Berecki 2006

THE COUNTY MUSEUM OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION
BISTRITA-NASAUD OF THE PRE- AND PROTO HISTORIC SCIENCES

X:XX'h COMMISSION
THE MUSEUM OF BORDER THE MUSEUM OF BRAILA

REGIMENT, NASAUD
THE COUNTY COUNCIL OF BISTRITA-NASAUD
THRACIANS AND CELTS

Proceedings of the International Colloquium
from Bistrita
'
18-20 May 2006
Edited by
V aleriu Sarbu and Dan Lucian V aida
Editura MEGA
Cluj-Napoca
2006
CONTENTS
FOREWORD (Dr. v ALERIU SIRBU) .............................................................................................................. 7
FOREWORD (Professor DUMITRU PROTASE) .............................................................................................. 9
JORDAN ANASTASSOV
Objets lateniens du Musee de Schoumen (Bulgarie) ................................................................................. 11
SANDOR BERECKI
Rite and ritual of the Celts from Transylvania .......................................................................................... 51
JANBOUZEK
Celts and Thracians ................................................................................................................................... 77
FLOREA COSTEA, VIORICA CRISAN

Dacians and Celts in South-East Transylvania .......................................................................................... 93
IOSIF VASILE FERENCZ

Thracians and Celts ................................................................................................................................. 113
IWONA FLORKJEWICZ, TOMASZ BOCHNAK

Les elements celto-daces et daces dans le bassin de la Vistule ............................................................... 129
DIANA GERGOV A
L' esc hare dans le monde Thrace et Celte ................................................................................................ 149
LACHEZAR LAZAROV
New findings of cavar's coins and Celtic materials from the archaeological complex of Arkovna ........ 167
HOREA POP, PAUL PUPEZA

Dacians and Celts in the Northwestern Romania .................................................................................... 183
AUREL RUSTOIU
The Celts between Tis a and the Carpathians before and after the Great Invasion in the Balkans .......... 213
V ALERIU SIRBU, V ALERIU CAVRUC, DAN BUZEA

A 4rh_3rd centuries BC Dacian community in Southeastern Transylvania: The findings from Olteni,
Covasna County ....................................................................................................................................... 229
KAROLY TANKO
Celtic glass bracelets in East-Hungary .................................................................................................... 253
5
RITE AND RITUAL OF THE CELTS FROM TRANSYLVANIA
Sandor Berecki
Mure~ County Museum- Tirgu-Mure~ (Romania)
E-mail: sberecki @yahoo.com
The archaeological material retrieved from the Celtic cemeteries reflects aspects of some
of their beliefs about the world of the dead, similar to the world of the living, perceived as a
continuance of the life shown by the personal objects deposited beside the deceased such as
jewelry, weapons, vessels or even chariots, showing therewith the persistence of the earthly life.
The first observations regarding the Celtic funeral discoveries from Transylvania are
dating from the 19th century, when the cemetery from Media~ 1 and the incidental funeral
discovery from Toarcla were identified. Referring to the Carpathian Basin, two major syntheses
were elaborated in this peiiod by Ferencz Pulszk/ and Paul Reinecke 3 . The archaeological
excavations led by Endre Orosz and Istvan Kovacs in the cemetery from Apahida and the ones
coordinated by Karoly Herepey at Aiud took place at the beginning of the 20th century, together
with the recovery of the inventory of the graves from Jucul de Sus, Cluj-Napoca, Bandul de
Campie, Cristurul Secuiesc and Dip~a. In his synthesis from 1926, Vasile Parvan brought up the
issue of Early and Middle Latene, mentioning the majority of the discoveries known at that time
without referring yet to the burial rite or ritual. In 1933 and 1934 Marton Lajos reexamined the
4
discoveries from Hungary and Transylvania .
In the fourth decade, new graves from Dezmir, Media~ and Cluj-Napoca turned up. In
1941 Marton Roska began to investigate the cemetery from Cepari, finished in 1969. Besides
the field researches Marton Roska has the meiit of processing the prehistoric repertory of
Transylvania and the synthesis about the Celtic discoveries from the same region 5 . Kurt Horedt,
an archaeologist from Cluj-Napoca, investigated the necropolis from Media~, and several Celtic
settlements, publishing a seiies of studies such as the one referring to the site of Ciume~ti, from
northwestern Romania6 .
For the period from 1951 to 1970 the funeral discoveiies from Delenii (1955), Papiu
Ilaiian (1955), Blaj (1956) and Media~ (1958) can be mentioned. The research of Stefan DaniHi
from Galatii Bistri!ei (1953 and 1974-1978) opened the series of ample investigations from the
region of Bistrita. Most of the discoveries are known from the seventh decade. These are the
ones from Turda~ (1962), Atel (1963 and 1966), Orosfaia (1964), Apahida (1965), Sona (1967),
Bratei (1968), Seica Midi (1968), Zoreni (1969), Dabaca (1969), Archiud (1964, 1969), Dip~a
(1969 and 1971-1972) and Pruni~ (after 1970) or Fantanele (1961, 1965, 1967, 1969-1973).
Most of them were analyzed by Vlad Zirra, an archaeologist who studied the Early and Middle
1
For further information see the Annexes.
2
Pulszky 1879, 1-22.
3
Reinecke 1898, 306-316.
4
Marton 1933, 1-120; Marton 1934, 93-128.
5
Raska 1942; Raska 1944,53-80.
6
Horedt 1973, 299-303.
51
Sandor Berecki
Latene discoveries from the extra Carpathian regions and the ones south of the Danube7 . His
basic synthesis dates from 1971 8 .
The team from Ffmtanele was led by I. H. Cri~an who partly presented the materials
found in the cemetery at the symposiums from Szekesfehervar, Hungary (1974) and Vienna,
Austria (1976). The archaeologist studied and presented several finds stored in the museums
from Arad, Aiud, Bistrita or Cluj-Napoca and he set up a new chronology for Transylvania after
cataloging the Celtic finds from the region and rectifying the mistakes of the previous repertory
made by Roska 9 .
The years from 1971 to 1990 are characterized by a massive accumulation of finds,
mostly presented as descriptions of the found artifacts. For this period, the Celtic field
researches from northwestern Romania can be mentioned, discussed partially by V. ZitTa, but
mostly by Janos Nemeti whose contribution to the investigation of eastern Celtic civilization
consist in the ample quest of the region of Carei, studied in its particulatities 10 or synthesis 11 .
The cemetery from Pi~colt (Satu Mare County) presented for several times at international
conferences 12 , with its internal chronology constitutes an appropriate analogy for the dating of
artifacts from adjacent regions and a solid clue for the history of the eastern Celtic world, too.
The majority of the discoveries from the last decade of the 20th century and the first of
the 21st were made in settlements such as the ones from Gligorqti (1995-1998), Seu~a (1996
and 1998), Lancram, Blandiana or Oarda (1999) and cemeteries from Orosfaia (1998) or
Fantanele-Dealul Iu~ului were investigated, too .
1991-
. ' 91 I I I
1981-1990 5 I
1971-1980 1
i
1961-1970 2
1951-1960 13
I
1941-1950 -,2
1931-1940 14
1921-1930 I
1911-1920 3 I
1901-1910 6
1891-1900 . 3
1881-1890 _,2
1871-1880 ~1
1860 .!!!!J1 I
Fig. 1. The history of research between 1860 and 2002.
The research of the Eastern Celtic civilization was not so profound like the one regarding
in the western parts. Because of the detailed information about the cemeteries from northwestern
Romania these archaeological sites were used frequently as analogies for the situations from
Transylvania.
Transylvania is situated in the eastern margin of the Celtic world, a peripheral area with
many particularities reflected in the rite and ritual, too. In the Transylvanian Basin, the
administrative regions (counties) from west to east are: Hunedoara, Alba, Cluj, Bistrita-Nasaud,
Mure~, Sibiu, Bra~ov, Harghita and Covasna. Geographically, the territory of Celtic finds is
limited at east by the Eastern Carpathians, respectively the Calimani, Gurghiu and Harghita
7
Zirra 1976a, 175-182.
8
Zirra 1971, 171-238.
9
Cri~an 1973a, 45-76.
10
Nemeti 1982, 167-182; Nemeti 1993a, 23-28; Nemeti- Lak6 1993, 77-90; Nemeti 1995, 33-39; Nemeti 1997,
111-114; Nemeti 1999,95-100.
11
Nemeti 1975a, 187-197; Nemeti 1986,71-82.
12
Nemeti 1975a, 187-197, presentation at the symposium from Szekesfehervar, Hungary.
52
Rite and ritual of the Celts from Transylvania
Mountains; in the southeastern comer the archeological evidences of the Celts do not overpass
the line of the Olt River while the south border is made up of the basins north of the Higara~ and
Sibiu Mountains. At southeast, the last included discoveries are from the chop of the Mure~
River from Hunedoara region, the territories west from this point (the Banat) reflecting a
particular situation, different from the one discussed here. In the west, the line of Celtic
discoveries turns near the Apuseni Mountains, following the terraces from the both sides of the
Mure~ River. The line of Alma~ and Mese~ Mountains binds the northwest border of this region
with the Some~ul Mare River.
discoveries
Map 1. Celtic funeral discoveries from Transylvania.
The majority of the rivers from Transylvania spring from the Carpathian Mountains and
-except for the Olt River- flow into the Tisa. The biggest is the Mure~ with its affluents: Niraj,
Tamave, Sebe~, String, Cerna and Arie~. The Mure~ sweeps the Transylvanian Basin from
northeast to southwest and divides it into two major units. The first one, the Transylvanian Plane
has an average height of 450 m while the second one, the Transylvanian Plateau, containing the
parallel terraces of the Mure~, Tamava Mare and Tamava Mica rivers has a height between
500-700 m.
Before presenting the characteristics of the rite and ritual from Transylvania it is
necessary to overview the chronology of the finds from this region. The Celtic discoveries from
this part of Europe do not extend to the whole period of the occupation of the Carpathian Basin,
because the colonization took place later and the withdrawal earlier. The method of comparing
and combining artifacts from an archaeological site was used by Janos Nemeti in the case of the
necropolis from Pi~colt in northwestern Romania. The archaeologist distinguished four
horizons, each one with particular artifacts. The first was dated to the transition period from
Lt.B1 to Lt.B2-Kramer or Lt.B1b-Waldhauser, the next horizon was the whole duration ofLt.B 2 -
Kramer, Lt.B 2a-Waldhauser, and the third was dated to Lt.B 2 and the beginning of Lt.C 1 or
Lt.B 2b-Waldhauser, while the last horizon was the Lt.C 1-Polenz phase 13 . In absolute chronology,
the Celtic finds from Transylvania are dating from about 335 B.C. to 175 B.C.
13
Nemeti 1998, 151-157; Rustoiu 2002b, 55.
53
Simdor Berecki
335 B.C. 300 B.C. 280/276 B.C. 250 B.C. 175 B.C.
Fig. 2. The relative and absolute chronology of the Celtic discoveries from Transylvania.
Presenting the chronology of the mentioned cemetery was indispensable since this
contains almost all the archaeological materials known from Transylvania and geographically it
is the closest cemetery well studied, too.
The characteristic rite of the Celts from Central Europe was mainly the inhumation. An
14
eloquent example could be the situation from Switzerland studied by Gilbert Kaenel . Thus, in
the cemetery from Saint Sulpice out of one hundred graves dated from Lt.A to Lt.C 1, only one
was of cremation and the rest of them were of inhumation. Apart from hundreds of graves
discovered in the region, only six were of cremation from which only two were inumed
cremation 15 . In case of the Celts from this area, there can be observed that the rite of cremation
was used only in Lt.A and Lt.D. Beginning with the 4th century B.C., in Northern France the rite
of cremation is practiced, too 16 . In Lt.D, cremation becomes the main rite of cemeteries all over
Europe, reflecting a major change in the mentality of the whole Celtic area.
Characteristic for the Carpathian Basin is the cremation, along with a rich funeral
inventory, testifying a spiritual interference with the autochthonous populations, with consequences
in the mentality of these Celtic groups and changing an important aspect of their culture.
The practice of cremation in Transylvania was correlated by I. H. Cri~an and V. Zirra to
Dacians, based on the presence of mixed Celtic and Dacian cemeteries. Comparing this aspect
from Transylvania with the discoveries from The Hungarian Plane and the Middle Danube 17 ,
this affirmation should be reexamined and nuanced. Thus, the arrival of the Celts with this new
burial habit should be taken into consideration. The practice of inhumation in Transylvania is
much rarer and the inumed cremation in most of the cases is only presumed 18 . In the most
representative necropolis from northwestern Romania, at Pi~colt, the inumed cremation burials
are rare, too 19 , and they were connected to the communities of the Szentes-Vekerzug culture like
all similar situations from the Tisa Plane 20 .
The rite and ritual of the Celts from Transylvania cannot be understood without an
overview on the funeral finds from this region. Though in Central Europe several cemeteries
with hundreds of deceased were revealed, in Transylvania these are significantly smaller. The
14
Kaenel 1990.
15
Kaenell990, 262-267.
16
Brunaux 1986, 87.
17
For example at Magyarszerdahely (Western Hungary) the 90% of the graves were of cremation. Horvath 1979,
47, 51.
18
Arbore Popescu 1997, 10.
19
Nemeti 1995, 188.
20
In northwestern Romania, at Giri~-Tarian 41.66% were cremation graves and 58.33% inhumation graves, at
Ciume~ti 60% of cremation burial in a pit, 20% of inurned cremation and 20% of inhumation, while at Sanislau
80% of cremation burial in a pit, 6% of inurned cremation and 3.33% of inhumation (Zirra 1975b, 48--49).
54
situation is due to the way these archaeological sites were brought up. In this moment the major
cemetery from Transylvania is the one from Fantanele with about one hundred graves,
necropolis fully investigated but unfortunately only partially published. Another cemetery with
similar dimensions is known from Apahida, where about seventy five graves are known.
rIowever, the majority of the Celtic graves represent incidental funeral discoveries, the so-called
"isolated" graves. The discovery of several graves in the same place is a rare case; therefore all
the sites with more than two buried persons will be treated as group of graves or cemetery.
Some of the funeral discoveries could justifY an isolated burial situation - such as the
one from Papiu Ilarian, where the later investigations could not confirm the existence of other
graves. Such cases are known from Bohemia, where the cemeteries with only few graves
21
belonging to small communities are prevalent and they are frequent in the adjacent regions,
22
too . In the statistical analysis, the group of graves and cemeteries are mentioned together and
the incidental funeral discoveries apart.
Regarding the micro regions with Celtic finds from Romania, V. Zirra mentioned in
1971 the next six areas: Carei-Nir, Oradea-Giri~-Diosig and Pecica-Arad regions in Western
Romania and Bistrita, the Transylvanian Plane and the Transylvanian Plateau for Transylvania.
These last three areas can be divided in more subunits, the majority being set along the valleys
of the major rivers. Intensity of finds can be observed in the area of Bistrita, or in the valley of
the Somq, Upper and Lower Mure~ or the Tamave Rivers.
Most of the cemeteries were investigated in the region of Bistrita. These are the ones
from Archiud, Cepari, Galatii Bistritei, Orosfaia, the two cemeteries from Dip~a, and other two
from Fantanele. On the Mure~ River's valley two cemeteries are know from Aiud, on the Some~
River's valley from Apahida and Dezmir while on the Tarnave Rivers' valley from Bratei,
Media~ and Seica Midi.
1'1 horizon
2nd horizon Archiud Seica Midi
'"Ij
P>>
~ ;::t>
~ (])
J'J horizon Galatii Bistritei ;::t> '0
"''
:::!
(])
0...
i);.
2
P>
::r n t:l
(]) t:l ...,0
5" """ 0... i3.:
(1)
N -a· 0
1
Bratei P'
'0
P'
::J.
s::;· «{JJ
P'
"'~
i);.
4 horizon
"
Blandiana
Table 1. The chronology of the Celtic cemeteries from Transylvania.
The most frequent burial rite in these regions is the cremation burial in a pit, present in
64% of the cases, meaning 62 graves. The inhumation scores 10% (10 graves) and the inurned
cremation with 4 graves gets 4%. In the case of 22% of the graves from cemeteries the burial
rite could not be determined. In the adjacent regions as in the case of the necropolis from Pi~colt
the same preponderance of the cremation burial in a pit could be observed (48,8%) followed by
inhumation (44.1%) and inurned cremation (7, 1%) 23 . The preponderance of the cremation in the
Celtic cemeteries of the Carpathian Basin is sustained by several discoveries 24 .
21
Drda- Rybova 1995, 98.
22
Example can be given from Hungary: Csovar, Farmos (seven graves), Penc- Bokhegy (five graves) and Penc-
Kerekdomb (with only three graves). Hellebrandt 1999, 11-15, 21-29, 31-35. For Croatia the cemeteries were
divided in similar way (1. up to five graves, 2. more than five graves or 3. single finds) Pandzic 2005, 68, Map 1.
23
Zirra 1997, 87.
24
At Magyarszerdahely a ratio of 9 to 1 for cremation could be observed, specific mainly for warriors, while the
rite of children and women was the inhumation. Horvath 1979, 47, 51. At Vac (Hungary) from a total of fifty-five
graves eighteen were of inhumation, thirty-four of cremation burials in pit and only two were inurned cremation.
Hellebrandt 1999, 84-8 5.
55
S<'mdor Berecki
inhumation
cremat1on in a p1t
10%
64%
Fig. 3. Rite ofthe cemeteries from Transylvania.
Though the majority of cemeteries are bi-ritual, there are several cases of graveyards
with a single funeral rite. It is the case of the necropoles from Apahida, Bratei, Cepari, Seica
Mica, Galatii Bistritei and maybe Dip~a. The phenomenon is common for all the cemeteries
from the Carpathian Basin25 .
Inhumation Cremation in a pit Inurned cremation Unknown Total

Location
% nr. % nr. % nr. 0
/o nr.
Aiud N1 17% 1 17% 1 66% 4 6
Aiud N2 67% 2 33% 1 3
Apahida 95% 21 5% 1 22
Archiud 100% 2 2
Blandiana 100% 2 2
Bratei 100% 2 2
Cepari 50% 7 50% 7 14
Dezmir 25% 1 25% 1 50% 2 4
Dip$a N1 50% 1 50% 1 2
Dip$a N2 50% 1 50% 1 2
F:'mtfmele N 1 9% 1 64% 7 27% 3 11
Galatii Bistritei 100% 12 12
Media$ 33% 1 33% 1 33% 1 3
Orosfaia 25% 3 67% 8 8% 1 12
$eica Mica ? ? 100% ? ')
? ? ? ?
Table 2. Rite of the cemeteries from Transylvania.
urns. 7.1%
cremation, 48.8 %
inhumation, 44.1 %
Fig. 4. Rite of the cemetery from Pi$colt (Satu Mare County, northwest Romania).
25
Examples from the territory of Hungary: Bodroghalom (eighteen graves), Kistokaj-Kultelek (twenty-seven
graves), Muhi-Kocsmadomb or Radostyan (sixteen graves), etc. Hellebrandt 1999, 192, 210, 233, 251.
56
In the first cemetery from Aiud, we know about six graves out of which, beside the four
without information about the rite, one was a cremation burial in a pit and the other was of
inhumation, both dated from Lt.B 2 . Another two graves dated from the last Transylvanian
horizon. From the three graves of the second cemetery from Aiud, two were of inhumation and
the last one of inurned cremation. The cemetery was dated in Lt.B 2 .
On the valley of the Tarnave Rivers, at Bratei, the two graves are dating from Lt.C 1 and
they are cremation ones. At Media~, all the three rites are present and the graves are dating from
Lt.B 1b, Lt.B 2b-C 1, while at Seica Mica we do not have knowledge about the number of graves,
only about the fact that in all cases the rite was cremation.
In the case of the cemetery from Apahida the research of Orosz Endre cannot be taken
into consideration because the finds were registered not based upon the archaeological features'-
in this case grave pits - but by the date when they were discovered. Calculating all the
excavations in the cemetery and trying to count the graves revealed, V. Zirra indicates a number
of 70 to 75 graves, while previously I. H. Cri~an considered that the number of graves
discovered was about 100 26 . In spite of this fact, because of the records of the earlier research,
only twenty two graves can be taken into consideration, out of which twenty one were cremation
burials in a pit and in one case such observations were not made. One grave was dated in the
first horizon, while none of these last finds could be included in the second phase. Three graves
are from Lt.B 2 b and the same number from the last horizon. Regarding the funeral inventory,
two graves could be from the third or the fourth horizon as well. Fourteen graves could not be
clearly dated.
From the four graves discovered at Dezmir, the one with the chariot was cremation
burial in a pit and was dating from Lt.B 2 b. Another grave, this time of inhumation, was dated in
the Lt.B 2 , while two graves' rite from Lt.C 1 is unknown.
In the first cemetery from Dip~a, one grave was of cremation and for the second the rite
is unknown, while in the second cemetery cremation and inhumation are represented by one
grave each. The cremation from the first cemetery was dated in Lt.B 2 , the one with unknown rite
to Lt.C 1 . The chronology of the second cemetery from DiNa is unknown.
At Archiud, both graves dated to Lt.B 2 were inurned cremations. At Cepari, from
fourteen graves, half were cremation burials in a pit while the rite of the rest of the graves is
unknown. Three graves could not be included chronologically and the rest of them date from the
last two horizons.
Based on the information of the scientific literature referring to the first cemetery from
Fantanele-Dambu Popii, eleven graves are known, out of which seven were of cremation, one
of inhumation and three with unknown rite. The other cemetery from Fantanele-Dealu/ lu}ului
is bi-ritual, too 27 . At Galatii Bistritei, all the twelve graves were cremation burials in a pit. At
Orosfaia, eight graves of cremation, three of inhumation and one with uncertain rite were
investigated. The cemetery started in Lt.B 2 with a grave of cremation and one of inhumation.
From the five graves with a larger dating, from Lt.B 2b to Lt.C 1 in one case the rite is unknown,
two are of cremation and another two of inhumation. All the graves from Lt. C 1 were of cremation.
Incidental funeral discoveries are those isolated graves discoveries that for one reason
or another were not part of a cemetery. In some cases the existence of a cemetery can only be
supposed, since the majority of these finds were chance discoveries and they were not
investigated systematically till now. The inventory of these graves in many cases W<l,S rich. The
forty incidentally discovered graves present the same characteristics as the archaeological
features from cemeteries.
26
Zirra 1976c, 155.
27
The archaeological excavations are ongoing. Information Lucian Vaida.
57
Sandor Berecki
Bratei ~eica
Mica Turda~
F 1 horizon
Vorumloc Vurpar
Mureni
Blaj Cluj-Napoca
2nd horizon
Darlo~ Sandule~ti Siliva~
Acmariu Atel Band 1
3'd horizon Band2 Pa]Jiu Ilarian Pruni~
Toarcla Turda~
Criste~ti
Soporul de Campie Cluj-Na!'_oca
Cristurul Secuiesc Dabaca Delureni
41h horizon
Dip~a Fantanele Jucul de Sus
Roteni Turd a Zoreni
Table 3: The chronology of incidental funeral discoveries.
The cremation burials in a pit are preponderant, only two graves of inhumation and one
of inumed cremation are known. Unfortunately, in twenty six cases, the rite of these graves
could not be determined.
cremation in a pit
27%
mhumation
5%
unknown murned cremat1on
66% 2%
Fig. 5: Rite of incidental funeral discoveries.
Analyzing the total of Celtic funeral discoveries - cemeteries and incidental graves - the
major presence of the cremation burials in a pit can be observed, followed by inhumation and
inumed cremation. The case of the forty seven graves with unknown rite can not incline
significantly the balance of the presented percentage. However, we hope that the future
archaeological excavations will clarify this aspect of the Celtic civilization.
cremation in a pit
53%
9%
Fig. 6: Rite of the Celts from Transylvania (cemeteries and incidental finds).
Pursuing the funeral rite's chronology and its evolution in the Transylvanian micro
regions, several particularities and generalities can be observed. Thus, in the region of Bistrita,
from fifty nine graves, 8% were inhumation, 65% cremation burials in a pit, 3% inumed
cremation and 24% burials were of unknown rite. In the first horizon, only the rite of cremation
burial in a pit is practiced and in the second phase the rite of inumed cremation appears. From
Lt.B 2 b the graves with the rite of inhumation are known, but in a ratio of 1:14 for cremation
burial in a pit. Some graves could not be dated exactly, being placed in the 3rd and 4th periods; in
58
these cases the ratio of rite is 1:3 for cremation burial in a pit, noting that the number of graves
is smaller, too. So, concerning the facts distinguished so far, for this region we note that: in the
first two phases, only the rite of cremation is practiced, in the third phase the inhumation
appears, but in the last one, apparently, it disappears again. This "evolution" is sustained by the
cemetery of Orosfaia with a similar internal evolution of the rite. In the cemeteries from
Archiud, Cepari, Dip~a and Galatii Bistritei - although the investigations cannot be considered
exhaustive in all of the cases - only cremation is practiced. Bi-ritual cemeteries are the ones
from Dip~a (the second cemetery), Ffmtanele (both cemeteries) and Orosfaia.
inhumation Cremation in a pit inurned cremation unknown total

1" horizon 1 1 2
2"d horizon 1 2 1 4
3rd horizon 1 14 1 16
3rd or 4 1h horizon 2 6 2 10
1
4 " horizon 7 2 9
unknown 2 9 7 18
total 5=8% 38 = 65% 2=3% 14 = 24% 59
Table 4. Rite of discoveries from Bistrita.
On the Mure~ River's valley, twenty one Celtic graves are known. Concerning the
chronological evolution of the funeral rite from this region, the advent of cremation as the only
rite in Lt.B 1b, and in Lt.B 2a the practice of cremation burial in a pit among inurned cremation can
be ascertained. For the 3rd horizon, only graves of inhumation are known but these would
disappear in Lt.C 1, when cremation burial in a pit is practiced again. Unfortunately, the
cemetery from Blandiana is irrelevant in this direction. The majority of cemeteries are bi-ritual
and the one from Aiud fits to the general scheme of the area. This situation is similar to the one
from Bistrita region.

5
1 ' horizon 1 1 2
2"d horizon 1 1 1 3
3rd horizon 3 4 7
3rd or 4 1" horizon 1 1
4'" horizon 1 4 5
unknown 1 2 3
total 4 = 19% 3 = 14% 1=5% 13 = 62% 21
Table 5. Rite of discoveries from Mure~ River's Valley.
On the Some~ River's valley, thirty seven graves were revealed. From Lt.B 1b only cremation
graves are known. There are no mentioned graves from the second horizon. In Lt.B 2b, inhumation
and cremation appear in a ratio of 1:4, while in the last horizon only the rite of cremation would
be practiced. From this region, inurned cremations are not known yet. From the necropolis of
Apahida, only cremation burials are known and the cemetery from Dezmir is hi-ritual.

1st horizon l 1
2"ct horizon 2 2
3m horizon 1 4 5
3rct or 4 1h horizon 3 3
1
4 " horizon 5 2 7
unknown 13 1 5 19
total 1=3% 26 = 70% 1= 3 9=24% 37
Table 6. Rite of discoveries from Some~ River's Valley.
59
Sandor Berecki
Almost all the seventeen graves from the Tamave Rivers' valleys are cremation burials
in a pit or inumed cremations; the only grave of inhumation is known from Media~ and it could
not be dated. In Lt.B 1b inumed cremation graves appear; in the second horizon, cremation
burials in a pit. There are no graves discovered from the third horizon and in the fourth phase the
cremation burial in a pit persists.
inhumation Cremation in a_pit inurned cremation unknown total

151 horizon 1 3 4=23%
1st or 2nd horizon 1 1=6%
2ro horizon 2 2 = 13%
3'd 1 1=6%
3"1 or 4 1n horizon 1 1=6%
4'n horizon 3 1 4=23%
unknown 1 3 4=23%
total 1=6% 6 = 35% 1=6% 9= 53% 17
Table 7. Rite of discoveries from Tamava Midi and Tamava Mare Rivers' Valley.
In conclusion, it can be issued that in the first and second horizon- Lt.B 1b and Lt.B 2a -
only cremation burial in a pit and inumed cremation were practiced as burial rites. In the case of
graves dated in Lt.B 2b, respectively in Lt.B 2 b-Lt.C 1, beside cremation, the inhumation appears.
In this period the rite of inumed cremation is not present any more. The lapse of inumed
cremation from the 3rd horizon is interesting if we consider the fact that at Pi~colt, in
northwestern Romania, from 186 graves, three were dated in the first horizon (G 31 , G 198 , G 203 ),
four in the second (G1, G46, G 97 , G1 84) and five in the last two periods (G4o, G 75 , G 79 , Gn,
28
G 110 ) . Finally, the last horizon, Lt.C 1 is characterized by the rite of cremation burial in a pit. It
must be mentioned that the statistical analysis of the funeral rite can be nuanced a lot by future
field investigations.
II cremation in a pit oo inhumation l:ll inurned cremation II unknown
Fig. 7. Cemeteries from Transylvania. The evolution of the rite by horizons.
It is impossible to determine the horizontal stratification of the cemeteries because of the

lack of such observations and of unfinished investigations. A linear progression of graves or a
grouping around a nucleus can be presumed in some cases as in the case of many scientifically
researched cemeteries from Central Europe29 , where these groups represent the sectors of families 30 ,
28
Nemeti 1988; 1989; 1992a.
29
Kruta 2001, 44.
30
At Magyarszerdahely (Hungary) could be observed four groups of graves, interpreted as separate families with
particular habits, such as the placing on the pyre of the vessels dedicated to the burial ceremony. Horvath 1979,64.
60
gender31 , social classes 32 , or social entities 33 . In some cases, a group of graves reflects a separate
ritual from the others 34 in other cases they are chronologically grou~ed 35 . For other regions the
family is documented by the superimposed burials or double burials 6 , the grave of a man and a
37
woman or of a woman and a child .
References to the arrangement of graves were made only for Orosfaia in the graveyard:
they were chaotic, without any alignment or grouping.
The orientations of the dead are different for every region and every cemetery from the
Carpathian Basin; in the majority of the cases a certain cemetery has graves with several
orientations 38 . In the region under discussion, at Aiud, the deceased was placed northwest-
southease9, while at Orosfaia one grave was oriented south-north, another one with the head to
40
east-southeast and another one to south-southeast . In the already mentioned cemetery from
Pi~colt (northwestern Romania) the majority of graves were oriented northwest-southeast
(twenty one graves) followed by the preference for the north-south and west-east orientation (ten
graves) 41 .
There are no any known cases of wooden funerary chambers, wooden platf01ms or
sidewall niches like in some of the cemeteries from Central Europe 42 . The grave pits from
43
Apahida were oval or round shaped and they were deepened about 80 to 200 em in the ground .
At Orosfaia, the pits were oval, rectangular, trapezoidal or round. The depth of the graves ranges
between 20 and 105 cm44 . The skeletons were found positioned on their backs, in G 3 and G5
with their hands along the body, while in G 7 with the hands on the pelvis; the latter did not have
any funeral inventory45 . Recently, contracted burials were identified at Fantanele-Dealul
lu,}ului. This rite is unknown for the other cemeteries from Transylvania although from the
46
Carpathian Basin several cases are known .
31
At Andelfingen and MUnsingen-Rain (Switzerland) there were specific sectors for men, women and children.
Kaenel- MUller 1991,219.
32
At Muhi - Kocsmadomb (Hungary) the graves were grouped around the ones containing swords (0 23 , 0 38 , 0 43 )
therefore belonging to warriors. Hellebrandt 1999, 233, fig. 173.
33
At Vac (Hungary) there were identified seven separate groups of graves, each with one warrior. Hellebrandt
1999, 98-102.
34
At Borsosgyor from eighteen graves six were grouped in a part of the cemetery and all of them were oriented
northeast-southwest, while the rest were mainly with the head to south, southeast or southwest. Mithay 1966. 61.
35
At Pi~colt (northwest Romania) the center of cemetery was used for about 75 years after that the dead were
buried grouped on the margins. Nemeti 1988, 51, fig. 1.
36
Superimposed burials are known from the territory of Hungary at Vac (0 315 , 0 2913 ~o 0 40141 ). Hellebrandt 1999, 98-
102. These kind of burials are mentioned at Borsosgyor, too (04 and 0 5). Mithay 1966, 61. Double burials are
mentioned for example at Ve!'ka Mana (Slovakia). Benadik 1963, 339-390; Benadik 1978, 383-422.
37
This situation is documented at Muhi (0 32). Hellebrandt 1999, 233, fig. 173.
38
At Magyarszerdahely (Hungary) the cremation grave pits were oriented north-south (15 graves) and west-east (5
graves). Horvath 1979, 47. At Berneceapati (Hungary) all the graves were oriented northwest-southeast, while at
Vac (Hungary) the preferred orientation was east-west (eight graves from a total of fifty-five). In the case of the
cremation cemetery from Muhi (Hungary) some grave pits were oriented south-north, others southwest-northeast.
Hellebrandt 1999, 11-15, 84-85, 233. At Ludas (Hungary) all the inhumation graves were oriented south-
southeast-north/northwest. Szabo- Tank6 2006, 328.
39
Roska 1942a, 189.
40
Vaida 2000, 136-139.
41
Nemeti 1993b, 117.
42
Kaenel- MUller 1991, 219 (Mi.insingen); Horvath 1972, 98, 101 (Balatonf6kajar 0 5, 0 10); Bujna- Szabo 1991, 278.
43
Zirra 1976c, 156.
44
The form and depth of grave pits is various in the majority of the cemeteries from the Carpathian Basin. At Vac
they are mainly rectangular with rounded corners and they are deepened between 40 and 238 em. At Bodroghalom
they were deepened from 33 to 248 em. Hellebrandt 1999, 99. At Balatonf6kajar the rectangular grave pits were
150 to 220 longs and 47 to 120 wide. Horvath 1972, 93-107.
45
Vaida 2000, 137-138. For the position of the hands, analogies can be mentioned from Balatonfokajar (0 1 and
0 10) Horvath 1972,95, 101.
46
Magyarszerdahely (09 ) Horvath 1979, 47; Vac (03 , 0 21 , 0 29 ) Hellebrandt 1999, 98; Sopron-Krautacker (0 118 )
Jerem 2003, 345-349, fig. 3.
61
Sandor Berecki
There are only suppositions regarding the marking of graves. At Jucul de Sus, four stone
slabs were placed at the edge of the cremation burial 47 . At Apahida, in the pit of G9, G 12 , G1s and
48
G 20 stones were found, most probably serving as markers for those graves . In central European
cemeteries, there are known cases of marking the graves with piles or stones placed to the edges
49
of the grave .
Other information about the organization of cemeteries will be discussed after the
publishing of the cemeteries from Hintfmele, Galatii Bistritei or $eica Mica, but especially after
the new systematic field investigations. Unfortunately, the studies referring to genealogy,
society, family, affinity and their reflection in cemeteries are vague or completely missing.
The burial ritual can hardly be reconstructed, due to the repeatedly evoked cause of the
lack of investigations.
From Fantanele two grave pits are known with marks of fire and with burned, red
colored floor, interpreted as signs of the purification of the grave 5°. A similar situation is mentioned
51
in the case of G 1 from Zauan (Salaj County), where a platform of 30 em was identified .
Pyres or platforms for burning the body (ustrinum) are known at Apahida. In some cases,
these are situated outside the cemetery and their reveal in the majority of the situations is
hazardous 52 . They appear as a congestion of stones. Some of them keep fragments of jewels or
other cremated metal accessories of clothing. At Apahida, seven such pyres were identified,
each of them belonging to a separate grave. Therefore, there was not a single pyre for the whole
cemetery but one for each deceased.
There is no information about cenotaph graves or animal sacrifices separately buried in
Transylvania. Such symbolic burials, rituals or magic related features are known in the
Carpathian Basin 53 . The habit of stone packed offering is frequent in cemeteries from the
54
Carpathian Basin , but they are unknown in Transylvania.
Animal sacrifices constitute a particular aspect of the Celtic bmial ritual all over Europe.
In the cemeteries and incidental funeral discoveries from Transylvania there are thirty graves
with animals or parts of them. These are placed directly on the grave pit's bottom, as mentioned
in two cases at the cemetery from Orosfaia or in vessel, as described for a grave from the same
5
cemeterl . In some cases they are mixed with the human cremated bones like in the G4, G 14 and
G 16 from Apahida. In four cases these were bones of horses, other four cases were of birds,
twelve were pigs and three were boars. In other cases, the description mentions only the
presence of the bones, without including them to any species. Other sacrificed animals were
dogs, ovines or foxes. In the rest of the cases the descriptions do not mention animal sacrifices,
which do not exclude their existence, since the lack of information can be a result of the lapse of
the researcher. The graves with animal sacrifice are the two from Aiud, the eighteen from
Apahida, one from Cepari and Hintanele two from Dezmir and four from Orosfaia. We known
that there were no sacrifices in the cemeteries from Archiud, Dip~a and Media~, while such
information is missing for Bratei, Galatii Bistritei and $eica Mica.
47
Orosz 1912, 171.
48
Kovacs 1911, 26-27.
49
Horvath 1979, 49 (Magyarszerdahe1y); Jerem 2003, 545, fig. 3 (Sopron, Hungary).
50
Diinilii 1978, 268.
5
l Matei 1978, 34. The ritual is mentioned for the G 3 t from the cemetery from Vac in Hungary, where the floor of
the grave pit was fired prior to the burial. Hellebrandt 1999, 98, fig. 53.
52
Horvath 1979, 49.
53
Hellebrandt 1999, 97 (Vac, G 52 ), Jerem 2003, 545-549 (Sopron).
54
Examples from Hungary: Bernecebarati Gh Csovar, Vac G40 . Hellebrandt 1999, 97.
55
Vaida 2000, 138.
62
20
I
I
18
I I I
16
I I i I
I i I
I
!
I i
14 I
!
12
I I
:
10 I
8
I I
I
I I I i I
6
4
i I I l I
!--1
I
I
I i I i I I
2
~~~
I
i ~ I ~I
0
-=
"C .,
"'
:;;;=
"'
"C
.,
:.c= "a ·;:
1l.
~
·~ -"' "'" - ~"'

"
:§
e
..,~"- 1
IS: IS:
:.;;:
~ ] u ~ 0 0 ;:;:
0
OS li:
Fig. 8. Animal sacrifices in the Celtic cemeteries from Transylvania.
For the forty incidental funeral discoveries animal sacrifices are described in the cases of
graves from Cluj-Napoca (pig) and Sandule~ti (horse). Therefore, out of a total of 137 graves
tncluded in the analysis, only for thirty graves animal sacrifices are mentioned, while for the rest
of them this offering was missing or it is not mentioned in the literature.
Some of the knives discovered in graves can be linked to the animal sacrifices as well as
the scythe stones, which at Pi~colt, in northwestern Romania, were repeatedly placed together
with knives. In some cases, the knife was put in the same place with the animal remains,
reflecting their ritual connection. In this latter cemetery, the animals sacrificed were pigs,
bovines and birds 56 .
In the process of studying the burial rite and ritual of the Celts from Transylvania the
inventory of the graves is of prior importance. These are placed in the same grave with the
dead. They are intended to accompany the deceased on his way to the other word. The
inventory is placed in the comers of the grave pits, rarely together with the animal sacrifice.
At Orosfaia, in one case they were placed in the southwestern comer and in another case in the
western comer of the pit57 . At Apahida, usually, the inventory is grouped and the animal
offering is in a separate place 58 . The pottery of the inventories from the Celtic graves of the
Carpathian Basin is characterrized by one short and two taller vessels and they are placed
unorganized, aligned or grouped59 .
The graves' inventory contains objects used in the everyday life60 , but some of them
were prepared especially for the funeral. Thus, the weapons such as swords, kept the marks of
usage, but the pottery from the cemeteries is of a superior quality, only the forms resenting
similarities with the vessels from settlements. Therefore, it is highly probable that some vessels
were made especially for the burial, too. Recipients connected to the spirituality of the Celts are
61
the vessels with anthropomorphic or zoomorphic handle such as the one from Blandiana ,
discovered in a grave which contained a brooch, a shield's handle and pottery made by hand or
wheel turned.
56
Nemeti 1993b.
7
" Vaida 2000, 135-139.
58
Zirra 1976c, 156.
59
Bujna- Szabo 1991, 280. At Pi~colt (Romania) they are characteristic for the LtB 2b and Lt.C 1 period. Nemeti
1993b, 120. "Triple panoply" is mentioned for the Swiss Plateau, where in the graves of warriors a sword, a shield
and a spear can be found. Kaenel - Mi.iller 1991, 219.
60
At Mi.insingen some of the brooches kept the marks of repair. Kaenel- Mi.iller 1991, 254.
61
Aldea- Ciugudean 1985, 37, fig. 1 I 1, 2 I 1, fig. 3, 4; Rustoiu- Popa 2000, 255, fig. 2 I 5; Sarbu- Florea 2000,
202; Rustoiu 2002b, 30, fig. 25.
63
Sandor Berecki
Unknown in Transylvania, the boot-shaped vessels can be connected to spiritual and

ritual practices, too. Such vases are known from the regions of the Cri~ and Tisa Rivers valleys,
from sites like Curtuiu~eni or Camin in northwestem Romania, or Gava, in northeastem
Hungarl 2 . They are present in cemeteries and in settlements, too, and are specific to the Middle
. 63
D anu be region .
In most cases, the clothes and clothing metal accessories are bumed together with their
64
bearer . At Orosfaia, some artifacts - both jewellery and weapons - were set on fire, other had
been placed directly in the grave65 . In northwestem Romania, at Pi~colt, the same ritual element
can be observed66 .
Among the possibilities of reconstructing the Celtic society, the prior source is the study
of funeral discoveries. Based on this information, there can be distinguished a well-defined
military aristocracy, detected in archaeological finds, too. Their burials are characterized by
particular features and special elements involved. This aristocracy is specific to the Central and
Eastem European space67 . In Transylvania, the testimonies of the Celtic elite are the rich burials
with special artifacts and the chariot burials. From the 137 graves, thirty three waniors could be
identified, armed with twenty three swords, twenty eight spears, forty one knives (some of them
connected to the animal sacrifice as shown above), two anowheads, seven shields and four
helmets. Other seven swords, ten spears, three knives and a helmet are isolated finds, so they
were not associated with waniors.
The four chariot graves from Cristurul Secuiesc, Dezmir, Toarcla and Vurpar, as well as
the graves with helmets from Apahida, Hateg, Aiud and Siliva~ can be assigned to chiefs or to
the military elite 68 . In the case of chariot burials, the rite of cremation can be remarked in the
first two cases, while for Toarcla and Vurpar there is no such infonnation. These are two
wheeled chariots 69 in a first instance connected to the Scythian ones; in reality they represent an
evolution of the westem Celtic chariots from the first Iron Age, being an important symbol of
the aristocratic wanior70 . Thus, these chiefs kept their old habits brought from their homeland,
perpetuating a typical symbol of the social rank. Discoveries of hamess elements are the symbol
of the social status; they are an allusion to the chariot burials.
The bending of swords and spears has a vast literature; they probably symbolized the
individual character of these weapons, the fact that they were not hereditary, or, according to
some archaeologists, the superstition about the retum of the dead 71 .
The funeral inventory is not enough for defining the gender of the deceased. The
anthropological research is elementary for such information; a minute study of the bones would
bring evidence conceming physiological aspects, the age, gender or certain pathological signs of
the person. Without such analysis, only the inventory is helpful if weapons or typical feminine
jewelers are found. The situation is aggravated by the preponderance of the cremation rite,
which allows poor information to be obtained about this aspect. It can be specified that some of
62
Namisi 1975,47, pl. 12.
63
Szabo 2001b, 104, m. 220 (Esztergom, Hungary); SzabO 2005, 57 (Kosd).
64
Zirra 1976c. 156.
65
Vaida 2000, 141. As mentioned above, at Magyarszerdahely a family group from the cemetery used to place
pottery on the pyre, too. Horvath 1979, 64.
66
Nemeti 1993b, 119.
67
Selmeczi 1993, 160.
68
The chariot graves are frequent from the 5th century B.C. in Bohemia and the marnean region, the ritual
expanding to Hungary (Arnot, Hatvan-Boldog, Teteny, Sarszentmikl6s, T6k, Balsa) and northwest Romania, too
(Curtuiu~eni) Vegh 1973, 216, fig. 10.
69
Roska 1915, 35.
7
°Ferencz 1997c, 10.
71
Petres 1971, 141; Horvath 1979, 52; Rapin 1992. The ritual is known for other regions and periods, too (Soudan,
Liberia or Oceania). They believed that the deposed sword had a similar one in the other world which was better so
the deceased will use not the one placed in the grave but the new one. Brunaux 1986, 88.
64
the Transylvanian burials belonged to rich women who were part of the social elite. Arm rin~s
and foot rings, necklaces and pendants are the artifacts connected by Janos Nemeti to women 2 .
;\t Apahida, from the estimated seventy five graves, five belonged to women, two to children
and eleven to men; in six graves weapons were found suggesting a warrior burial 73 . In
northwestern Romania, at Pi~colt 56 graves from a total of 186 were identified as feminine
burials. The next investigations of Celtic cemeteries will have the obligation of clarifying
precisely the artifacts connected to one gender or another.
An interesting grave was found at Gala!ii Bistritei where, together with brooches,
vessels, sword's chain, and an instrument of trepanation was found 74 , confirming the medical
1\nowledge of Celts from these regions. The medicine in the Celtic society was the prerogative
of the clerg/ 5 , thus the grave becomes more interesting.
The majority of graves are simple, some of them without any funeral inventory. From
the 137 graves, twenty four had in their inventory only pottery and no metal artifacts 76 • These
graves belong to the simple people, from which we have the less archaeological information
although they are mentioned in the work of Caesar.
The Transylvanian aspects of the rite and ritual of the Celts are an integrated part of the
practices from the Carpathian Basin. In some cases, particularities can be observed; these are the
result of local influences or of the stage of the research. In the past, there was a lack of
researches aiming to bring into the light the Celtic civilization, because the Iron Age excavations
were mainly focused on the Dacian culture. The few explored cemeteries give an image of an
opened society, which arrived with its own habits and has shown the ability to receive the
influences of the autochthonous population. These cemeteries are small groups of graves, either
because they were used for a short period or because they belonged to a small community.
In these cemeteries, a particular evolution can be observed. In the first horizons, the main
rite is the cremation in a pit or inurned cremation, the inhumation appearing only from the 3rct
phase. The situation is generic for all the micro regions from Transylvania, but not for
northwestern Romania, where all the rites are present in all the horizons. This can be the result
of the deficient research or a proper evolution for the region.
Because of the lack of archaeological excavations, the image of the Transylvanian Celtic
cemetery is not equivocal. Only few aspects of the organization of graves are known. From the
present information, one can conclude that the Celts had preference neither for the orientation of
the dead, nor for the position of the body, and there is no rule for the form or depth of the grave
pits, while the marking of the graves can only be presumed in some cases.
The burial of a Celtic person involved a complex ritual of which only few elements can
be reconstructed. Such a ritual is the purifying of the grave pit by fire before the body is placed
into it. The cremation of the deceased took place somewhere near the grave pit or the cemetery.
A personal bond is shown by the fact that in some cemeteries almost all the cremated bodies had
their own pyres. The deposing of the funeral inventory was a complex procedure, too. There can
be traced a certain a rule of placing the vessels, animal sacrifices or personal objects. These
objects had a specific role in the deceased's life; some of them had been used in his lifetime,
others were made specifically for funerary purpose. In some cases, the ritual included magical
practices like the bending of swords or spearheads. The inventory of these graves also gives the
opportunity to create the profile of the Celtic society, dominated by warriors and their leader, a
society with wealthy women, traders, priests and craftsmen77 .
72
Nemeti 1993b, 121.
73
Zirra 1976c, ftg. 3.
74
Dil.nila 1955, 91-99; Zirra 1971, 203; Danila 1989, 115.
75
Le Roux 1961, 41-42. Analogies can be mentioned from Pogny (Champagne), Pottenbrunn M 520 (Austria) or
Ludas (Hungary).
76
Some of them are incidental funeral discoveries so the lack of other discoveries can be the result of investigation.
77
The translation was supervised by Coralia Cri~an (Mure~ County Museum), whom we would like to thank.
65
Sandor Berecki
Annexes
Celtic Funeral Discoveries. Catalogue of Finds
Acmariu, Aknuir, Alba County

• incidental funeral discovery
• NMHT
• Teghis 1887, 8; Martian 1920, 6; RepAlba 1995, 20; Ferencz 1997b, 35.
Adiimu~, Adamos, Mure~ County

• TCM 186, 189
• Lazar 1995, 38-9.
Aiud, Nagyenyed, Strassburg, Alba County

• cemetery nr. 1, north-northeast of the town, Orhegy Hill, Levelszin, Straub vineyard, west of the park, in the
vineyards, place named Orhegiu-Poligon or Cinegetelek
• AHM 738-751, 5228
• Teghis 1887, 29; Roska 1942a, 189, 190; Roska 1944, 65-6; Horedt 1945, 193; Cri~an 1973a, 50-1; Cri~an
1974b, 73, 81, 87-8; Zirra 1974, 145; RepAlba 1995, 23; Ferencz 1999, pl. 1 I 2.
• cemetery nr. 2, south of the town, on the territory of the school, on the left side of the road which leads to Alba
Iulia, over the Winkler vineyard
• AHM 5261-5263, 5265, 5268
• Roska 1929b, 83-4; Roska 1942a, 190; Roska 1944, 65; Zirra 1971, 182; Cri!?an 1973a, 50-1; Cri~an 1974b,
73, 82, 84; Zirra1974, 143, 145; RepAlba 1995, 23; Ferencz 1999, 137.
Apanida, Apahida, Cluj County

• cemetery, Ratul satului, on the north-northeast margin of the village, near the railway, on a platform of the
Some~ul Mic River
• AHM 4864-4872, NMHT 4099-4383
• Kovacs 1911; Roska 1942a, 24-5; Roska 1942b, 227; Cri!?an 1966, 46, Fig. 19 I 1-2; Zirra 1967, 85; Cri~an
1971a, 32, 39, 50-2; Cri~an 1971c, 552; Daicoviciu- Vlassa 1974, 9-10; IstCluj 1974, 20--1; Zirra 1974, 143-
7; Zirra- 1975b, 48, nota 10; Zirra 1976a, 130, 135, 140-4; Zirra 1976b, 426; Zirra 1976c; Zirra 1978, 128-9;
RepCj. 1992, 34; Arbore Popescu 1997, 9; Ferencz 1997a, 83.
Archiud, Mezoerked, Arkeden, Bistrita-Niisiiud County

• cemetery, Hansuri, north of the village, towards Budureni
• NMHT
• Popescu 1965, 601; Cri~an 1966, 56; Zirra 1971, 203; Cri~an 197lb, 60; Cri~an 1973a, 53; Cri~an 1974a, 48-9;
Zirra 1974, 152; Nemeti 1989, 107.
A.{el, Ecel, Hetzehdorf, Sibiu County

• incidental funeral discovery, between A!el and Bratei, at the sand quarry, Zavoi
• WNM, BMS, MS 2425
• Roska 1942a, 71; Cri~an 1971b, 60-1; Zirra 1971, 184-5; Zirra 1972, 176; Cri~an 1973a, 53; Cri~an 1974a, 52;
Cri~an 1975b, 54; Zirra 1975b, 52, 54, 61; Nemeti 1986, 76; Nemeti 1988, 67; Zirra 1991, 181, 183, Fig. 2/7;
Nemeti 1992a, 104; Nemeti 1992b, 140; Ferencz 1997a, 91; Nemeti 2000, 167.
Band, Mezoband, Mure~ County

• incidental funeral discovery, Omlashegy, 2,5 km southwest of the village, right of Ciipu~, near the Adiimu~,
Lechinta and Valea Rece Creeks, near the place named Felhag6
• HNM
• Kovacs 1913, 277-8; Roska 1929a, 314-5; Roska 1933, 360; Roska 1942a, 175; Popescu 1944, 16; Roska
1944, 64; Cri~an 1973a, 53.
• incidental funeral discovery, Tiptelnic (Szaltelek)
• NMHT 6814-6819
66
JljAiLt4LJ1 j.
• Raska 1942a, 175; Raska 1944, 64; Popescu 1945, 185; Zirra 1967, 99; Cri~an 1973a, 53; Zirra 1971, 200;
Zirra 1978, 135; Lazar 1995,62.
Hiii(a, Mezobanyica, Gindusdo1f, Mure~ County

• incidental funeral discovery, on the territory of the village
• Cri~an 1973a, 54; Lazar 1995, 178.
Rlaj, Balazsfalva, Blassendorf, Alba County

• incidental funeral discovery, at the end of street 13 Decembrie
• MB 1188-1191
• Cri~an 1964, 88-9; Cri~an 1969, 254; Zirra 1971, 182; Zirra 1975b, 53; Zirra 1978, 134; RepAlba 1995,59.
Blandiana, Maroskarna, Alba County

• incidental funeral discovery, on the left side of the Mure~ River, at the margin of the first platform, Lunca
fermei, La Brad
• NUMAI 6066-6069
• Aldea 1976, 415, 418; Aldea- Ciugudean 1985, 42; Ferencz 1999, 139; Rustoiu- Papa 2000, 255; Sarbu-
Florea 2000, 202; Rustoiu 2002b, 30-1.
Bratei, Barathely, Pretai, Sibiu County

• cemetery
• Cri~an 1973a, 53; Babe~ 1983, 199; Nemeti 1992b, 140.
• incidental funeral discovery, unknown place

• Nemeti 1988,65.
Cepari, Csepan, Tschippendorf, Bistrita-Nasaud County

• cemetery, Kohlenberg Hill, Hohe Plesch
• NMHT, VI.2782-2819
• Raska 1944, 35-6, 55-6; Cri~an 1966, 57, 59-61; Cri~an 1969, 257; Cri~an 197lc, 552; Zirra 1971, 203;
Cri~an 1973a, 54; Zirra 1974, 152; Zirra 1975b, 57; Nemeti 1986, 76; Danila 1989, 65; Nemeti 1992b, 140;
Ferencz 1997a, 91.
Cluj-Napoca, Kolozsvar, Klausenburg, Cluj County

• incidental funeral discovery, Gheorgheni, Rdtul bivolilor, close to the road which leads to Sopor, at the stone
quarry
• NMHT, IN 2674,2805
• Cri~an 1973a, 54; Cri~an 1973b, 40-43, 46; Cri~an 1975a, 53; Szabo 1975, 149; RepCluj 1992, 122; Szabo
2000,22.
• incidental funeral discovery, Miina~tur, the Agronomic Institute's farm

• NMHT, 1.4172, IN2552 a-b
• Raska 1942a, 133; Raska 1944, 61; Zirra 1971, 200; Cri~an 1973a, 54; Cri~an 1973b, 48; RepC1uj 1992, 122;
Papa- Totoianu 2000, 70.
• incidental funeral discovery, near the prison, at the road which leads to Soporul Mare Hills
• Raska 1942a, 135; Raska 1944, 60-61; RepCluj 1992, 139.
Criste~ti,
Maroskeresztur, Mure~ County
• MCM, 1002,1032,3714-3716
• Raska 1942a, 163; Raska 1944, 63; Peticii 1994, 33-4, pl. 3 I 3, 6; Lazar 1995, 100.
Cristuru Secuiesc, Szekelykeresztur, Kreutz, Harghita County

• incidental funeral discovery, Belso-Cserepcsur, Csurosoldal, near the road which leads to Ceche~ti
• NMHT, IV 2594-2600
• Raska 1929a, 315; Raska 1933, 359-361; Marton 1934, 124; Raska 1942a, 268; Popescu 1944, 7, 9; Raska
1944, 70; Vegh 1973, 217; Benko 1992, 183; Ferencz 1997c, 5.
67
Sandor Berecki
Diibfica, Doboka, Cluj County

• NMHT, MGherla
• Zirra 1971, 198; Cri~an 1973a, 56.
• incidental funeral discovery, 2 km far from the village

• Rusu 1969, 298; Zirra 1971, 200.
Diirlo!j, Darlac, Durles, Sibiu County

• incidental funeral discovery, house m. 612, the property of Tutu Minar
• Blajan- Togan 1978,46, pl. 2/4, 5, 16/2, 3, 5.
Delenii, Magyarsaros, Kleinferken,Mure~ County

• TCM
• Cri~an 1969, 276; Cri~an 1973a, 65; Zirra 1975b, 53; Lazar 1995, 72.
Delureni, Mezoujlak, Bistrita-Nasaud County

• incidental funeral discovery, Curnuitura (jopteriului, 1 km southwest from the village
• NMHT,23182,23185-231858,23190-23196,23199
• Cri~an 1973a, 56; Cri~an 1975a, 49; Lazar 1975, 69-72; Nemeti 2000, 169.
Dezmir, Dezmer, Cluj County

• cemetery, west of the railway workshops
• NMHT, IN 2440, 2443-2446, 2448
• Roska 1942a. 66; Popescu 1944, 17; Roska 1944, 56; Macrea- Cri~an 1964, 354; Cri~an 1964, 94, 98-99;
Zirra 1971, 200; Chidio~an- Ignat 1972, 573; Cri~an 1973a, 56; Cri~an 1973b, 49; IstCj 1974, 21; Zirra 1974,
145; Nemeti 1975b, 248; Zirra 1975b, 54, 61, 62; Miclea- Florescu 1980, 130; Chidio~an- Sa~ianu 1982,
398; Nemeti 1988, 68; Nemeti 1989, 110; RepCluj 1992, 185; Szabo 1994, 52, Fig. 11; Ferencz 1996, 91;
Nemeti 1996, 62.
DiNa, Dipse, Diirrbach, Bistrita-Nasaud County

• Totenberg Hill, cemetery m. 1
• BMS, 3405-3414
• Horedt 1944, 101; Popescu 1944, 12-13; Raska 1944, 56; Popescu 1945, 184; Horedt 1945, 198; Zirra 1971,
203; Cri~an 1973a, 57; Zirra 1974, 139-140; Zirra 1975b, 54; Cri~an 1975b, 52; Zirra 1978, 131; Danila 1989,
89.
• cemetery m. 2, under the orchard

• Zirra 1974, 140.
• incidental funeral discovery, Belitoarea

• Zirra 1974, 141-143, 145, Fig. 1-6.
Fiintiinele, Szaszujos, Eisch, Bistrita-Nasaud County

• cemetery m. 1, Dfimbu Popii, Dealul Popii
• NMHT, BCM, 4236-4237, 4239-4243, 4246, 4248, 5366-5368
• Cri~an 1971b, 73; Danila 1971, 59-60; Zirra 1971, 203-204; Cri~an 1973a, 57; Cri~an 1975a, 185-6; Danila
1978, 257-265; Zirra 1978, 129; Danila 1989, 109; Nemeti 1998, 66, 153.
• incidental funeral discovery, Orchard

• Cri~an 1975b, 43-53; Cri~an 1976, 639-640; Zirra 1975b, 53; Nemeti 1992a, 105; Nemeti 2000, 167; Rustoiu
2002b, 94.
• cemetery m. 2, La Giifa, dealul lu,Jului, twenty-three graves in 2006 (Lucian Vaida)
Gala(ii Bistri(ei, Galacfalva, Heresdorf, Bistrita-Nasaud County

• cemetery, southeast of the village, Hrube, the property of Moldovan Ion
68
• NMHT 1012-1015
• Diinila 1955, 91, 93; Cri~an 1966, 66; Zirra 1971, 203; Zirra 1974, 152; Zirra 1975b, 62; Danila 1989, 115;
Nemeti 1992a, 100; Rustoiu 1993a, 140; Rustoiu 1993b, 72.
Jucul de Sus, Felsozsuk, Cluj County

• incidental funeral discovery, Dealul Pietri:;, S6svolgy, 1.5 km southeast from the settlement, near Siirata Creek,
at the stone quarry
• Orosz 1912, 171; Raska 1942a, 92; Popescu 1944, 15; Roska 1944, 59; Popescu 1945, 184; Horedt 1945, 199;
Zirra 1971, 200; Cri~an 1973a, 58; Zirra 1974, 148; RepC!uj 1992,250.
\fcdia:;, Medgyes, Mediasch, Sibiu County

• cemetery, on the property of the aviation school
• BMS, 13048, 13064, 13068, 13071-13074, M1, MM, 13/ I.b17
• Teglas 1887, 49; Nestor 1941, 162, 173-178; Raska 1942a, 64; Cri$an 1974a, 53; Horedt 1944, 101; Popescu
1944, 7, 8, 23; Zirra 1971, 182-183, 185; Zirra 1975b, 53; Blajan- Togan 1978, 40, nota 7; Zirra 1978, 132;
Bader 1984, 87-88; Nemeti 1988, 66; Ferencz 1997b, 35.
Jfureni, Szederjes, Neuflaigen, Mure$ County

• incidental funeral discovery, from the Sedrie$ creek
• MS
• Parvan 1926, 265; Nestor 1941, 179; Raska 1942a, 262; Popescu 1944, 7, 11; Raska 1944, 69; Zirra 1971, 182;
Cri~an 1973a, 59; Lazar 1975, 275; Nemeti 1988, 65; Costea 2000, 161-162.
Orosfaia 78 , Oroszfaja, Bistrita-Nasaud County

• cemetery, in the south corner of the Groapa Viilor Hill
• BCM, 3915-3917
• Diinila 1971, 60, 63; Zirra 1971, 204; Cri~an 1973a, 55; Zirra 1978, 129; Danilii 1989, 79; Gaiu- Vaida 1999,
78; Vaida 2000, 135-139; Rustoiu 2002b, 94, 119, nota 16.
l'apiu Ilarian, Mezobodon, Murq County

• incidental funeral discovery, Staunie
• MT, 1265/1-2, 1266/1, 1267, 1268, 1584-1589, 1588
• Cri$an- Milea 1970, 65-73; Zirra 1971, 200; Cri$an 1973a, 49; Nanasi 1973, 36; Cri~an 1975a, 51; Popa
1975, 24; Zirra 1975b, 60; Glodariu 1984, 66; Nemeti 1988, 69; Lazar 1995, 191.
Pruni!j, Magyarszilwis, Cluj County

• NMHT
• Cri$an 1973a, 60; Szabo 1974, 149; RepC!uj 1992, 323; Cri$an- Rustoiu- Palko 1995, 28-38; Rustoiu- Popa
2000, 255; Rustoiu 2002a, 67.
Roteni, Harasztken?k, Mure$ County

• MCM, 4046
• Zirra 1971, 200; Peticii 1994, 36; Lazar 1995, 36.
Siindule!jti, Szind, Cluj County

• NMHT, 860--861
• Martian 1920, 34; Raska 1929a, 322; Marton 1933, 15; Nestor 1941, 180; Raska 1942a, 275; Daicoviciu 1943,
401; Popescu 1944, 7, 10; Raska 1944, 71; Rusu 1969, 299; Zirra 1971, 182, 199; Cri$an 1973a, 61; Zirra
1974, 145.
Sic, Szek, Cluj County

• incidental funeral discovery, Cerbu Lake, Szarvast6
• NMHT, I.860--1, Orosz collection
78
The discovery from 1964 appears in the literature as arisen from Comlod, but the researches of Lucian Vaida
revealed that the place Dealul Gropilor is belonging to the administration of Orosfaia.See Vaida 2000, 135.
69
Sandor Berecki
• Roska 1942a, 267; Roska 1944, 71, Fig. 50 I 1, 2; Rusu 1969, 299; Cri~an 1973a, 61; RepCluj 1992, 350-351.
Siliva~ , Olalzszilwis, Alba County

79

• NMHT, 1592, IV. 1900-07
• Roska 1925, 211; Roska 1926, 51; Marton 1933, 49; Marton 1934, 123-124; Nestor 1941, 172; Roska 1942a,
210; Popescu 1944, 7, 8; Roska 1944, 66; Rusu 1969, 287, 299; Rusu- Bandula 1970, 36; Cri~an 197lc, 554;
Zirra 1971, 182; Cri~an 1973a, 61; Szabo 1974, 22; Zirra 1975b, 54; Nemeti 1977, 53; Miclea- Florescu 1980,
130; Nemeti 1988, 70; Diinilii 1989, 218; (mentions Siliva~, Bistrita-Niisiiud county), Rustoiu 1994, 295-296;
RepAlba 1995, 173; Ferencz 1999, 139; Kruta 2001, 100-101; Rustoiu 2002b, 27.
Soporul de Cdmpie, Mezoszopor, Cluj County

• incidental funeral discovery, Riizoare, Sini5na, west of the village
• MT
• Cri~an 1973a, 62; RepCluj 1992, 366.
,Seica Micii, Kisselyk, Kleinschelken, Sibiu County

• incidental funeral discovery, La Troci, Progadie
• MM
• Cri~an 1973a, 62; Cri~an 1973b, 53; Zirra 1974, 138; Zirra 1975b, 52, 58, 64; Zirra 1976a, 156.
• cemetery, Goldberg
• Cri~an 1973a, 63; Zirra 1975b, 48, 52; Zirra 1978, 128; Nemeti 1986, 76; Nemeti 1992b, 140; Costea 2000,
161.
,Sona, Szepmezo, Schonau, Alba County

• MCM, 7081, $SM and BMS
• Rusu 1969, 300; Cri~an 1973a, 63; Peticii 1994,33, 36; RepAlba 1995, 183.
Toarcla, Kisprazsmar, Tarteln, Bra~ov County

• BMS, 13021, 13046, 13049, 13050, 13061, 13063, 13065, 13069, 13070, 13075, 13076, 14805
• Parvan 1926, 265; Marton 1934, 124; Roska 1942a, 128; Popescu 1944, 7, 9; Roska 1944, 60; Horedt 1945,
189-92; Zirra 1971, 182; Zirra 1974, 143, 145; Paull982, 389-90; Costea 1995, 119-20; Ferencz 1996,91.
Turda, Torda, Thorenburg, Cluj County

• Popescu 1963, 407; Rusu 1969, 300; Zirra 1971, 182, 200; Cri~an 1973a, 64; Cri~an 1975b, 49; Miclea-
Florescu 1980, 130; RepCluj 1992, 404.
Turda~, Tordos, Hunedoara County

• NMHT, V. 9577
• Teglas 1889, 58; Roska 1942a, 287; Roska 1944,71.
Turda~, Olalztordos, Alba County

• incidental funeral discovery, Coasta Viilor, 2 km northwest from the village
• Bliijan 1972, 11-12, 14; Cri~an 1973a, 64; Nemeti 1988, 66; RepAlba 1995, 192-193; Ferencz 1997b, 33, 35;
Rustoiu 2002b, 30.
Vorumloc, Valea Viilor, Nagybaromlaka, Wurmloch, Sibiu County

• MS
• Teglas 1887, 51; Nestor 1941, 179; Roska 1942a, 186; Popescu 1944,7, 11; Roska 1944, 65; Zirra 1971, 182;
Cri~an 1973a, 64; Zirra 1975b, 58.
79
Although the place of discovery was questioned for several times by researchers working with theese finds,
considering the fact that the artefacts are known in the foreign literature as well as being retrieved from this
settlement, it would be proper to use Siliva~ as place of dicovery.
70
Vurpiir, Vurp6d, Burgberg, Sibiu County

• EMS, 13181
• Horedt 1944, 101; Popescu 1944, 11; Horedt 1945, 196; Rusu 1969, 300; Zirra 1971, 182; Cri~an 1973a, 65;
Ferencz 1996, 91; Ferencz 1997c, 10, nota 27; Costea 2000, 161.
Zoreni, Lomperd, Lampert, Bistrita-Niisiiud County

• incidental funeral discovery, Butuci, 1 km far from the last houses towards Htntanele, right of the road
• personal collection belonging to Tanco Sabin
• Diinilii 1971,65, Fig. 4 I 3, 5 I 3; Cri~an 1973a, 65; Diinilii 1989,299.
71
Sandor Berecki
Bibliography
Aldea 1976: Aldea, loan Alexandru, Vase celtice descoperite Ia Blandiana (jud. Alba), Apulum 14,415-421.
Aldea - Ciugudean 1985: Aldean, loan Alexandru - Cigudean, Haria, Noi descoperiri celtice de Ia
Blandiana, Apulum 22, 37-44.
Arbore Popescu 1997: Arbore Popescu, Grigore, Celtii in Transilvania, Magazin istoric 7, 31, 9-10.
Babe~ 1983: Babe~, Mircea, Paftale Latene tarzii in sud-estul Europei, SCIV 3, 34, 196-221.
Bader 1984: Bader, Tiberiu, 0 zabala din a doua perioada a epocii fierului descoperit la Ciume~ti,
SCIVA, 1, 35, 85-90.
Benadik 1963: Benadik, B, Zur Frage von chronoogischen Beziehungen der keltischen Graberfeld in der
Slowakiei, SlovArch, 11, 339-390.
Benadik 1978: Benadik, B, Keltisches Graberfeld in Mana, SlovArch, 26, 383-422.
Benko 1992: Benko Elek, A kozepkori Keresztur-szek regeszeti topografiaja, Budapest.
Blajan 1972: Blajan, Mihai, Descoperiri celtice ~i dacice !a Turda~ (judetul Alba). Studia UBB 2. 11-20.
Blajan- Togan 1978: Blajan, Mihai- Togan, George, Descoperiri celtice ~i dacice inedite la Media~ ~i
in imprejurimi, ActaMP, 2, 39-51.
Brunaux 1986: Brunaux, Jean-Louis, Les Gaulois, Sanctuaires et rites, Paris.
Bujna - Szabo 1991: Bujna Jozsef - Szabo Miklos, The Carpathian Basin, 277-285, in Sabatino
Moscatti (red), The Celts, Rizzoli- New York.
Chidio~an- lgnat 1972: Chidio~an, Nicolae- !gnat Dumitru, Cimitirul celtic de la Tarian, SCIV 4, 23,
553-580.
Chidio~an - Sa~ianu 1982: Chidio~an, Nicolae - Sa~ianu, Alexandru, Un mormant de luptator celt
descoperit la Curtuiu~eni, Crisia 12, 393-398.
Costea 1995: Costea, Florea, Repertoriul arheologic al judefului Bra.;ov, Bra~ov.
Costea 2000: Costea, Florea, Ein vor kurzen in Raco~ul de Jos, kreis Bra~ov, Gefundener Keltischer
fibel, 160-165. In Gaiu, Comeliu- Rustoiu, Aurel (red.), Les Celtes et les Thraco-daces de l'est
du Basin des Carpates, Cluj-Napoca.
Cri~an 1956: Cri~an, Ion Horatiu, Noi cercetari arheologice !a Media~, Din activitatea .;tiinfifica a
Muzeului Raional Media.;, 3, 27-52.
Cri~an 1964: Cri~an, Ion Hora}iu, Morminte inedite din sec. ill.l.e.n. in Transilvania, ActaMN 1, 87-110.
Cri~an 1966: Cri~an, Ion Horatiu, Materiale dacice din necropola .;i a.;ezarea de la Ciume.;ti, .;i
problema raporturilor dintre daci .;i celfi fn Transilvania, Baia Mare.
Cri~an 1969: Cri~an, Ion Horatiu, Ceramica geto-dacilor. Cu speciala privire la Transilvania, Bucure~ti
Cri~an 1971a: Cri~an, Ion Horatiu, In legatura cu datarea necropolei celtice de la Ciume~ti, Mamzatia 2,
55-92.
Cri~an 197lb: Cri~an, Ion Horatiu, Necropola celtica de la Apahida. ActaMN 8, 37-70.
Cri~an 1971c: Cri~an, Ion Horatiu, Das Keltenproblem in Siebenbiirgen, ArchRoz 5, 548-558.
Cri~an 1973a: Cri~an, Ion Horatiu, Descoperiri celtice de la Cluj, Pe}elca ~i ~eica Mica, ActaMN 10, 39-64.
Cri~an 1973b: Cri~an, Ion Horatiu, A~a-nurnitul mormant de la Siliva~ ~i problema celui mai vechi grup
celtic din Transilvania, Sargetia 10, 45-76.
Cri~an 1974a: Cri~an, Ion Horatiu, Descoperiri celtice pastrate in Muzeul Judetean Arad, Ziridava 3-4,
37-86.
Cri~an 1974b: Cri~an, Ion Hora!iu, Precizari in legatura cu descoperirile celtice de la Aiud, StComSibiu
16,71-92.
Cri~an 1975a: Cri~an, Ion Horatiu, La necropole de Fantanele et son importance pour la probleme des
Celtes de !'Europe Centrale, Alba Regia 14, 185-186.
Cri~an 1975b: Cri~an, Ion Horatiu, Mormantul celtic de la Fantanele-Livada, SCIVA 1, 26, 41-56.
Cri~an 1976: Cri~an, Ion Horatiu, Ein reiches keltisches Frauengrab im Fantanele, 639-652. In
Festschrift fur Richard Pittioni zum Siebzigstem Geburtstag Vi en a
Cri~an - Milea 1970: Cri~an, Ion Horatiu - Milea, Z., Descoperiri celtice Ia Papiu Ilarian (jude}ul
Murq),ActaMN1, 65-78.
Cri~an- Rustoiu - Palko 1995: Cri~an, Ion Horatiu- Rustoiu, Aurel- Palko Attila, Descoperiri celtice
Ia Pruni~ (jude}ul Cluj), Ephemeris Napocensis 5, 27-46.
Daicoviciu 1943: Daicoviciu, Constantin, La Transilvania nell' antichita, Bucure~ti.
72
Daicoviciu - Vlassa 1974: Daicoviciu, Constantin - Vlassa, Nicolae, Consideratii privind unele
descoperiri arheologice din zona Cluj-Napoca, ActaMN 2, 9-12.
Diinila 1955: Danila, $tefan, Inventarul unor morrninte de incineratie din secolele III-II i.e.n. de !a
Galatii Bistritei, Din activitatea Muzeelor, Cluj 89-99.
Diinila 1971: Danila, $tefan, Noi descoperiri arheologice privind problema celtilor din zona Bistritei,
File de istorie, 59-71.
lhinila 1978: Danila, $tefan, Primele sapiituri arheologice ~i necropola de epoca La Tene de la Hintanele,
SCIVA 2, 29, 257-276.
Diinila 1989: Danila, $tefan, Repertoriul arheologic al judetului Bistrita-Nasaud. Cluj-Napoca.
l>rda- Rybova 1995: Drda, Petr- Rybova, Alena, Les celtes de Boheme, Paris.
Ferencz 1996: Ferencz, Iosif Vasile, Morrninte celtice cu car din Transilvania, BCSS 2, 91-102.
Ferencz 1997a: Ferencz, Iosif Vasile, A~eziiri din Latene-ul timpuriu ~i rnijlociu in bazinul central a!
Mure~ului, Apulum 34, 79-92.
Ferencz 1997b: Ferencz, Iosif Vasile, Bratari ~i colane descoperite pe cursu! rnijlociu al Mure~ului,
Corviniana 3, 33-44.
Ferencz 1997c: Ferencz, Iosif Vasile, Nouvelles considerations sur la tombe celtique a char de Cristurul
Secuiesc, Ephemeris Napocensis 7, 5-10.
Ferencz 1999: Ferencz, Iosif Vasile, Fibule celtice de pe cursu! rnijlociu al Murqului, Apulum 36, 135-144.
Gaiu - Vaida 1999: Gaiu, Comeliu - Vaida, Lucian, Orosfaia, comuna Mila~, Bistrita-Nasaud. In
Cronica cercetiirilor arheologice, campania 1998. A XXXIII-a sesiune nafionalii de rapoarte
arheologice. Vaslui 30 iunie- 4 iulie.
Glodariu 1984: Glodariu, loan, Bratarile cu nodozitati La Tene tarzii in Dacia, ActaMN 21, 63-80.
llellebrandt 1999: Helle brandt Magdolna, Celtic Finds from Northern Hungary, Corpus of Celtic Finds
in Hungary, vol. 3, Budapest.
I loredt 1944: Horedt, Kurt, Die vorgeschichtliche und rornische Ubteilung de Baron Brukenthalischen
Museums, Mitteilungen aus dem Baron Brukenthalischen Museum 9-10, 93-113.
Horedt 1945: Horedt, Kurt, Zwei keltische Grabfunde aus Siebenbtirgen, Dacia, 9-10, 189-200.
Horedt 1952: Horedt, Kurt, $antierul ,A~ezari slave in regiunile Mure~ ~i Cluj", SCIV3, 310-348.
lloredt 1955: Horedt, Kurt, $antierul arheologic Morqti (r. Tg. Mure~, Reg. Aut. Maghiara), SCIV 3-4,
6, 643-686.
Horedt 1967: Horedt, Kurt, Siipaturile arheologice de la Rahiiu ~i Sebe~, Apulum 6, 11-28.
lloredt 1973: Horedt, Kurt, Interpretiiri arheologice II, SCIV 2, 24, 299-303.
Horvath 1972: Horvath, Ferenc, A balatonfokajari kelta temeto leletmentese, Veszprem Megyei
Muzeumok Kozlemenyei, 11,93-107.
Horvath 1979: Horvath, Laszlo, A magyarszerdahelyi kelta es r6mai temeto, Zalai Gyujtemenyek 14,
Zalaegerszeg.
lstCj 1974: Istoria Clujului. Cluj-Napoca.
.Jerem 2003: Jerem Erzsebet, Animal sacrifice and ritual deposits of the Iron Age, 541-565, in Jerem
Erzsebet- Raczky Pal (red) Morgenrot der Kulturen, Friihe Etappen der Menschheitsgeschichte
in Mittel- und Siidosteuropa. Festschrift fur Nandor Kalicz zum 75. Geburtstag, Budapest.
Kaenel 1990: Kaenel, Gilbert, Recherces sur la periode de La Tene en Suisse Occidentale. Analyse des
sepultures, Bibliotheque historique vaudoise, N 50, Lausanne.
Kaenel - Miiller 1991: Kaenel, Gilbert - Muller Felix, The Swiss Plateau, 250-260, in Sabatino
Moscatti (red), The Celts, Rizzoli- New York.
Kovacs 1911: Kovacs, Istvan, Az apahidai oskori telep es La Tene temeto, DolgCj 2, 1-56.
Kovacs 1913: Kovacs, Istvan, A mezobandi asatasok, DolgCj 4, 265-389.
Kruta 2001: Kruta, Venceslas, Celfii, Editura Corint, Bucure~ti.
Lazar 1975: Lazar, Valeriu, Mormantul celtic de la Delureni (Bistrita N.), ActaMN 12, 69-74.
Lazar 1995: Lazar, Valeriu, Repertoriul arheologic al judefului Mure~, Tg. Mure~.
Macrea - Cri~an 1964: Macrea, Mihail - Cri~an, Ion Horatiu, Doua decenii de cercetiiri arheologice ~i
studii de istorie veche la Cluj (1944-1964), ActaMN 1, 307-366.
Maraz 1981: Maraz, Borbala, A szkitakori oslak6ssag Latene-kori tovabbelese kelet-Magyarorszagon,
Jannus Pannonius Muzeum Evkonyve, 26, 97-120.
Marton 1933: Marton, Lajos, A korai La Tene kultura Magyarorszagon, ArchHun 11, 1-120.
Marton 1934: Marton, Lajos, A korai La Tene sirok leletanyaga, DolgSzeged 9-10, 93-128.
73
Sandor Berecki
Martian 1920: Martian, Iulian, Repertoriul arheologic pentru Ardeal, Bistrita.

Matei 1978: Matei, Alexandru, V, Trei morrninte din secolul III. i.e.n. la Ziiuan Uudetul Siilaj), ActaMP
2, 29-37.
Miclea- Florescu 1980: Miclea, Ion- Florescu, Radu, Preistoria Daciei. Stramo~ii romanilor, Vestigii
milenare de cultura ~i arta, Bucure~ti, Editura Meridiane.
Mithay 1966: Mithay Sandor, Korai kelta sfrleletek Borsosgyorbol es Kiskamondr6l, Veszprem Megyei
Muzeumok Kozlemenyei, 5, 55-68.
Namisi 1973: Nanasi, Zoltan, Descoperiri in necropola celticii de la Curtuiu~eni, Crisia 3, 29-46.
Nanasi 1975: Nanasi, Zoltan, Un mormant celtic cu inventar deosebit descoperit la Curtuiu~eni,
StComSM 3, 47-50.
Nemeti 1975a: Nemeti, loan, Contributions concernant la facies Latenien du nord-ouest Roumanie a la
lurniere de decouvertes celtiques de Pi~colt (dept. Satu Mare), Alba Regia 14, 187-197.
Nemeti 1975b: Nemeti, loan, Weitere Angaben tiber keltischen Graberfelden von Ciume~ti und Sanisliiu,
Dacia 19, 243-248.
Nemeti 1977: Nemeti, loan, Contributii la cunoa~terea epocii fierului din nord-vestul RSR, ActaMP 1,
47-56.
Nemeti 1982: Nemeti, loan, Descoperiri arheologice din hotarul ora~ului Carei Uudetul Satu Mare),
StComSM 5-6, 167-182.
Nemeti 1986: Nemeti, loan, Unele aspecte ale cronologiei Latene-ului in nord-vestul Romaniei, ActaMP
10, 71-82.
Nemeti 1988: Nemeti, loan, Necropola Latene de la Pi~colt, judetul Satu Mare (1), Thraco Dacica 1-2, 9,
49-73.
Nemeti 1989: Nemeti, loan, Necropola Latene de la Pi~colt, judetul Satu Mare (II), Thraco Dacica 1-2,
10, 75-114.
Nemeti 1992a: Nemeti, loan, Necropola Latene de la Pi~colt, judetul Satu Mare (III), Thraco Dacica 1-
2, 13.
Nemeti 1992b: Nemeti, loan, Importuri greco-elenistice in descoperirile celtice din nord-vestul
Romaniei, Symposia Thracologica 9, 139-141.
Nemeti 1993a: Nemeti, loan, Un mormiint celtic descoperit la Curtuiu~eni-Diimbul Ars, StComSM 9-10,
23-28.
Nemeti 1993b: Nemeti, loan, Necropola Latene de la Pi~colt, judetul Satu Mare (IV), Thraco Dacica 1-
2, 14. 59-112.
Nemeti 1995: Nemeti, loan, Vas chiup descoperit la Berea, StComSM 11-12, 33-39.
Nemeti 1996: Nemeti, loan, Descoperiri arheologice din epoca Latene de la Ciume~ti (com Sanisliiu,
judetul Satu Mare), StComSM 13, 61-69.
Nemeti 1997: Nemeti, loan, Spada descoperita incidentalla Ciume~ti, StComSM 14, 111-114.
Nemeti 1998: Nemeti, loan, Az eszaknyugat-romaniai kelta kutatas rovid attekintese, Debreceni Deri
Muzeum Evkonyve 1995-1996, 151-157.
Nemeti 1999: Nemeti, loan, Hallstattul tarziu ~i epoca Latene din zona Careiului, 95-100, in Relafii
romano-ucrainene, istorie ~i contemporaneitate, Satu Mare.
Nemeti 2000: Nemeti, loan, Celtic Glass Bracelets and Pearls Discovered in the North-West of
Romania, 166-178, in Gaiu, Cornelio- Rustoiu, Aurel (red), Les Celtes et les Thraco-daces de
!'est du Basin des Carpates, Accent, Cluj-Napoca.
Nemeti- Lak6: Nemeti loan- Lak6 Eva, Noi descoperiri celtice in judetul Siilaj, ActaMP 17, 77-90.
Nestor 1941: Nestor, Ion, Keltische Graber bei Media~, Dacia 7-8, 1937-1940, 159-182.
Orosz 1912: Orosz, Endre, La Tene sfrleletekrol Fels6 Zsukon, ArchErt 39, 171-172.
Pandzic 2005: Pandzic, Nives Majnaric, Investigations into the La Tene period in northern Croatia:
1970-2003, in Dobrzanska, Halina - Megaw, Vincent - Poleska, Paulina (red), Celts on the
Margin, Studies in European Cultural Interaction th Century BC- 1'1 Century AD Dedicated to
Zenon Wozniak, Krakow.
Paul 1982: Paul, Dan, Restaurarea unor piese metalice din mormantul celtic de la Toarcla (Bra~ov),
Apulum 20, 389-401.
Paul - Linta 1999: Paul, Iuliu - Lintii, Marius, ~eu~a, La ciirarea morii, jud. Alba, Cronica cercetarilor
arheologice, campania 1998, A XXXIII-a sesiune nafionala de rapoarte arheologice, Vaslui.
Parvan 1960: Parvan, Vasile, Getica. 0 protoistorie a Daciei, Bucure~ti, Cultura Nationalii.
74
Petica 1944: Petica, Mihai, Materiale celtice aflate in colectiile arheologice ale Muzeului judetean
Mure~, StMatTM 24,31-37.
Petres 1971: Petres Eva, A keltak Fejer megyeben, Fejer megye tortenete 1, 3, 141.
Popa 1975: Popa, Alexandru, Academia Romana si descoperirile arheologice de pe valea superioara a
Mure~ului (I), StMatTM 5, 9-28.
Popa- Simina 2004: Popa, Cristian loan- Simina, Nicolae-Marcel, Cercetari arheologice la Lancram
, Glad", Ulise, Alba Iulia.
Popescu 1944: Popescu, Dumitru, Celtii in Transilvania, Starea cercetarilor arheologice, Transilvania 8-9,
75, 639-666.
Popescu 1945: Popescu, Dorin, Le bracelet celtique a demi-oves d'Uroiu (dep. de Hunedoara,
Transylvanie), Dacia 9-10, 1941-1944, 183-188.
Popescu 1963: Popescu, Dorin, Doua descoperiri celtice din Oltenia, SCIV 2, 14, 403-412.
Popescu 1965: Popescu, Dorin, Sapaturile arheologice din RSR in anul 1964, SCIV 3, 16, 587-604.
Pulszky 1879: Pulszky Ferencz, A kelta uralom emlekei Magyarorszagon, Archeol6giai Kozlemenyek 1,
10, 1-22.
Reinecke1898: Reinecke, Paul, Magyarhoni emlekek a La Tene kor kezdeterol, ArhErt 18, 306-316.
RepAiba 1995: Repertoriul arheologic al judefului Alba, Alba Iulia.
RepCiuj 1992: Repertoriul arheologic al judefului Cluj, Cluj-Napoca.
Roska 1915: Roska, Marton, Kelta sfrok es egyeb emlekek Balzar6l, DolgCj 6.
Roska 1925: Roska, Marton, Keltisches Grag aus Siebenburgen, Praehistorisches Zeitschrift, 3, 16, 210-
212.
Roska 1926: Roska, Marton, Un mormant celtic din Ardeal, Arhivele Olteniei 23, 5, 50-51.
Roska 1929a: Roska, Marton, A Szekelyfold oskora, 258-326, in Emlekkony a Szekely Nemzeti Muzeum
50 eves jubileumara, Sfantu Gheorghe.
Roska 1929a: Roska, Marton, Kelta sir Nagyenyeden, DolgSzeged 5, 82-89.
Roska 1933: Roska, Marton, Le tombeau celtique de Cristurul Secuiesc dep. d'Odorhei, Dacia 3-4,
1927-1932, 359-361.
Roska 1942a: Roska, Marton, Erdely regeszeti repert6riuma, I, Oskor, Cluj.
Roska 1942b: Roska, Marton, Ujabb kelta leletek Erkortvelyesrol (Szatmar vm), KozlemenyekCj 2, 227-
235.
Roska 1944: Roska, Marton, A keltak Erdelyben, KozlemenyekCj 4, 53-80. (rez. fr.).
LeRoux 1961: LeRoux, Franc;ois, Les Druides. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris.
Rustoiu 1993a: Rustoiu, Aurel, Observatii privind ceramica La Tene cu grafit in pasta din Romania,
Thraco Dacica 1-2, 14, 131-142.
Rustoiu 1993b: Rustoiu, Aurel, Observatii privind importul de grafit in Transilvania in epoca Latene,
ActaMP 17, 67-75.
Rustoiu 1994: Rustoiu, Aurel, Neue Prazisierungen beztiglich des ,Keltischen Grabes" von Siliva~, 295-
300, in Relations Thraco-Illiro-Hellenistiques, Bucure~ti.
Rustoiu 2002a: Rustoiu, Aurel, Habitat und gesellschaft in 4-2 Jh. v. Chr. 49-90. In Rustoiu, Aurel -
Pop, Horia - Ursutiu, Adrian - Gogaltan, Florin - Gudea, Alexandru, Habitat und gesellschaft
im Western und Nordwestern Rumaniens vom ende des 2. jahrtausends v. Chr. zum anfang des 1
jahrtausends n. Chr, Cluj-Napoca.
Rustoiu 2002b: Rustoiu, Aurel, Razboinici ~i artizani fn Dacia preromana, Nereamia Napocae, Cluj-
Napoca.
Rustoiu - Rustoiu 2000: Rustoiu, Aurel - Rustoiu Gabriel T., A~ezari din a doua varsta a fierului
descoperite recent pe teritoriul ora~ului Alba Iulia, Apulum 1, 37, 177-192.
Rustoiu - Popa 2000: Rustoiu, Aurel - Popa, Cristian loan, Cateva probleme privind ceramica Latene
cu grafit in pasta in Dacia preromanii. ActaMP 1, 23, 253-270.
Rusu 1969: Rusu, Mircea, Das keltische Ftirstengrab von Ciumqti in Rumanien, BRGK 50, 267-300.
Rusu - Bandula 1970: Rusu, Mircea - Bandula, Octavian Mormantul unei capetenii celtice de la
Ciume~ti, Baia Mare.
Sirbu - Florea 2000: Sarbu, V aleriu - Florea, Gelu, Interferences artistiques daco-celtiques dqns
l'epace intracarpatique, 201-213, in Gaiu, Corneliu- Rustoiu, Aurel (red.), Les Celtes et les
Thraco-daces de l'est du Basin des Carpates, Accent, Cluj-Napoca.
75
Sandor Berecki
Selmeczi 1993: Selmeczi, Laszlo, Regeszeti alapismeretek neprajz szakos egyetemi hallgat6knak,
Debrecen.
Suciu 1967: Suciu, Coriolan, Dicfionar istoric al localitiifilor din Transilvania. Volum I-II. Academia
RSR, Bucure~ti.
Szabo 1974: SzabO, Miklos, Celtic Art in the Middle Danube Basin, in A keleti kelta muveszet, Eastern
Celtic Art, Istvan Kinily Muzeum Szekesfehervar.
Szabo 1975: SzabO, Miklos, Sur la question du filigrame dans l'art des Celtes orientaux, Alba Regia 14,
147-155.
Szabo 1994: Szabo, Miklos, Kelta harcosok Delphoi elott es utan. Adalekok az okori keltak tortenetenek
egyik kritikus periodusahoz, Antik Tanulmanyok, 38, 37-56.
Szabo 2000: SzabO, Miklos, Tumulus Gallicus, a meditenaneum es a kelta vilag a Kr. e. 4-3. szazadban,
1-22, in Szekfoglal6k a Magyar Tudomanyos Akademian, 1995-1998. (extras) Budapest.
Szabo - Tanko: SzabO, Miklos, Tanko, Karoly, Necropole Latenienne a Ludas-Varju Dulo, Acta
Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungariae, 57, 325-343.
Teghis 1887: Teglas, Gabor, Az Erdelyi-medence ostbrtenelmehez, Orvosi es Termeszettudomanyi
Ertesfto 12.
Teghis 1889: Teglas, Gabor, Hunyadmegye barbar femleletei, Hunyadmegyei Tortenelmi es Regeszeti
Tarsulat Evkonyve 5. 58.
Vaida 2000: Vaida, Lucian, The Celtic Cemetery from Orosfaia (Bistrita-Wisaud county), 135-159, in
Gaiu, Comeliu - Rustoiu, Aurel (red), Les Celtes et les Thraco-daces de l'est du Basin des
Carpates, Accent, Cluj-Napoca.
Vegh 1973: Vegh, Katalin, Adatok a kelta kocsitemetkezesek kerdesehez, ArhErt 2, 208-219.
Zirra 1967: Zina, Vlad, Un cimitir celtic fn nord-vestul Romaniei, Baia Mare.
Zirra 1971: Zina, Vlad, Beitrage zur Kenntnis des keltischen Latene in Rumanien, Dacia ns, 15, 171-238.
Zirra 1972: Zina, V\ad, Noi necropole celtice in nord-vestul Romaniei (cimitirele birituale de la
Sanislau ~i Dinde~ti), StComSM 2, 151-206.
Zirra 1974: Zin·a, Vlad, Descoperiri celtice de la sfar~itul Latene-ului mijlociu in depresiunea Bistritei,
File de istorie 3, 138-164.
Zirra 1975a: Zina, Vlad, Aspects of the Relations between Dacians and Celts in Transylvania, 25-34, in
Relations between the Autohtonous Populations of the Territory of Romania, Bucure~ti.
Zirra 1975b: Zina, Vlad, Influence des geto-daces et de leurs voisins sur !'habitat celtique de
Transylvanie, Alba Regia 14, 47-64.
Zirra 1976a: Zina, Vlad, Le probleme des Celtes dans l' epace du Bas-Danube, Thraco Dacica 175-182.
Zirra 1976b: Zina, Vlad, Dber die Henkelgefabe im Ostkeltischen Rumanien (Transsylvanien), 780-784
In Festschrift fiir Richard Pittioni, Wien.
Zirra 1976c: Zirra, Vlad, La necropole La Tene d' Apahida, Dacia ns, 20, 129-165.
Zirra 1978: Zina, Vlad, The decorated Celtic Pottery of Transylvania, Dacia 22, 125-141.
Zirra 1980: Zina, Vlad, Locuri din a doua epoca a fierului in nord-vestul Romaniei. (A~ezarea
contemporana cimitirului Latene de Ia Ciume~ti ~i habitatul indigen de la Berea, jud. Satu Mare),
StComSM 4, 39-84.
Zirra 1991: Zina, Vlad Vintili'i, Les plus anciennes fibules lateniennes en Roumanie, Dacia 35, 177-184.
Zirra 1997: Zina, Vlad Vintila, Contributii la cronologia relativa a cimitirului de la Pi~colt, Analiza
combinatorie ~i stratigrafie orizontala, SCIVA 2, 48, 87-137.
76

Berecki 2006

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Berecki 2006

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

THE COUNTY MUSEUM OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION

BISTRITA-NASAUD OF THE PRE- AND PROTO HISTORIC SCIENCES

THE MUSEUM OF BORDER THE MUSEUM OF BRAILA

THE COUNTY COUNCIL OF BISTRITA-NASAUD

THRACIANS AND CELTS

FOREWORD (Dr. v ALERIU SIRBU) .............................................................................................................. 7

FOREWORD (Professor DUMITRU PROTASE) .............................................................................................. 9

FLOREA COSTEA, VIORICA CRISAN

IOSIF VASILE FERENCZ

IWONA FLORKJEWICZ, TOMASZ BOCHNAK

HOREA POP, PAUL PUPEZA

V ALERIU SIRBU, V ALERIU CAVRUC, DAN BUZEA

Fig. 1. The history of research between 1860 and 2002.

Table 1. The chronology of the Celtic cemeteries from Transylvania.

Fig. 3. Rite ofthe cemeteries from Transylvania.

Inhumation Cremation in a pit Inurned cremation Unknown Total

Fig. 5: Rite of incidental funeral discoveries.

inhumation Cremation in a pit inurned cremation unknown total

inhumation Cremation in a pit inurned cremation unknown total

inhumation Cremation in a pit inurned cremation unknown total

inhumation Cremation in a_pit inurned cremation unknown total

II cremation in a pit oo inhumation l:ll inurned cremation II unknown

Fig. 7. Cemeteries from Transylvania. The evolution of the rite by horizons.

It is impossible to determine the horizontal stratification of the cemeteries because of the

·~ -"' "'" - ~"'

Fig. 8. Animal sacrifices in the Celtic cemeteries from Transylvania.

Unknown in Transylvania, the boot-shaped vessels can be connected to spiritual and

Celtic Funeral Discoveries. Catalogue of Finds

Acmariu, Aknuir, Alba County

Adiimu~, Adamos, Mure~ County

Aiud, Nagyenyed, Strassburg, Alba County

Apanida, Apahida, Cluj County

Archiud, Mezoerked, Arkeden, Bistrita-Niisiiud County

A.{el, Ecel, Hetzehdorf, Sibiu County

Band, Mezoband, Mure~ County

Hiii(a, Mezobanyica, Gindusdo1f, Mure~ County

Rlaj, Balazsfalva, Blassendorf, Alba County

Blandiana, Maroskarna, Alba County

Bratei, Barathely, Pretai, Sibiu County

• incidental funeral discovery, unknown place

Cepari, Csepan, Tschippendorf, Bistrita-Nasaud County

Cluj-Napoca, Kolozsvar, Klausenburg, Cluj County

• incidental funeral discovery, Miina~tur, the Agronomic Institute's farm

Cristuru Secuiesc, Szekelykeresztur, Kreutz, Harghita County

Diibfica, Doboka, Cluj County

• incidental funeral discovery, 2 km far from the village

Diirlo!j, Darlac, Durles, Sibiu County

Delenii, Magyarsaros, Kleinferken,Mure~ County

Delureni, Mezoujlak, Bistrita-Nasaud County

Dezmir, Dezmer, Cluj County

DiNa, Dipse, Diirrbach, Bistrita-Nasaud County

• cemetery m. 2, under the orchard

• incidental funeral discovery, Belitoarea

Fiintiinele, Szaszujos, Eisch, Bistrita-Nasaud County

• incidental funeral discovery, Orchard

• cemetery m. 2, La Giifa, dealul lu,Jului, twenty-three graves in 2006 (Lucian Vaida)

Gala(ii Bistri(ei, Galacfalva, Heresdorf, Bistrita-Nasaud County

Jucul de Sus, Felsozsuk, Cluj County

\fcdia:;, Medgyes, Mediasch, Sibiu County

Jfureni, Szederjes, Neuflaigen, Mure$ County

Orosfaia 78 , Oroszfaja, Bistrita-Nasaud County

l'apiu Ilarian, Mezobodon, Murq County

Pruni!j, Magyarszilwis, Cluj County

Roteni, Harasztken?k, Mure$ County