c



     
          
  
 

Ans. Presentation of data in the form of tables and charts or summarization by means of percentiles and
standard deviations is known as data summarization. This process is necessary because it helps one to
identify the importance of research work at a glance. It gives the on-looker the opportunity to
understand the work more efficiently. Also, it makes the work of understanding a lot easier for the
performer as well as the listeners.

Approach
Decision making can be broadly depending on c  
 c
    .
Qualitative statistics are once where decisions are made by virtue of experience etc
which are not base on data and Quantitative statistics are based on data that has be
gathered and analyzed to approach a decision. The approach or method used to give
the students an easy understanding of the basics, was by taking a simple scenario .The
Scenario was as follows.

͞A Retail shop of daily provisions was to be opened in an area having 40,000.00

household. The retailer had to stock goods as per the price range that his customers
would be able to afford .Thereby- The inference that a retailer in a Posh locality, would
look for higher end consumer durables like soaps and similarly a retailer in an area that
belongs to a middle income, would stock this price range and similarly a retailer in
lower income locality would stock products of the lower price rangeͶAt least the major
stock available with the retailer would depend on the income range of his customer
base, in a radius of approximately half a kilometer radius around his shop/outlet.͟

The retailer thereby had to have a dependable estimate of the ͞house hold income͟ of
the 40000.00 households in the area of his interest. However taking the household
incomes of all the households would be too much of a large task, and the expense may
not be worth the effort, hence he could go for 100 samples, spread over various streets
of that locality, and by quantifying the resulting data into various charts/spreadsheets/tables etc get a
pretty good estimate of the income group of the majority of the households. (Please note: The most
accurate method would have been to use all the 40000 house hold incomes, however that may be very
tedious and when the statistical procedure used here are a tried and tested method which would give a
good enough estimate for this scenario- hence the techniques discussed here are approximation s which
enable decision making inputs- if analyzed properly though not 100% accurate.)

The Lecture

Points to keep in mind when using this case:

1.The samples(100) of the data that are collected have to be carefully collected so

as to have an even distribution over almost all parts of the location i.e. samples from slums, high rise
apartments/gated societies etc in that locality have to be all represented fairly proportional to strength
of that population in that locality.

2.Each of the samples is called a Data Point.

3.All the 100 data points put together are called a Data set.

The data gathered in the data set, are then demarcated into various sections to further ease the
decision making, so let us demarcate the data points into various sections of income where each of this
section is called as ͞classes of classification͟.

Number of data
Income (classes points (house
of classification) hold income͛s)
<20000 (less
than) 15
<30000 30
<40000 20
<50000 20
>50000 15
Total Number
(N) 100

This sort of chart is called a frequency distribution and the standard that applies for the Number of
Classes of classification should be between 6 and 15. (In the above example I have used only 5 classes of
classification, but the standard is 6-15)
This sort of distribution is called ͞less than͟ (<) classification of distribution, it could also
be done as greater than classification distribution.

The following were also discussed

1. Percentage frequency distribution

2. Relative frequency distribution

3. Cumulative frequency distribution

Each of them has their own advantages and these were discussed.

Various graphical representation tools such as Pie charts, Histograms etc were also discussed.

The Cumulative frequency distribution if presented in a graphical form are called ͞ogives͟

The various terms such as, Average (generally denoted by X bar- the bar on top, don͛t know how to type
that) the mean generally represented byµ (mu)

The basics of Mean (µ), mode (max. number of occurrences), median, dispersion,
standard deviation (ʍ), Quartiles, Inter quartile ranges and co-efficient of variation were
explained in a simple and understandable way.

The topic of consistency and how to compare standard deviations for deciding on
consistency (squaring of the deviations before adding them to avoid cancellation of
negative and positive deviation etc.) were explained and discussed.
c  
   

         
 
   
   
 
 
 
      !   " #  $ % &  
#  

Ans.) Summarizing & displaying data in a concise/compact and logical order for further analysis is
purpose of tabulation. The collection and study of data are important in the work of many professions,
so that training in the science of V
V V is valuable preparation for variety of careers. Each month, for
example, government statistical offices release the latest numerical information on unemployment and
inflation. Economists and financial advisors as well as policy makers in government and business study
these data in order to make informed decisions. Farmers study data from field trials of new crop
varieties. Engineers gather data on the quality and reliability of manufactured of products. Most areas of
academic study make use of numbers, and therefore also make use of methods of statistics.

The objective of tabulation is:

1. Simplify complex data :- The process of tabular presentation makes the work of understanding a
complex data very easy as the student gets the direct idea of what he is dealing with.