Name: _____________________________________________ Grade & Section: ______________________________
Sound
- It can travel in all media but not in vacuum.
- It is considered as a wave.
Sound waves
- These are mechanical waves that need a medium
to be propagated. Vibrations of the medium
create a series of compression and rarefaction
which result to longitudinal waves.
Mediums of sound:
1. Solid
- Particles of solids are more closely packed than
particles of liquids and gases. Thus, sound
produced in solids is much more distinct and
louder than when it is propagated or produced in
liquids and gases.
2. Liquid
- Liquid particles appear more closely spaced than
gases. This means that louder sound will be
produced in liquids than in gases.
3. Gases
- Gas particles are denser and have big spaces.
This means that sound is poorly transmitted
through this medium.
However, Sound cannot travel in a vacuum.
Factors affecting the speed of sound:
• Temperature – High temperature brings much
faster sound.
• Air pressure – As air pressure is increased, the
speed of sound waves is also increased.
• Humidity – The more humid, the sound travels
slower.
Characteristics of sound:
1. Pitch
- It is the highness or lowness of a sound and is
determined by frequency. The higher the
frequency of a sound, the higher the pitch
produced.
• Frequencies can be:
1. Ultrasonic frequencies – beyond 20,000
Hz.
 Dogs can hear sound with a
frequency as high as 45,000 Hz
 Bats can detect sounds with a
frequency as high as 120,000 Hz
 Dolphins can detect as high as
200,000 Hz
Hand – out in Integrated Science 7
2. Audible frequencies – frequencies ranging
from 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz which human beings can
respond to. But as people age, they tend to hear
frequencies much lesser than 10 000 Hz.
3. Infrasonic frequencies – below 20 Hz.
 Earthquakes
 Volcanoes
2. Loudness
- A psychological sensation that differs for different
people. It is subjective but is still related to the
intensity of the sound.
Sound intensity – measured by various instruments like
oscilloscope.
Decibel (dB) – the unit used to measure loudness. It is
named after Alexander Graham Bell who invented the
telephone.
 Human ears can withstand sound
intensity from 0 dB to 120 dB.
 0dB is the threshold of hearing; while
 120 dB is the threshold of pain.
Sound production in the human voice box
• Human voice box – it is known as the larynx.
 you can feel your larynx vibrating if you
place your hand on your throat and hum.
When you speak or make noise, air goes
through the larynx, where two vocal
chords are located. As the air gets inside,
it cases the vocal chords to vibrate which
continues up and out through the mouth,
thus producing your voice.
The Human Ear:
Outer Ear
• The outer ear acts as funnel for the waves.
• The waves travel through the ear canal and hit
the lightly stretched membrane called the
eardrum causing it to vibrate.
• The vibrations then enter the middle ear.
Middle Ear
• The middle ear contains the 3 smallest bones in
the body.
 Hammer, anvil, stirrup
• The vibrations travel through the 3 bones and are
transmitted to a liquid-filled inner ear.
Inner Ear
• The inner ear contains the cochlea.
• Cochlea is snail shaped
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Name: _____________________________________________ Grade & Section: ______________________________
 Contains liquid and hundreds of cells
attached to nerve fibers.
 The nerve fibers form one larger nerve
that travels to the brain where they are
interpreted as sound.
Light
Isaac Newton – proposed the Corpuscular theory; he
believed that light behaves like a particle, and shadow
formation is the evidence of this.
Christian Huygens – proposed the Wave Theory of Light;
believed that light behaves like a wave, having two most
obvious properties of light – intensity (or brightness) and
color.
Louie de Brogile – came up with what is known now us
the Dual Nature of Light. He explained that light can be a
particle and also can be a wave.
James Clark Maxwell – proposed the electromagnetic
Theory of Light
Photometry – the science of measuring the intensity of
brightness of light.
Luminous objects – an object that is capable of producing
its own light such as the Sun and the Star.
Nonluminous objects – things that reflect light from other
sources such as the moon.
Luminous intensity – the amount of light power emanating
from a point source within a solid angle of one steradian.
Candela (cd) – the unit for luminous intensity.
Color of light
- It depends on the frequency or wavelength of the
radiation that reaches the eye.
Visible light – travels at a speed of 3.00 x 108 m/s and falls
in the visible spectrum.
Visible spectrum - wavelength range of about 400 nm to
750 nm where colors from violet to red lies.
Ultraviolet light (UV) – light with a wavelength shorter than
400 nm.
Infrared light (IR) – light with a wavelength greater than
750 nm.
Dispersion – a phenomenon which a prism separates
white light into its component color. This is observed when
white light enters a prism and travels slower in speed.
Hand – out in Integrated Science 7
Spectrum – the light that spreads out into band of colors
(red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet –
ROYGBIV).
Heat
Thermal energy – any object has this energy due to its
particles whether at rest or in motion. It can be
transformed into another forms or transferred into other
objects or places.
Heat – an energy that is transferred from one object to
another due to the difference in their temperature, or
simply ‘energy in transit’.
Heat transfer – the process wherein thermal energy is
exchanged between objects because of temperature
differences.
Temperature – the degree of hotness or coldness of the
object.
Joule (J) – the unit for heat and thermal energy. It is
named after James Prescott Joule, a British physicist who
studied the relationship between heat and other forms of
energy.
Methods of Heat Transfer:
1. Conduction
- It is the process wherein heat is transferred
directly through a material through particle
collisions.
Thermal conductors – materials that conduct heat
well, such as metals.
Thermal insulators – materials that conduct heat
poorly, such as wood, glass and plastic.
2. Convection
- The process in which heat is carried from place to
place by the bulk movement of fluid against its
surroundings.
Natural convection – happens when the
convection is from the movement due to
difference in density.
Forced convection – happens when the
movement is forced by a fan or a pump.
3. Radiation
- It involves the transfer of heat without the use of
medium. The energy transfers through
electromagnetic waves.
- Objects with dark surfaces absorbed more heat
than objects with bright surfaces.
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