM 5%
• Belum ada PLTU saja
Batubara

1980 1993 1998 2005 2010

Inisiatif Diversifikasi 1980-an:
• Membangun PLTU Batubara
• Membangun PLTA besar
• Membangun PLTP Kamojang
Inisiatif Diversifikasi 1990-an:
• Membangun PLTU Batubara
• Membangun PLTGU gas
• Membangun beberapa PLTP
• Listrik swasta non BBM
Inisiatif Diversifikasi 2000-an:
• Membangun PLTU Batubara
• Membangun PLTGU Gas Alam
• Membangun PLTGU LNG
• Listrik swasta non BBM
• Konversi pembangkit BBM ke gas

Ch. 47 - 111
Program Diversifikasi PLN 2006 - 2015
 Panas bumi (PLTP) sebesar 400 MW yang tersebar di
beberapa lokasi,

 Program repowering PLTU Muarakarang 3 x 100 MW menjadi

PLTGU 740 MW, extention PLTGU Priok 740 MW,
pembangunan PLTGU Muaratawar blok-5 sebesar 225 MW,
dimana pendanaannya diperoleh dari JBIC,

 Pembangunan PLTGU 5x740 MW berbahan bakar LNG di

Bojanegara, Banten.

 Pump storage Upper Cisokan 4x250 MW

 PLTU Batubara dari skala besar di sistem Jawa-Bali hingga

kelas menengah dan kecil tersebar dibeberapa lokasi.

Ch. 47 - 112
Rencana Sistem Ketenagalistrikan s/d 2016

 Pembangkitan
 Rencana kapasitas terpasang 2010 - 36.222 MW
 26.086 MW Jawa Bali
 10.136 MW Luar Jawa
 Proyeksi pangsa energi pembangkit BBM - 5%
 Penyaluran
 Interkoneksi Sistem Sumatera – 2009
 Interkoneksi Sistem Jawa - Sumatera – 2010
 Interkoneksi Sistem Kalimantan Selatan – Tengah - Timur
2008
 Isolated system akan berkurang dengan mengalihkan pusat
beban ke grid antara lain Meulaboh, Takengon, Tembilahan,
Rengat, Gorontalo, Bontang, dll.
 Pelayanan
 Target rasio elektrifikasi sekitar 70% dan rasio desa
berlistrik sekitar 90% dengan 44 juta pelanggan

Ch. 47 - 113
Kebijakan Perencanaan Ketenagalistrikan

 Reserve Margin 30% dari beban puncak bruto atau 35-

40% dari beban puncak netto

 Dalam operasi pembangkitan terdapat cadangan yang

melebihi kapasitas unit terbesar, atau memenuhi
sekuritas N-1

 Kriteria keandalan sistem adalah LOLP [Loss of Load

Probability] untuk Jawa Bali: 1 hari pertahun

 Simulasi aliran daya memenuhi regulasi pengaturan

tegangan dan kapasitas hubung singkat peralatan

 Sistem masih stabil untuk berbagai kondisi operasi

pembangkitan [dalam keadaan ekstrim]

Ch. 47 - 114
Tambahan Kapasitas Pembangkit

Uraian 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 Jumlah

Luar Jawa
PLTA (AIR) 292 120 49 180 641
PLTD (HSD) 20 79 8 10 116
PLTG (HSD) 80 338 173 279 35 905
PLTGU (GAS) 190 150 4 161 505
PLTM (AIR) 8 39 2 5 54
PLTP (PANAS BUMI) 26 30 5 250 311
PLTU (B BARA) 180 100 1,528 1,393 864 4,065
Sub-jumlah 552 803 2,047 1,691 1,505 6,597
Jawa - Bali
PLTG (HSD) 0 0 0 0 0
PLTGU (GAS) 740 50 0 0 0 790
PLTP (PANAS BUMI) 0 110 0 170 190 470
PLTU (B BARA) 1,920 0 0 3,430 2,960 8,310
Sub-jumlah 2,660 160 0 3,600 3,150 9,570
Jumlah 3,212 963 2,047 5,291 4,655 16,167

Ch. 47 - 115
Kebutuhan Investasi Pembangkit PLN

(Juta USD)

Sistem 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Jumlah

Skenario Normal
Jawa-Bali 0 0 0 3,420 2,993 6,413
Luar Jawa-Bali 59.9 669.5 505.9 692.4 1,928
Indonesia 0 60 670 3,926 3,685 8,341
Skenario Rendah
Jawa-Bali 0 0 0 2,565 2,993 5,558
Luar Jawa-Bali 59.9 669.5 505.9 692.4 1,928
Indonesia 0 60 670 3,071 3,685 7,486

Ch. 47 - 116
Pembangunan Pembangkit 10.000 MW

 Pemerintah menugaskan PLN melalui Perpres No.

71/2006 berupa Program percepatan pembangunan
pembangkit PLTU Batubara dengan kapasitas 10.000 MW
dengan tujuan antara lain :

 Mengatasi kemacetan investasi oleh sektor swasta

 Menurunkan Biaya Pokok Produksi (BPP)
 Diversifikasi energi primer.

 Total pengembangan 10 tahun mendatang yang

dilaksanakan oleh PLN + Listrik Swasta (IPP) mencapai
sekitar 25.000 MW.

Ch. 47 - 117
10,000 MW Power Plant Project Acceleration

ST Meulaboh Bidding Process

2x100 MW
ST Sibolga Baru Will be auctioned Total : 10.000 MW
B-Aceh 2x100 MW
ST Sulut Baru
ST Bengkalis 2x25 MW
2x7 MW
ST Pontianak ST Amurang Baru
ST Medan Baru Meda ST Selat Panjang 2x25 MW 2x25 MW ST Ternate Baru
2x100 MW n 2x5 MW 2x7 MW
Tarakan
ST Singkawang
ST Tanjung 2x50 MW ST Jayapura Baru
Balai Karimun Minahasa 2x10 MW
Baru 2x7 MW ST Sampit Baru
ST Sumbar Pesisir 2x7 MW
Selatan 2x100 MW Gorontalo
Pontianak Kotamobagu
Padang Palu Sorong
ST Bangka Baru
2x25 MW

ST Air Anyer Bangka Mahaka Serui

m Ambon
2x10 MW
Bengkulu Jayapur
ST Mantung Banjarmasin a
2x10 MW ST Palangkaraya
Sumsel- 2x65 MW ST Gorontalo Baru
ST Belitung Baru Lampung 2x25 MW
2x15 MW ST Indramayu ST Asam-asam
2x300 MW ST Kendari
ST Tarahan Baru 2x65 MW
2x10 MW
2x100 MW ST Ambon Baru
ST Awar-Awar 2x7 MW
ST Suralaya Baru 2x300 MW ST Bone
ST Labuan 2x50 MW
2x660 MW 1x300 MW
Kupan ST Timika
ST Teluk Naga g 2x7 MW
2x300 MW ST Rembang Sumbaw
2x300 MW Bima
ST Pel Ratu a
1x300 MW
ST Pacitan ST Lombok
2x300 MW Baru 2x25 MW
ST Tj Jati Baru
1x600 MW ST Kupang Baru
ST Paiton Baru ST Bima
ST Ende 2x15 MW
2x660 MW 2x7 MW
2x7 MW

Ch. 47 - 118
 40 New IPP Projects
Private Partnership Program & Direct Appointment
B-Aceh ST Rancong (2x12 MW) Capacity Total : 1790 MW
ST Embalut (2x25 MW)
ST Ternate (2x7 MW)
Medan ST Tnh Grogot (2x7 MW)
ST Rengat (2x7 MW) Tarakan

Tembilahan (2x7 MW) ST Tawaeli (2x7 MW)

Minahasa
ST Kotabaru (2x3 MW)
ST Labuan (2x10 MW)
ST Pontianak (2x25 MW)
Singkawang Gorontalo Kotamobagu
ST Riau (2x7ST
MW)
Ketapang (2x7 MW)
Pontianak ST Gorontalo (2x7 MW)
Padang Palu Sorong
ST Minemouth (2x65 MW)
ST Tanjung Pinang (2x10 MW) ST Jayapura (2x10 MW)
ST Palu (2x10 MW)
Mahakam
ST Minemouth (2x100 MW) ST Minemouth (2x25 MW) Serui
Bangka
ST Bangka (2x10
KetapangMW)
Banjar ST Kendari (2x10 MW)ST Ternate (2x10 MW) Jayapur
ST Minemouth (2x100 MW) ST Belitung (2x10 MW)
Bengkulu
a
Ambo
ST
n Ambon (2x10 MW)
ST Minemouth (2x100 MW) STSumsel-Lampung
Tanjung Balai (2x7 MW)
ST P-Bun (2x7 MW)
Ambon, 2 x 7 MW
ST Sampit (2x7 MW)
GT Kramasan (2x50 MW)
ST Lakatong (3x20 MW)
ST Lampung Tengah (2x6 MW)
ST Kupang (2x10 MW) ST Bau-bau (2x7 MW)
ST Kalianda (2x6 MW) Kupang
PLTMG Sorong (2x5 MW)
ST Bima (2x7 MW)
Bima
ST Lombok (2x25 MW) Sumbaw
a

ST Celukan Bawang (3x130 MW)

Ch. 47 - 119
8 Infrastructure Summit Projects

B-Aceh Capacity Total : 3670 MW

ST Sumut (2x100 MW)
Medan
Tarakan

Minahasa

Singkawang Gorontalo Kotamobagu

Pontianak
Padang ST Kaltim (2x60 MW) Palu Sorong

ST Sulut (2x25 MW)

Bangka Mahakam Serui

Banjar Jayapur
Bengkulu Ketapang
Ambo a
n
Sumsel-Lampung

Kupang
Cirebon (1x600 MW)
Sumbaw
Jawa Tengah (2x600 MW) Bima a

Pasuruan (1x500 MW)

Paiton 3&4 (2x400 MW) ST Bali (2x100 MW)

Ch. 47 - 120
 PLN Power Plant Project
GEO Seulawah (2x55 MW)
ST Parit Baru (2x50 MW)
Capacoty Total : 7809 MW
B-Aceh

ST Labuhan Angin (2x100 MW)

ST Asam-asam (2x65 MW)
Medan
Tarakan
GEO Lahendong (2x20 MW)
Minahasa

Singkawang Gorontalo Kotamobagu

Pontianak
Padang Palu Sorong

Bangka Mahakam Serui

ST Meulaboh (2x65 MW) Ketapang
Banjar Jayapura
Bengkulu
Ambon
Sumsel-Lampung ST Rembang (2x300 MW)

ST Labuan (2x300 MW)

ST Jeneponto (2x100 MW)

Kupang
ST Suralaya Baru (2x660 MW)
Sumbawa
Bima

ST Teluk Naga (3x300 MW)

ST Marunda (2x660 MW)

ST Jatim Selatan (2x300 MW)
ST Jabar Selatan (2x300 MW)
GEO Kamojang (1x60 MW)

Ch. 47 - 121
Kebutuhan Investasi Tenaga Listrik Indonesia

(Juta USD)

Sektor Nilai

Pembangkit 7.486

Transmisi 3.159

Gardu Induk 1.766

Distribusi 2.404

Jumlah 14.815

Ch. 47 - 122
Power Development in Indonesia
 Current Status
 Electrification ratio lower than 60%
 Total capacity 25 thousand MW
 High dependency on oil
 Limited government budget

 Future plans up to 2009/2010

 Add 14.5 thousand MW (60% of existing capacity)

 Accelerated PLN program 10 thousand MW

 IPP program 2,325 MW

 IPP small, medium and crisis program 1,372 MW

 Re-powering program 900 MW

 Total investment incl. transmission and distribution

Rp. 225 trillion

Ch. 47 - 123
 Major Power Plant & Electricity Grid
THAILAN LAOS
D
Manila
Bangkok
CAMBODIA Philipines Existing Transmission
Ban Mabtapud
Phnom VIETNAM South Planned Transmission
Penh Power Plant
Ho Chi
China
Minh
Khanon Erawa City
n Sea
Songkhl Bangkot
a
Law
Jerneh

Banda Aceh
Lhokseumawe
it
Gunton Kota Total Capacity
Penang BRUNEI Kinibalu
g West Natun Alp
WEST Kerte Duyong
Natuna a ha Bandara Seri 25,000 MW
Mogpu
MALAY h Begawan
SIA
Kuala Bin
Port
Medan Klang
Port
Lumpur EASTtul
Dickson
u
MALAYSIA Pacific Ocean
Dumai Manado
SINGAPORE Kuch
Bontang Ternate HALMAHERA
Batam ing
Duri KALIMANTAN
Bintan Sorong
Attaka
Samarinda
Padang Total Balikpapa
Tun
Bekapai
u Jayapura
Jambi Kalimantan n SULAWESI
Total Sumatera 800 MW Banjarmasin
Griss
ik
Palembang Total Sulawesi IRIAN JAYA
3,200 MW BURU SERAM
650 MW
Ujung
Jakarta Pandang
Surabaya MADURA
Semarang
JAVA Bangkalan I Pagerungan
N D O N E S I A Merauke
BALI SUMBAWA FLORES
Total Java-Bali LOMBOK
18,500 MW Indian TIMOR
SUMBA
Ocean AUSTRALIA

Ch. 47 - 124
Electricity Reform in Indonesia
 1990s: electricity reform had been initiated (IPP).
 1998:
 Reform direction adjusted:
 Distinction of policy maker/regulator and players (including SOE)
 Accommodate requirements for economic bailout (unbundling, divest
major share of SOE, multi buyer-multi seller, time line).
 Electricity Law 20/2002 reflected this structure.
 2004: Constitutional Court annulled Law 20/2002
 Electricity should be perceived as infrastructure for the national economic
development. The State should regulate, facilitate & operate electricity
provision to be able to exercise control over the sector.
 Private participation & competition shall be within the above context
 Legal base is reverted back to Law 15/1985
 2005:
 Interim measures to overcome inconsistency: Government Decree 3/2005,
Ministerial Decree 9/2005 and 10/2005 (regional autonomy, rural
electrification development & RE, corporatization of PLN)
 Closed process of preparing the draft of new law

Ch. 47 - 125
The World of Energy
Chapter 47 – Indonesia Energy Overview

47.9. Coal Bed Methane (CBM)

Ch. 47 - 126
Indonesia Coal Bed Methane (CBM)

 Coal Bed Methane contains gas methane (CH4) trapped in layers of coal

 Indonesia has mammoth reserve of CBM especially in the following regions

 East Kalimantan Reserves = approximately 270 TCF
 South Sumatra Reserves = approximately 180 TCF.

 With the latest technology approximately 10% - 20% coal can be extracted as
CBM

 The amount of CBM that be produced from the Kalimantan and South Sumatra
basins reaches 18.2 – 37.2 TCF with high CH4 composition of 94%-97%. CBM
is an alternative gas source that can be carried from East Kalimantan and
South Sumatra to Western part of Java. High CH4 has made CBM as the best
alternative energy that is environmental friendly

 PGN plans to develop CBM both in East Kalimantan and South Sumatra
collaborating with the local regencies and mining operators

 CBM in South & Central Sumatra will be developed by PGN along the SSWJ
Pipeline

 PGN has signed MoU with Musi Rawas & Banyuasin Local Government followed
by Muara Enim local government Mou signing shortly.

 PGN planned to develop MoU with Central Kalimantan Local Government

Ch. 47 - 127
13
CBM Basin Access to Java Market

 Three of the Eleven

Identified CBM
Basin will be able
to access Java
Markets

 Coverage include
185 Tcf of the 480
Tcf CBM potential

 Two of the Three

Highest Grade
Basin will have
access

Ch. 47 - 128
Coal Bed Methane Potential
Basin Prospective CBM
 CBM potentials are Area (km2) Resources
scattered around (TCF)
KALIMANTAN
Sumatra, Kalimantan,
Barito 15,000 75
Java, and Sulawesi
Berau 2,000 10
Kura 10,000 50
 Total indicated potential North Tarakan 6,500 20
is approximately 336 Pasir 1,000 3
TCF SUMATRA
Central Sumatra 15,000 50
South Sumatra 20,000 120
Source: Coal Report Indonesia 2000 Bengkulu 3,000 5
US Embassy, Jakarta, 2000 JAVA
Jatibarang 500 1
SULAWESI
Sengkang 1,000 2
TOTAL 74,000 336

Ch. 47 - 129
The World of Energy
Chapter 47 – Indonesia Energy Overview

47.10. Biofuels

Ch. 47 - 130
Biofuel as Subtitutes of Indonesia Fossil Fuel Use

2002 2009
Consumption of gasoline 15 21
(million kilo liters)
Bio ethanol needed - 420.000
(kilo liters)
Diesel oil consumption 26 36
(million kilo liters)
Bio diesel needed to be - 720.000
produced (kilo liters)
Consumption of 5.7 7.5
combustion fuel (mill.kl lt)
Bio-oil needed to be - 423.000
produced (kilo liters)

Ch. 47 - 131
Economics of Bioethanol

YEAR Indonesia Gasoline Bioethanol as Gasoline

Consumption Substitute
Volume * Value ** Volume Value***
(mill.Kl) (bill. Rp) (mill. KL) (bill Rp)
2005 16,05 46.064 0,05 143,5

2006 17,17 49.278 0,05 143,5

2007 18,37 52.722 0,09 258,3

2008 19,66 56.424 0,19 545,3

2009 21 60.270 0,42 1.205,4

*) Assumed rate of consumption : 7% per year

**) Based on fixed Premium priced in the first quarter of 2005 : Rp. 2870,-/liter
***)Value of Imported processed oil substituted by Bio ethanol

Ch. 47 - 132
Macroeconomics Benefit of Gasohol E-10

 A hectares of cassava plantation could produce

approximately 4.7 kilolitres of bioethanol.

 Each hectare of plantation generate 7

employment opportunities.

 Could avoid 4.7 kilolitres of imported gasoline,

and save about US$ 1,410 (assumption : price
of imported premium gasoline is 30 cents US
dollars per litre)

Ch. 47 - 133
Gasohol E-10 Competitiveness
 Bioetanol fuel grade price (without tax) : Rp 4.000,-/L
 Gasohol E-10 price per liter : (0,9 x Rp 2.400) + (0,1 x Rp 4.000) = Rp 2.560,-
[Rp 160,- higher than subsidized premium price]
 The price difference would be accepted by community due to the increasing of engine
performance (Gasohol E-10 octane number  91), and the significant decrease of CO
emission)
 Gasohol E-10 engine performance is equal to Pertamax and is much better than
Premium

Emission Test Result

Parameter Premium Gasohol E-10 Pertamax

CO (gr/km) 5.00 3.10 5.77

THC (gr/km) 0.38 0.33 0.40

Note : Idle Engine Test
Nox (gr/km 1.28 2.04 2.00

Fuel Gasohol Gasohol Premium Pertamax

E-10 E-20
Power (kW) 41,23 42,52 30,97 40,09

Force (N) 1856,1 1913,3 1393,8 1804

Fuel Consumption (L/Hr) 30,39 31,24 31,03 27,38

Ch. 47 - 134
SORGHUM
As Wheat Substitutes and Bio-ethanol Raw Material

Suitable for marginal land planting

Ch. 47 - 135
Jatropha Curcas (Jarak pagar)

• Harvesting period of Jatropha Curcas is

only 6 to 8 months.

• Every 12,5 tons could produce bio-oil of

approximately 1,900 liters.

• 3 millions Ha plantation of approximately

7,5 billions Jatropha could produce
92,000 barrel per day, or equivalent to
20% of national diesel oil consumption of
460.000 barrel per day.

Ch. 47 - 136
Analisa Harga Biji Jarak

 1 Kg biji jarak pagar = 0,18 Kg biodiesel = 0,22 liter

0,75 Kg ampas
0,07 Kg gliserol
Jika harga biodiesel sama dengan harga solar bersubsidi = Rp.
4200,/ liter maka 0,22 liter x 4200 =
924
0,75 Kg ampas x 500 = 375
0,07 Kg gliserin x 7500 = 525
=1824

 Biaya prosessing = 0,18 Kg x 3.300 = 594

 Harga 1 Kg biji jarak 1000 = 1000
1594
Keuntungan perusahaan = 40.230 = 14 %

Ch. 47 - 137
Indonesia Biomass Potential

Million Tonnes

* 13.5 * 22.6 * 53.2 * 16.6

** 0.90 ** 0.12 ** 0.07 ** 2.2
* 38.6
** 0.02

* 44.4 * 4.7
** 7.6 ** 0.68

Other Islands:
* 12.6
* 12.6
** 15.8
** 15.8

* : Forest Biomass Source: Forest Dept. 2000

** : Agriculture Waste

Ch. 47 - 138
Pola Pengembangan Energi Biofuel

 Menurunnya tingkat pengangguran melalui penciptaan

lapangan kerja baru
 Menurunnya angka kemiskinan melalui peningkatan
pendapatan petani
 Menurunnya subsidi BBM melalui substitusi BBN (Biofuel)
sebesar 10%
 Menurunkan jumlah impor BBM
 Pemanfaatan lahan terlantar dan lahan potensial lainnya
 Meningkatnya kandungan lokal untuk barang modal
 Meningkatnya peran dunia usaha (BUMN dan swasta) dalam
pembangunan ekonomi khususnya melalui pengembangan
program Biofuel
 Meningkatnya peran pemda dalam mendayagunakan
potensi lokal

Ch. 47 - 139
Sasaran Pengembangan Biofuel
 Terciptanya lapangan kerja sebesar 3.6 jt sampai
dengan 2010
 Menurunnya angka kemiskinan sebesar (16%) sampai
dengan 2010
 Berkurangnya subsidi Premium-Kerosene-Solar Rp. 9
trilyun
 Berkurangnya Impor BBM senilai $ 4,96 milyar
 Mengurangi lahan terlantar sampai dengan 5 juta
ha.

Ch. 47 - 140
Lahan Potensial Bahan Baku Biofuel
 Produksi & Pemanfaatan CPO (2004)
 Luas lahan sawit: 5,379 juta hektar, produksi CPO = 13,6 juta ton
 Rata-rata per hektar = 4 ton/hektar
 Potensi menjadi Biodiesel & Bio-Oil (20% konsumsi Solar/Diesel)
 2,5 juta ton tanpa penambahan lahan.
 2,5 juta ton dengan menambah lahan sawit 0,625 juta hektar
 Tersedia: 7 sumber benih dengan kapasitas 147 juta benih (setara 700 ribu Ha
pertanaman)
 Sejak tahun 2000 telah dikeluarkan Ijin Usaha Perkebunan untuk 1,9 juta hektar.
 Penghematan devisa US$ 1,135 milyar/tahun
 Dana pengembangan: PBSN, PIRBUN/TRANS & KKPA

 Potensi Bio Ethanol (data 2005 & proyeksi 2006)

 Luas lahan tebu: 345,6 ribu hektar; Produksi Tetes Tebu: 1,25 juta ton (2005) dan 1,33
juta ton (2006 P)
 Produksi Ethanol: 336,6 juta liter (2005) dan 358,3 (2006 P).
 Dana pengembangan: PBSN, PIRBUN/TRANS, KKPA & KKP.
 Potensi menjadi Gasohol
 1,75 juta KL (E 10 atau 10% Ethanol) bila lahan bertambah 625 ribu hektar (statistik
produktivitas Ethanol 2,8 KL/hektar/tahun di Brasil)
 15 juta KL (85%) bila lahan tebu bertambah menjadi 5,4 juta hektar.

Ch. 47 - 141
Inovasi Ristek, Budidaya & Pemanfaatan

 IPB, RNI & PT PN XII, BPPT, Batan, Litbang Deptan

mengembangkan bibit unggul JarakPagar melalui
seleksi bibit, kultur jaringan, in-situ cloning serta
teknik radiasi. Beberapa buku diterbitkan tentang
Jatropha

 ITB, IPB, BPPT, BUMN (Rekin, Pindad), Swasta

(Pura Group, Toto, BGI) mengembangkan alat
untuk pengepresan Biji JarakPagar skala mikro &
kecil

 ITB mengembangkan Teknik Filtrasi Membran

untuk memurnikan Minyak Murni JarakPagar dan
Bio-Ethanol

 Kelompok Tani di Trans-AL Lampung

mengembangkan Bibit Unggul & Budidaya
SINGKONG Sambung dengan Produktivitas 80 s.d.
120 ton/hektar

 PT PN XI mengembangkan Bibit Tebu Unggul BULU

LAWANG dengan produktivitas 1500 kwintal/hektar
dan sudah ditanam di 8000 hektar

 BUMN Agro & Kehutanan, Swasta, Pemda &

POKMAS mengembangkan budidaya JarakPagar di
berbagai daerah.

Ch. 47 - 142
Inovasi Ristek, Budidaya & Pemanfaatan

 PERTAMINA menjual di SPBU produk

BIO-SOLAR, selanjutnya Bio-Ethanol

 PT PLN Lampung & BPPT

mengkonversi BBM dengan 50% RBD
Palm Oil menurunkan biaya Rp
300/kWh, berpotensi HEMAT Rp 7
trilyun

 PT PN VIII bersama PINDAD & BPPT

mengkonversi BBM dengan 100% R-
Palm Oil untuk pengeringan TEH,
berpotensi HEMAT Rp 50
milyar/tahun

 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC
mengujicoba mobil Mitsubishi dengan
100% Minyak Murni (BIO-OIL)
JarakPagar, kinerja kendaraan lebih
baik dibanding 100% SOLAR.

Ch. 47 - 143
 Roadmap & Milestone Biofuel Jarak Pagar

parameter unit 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Tenaga kerja langsung orang 20,000 190,500 363,000 543,000 730,500

Pendapatan (2 ha/petani) Rp juta /thn/org 1,4 2,4 6,6 8,9 10,0

Bio-Oil ton minyak 12,000 198,300 1,041,900 2,079,000 3,154,500

Produksi ton biji 40,000 661,000 3,473,000 6,930,000 10,515,000

Industri unit 11 181 952 1,899 2,881

Lahan hektar 40,000 381,000 726,000 1,086,000 1,461,000

Tenaga kerja tidak

orang 55 905 4,758 9,493 14,404
langsung

Bibit ribu batang 100,000 952,500 1,815,000 2,715,000 3,652,500

Investasi on farm Juta Rp 120,000 1,023,000 1,035,000 1,080,000 1,125,000

Investasi off farm Juta Rp 10,9 181,0 951,5 1,898 2,880

Sumber : Paparan Tim BUMN-Ristek/BPPT-ESDM-Deptan di Pertemuan Losari

Ch. 47 - 144
 Roadmap & Milestone Biofuel Sawit

parameter unit 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Tenaga kerja langsung orang 50,000 225,000 400,000 575,000 687,500

Rp/thn/oran
Pendapatan (2 ha/petani) g
2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000

R-Palm Oil ton minyak 0 0 0 440,000 1,364,000

Produksi ton biji 0 0 0 2,000,000 6,200,000

Industri unit 0 0 0 55 170

Lahan hektar 100,000 450,000 800,000 1,150,000 1,375,000

Tenaga kerja tidak orang 0 0 0 384 1,189

langsung

Bibit polibag 13,500,000 60,750,000 108,000,000 155,250,000 185,625,000

Investasi on farm juta Rp 2,500,000 11,250,000 20,000,000 28,750,000 34,375,000

Investasi off farm juta Rp - - - 1,369,863 4,246,575

Sumber : Paparan Tim BUMN-Ristek/BPPT-ESDM-Deptan di Pertemuan Losari

Ch. 47 - 145
Roadmap & Milestone Biofuel Singkong

parameter unit 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Tenaga kerja langsung orang 10,000 310,000 610,000 910,000 1,250,000

Pendapatan (2
ha/petani) Rp/thn/orang 2,000,000 15,000,000 15,000,000 15,000,000 15,000,000

Bioethanol ton minyak 0 3,162,000 6,222,000 9,282,000 12,750,000

Produksi ton biji 0 18,600,000 36,600,000 54,600,000 75,000,000

Industri unit 0 96 189 281 386

Lahan hektar 20,000 620,000 1,220,000 1,820,000 2,500,000

Tenaga kerja tidak

langsung orang 0 3,833 7,542 11,251 15,455

Bibit ton batang 160,000 4,960,000 9,760,000 14,560,000 20,000,000

Investasi on farm juta Rp 75,000 2,325,000 4,575,000 6,825,000 9,375,000

Investasi off farm juta Rp - 19,163,636 37,709,091 56,254,545 77,272,727

Sumber : Paparan Tim BUMN-Ristek/BPPT-ESDM-Deptan di Pertemuan Losari

Ch. 47 - 146
 Roadmap & Milestone Biofuel Tebu

parameter unit 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Tenaga kerja langsung orang 25,000 100,000 250,000 500,000 800,000

Pendapatan (1 ha/petani) juta Rp

-
18,720,000 18,720,000 18,720,000 18,720,000

Bio-Ethanol ton Bio-Ethanol 0 960,000 2,400,000 4,800,000 7,680,000

Produksi ton biji 0 8,000,000 20,000,000 40,000,000 64,000,000

Industri unit 0 29 73 145 233

Lahan hektar 25,000 100,000 250,000 500,000 800,000

Tenaga kerja tidak

orang 0 1,455 3,636 7,273 11,636
langsung

Bibit ton batang 200,000 800,000 2,000,000 4,000,000 6,400,000

Investasi on farm juta Rp 250,000 1,000,000 2,500,000 5,000,000 8,000,000

Investasi off farm juta Rp 0 5,818,182 14,545,455 29,090,909 46,545,455

Sumber : Paparan Tim BUMN-Ristek/BPPT-ESDM-Deptan di Pertemuan Losari

Ch. 47 - 147
Landasan Hukum Pengembangan Biofuel

 Undang-undang No. 22 tahun 2001 tentang Minyak dan

Gas Bumi

 Peraturan Pemerintah No. 36 tahun 2004 tentang

Kegiatan Usaha Hilir Minyak Bumi

 Peraturan Presiden No. 5 tahun 2006 tentang Kebijakan

Energi Nasional

 Permen ESDM No. 0048 tahun 2005 tentang Standar dan

Mutu (Spesifikasi) serta Pengawasan Bahan Bakar
Minyak, Bahan Bakar Gas, Bahan Bakar Lain, LPG, LNG
dan Hasil Olahan yang Dipasarkan di Dalam Negeri

 Inpres No. 1 tahun 2006 tentang Penyediaan dan

Pemanfaatan Bahan Bakar Nabati (Biofuel) sebagai
Bahan Bakar Lain.

Ch. 47 - 148
Landasan Hukum Pengembangan Biofuel

 Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral No.

0007 tahun 2005 tentang Persyaratan dan Pedoman
Pelaksanaan Izin Usaha dalam kegiatan Usaha Hilir
Minyak dan Gas Bumi

 Keputusan Ketua BSN No. 73/KEP/BSN/2/2006 tanggal

22 Februari 2006

 Keputusan Direktur Jenderal Minyak dan Gas Bumi No.

3675 K/24/DJM/2006 tanggal 17 Maret 2006 tentang
spesifikasi BBM jenis SOLAR

 Keputusan Direktur Jenderal Minyak dan Gas Bumi no.

3674 K/24/DJM/2006 tanggal 17 Maret 2006 tentang
spesifikasi BBM jenis BENSIN.

Ch. 47 - 149
 Fast Track Biofuel Development
Energy Self Sufficient
Village SHORT RUN LONG RUN

Create Job
Each Region
Fast Track Developing its Bio-
energy Potential Energy
Poverty
Alleviation
SPECIAL BIOFUEL
ZONE

On time Schedule

Explicit Investment
Employment Ratio
Infrastructure

Demplot

Ch. 47 - 150
Potensi Substitusi BBM Berdasarkan Produksi Biofuel Saat Ini

Premium
Tahun (Juta KL) BIOETANOL
BBM Bioetanol Total
Target Bioetanol untuk
2005 16.036 0.000 16.036
Transportasi 10% pada
2006 17.074 0.005 17.080 tahun 2010
2007 17.437 0.022 17.460
2008 17.702 0.100 17.809
2009 17.184 0.980 18.165
2010 16.675 1.850 18.529

Kerosene (Rumah Tangga) Listrik

Tahun (Juta KL) (Juta KL) BIOOIL
BBM (Kerosene) Biooil Total BBM (Solar) Biooil Total
2005 10.500 0.000 10.500 7.120 0.000 7.120 Target substitusi Biooil
2006 10.000 0.000 10.000 6.967 0.367 7.334 untuk Rumah Tangga 10%
2007 8.550 0.950 9.500 5.926 1.481 7.407 pada tahun 2008
2008 8.721 0.969 9.690 3.741 3.741 7.481 Target substitusi Biooil
2009 8.895 0.988 9.884 3.778 3.778 7.556 untuk Listrik 50% pada
2010 9.073 1.008 10.081 3.816 3.816 7.631
tahun 2008
Minyak Solar (Juta KL)
Tahun Transportasi
BBM Biodiesel TOTAL BIODIESEL
2005 11.791 0.000 11.791
2006 14.411 0.087 14.498 Target Biodiesel untuk
2007 12.669 0.167 12.836 Transportasi 10% pada
2008 13.100 0.377 13.478
tahun 2010
2009 12.949 1.203 14.152
2010 13.522 1.337 14.859

Ch. 47 - 151
 Kebutuhan Bioetanol Untuk Substitusi BBM Premium

Juta KL Premium Juta KL Bioetanol

20.0 5.0
18.0 4.5

16.0 4.0
14.0 3.5

12.0 3.0
10.0 2.5
8.0 2.0

6.0 1.5
4.0 1.0

2.0 0.5
0.0 0.0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Tahun
Peluang Supply Bioetanol
(Juta KL)
Tahun 5% 10% Premium-BAU
2006 0.849 1.703 Premium (stlh Substitusi)
Bioetanol-BAU
2007 0.850 1.723 Bioetanol-5%
2008 0.784 1.674 Bioetanol-10%
2009 0.000 0.836
2010 0.000 0.000

Ch. 47 - 152
 Kebutuhan Biooil Untuk Substitusi BBM Minyak Tanah
Juta KL Kerosene Juta KL Biooil
20.0 5.0

17.5 4.5
4.0
15.0
3.5
12.5 3.0
10.0 2.5

7.5 2.0
1.5
5.0
1.0
2.5
0.5
0.0 0.0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Tahun
Peluang Supply Biooil Kerosene-BAU
(Juta KL) Kerosene (stlh Substitusi)
Tahun 5% 10%
2006 -0.118 0.383
Biooil-BAU
2007 -0.475 0.000
2008 -0.485 0.000 Biooil-5%
2009 -0.494 0.000 Biooil -10%
2010 -0.504 0.000

Ch. 47 - 153
Kebutuhan Biooil Untuk Substitusi Solar Listrik

Juta KL Solar
10.000

9.000

8.000

7.000

6.000

5.000

4.000

3.000

2.000

1.000

0.000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Peluang Supply Biooil (Juta KL)
Solar-BAU Tahun
Solar (stlh Substitusi) Tahun 10% 20% 50%
2006 0.367 1.100 3.300
Biooil-BAU 2007 -0.741 0.000 2.222
Biooil-10% 2008 -2.992 -2.244 0.000
Biooil-20% 2009 -3.022 -2.267 0.000
Biooil-50% 2010 -3.053 -2.289 0.000

Ch. 47 - 154
Kebutuhan Biodiesel Untuk Substitusi Solar Transportasi

Juta KL Solar Juta KL Biodiesel

20.0 5.0

18.0
16.0 4.0

14.0
12.0 3.0

10.0

8.0 2.0
6.0

4.0 1.0
2.0

0.0 0.0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Tahun Peluang Supply Biodiesel (Juta KL)
Solar-BAU Tahun 5% 10%
Solar (stlh Substitusi) 2006 0.638 1.363
2007 0.475 1.117
Biodiesel-BAU
2008 0.297 0.971
Biodiesel-5% 2009 -0.495 0.212
Biodiesel-10% 2010 -0.594 0.149

Ch. 47 - 155
Kebutuhan Total Biooil (Rumah Tangga & Listrik)

Juta KL
6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Biooil RT-BAU tahun Peluang Supply Biooil (Juta KL)
Biooil LISTRIK-BAU
Total Biooil BAU Tahun 10% RT 50% LISTRIK
2006 0.383 3.300
10%-RT
2007 0.000 2.222
50%-LISTRIK
2008 0.000 0.000
(50+10) %
2009 0.000 0.000
2010 0.000 0.000

Ch. 47 - 156
Kebutuhan Solar Untuk Transportasi & Listrik
Pasca Substitusi Biofuel

25.0

20.0

15.0
Juta KL

10.0

5.0

0.0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
SOLAR-LISTRIK TOTAL SOLAR -
Tahun Tahun
TOTAL SOLAR
yang disubstitusi
SOLAR-TRANSPORTASI BAU (Juta KL)
(Juta KL)
TOTAL SOLAR-BAU
2005 18.911
BIOOIL-LISTRIK 2006 21.832 0.454
BIODIESEL-TRANSPORTASI 2007 20.243 1.648
TOTAL SOLAR (yang disubstitusi) 2008 20.959 4.118
2009 21.708 4.981
TOTAL SOLAR (setelah substitusi) 2010 22.491 5.153

Ch. 47 - 157
Pengembangan Biofuel
 Pengurangan Volume Pemakaian BBM
 Fokus BBM bersubsidi: P (premium), K (kerosin), S (solar)
 Terbuka kemungkinan untuk BBM di luar PKS, yaitu Minyak
Diesel dan Minyak Bakar.

Biofuel
*)

Untuk substitusi
BBM -bersubsidi Untuk substitusi
BBM Non-Subsidi

 Volume Premium bersubsidi tahun 2006: 17.1 JUTA KL

 Volume Kerosene bersubsidi tahun 2006: 10.0 JUTA KL
 Volume Solar bersubsidi tahun 2006: 14.5 JUTA KL

*) Upaya penurunan BBM bersubsidi sesuai INPRES No. 01/2006

Ch. 47 - 158
Kebijakan & Perundangan Biofuel
HULU HILIR
Kebijakan Energi Nasional tahun 2003
Peraturan Presiden RI No. 5 tahun 2006 tentang Kebijakan Energi Nasional
Instruksi Presiden No. 1 tahun 2006 tentang Penyediaan dan Pemanfaatan Bahan Bakar
Nabati (Biofuel) sebagai Bahan Bakar Lain
UU No. 22 Tahun 2001 tentang Minyak dan Gas Bumi

Kebijakan DEPARTEMEN TERKAIT

PP HILIR No.36 Tahun 2004 tentang Kegiatan Usaha Hilir
Migas
Peraturan Menteri ESDM tentang Tata Niaga Biofuel

Peraturan Presiden RI No.67 tahun 2005 tentang Kerja sama Pemerintah dengan Badan
Usaha dalam Penyediaan Infrastruktur
Rancangan Usulan Insentif Pengusahaan Biofuel (Tax Holiday 10 tahun, Green Energy Fund,
pengurangan PBBKB)

HULU HILIR
SNI Biodiesel No. 04-7182-2006
RSNI Bioetanol, sementara mengacu ASTM D-4806

Regulasi Keputusan Dirjen Migas No.3674K/24/DJM/2006, Standar dan

Mutu (Spesifikasi) BBM Jenis Bensin yang dipasarkan di
DEPARTEMEN dalam Negeri (diperbolehkannya penggunaan Etanol
TERKAIT maksimum 10% volume)
Keputusan Dirjen Migas No.3675K/24/DJM/2006, Standar dan
Mutu (Spesifikasi) BBM jenis Minyak Solar yang dipasarkan
di dalam Negeri (diperbolehkannya penggunaan Biodiesel
maksimum 10% volume)
Ch. 47 - 159
 Kebijakan & Perundangan Biofuel
HULU HILIR
PP No.67 tahun 2002 tentang Badan Pengatur
Penyediaan dan Pendistribusian BBM dan Kegiatan
Usaha Pengangkutan Gas Bumi melalui Pipa
Pembinaan/
Pengawasan Peraturan Menteri ESDM No.007 Tahun 2005 tentang
Persyaratan dan Pedoman Pelaksanaan Ijin Usaha
dalam kegiatan usaha Hilir Migas
DEPARTEMEN TERKAIT
Peraturan Menteri ESDM No. 0048 Tahun 2005 tentang
Standar dan Mutu (Spesifikasi) serta Pengawasan
Bahan Bakar Minyak, Bahan Bakar Gas, Bahan Bakar
Lain, LPG, LNG, dan Hasil Olahan yang Dipasarkan di
Dalam Negeri

Peraturan BPHMIGAS No.07 tahun 2005 tentang

Penyediaan dan Pendistribusian BBM

Ch. 47 - 160
Pemanfaatan Biofuel
Jenis Penggunaan Sektor Pengguna Bahan baku

Biodiesel Pengganti solar Transportasi 10% Kelapa sawit dan jarak

(R&D s.d. 30%) pagar
Pembangkit Listrik
50% (R&D s.d.
100%)
Bioethanol Pengganti Transportasi 10% Tebu dan singkong
bensin
Biooil
- Biokerosin - Pengganti Rumah tangga Minyak nabati (straight
minyak tanah 10% (R&D s.d. vegetable oil),
20%)
- Biooil - Pengganti
solar Transportasi 10%
(R&D 15%)
- Pengganti Transportasi laut
Minyak diesel 10% (R&D
s.d.100%)
- Biooil Pembangkit Listrik
- Pengganti 10-50%
minyak bakar Industri 50%
(R&D s.d.100%)

Ch. 47 - 161
Target Pemanfaatan Biofuel di Sektor Pengguna

PENYEDIAAN TARGET PEMANFAATAN s.d. 2010 SEKTOR PENGGUNA

B-10 TRANSPORTASI

BADAN
USAHA E-10 TRANSPORTASI
BBM

KILANG O-10 RUMAHTANGGA

BAHAN BAKU BIOFUEL
O-50 PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK

*
BADAN
) USAHA BBN O-100 PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK

*) Tidak termasuk dalam pembahasan untuk target 2010

Ch. 47 - 162
The World of Energy
Chapter 47 – Indonesia Energy Overview

47.11. Biodiesel

Ch. 47 - 163
Biodiesel
Bahan bakar mesin diesel yang berupa ester metil/etil asam lemak
Cara pembuatan paling umum: metanolisis/etanolisis lemak atau
minyak lemak
Ester Metil/ Etil
Katalis
Lemak/ Minyak Methanol asam-asam
Lemak + (Ethanol) 25 – 80 oC lemak + Gliserin
(Biodiesel)

 Metanol & etanol dapat

dibuat dari gas bumi
 Minyak Sawit maupun biomassa
 Minyak Kelapa
 Minyak Inti Sawit  Teknologi produksi
 Minyak Kacang-suuk mudah dikembangkan
 Lemak Ternak dan dikuasai tenaga
 Minyak Jarak Pagar dalam negeri
 Minyak Nyamplung Khasanah
 Minyak Kelor kekayaan  Gliserin maupun produk
samping yang
 Minyak Kesambi hayati berpermintaan pasar
 Minyak Saga Utan/Pohon Nusantara besar
 Minyak Nimba
 Lemak Rambutan  Dimasa depan Gliserin
 Minyak Kapuk/Randu dapat juga
 Minyak Randu Alas dikonversi/difermentasi
menjadi etanol
 DLL

Ch. 47 - 164
Bahan Mentah untuk Biodiesel di Indonesia

 Berdasarkan ketersediaan masa kini : Minyak Sawit

 Tetapi, minyak sawit adalah minyak pangan (edible oil)

 Kestabilan penyediaan biodiesel bisa terganggu jika kebutuhan
minyak pangan melonjak
 Harga minyak sawit sangat ditentukan oleh permintaan dari
sektor pangan dan umumnya lebih tinggi daripada solar
(sekalipun subsidi BBM dihapus)

 Perlu alternatif bahan mentah untuk back-up, sebaiknya

minyak non-pangan (non-edible oil/fat)

 Alternatif bahan mentah paling potensial: minyak jarak pagar

(jarak kosta, physic nut, purging nut, Jatropha curcas)
 Minyak-lemak non-pangan
 Dapat hidup di lahan kering
 Dikenal sebagai tanaman pencegah erosi di lahan kritis
 Di Indonesia ada 39 juta hektar lahan kritis

Ch. 47 - 165
Alternatif bahan mentah paling potensial

 Minyak jarak pagar (jarak kosta, physic nut,

purging nut, Jatropha curcas)

 Minyak-lemak non-pangan
 Dapat hidup di lahan kering, dikenal sebagai
tanaman pencegah erosi di lahan kritis. (Di
Indonesia ada 39 juta hektar lahan kritis).

Ch. 47 - 166
 Biofuel untuk Substitusi BBM (2010)

BBM

BBM TRANSPORTASI SOLAR LISTRIK MINYAK TANAH

(31,7 Jt KL) (7,6 JtKL) (10 JtKL)

3,8 Jt KL 1 Jt KL
PREMIUM SOLAR
(18,529 Jt kl) (12,4 Jt KL)

4,8 JtKL
1,24 Jt KL
1,85 Jt KL
BIODIESEL BIO OIL
BIOETANOL

BAHAN
BAKU

UBI KAYU TETES TEBU KELAPA SAWIT JARAK PAGAR

11 juta ton 600 ribu ton

Ch. 47 - 167
Emisi Biodiesel
Emisi B20 B100

Karbon - 12 % - 47 %
monoksida
(CO)

Hidrokarbon - 20 % - 67 %
(HC)
Partikulat - 12 % - 48 %
Plant Biodiesel kapasitas 8
(SPM)
ton/hari
Emisi NOx dari biodiesel Indonesia
(berbahan baku minyak sawit, kelapa, dan Emisi B20 B100
jarak) lebih rendah daripada solar Karbon monoksida - 12 % - 47 %
(CO)

Hidrokarbon (HC) - 20 % - 67 %
Sumber : Soerawidjaja, T.H
Partikulat (SPM) - 12 % - 48 %

Ch. 47 - 168
Biodiesel - Definition
PROCESS:
Trans-esterification, Washing, Drying

CPO RBDPO
Refined, Bleached,
Crude Palm Oil
Deodorized Palm Oil BIODIESEL
CJO FAME
JO (FattyAcid Methyl
Crude Jatropa Ester)
Oil Jatropa Oil

PROCESS: PROCESS:
Degumming, Deodorisation, Trans-esterification, Washing, Drying
Decolorization, Desaphonification

Use : Use : Use :

CPO : raw material VO PPO/SVO : Fuel engine with BIODIESEL : Fuel
low RPM, Static (Boiler, engine with any RPM
CJO : kerosene substitute Genset) (Vehicle)

Ch. 47 - 169
Jatropha Oil Process Flowchart

CRUDE JATROPHA
OILS

CLARIFICATION

PRESSED OIL

DEGUMMING

JATROPHA OIL (JO)

Ch. 47 - 170
 Biodiesel Process Flowchart
Methanol

Catalyst

TRANS-
RBDPO/JO PREPARATION ESTERIFICATION

WASHING DRYING
Methanol

DISTILLATION

PURIFICATION BIODIESEL

Gliserol Product
By Product
Ch. 47 - 171
Bahan Baku Potensial Biodiesel
No Deskripsi Sawit Jarak Pagar

1. Produktivitas 20 t tbs/ha/th, 3.5 t 0.4 – 12 t biji/ha/th

lahan minyak/ha/th (belum ada data pasti)
(terbukti)
2. Perkebunan siap 5 jt ha (potensi 17.5 jt Baru mulai dikembangkan
ton) (potensi lahan kritis 20 jt
ha)
3. Kontinuitas Terbukti stabil Belum terbukti
pasokan

4. Harga $350 - $400/ton Harga masih sangat

minyak berfluktuasi

5. Komoditi makanan edible Non edible

6. Sensitivitas harga Rentan terhadap Tidak tergantung harga

pasar fluktuasi pasar minyak pasar dunia
nabati dunia

7. CFPP relatif tinggi (12oC) lumayan rendah (-1oC)

Ch. 47 - 172
 BPPT Biodeisel Plant Development Stages

Produsi biodiesel skala Lab (400 L) Design engineering dan fabrikasi pilot plat Biodiesel
Skala 1.5 ton per hari (Modularised, skid mounted and
movable)

Basic Design and Engineering Biodiesel Plant

Cap. 30.000 ton/year
EPC Pilot Plant Biodiesel Kap. 3 EPC Pilot Plant Biodiesel,
kapasitas 8 ton/hari
ton/day

Ch. 47 - 173
 Road Map Teknologi Biodiesel

2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2025

Pasokan Biodiesel Pasokan Biodiesel Pasokan Biodiesel
Pasar 1,5 Jt kL
10% Solar
3 juta kL
15% Solar
6.4 juta KL (20%
Solar Transportasi)
Transportasi Transportasi (5% Konsumsi Solar)

STANDARD BIODIESEL NASIONAL

Produk Biodiesel Sawit/

Jarak Pagar
Biodiesel
Berbiaya Produksi Rendah
Biodiesel Kualitas Tinggi
Angka Setana Tinggi
Titik Kabut Rendah

Pabrik Komersial Komersialisasi

Teknologi
Pabrik Komersial
Kapasitas Kapasitas 20.000 s/d Formula Biodiesel
(5000 - 20000 Ton/Thn 100.000 Ton/tahun Kualitas Tinggi

Rekayas
a&
Intensifika Disain
si Pabrik
Proses Desain Uji Unjuk
Kerja
LitBang Biodiesel Enjinirin
g Optimasi
Pemutakhir Dan
an Modifikasi
Standarisas Desain
Teknolo i dan Uji Teknologi plant
gi Unjuk Kerja Pembuat
blendin
g an
aditif

(sesuai dengan Perpres No. 5 tahun 2006)

Ch. 47 - 174
Pabrik Biodiesel di Indonesia
No Owner Kapasitas, ton/tahun Lokasi Status

1 BPPT 450 (1.5 t/d) Serpong Aktif

2 Pemda Riau - BPPT 3.000 (8 t/d) Riau 2006 Aktif

3 BPPT 1.000 (3 t/d) Serpong 2006 Aktif

4 PT Energi Alternatif 300 (1 t/d) Jakarta Aktif

5 PPKS Medan 300 (1 t/d) Medan Aktif

6 ITB 300 (1 t/d) Bandung Aktif

7 PT RAP 180 (0.6 t/d) Jakarta Aktif

8 PT Astra Agro 1.500 (5 t/d) Medan 2006 Aktif

9 PT Eterindo 30.000 – 70.000 Gresik Aktif

10 PT Indobiofuels 150.000 Dumai 2009 aktif

11 PT Wilmar Energi 252.000 Dumai 2009 aktif

12 PT Asianagro 100.000 Jakarta 2009 aktif

Program Aksi Menko Ekuin

1 BPPT 3 x 450 Jabar, Sumbar, Jambi 2006 Aktif

2 Deperin 4 x 6.000 2006 Aktif

Ch. 47 - 175
KEISTIMEWAAN INDONESIA

 Berbeda dengan Eropa dan Amerika

Serikat, Indonesia merupakan negara
kepulauan problem BBM : harga dan
ketersediaan
 Keekonomian sangat site specific,
kapasitas besar dan kecil bisa menjadi
ekonomis

Ch. 47 - 176
Proyeksi Produksi Biodiesel - 2010

Aceh Kaltim
Kalsel Sulteng
42,000 ton 90,000
60,000 33,000 ton
ton ton
Sumu Sulut
t Kalteng Gorontalo 33,000ton
3,300 60,000 33,000 ton
Kalbar ton Papua
ton 120,000 60,000 ton
ton Sultra
Riau
60,000 ton
535,000
ton

Sumbar
300 ton

Jambi
46,300 ton
Sulsel
72,000 ton
Lampung
100,000 ton

Banten Jatim
151,350 ton 70,000 ton NTB
Jateng NTT
33,000 ton 66,000 ton 72,000 ton
Jabar DIY
186,800 ton 9,000 ton

Ch. 47 - 177
Batch vs Continous Biodiesel Process

 Skala Produksi (MITTELBACH,2004) :

 Batch : 500 – 10.000 Ton/tahun
 Continuous :  30.000 Ton/tahun

 Kapasitas Produksi dapat disesuaikan

dengan :
 Kebutuhan Lokal terhadap BBM
 Suplai bahan baku minyak

Ch. 47 - 178
Biodiesel Batch Process
Pemisahan
Reaksikan CPO + Pencucian biodiesel dgn
Pencampuran katalis + methanol biodiesel dg air air
methanol + katalis selama +1.5 jam panas
pada suhu 60-70 C
Pemisahan
biodiesel dari
methanol
berlebih

KATALIS
TANK

SETTLING
TANK 1

SETTLING
RAW WASHING TANK 2
MATERIAL TANK
STORAGE REAKTOR
TANK

Menampung
methanol BIODIESEL
hasil recovery STORAGE
Pemisahan
biodiesel dari air

DISTILLATIO
N UNIT

VACUM
TANK

ACUMULATOR

Ch. 47 - 179
Alternatif Bahan Baku Biodiesel

KUANTITAS KUALITAS

Minyak Goreng bekas ?? vv

CPO Standar 8.6 juta ton* Vvv

CPO Off Grade ?? V

Minyak jarak ?? vv

PFAD 0.2 juta ton** Vvv

CFAD ?? vv

*CPO di luar konsumsi minyak pangan domestik

** ~4 % dari produksi minyak goreng sawit nasional

Ch. 47 - 180
Capex & Opex Biodiesel

CAPACITY PROJECT COST*

3.000 tons/year Rp 6 Milyar EPC Cost

(Battery Limit Area)
30.000 tons/year Rp 50 Milyar
*exclude : off-site
60.000 tons/year Rp 80 Milyar
equipment and utilities
100.000 tons/year Rp 100 Milyar

PRODUCTION
CAPACITY Production
COST/LITER*
3.000 tons/year Rp 1.000
Cost

30.000 tons/year Rp 800 *exclude :

raw material
60.000 tons/year Rp 700
100.000 tons/year Rp 600

Ch. 47 - 181
Perkembangan Biodiesel di Indonesia

 Perpres Kebijakan Energi Nasional (No. 5 tahun 2006)

 Inpres tentang Pemanfaatan Biofuel (No. 1 tahun

2006)

 Standar Biodiesel Indonesia dengan nomor SNI 04-

7182-2006 melalui surat Keputusan Ka. BSN No. :
73/KEP/BSN/2/2006

 Spesifikasi bahan bakar yang boleh mengandung

Biodiesel (FAME/Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) diatur Kep.
Ditjen Migas No. : 3675 K/24/DJM/2005)

 Sejak tanggal 20 Mei 2006, secara resmi PERTAMINA

sudah menjual B5 (5% biodiesel dicampur 95% Solar)
di 4 SPBU di Jakarta dengan merk dagang Biosolar

Ch. 47 - 182
Pendekatan Harga Biodiesel
(b) (a)
Harga B100 Harga Bahan
(biaya: bahan baku + Baku Biodiesel
pengolahan + margin + (nabati)
pajak)
- Capex
- Opex c)
Biaya Blending
biaya
d1 BXX
transpor (termasuk biaya
fasilitas /operasi +
P% 100% B100
tidak margin + pajak)

>B0 ?
q%
biaya
Ya d3 transpor
biaya
d2 transpor
Tunjangan
Fiskal (e)
Z = b-f Harga BXX
(f) dI SPBU (termasuk
Harga Minyak (B0) margin + pajak
(dalam negeri/impor) penjualan)
Sumber : Naskah Akademik Biodiesel, 2005
Ch. 47 - 183
Pendekatan Harga Biodiesel
 Harga BXX
 Bila harga B100’
 e) = [B100 + d1-z]*p + [B0 + d2]*q + c + d3
lebih tinggi dari
B0’ maka secara
 Atau e) = [B100’ – z]*p + [B0’]*q + c + d3 tekno ekonomi
murni proyek
 Dimana: biodiesel ini
tidak layak
 p dan q adalah perbandingan campuran B100 dan B0,
jumlahnya 100%
 Biodiesel dapat
 B100 = harga biodiesel di kilang, (Rp/liter) dikembangkan
 B0 = harga BBM, misalnya minyak solar, kemudian, bila:
(Rp/liter)  Harga solar
naik pada
 z = tunjangan fiskal biodiesel, Rp/liter tigkat
 d = biaya transpor, Rp/liter tertentu
sehingga
 d1 : kilang B100 - lokasi blending harga dapat
bersaing
 d2 : sumber solar - lokasi blending
 Menyediakan
 d3 : lokasi blending - SPBU tunjangan/fis
kal (Z)
 Catatan: B100’ = B100 + d1
 B 0’ = B 0 + d2

Ch. 47 - 184
Pendekatan Harga Biodiesel

 Besarnya Z dapat dikurangi dengan

pertimbangan/pemberian insentif pengembangan
biodiesel dalam bentuk:
 Penarikan sepenuhnya subsidi minyak solar/diesel
 Keringanan pajak pengolahan B100 (PPN) dan
pencampuran BXX (PPN)
 Keringanan/pembebasan pajak bahan bakar
kendaraan bermotor (PBBKB)
 Insentif B100 sebagai bahan bakar yang ramah
lingkungan

Sumber : Naskah Akademik Biodiesel, 2005

Ch. 47 - 185
Contoh Penentuan Harga Biodiesel

 Harga Produksi Biodiesel sudah kompetitif

Harga Bahan baku + Biaya Produksi + Pajak + Transport ≤ Solar Industri

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Asumsi : Bahan baku CPO

a) Biaya Produksi CPO Rp. 3000/kg
b) Biaya Produksi Biodiesel (avg.) Rp. 1000/kg
-----------------------------------------------------------
Harga net produk biodiesel Rp. 4.000/kg

c) PPN 10% dari produk biodiesel Rp. 400/kg

------------------------------------------------------------
Biodiesel + pajak : Rp. 4400/kg

d) Transport darat (asumsi 240 km) Rp. 300/liter tergantung jarak (Rp. 50/40
km/liter)
-------------------------------------------------------------+
Harga net biodiesel di tempat : Rp. 4700/kg atau Rp. 4230/liter (1 kg CPO
=> 1.1 liter biodiesel)

e) Solar industri Rp. 5380/liter (harga depo)

Rp 4230/liter ≤ Rp 5380 /liter

===============================
Ch. 47 - 186
Skema Distribusi Biodiesel
SPBU
Pabrik/Produsen Pencampuran
Depot
Swasta, BUMN dengan solar
penyimpanan SPBU
Menengah/Besar komposisi (ex. :
PERTAMINA
Domestik B5) tertentu
SPBU

SPBU
Pencampuran
Depot
dengan solar SPBU
Import penyimpanan
komposisi (ex. :
Swasta
B5) tertentu
SPBU

Penjualan B100 dalam Retail

bentuk kemasan

AGEN Retail

Toko assesories
dan bengkel Retail

• Pakai sendiri
Pabrik/Produsen • Konsumsi Usaha (ex. :
Menengah Kecil Nelayan, alat pertanian)

Ch. 47 - 187
Tata Niaga Biodiesel

 Tata Niaga Biodiesel, menurut Dirjen LPE, DESDM

(Seminar Nasional Biofuel, 2006)
 Mengikuti tata niaga BBM; diintegrasikan ke
dalam sistem tata niaga BBM
 Penetapan Harga biofuel dapat dilakukan oleh
Pemerintah dengan pertimbangan TIDAK
TERJADI PENAMBAHAN SUBSIDI BBM

 Jadi  dalam penentuan harga Biodiesel saat ini

harus mengikuti harga keekonomian (tanpa subsidi)

Ch. 47 - 188
Penciptaan Permintaan Awal Biodiesel
Penciptaan Permintaan Awal
Penciptaan permintaan awal Menggelinding
terhadap produk atau teknologi
sendiri !.
Tingkat kesulitan difusi teknologi

Pengembangan
teknik

tanpa dukungan dan insentif, tidak dapat

dikomersialkan karena:
- biaya tinggi
- kompetisi dari produk/teknologi yang sudah Efek sinergik
ada produksi masal &
- belum dikenal masyarakat penurunan biaya
- butuh pembangunan infrastruktur baru
Perioda ini
penting

Pengembangan Perioda Perioda pemapanan teknologi dan perluasan pasar Perioda kemapanan pasar
produk baru pembentukan pasar
: skala pasar

Source : Tatang H. Soerawidjaja, 2006

Ch. 47 - 189
Biodiesel – Indonesia Macroeconomics Benefits

 2% of diesel oil consumption in 2009, needs:

 720 kilolitres, or 720 tons of CPO
 205 thousand ha. of plantation
 68.000 employment in plantations + 5000 in
factories.

 Diesel oil import reduction:

 720 . 000 kilolitres
 Equivalent to US$216 million saving (based on
imported diesel oil price of US$0.30/litre)

Ch. 47 - 190
Progress in Indonesia Biodiesel Development

1.5 Tons/day Prototype Plant

Ch. 47 - 191
Progress in Biodiesel Development

Emission of NOx of
Indonesian biodiesel
(made of palm, coconut
or jarak) is lower than
that of diesel oil.

B20 B100
Emission
Carbon Monoxide (CO2) -12 % -47%
Hydrocarbon (HC) -20% -67%
Particulates (SPM) -12% -48%

Ch. 47 - 192
Alga: Sumber Bioetanol dan Biodiesel Masa Depan

Ch. 47 - 193
The World of Energy
Chapter 47 – Indonesia Energy Overview

47.12. Wind Energy

Ch. 47 - 194
 Indonesia Wind Energy Potential
 Wind Power Utilization:
 Small-scale utilization
 Wind speed of 2.5 – 4 m/s
 Capacity up to 10 kW
 Medium-scale utilization
 Wind speed of 4 – 5 m/s
 Capacity of 10 – 100 kW
 Large-scale utilization
 Wind speed higher than 5
m/s
 Capacity higher than 100 kW
* Source : DGEEU - LAPAN
 Wind Power Potential in Indonesia
 Nusa Tenggara Barat
 Wind speed 3.4 – 5.3 m/s
 10 locations
 Nusa Tenggara Timur
 Wind speed 3.2 – 6.5 m/s
 10 locations
 Sulawesi and other
 Wind speed 2.6 – 4.9 m/s
 10 locations
Ch. 47 - 195
Wind Power Technology Progress

Source : LAPAN

Ch. 47 - 196
Wind Characteristic
Indonesia (Tropical)
Speed: Low - Medium
Direction: alternate
Europe (Sub-tropical)
Speed: medium - high
Direction: fixed

Copyright @
ripno.energin.id Source: National Geography,
Agustus 2005

Ch. 47 - 197
The World of Energy
Chapter 47 – Indonesia Energy Overview

47.13. Solar Energy

Ch. 47 - 198
Solar Energy (Photovoltaic) in Indonesia

 Good potential of solar energy, with the daily average intensity

of 5 kWh/m2/day

 Two technologies in solar energy utilization: solar thermal and

solar photovoltaic

 Current installed capacity of solar photovoltaic in Indonesia is

estimated to be about 5 MW

 Solar thermal energy is generally used for cooking, drying of

agricultural products, and water heater

 Nowadays, Indonesia is trying to increase the utilization of

solar energy not only in thermal energy but also solar
photovoltaic.

Ch. 47 - 199
Solar Energy Application History in Indonesia

 1980s, PV introduced to Indonesia by the Indonesian armed forced

 Mid-1980s, BPPT begun promoting the application of PV modules for

various uses such as
 PV solar home systems (SHS)
 PV water pumps
 PV-powered refrigerators, water pumping, telecommunications
 And other application with hybrid power sources

 1988, PT R&S Energi Surya successfully installed 180 PV-SHS units on

the rooftops of Sukatani village in Sukabumi regency,West Java, about
80 km South of Jakarta

 1990 – now The solar photovoltaic is developed to meet the demand

in rural electrification (implemented through Government budget)

 Recently, Commercial loan is available in a certain Bank for photovoltaic

procurements

Ch. 47 - 200
Potential Photovoltaic Application
 Stand alone-solar PV for the rural area

 PV system are used at the community center, such as for

lighting, pumping, and medicine refrigerator in people’s
health center

 Communication and lighting system in transportation

 Recently, we are promoting solar photovoltaic for urban

community.

Ch. 47 - 201
Indonesia National Plan for PV Application

 Developing the national ability in

manufacturing solar photovoltaic module

 Increasing the use of the PV-system, both in

rural and urban areas

 Establishing the mechanism of PV-system

opportunity for grid connection.

Ch. 47 - 202
Parties Involved in Photovoltaic Development

 Government
 Policy and Regulation Maker
 Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources – MEMR
 Environment Office
 Research, Development and Study
 The Research & Development Agency of MEMR
 Centre of Energy Information of MEMR
 The Agency for Assessment and Application Technology
 Universities
 Education and Training
 The Education and Training Agency of the Ministry of MEMR
 Agencies of other ministry related to universities
 The Education and Training Agencies of State Owned Enterprise
 National Standardization Bureau (BSN), supporting government institution and
local government

 Business
 Stated Owned Enterprise (BUMN)
 Regional State Owned Enterprise (BUMD)
 Private, Cooperative, Self supporting public participation, Banking institution

 Non-Government Organizations
 Indonesian Renewable Energy Society (METI)
 Solar Power Entrepreneur Association (APSURYA), etc.

Ch. 47 - 203
PV Standardization in Indonesia
 Objective
 User/consumer
 Producer

 Started at 1988

 World Bank and AusAID used Indonesia PV Standard as

references in developing and implementing PV in developing
countries

 Proposed by TUV Rheinland to IEC/TC-82

 Indonesia as a member of IEC

 IEC standards used as the references

Ch. 47 - 204
Indonesian National Standard of PV System

 SNI 04-1934-1990 Photovoltaic Energy System

 SNI 04-3850.1-1995 Photovoltaic Module-General

 SNI 04-3850.2-1995 Photovoltaic Module-Measurement of

Current Voltage Characteristic of
Photovoltaic Module

 SNI 04-6394-2000 Procedure of Individual Photovoltaic

Electricity Generator: Qualification
System-General Guidance

 SNI 04-6206-2000 Terrestrial Photovoltaic Power

Generator Systems - General and
Guidance

 SNI 04-6300-2000 Thin Layer-Film Terrestrial Photovoltaic

Module-Design Qualification and Type
Approval

 SNI 04-6205.7-2000 Photovoltaic Devices: Computation of

Spectral Mismatch Error Introduced in
the Testing of Photovoltaic Devices

Ch. 47 - 205
Indonesian National Standard of PV System

 SNI 04-6205.8-2000 Photovoltaic Devices: Guidance for

Measurement of Spectral Response of
Photovoltaic (PV) Devices

 SNI 04-6205.9-2000 Photovoltaic Devices: Solar Simulator

Performance Requirements

 SNI 04-6298-2000 Salt Mist Corrosion Testing of Photovoltaic

(PV) Module

 SNI 04-6391-2000 Battery Charge Regulator-Procedure of

Test and Electric Qualification

 SNI 04-6392-2000 Secondary Cell and Battery in Individual

Photovoltaic Generator Utilization-General
Qualification and Testing Method

 SNI 04-6393-2000 Fluorescent Lamp System Using

Photovoltaic Power Supply-Performance
and Test Requirements

Ch. 47 - 206
Barriers to PV Development
 High investment cost

 Low human resource capability

 Out sourcing dependency

 High energy cost

 The market is still limited

 Less financial incentives

 Less support on capability of service and industry.

Ch. 47 - 207
The World of Energy
Chapter 47 – Indonesia Energy Overview

47.14. East Kalimantan in Indonesian Energy Context

Ch. 47 - 208
Poverty Maps of East Kalimantan

Ch. 47 - 209
Pengembangan Kasiba Sekambing – Kota
Bontang, Kalimantan Timur
 Luas Wilayah: 200 Ha untuk sekitar
10.000 unit rumah

 Potensi dan Permasalahan:

 Topografi sedikit berge-lombang
tetapi akses ke lokasi dari kota cukup
baik
 Menurut rencana Pemda perkantoran
akan pindah ke Kasiba tersebut dalam
2-3 tahun ke depan
 3. Sebagian besar lahan milik Pemda,
namun sebagian kecil Kasiba sekarang
berada pada kawasan berfungsi
lindung
 4. PSU perlu ditingkatkan
 5. Belum terbentuk Badan Pengelola
sesuai Juklak
 6. Belum tersusun Rencana Tata
Ruang Kawasan
 7. Belum tersedia transportasi umum
menuju lokasi

 Kebutuhan Kawasan:
 Penyusunan Rencana Tata Ruang
Kawasan dan DED
 Fasilitasi pembentukan BP
 Fasilitasi masalah pertanahan,
terutama IP4T
 Bantuan Stimulan PSU kawasan (jalan
& drainase)
 Transportasi umum

Ch. 47 - 210
Kasus Proposal 1.8 juta hektar sawit
di perbatasan Kalimantan

Yang sudah dibatalkan pemerintah

 Change in mega plan

(1.8 million ha new
plantation) at the border
of Kalimantan (Heart of
Borneo ecoregion)
 Linked with CDB
(Chinese Development
Bank) and CITIC
withdrawals from the
location

Ch. 47 - 211
Pergeseran Tutupan Hutan Kalimantan

Ch. 47 - 212
26 Kawasan Ekonomi Unggulan
Berbasis Kelautan dan Perikanan

9 11 12

Ch. 47 - 213
Indonesia Forest Fires, 1997

SOURCE: WORLD WILDLIFE FUND

Ch. 47 - 214
Forest Fire Satellite Image over Kalimantan

Ch. 47 - 215
UNEP EAP.AP
Indonesia Fire Danger Rating

Ch. 47 - 216
Hot Spots Statistics in Kalimantan

April 1997 - March 1998 April 1998 - March 1999

April 1999 - March 2000 April 2000 - March 2001

Ch. 47 - 217
 Population Under Poverty Line

41,8%

Population under poverty line :

<5% (Jakarta)
5-9% (Bali, South Kalimantan, Banten)
10 - 14 % (West Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, Bangka Belitung, West Java, East Kalimantan
Central Kalimantan, North Sumatra, North Maluku)

15 - 19 % (North Sumatra, West Kalimantan, South Sulawesi)

20 - 24 % (South Sumatra, Bengkulu, Lampung, Central Java, Yogyakarta, West Java, Central Sulawesi,
North Sulawesi)
25 - 29 % (Aceh, NTB)
30 - 34 % (NTT, Gorontalo, Maluku) Sources : CBS
> 35 % (Papua)

Ch. 47 - 218
 Disparitas Angka Kemiskinan Antar Propinsi, 2003

DKI Jakarta
Bali
South Kalimantan
North Sulawesi
Banten
Bangka Belitung
West Sumatra
Kalimantan Tengah
East Kalimantan
Jambi
West Java
Riau
North Maluku
West Kalimantan
South Sulawesi
North Sumatra
INDONESIA
DI Yogyakarta
East Java
South Sumatra
Central Java
Lampung
Bengkulu
Southeast Sulawesi
Central Sulawesi
West Nusa
East Nusa Tenggara
Gorontalo
Aceh DN.
Maluku
Papua %
0 10 20 30 40
Source: Susenas 2003

Ch. 47 - 219
Classification of the Provinces/Districts/Cities:

Weak Strong
Community Community
Finance Ability Financial Ability

4 1
Strong Local
Government
Financial
Capacity

3 2
Weak Local
Government
Financial
Capacity

Ch. 47 - 220
The Economic Map of Indonesia

Strong Provincial Government, Strong Community Economy

Strong Provincial Government, Weak Community Economy
Weak Provincial Government, Strong Community Economy
Weak Provincial Government Weak Community Economy

Ch. 47 - 221
The World of Energy
Chapter 47 – Indonesia Energy Overview

47.15. Energy & the Environment

Ch. 47 - 222
Reklamasi Mangrove Tambang Tembaga Papua

1998

2003

Ch. 47 - 223
Rehabilitasi Bekas Tambang Batubara
Kab. Pasir - Kalimantan Timur

1995

2001

Ch. 47 - 224
Rehabilitasi Bekas Tambang Batubara

Rehabilitasi Bekas
Tambang Batubara
dengan peruntukan
akuakultur di Kab. Pasir
Prov. Kalimantan Timur

1997

2004

Ch. 47 - 225
Rehabilitasi Bekas Tambang Batubara
Kabupaten Pasir Propinsi Kalimantan Timur

Ch. 47 - 226
Rehabilitasi Bekas Tambang Batubara

Rehabilitasi dengan peruntukan perkebunan di

Kabupaten Pasir Propinsi Kalimantan Timur 2003

2005

Ch. 47 - 227
Rehabilitasi Bekas Tambang Batubara

Rehabilitasi Areal Bekas

Kolam Pengendap
Tambang Batubara di
Kabupaten Pasir Propinsi
Kalimantan Timur

Ch. 47 - 228
Revegetasi Bekas Tambang Nikel Sulawesi Selatan

Revegetasi
dinding curam
56 derajat
dengan
Teknologi Jute
Net dan
Hydroseeding di
Road Cut Petea

Ch. 47 - 229
Rehabilitasi Bekas Tambang Nikel Sulawesi Selatan

Before repaired

Vegetation established

Repairing of un-success
rehabilitation on hill rock
pinnacle.

Located at Hasan South

Total area was 8 Ha and

height of hill was 100m

Ch. 47 - 230
Reklamasi Tambang Batubara Kutai Timur

September 2003

Oktober 2004 Januari 2005

Reklamasi dan Revegetasi Timbunan Batuan Penutup

Tambang Batubara di Kabupaten Kutai Timur

Ch. 47 - 231
Pertambangan Tanpa Izin - Illegal Mining

Ch. 47 - 232