Surrogate Parameter Determination

1. pH
Measurement : pH indicator, pH meter

2. Osmolality
Measurement : osmometer

An osmometer is a device for measuring the osmotic strength of a solution, colloid, or

compound.
There are several differen techniques employed in osmometry:
- Vapor pressure depression osmometers
Determine the concentration of osmotically active particles that reduce the vapor pressure
of a solution
- Membrane osmometers
Measure the osmotic pressure of a solution separated from pure solvent by a
semipermeable membrane.
- Freezing point depression osmometer
May also be used to determine the osmotic strength of a solution, as osmotically active
compounds depress the freezing point of a solution.

Osmometers are useful for determining the total concentration of dissolved salts and sugars in
blood or urine samples. Osmometry is also useful in determining the molecular weight of
unknown compounds and polymers.
3. Ion strength
The ionic strength of a solution is a measure of the concentration of ions in that solution. Ionic
compounds, when dissolved in water, dissociate into ions. The total electrolyte concentration in
solution will affect important properties such as the dissociation or the solubility of different
salts. One of the main characteristics of a solution with dissolved ions is the ionic strength. Ionic
strength can be molar (mol/L) or molal (mol/kg water) and to avoid confusion the uits should be
stated explicitly.

http://www.analytical-chemistry.uoc.gr/files/items/6/618/agwgimometria_2.pdf
4. Viscosity
A viscometer (also called viscosimeter) is an instrument used to measure the viscosity of a fluid.
For liquids with viscosities which vary with flow conditions, an instrument called a rheometer is
used. Viscometer only measure under one flow condition.
5. Surface tension
Surface tension is the elastic tendency of a fluid surface which makes it acquire the least surface
area possible. Surface tension allows insects (usually denser than water, to float and stride on a
water surface.

A tensiometer as it applies to physics is an instrument used to measure the surface tension of

liquids or surfaces. Tensiometers are used in research and development laboratories to
determine the surface tension of liquids like coatings, lacquers or adhesives.

Surface scientists sometimes use a goniometer/tensiometer to measure the surface tension and
interfacial tension of a liquid using the pendant or sessile drop methods. A drop is produced and
captured using a CCD camera. The drop profile is subsequently extracter, and sophisticated
software routines then fit the theoretical Young-Laplace equation to the experimental drop
profile. The surface tension can then be calculated from the fitted parameters. Unlike other
methods, this technique requires only a small amount of liquid making it suitable for measuring
interfacial tensions of expensive liquids.

Manual method:
http://zzm.umcs.lublin.pl/Wyklad/FGF-Ang/2A.F.G.F.%20Surface%20tension.pdf