BUILDING COMPONENTS

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION – 1
LECTURE – 1

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL – 1

 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the session students will be able to:

 Understand the content of Subject and some basic terms.
 State the building components and their functions.
 Introduction of various building materials available.

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL – 1

BUILDING
A building, is a man-made structure with a roof and walls standing more or less
permanently in one place, such as a house or factory.

TYPES OF BUILDINGS
Residential ( House )
Educational ( School, College, etc )
Institutional ( Hospital, etc )
Assembly ( Theatre, Exhibition, Stadium, etc)
Business ( Minor Office, Barber, Parlors, etc)
Mercantile (Shop, Store, Market, etc )
Industrial (Diaries, Saw Mills, Gas Plants, etc)
Storage (Warehouse, Terminal Garage, etc)
Hazardous ( Manufacture of Artificial Flowers, Explosives, etc)

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL – 1

 BUILDING

SUPERSTRUCTURE SUBSTRUCTURE
(Above Ground) (Below Ground)

1. Masonry Units : Walls & Columns 1. Foundation

2. Floor
3. Roof
4. Door & Window
5. Vertical Transportation : Stair, Lift, Ramp
6. Building Finishes

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 IDENTIFY THE BUILDING
COMPONENTS

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 Plinth

FOUNDATION
FOUNDATION
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FOUNDATION
(Substructure)

It is the lowest part of a structure

below the ground level .

A foundation (or, more

commonly, foundations) is the
element of an architectural
structure which connects it to the
TRANSFERS
ground, and transfers loads from LOADS
the structure to the ground.

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL – 1

 WALLS
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 A WALL is a structure that defines an area,
carries a load, or provides shelter or security.

Building walls purposes are :

 to support roofs, floors and ceilings.

 enclose a space as part of the building

envelope, along with a roof to give buildings
form.

 to provide shelter and security.

 house various types of utilities such

as electrical wiring or plumbing.

 Divide the building space into various

rooms.

WALLS
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL – 1
 • Wall for enclosing volume- it creates a • Wall for demarcating territory-
sense of inside/ outside, by containing spaces As a vertical plane defines the extent of
through its contiguity. property.

The Great wall of china

The Colloseum, Rome

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL – 1

• Wall as a communicator and encoder
of messages– As a vertical plane, most visible,
walls as barriers become the most potent
communication elements capable of encoding
messages.
• Wall as a for giver and façade
modulator– act as an external envelope of
interior spaces.

University of Jodhpur, Rajasthan

Centre for development studies, Thiruvananthapuram

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL – 1

 • Wall for subdivision of space– based upon • Wall as a display and storage element–
different kinds of activity, patterns, uses and due to thickness of wall, by providing niches,
requirements, large spaces need to be subdivided shelves as well as display.
into smaller pockets.

Asian Games Village, New Delhi

Architect- Raj Rewal

Jawahar Kala Kendra, Jaipur

Architect- Charles Correa

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL – 1

 THE FLOOR A FLOOR is the walking surface of a
space.

Floors may be stone, wood, bamboo,

metal, or any other material that can
support the expected load.

The levels of a building are often

referred to as floors although a more
proper term is storey.

Floors typically consist of a subfloor

for support and a floor covering used
to give a good walking surface.

The subfloor often has electrical

wiring, plumbing, and other services.

FLOORING
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL – 1
 • Support and stability – The horizontal ground • Horizontality – a treated surface
plan, induces into any object a state of repose, a created to provide a comfortable datum.
state of equilibrium, where object is at total rest.

Falling Water House, Pennsylvania

Architect: F.L.Wright
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 • Floor for Definition of Space – A • Datum and Reference – provides a
perceptible change in the flooring strongly reference to all the elements above or
defines and demarcates a difference in zone. below it.

Nehru Pavillion, New Delhi

Marble Flooring, Red Fort

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL – 1

 • Flooring as movement guide- by change in • Floor to express threshold – act as
materials, colors or even texture. a plinth or a platform

Rashtrapati Bhawan
Mugal Gardens

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 COLUMN transmits the
weight of the structure above to other
structural elements below.

Columns are frequently used to

support beams or arches on which
the upper parts of walls or ceilings
rest.

A vertical structure usually consisting

of a base, a cylindrical shaft, and a
capital, used as a support or
standing alone as a monument.

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 • Centrality- column marks a position in a space. • Verticality– guides vision upwards from
the ground plane.

Eiffel tower

Qutub complex

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 • Directionality- columns placed linearly • Rhythm– linear repetition of columns with
guide direction. changing distances give rise to a rhythm.

Diwan e Aam, Agra Fort

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 • Column acts as a focus of space – A • Column for defining a space – three or
free standing column, act as a point in space, more columns that are not placed along the
commands centrality. same line enclose space .

The Stonehenge, Great Britain

Iron Pillar, New Delhi

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL – 1

 • Column as a movement guide- a series • Column as facade– columns, when
of column when placed along a line creates an exposed as an elevational element even as sun
imaginary plane binding them, thus establishing breaker etc. scale and compose the building
direction, inviting movements along them. due to its verticality.

Palazzetto dello Sports, Rome

Palazzetto dello Sports, Rome

Indian Institute of Management, Banglore

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL – 1

Roof:
The upper most part of the building constitutes the roof.
It is part of a building envelope, both the covering on the uppermost part of a building or shelter which provides protection.

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 ROOF
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Types of Roof:
INCLINED ROOF

FLAT ROOF HIPPED ROOF LEAN-TO ROOF

HYPERBOLIC ROOF PARABOLIC ROOF VAULT ROOF

Brihadeshwara Temple
Thanjavur , Tamil Nadu
Assembly Building
Capitol Complex, Chandigarh
Lotus Temple
 VENTILATOR
It provide lighting and ventilation.
The provide resistance to weather,
sound & heat.

A DOOR is a moving structure used A WINDOW is an opening in

DOOR
to block off, and allow access to, an
entrance to or within an enclosed space
WINDO
a wall, door, roof or vehicle that
allows the passage of light and air.

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL – 1

W
 • Door as a strong axis of focuses to the • Differentiation- the door refers to the two
shrine realms- the indoors and the outdoors.

Gateway of a Haveli

Golden temple, Amritsar

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL – 1

• Door as an image maker– Entrance • Door as a free standing sculpture-
door with motifs as an image-maker.

Buland Darwaza, Fathpur Sikri

Entrance Gate, Assembly building, Chandigarh

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL – 1

 • Door as modulator of facade– It helps • Door as a point of access–
to modulate form and compose façade
through its vertical nature.

Torana, Sanchi Stupa

Milan Cathedral

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL – 1

 • Window as façade modulator– depending • Window as image maker– act as key
upon size, form, number, placement and element. Often building gets recognition and
articulation, windows alter the perception of the identified through the image portrayed by these
building. windows.

Sidi saiyyed ni Jali, Ahmedabad

Hawa Mahal, Jaipur

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 LIFT
LIFT, STAIRCASE AND RAMP
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 • Stairs as built up mass, with religious • Stairs as Aesthetic element–
association of journey towards heaven–

Guggenheim Museum, New York

Ziggurat of Ur, Iraq

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CHAJJAS
OPEN TERRACE BALCONY
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SILL, LINTEL AND ARCHES

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RAILING, PARAPET & COPING
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 1 Roof

2 Wall
3
3 Window

4 Parapet Wall

3 3
5 Door

Stair

7 6 Ramp
8 –1
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL Flooring
 Assignment:

Click a picture of your house / Hostel (Front).

Mark different building components on the hard copy.

Task : Individual Activity

Format : A3 Size Sheet Composition

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL – 1

 BUILDING MATERIALS

ROCK MATERIAL BINDING MATERIAL CERAMIC MATERIAL METAL

oSteel
oCoarse aggregate oLime oBrick oAluminum
oStone oCement oTile oCopper
oTexas
CONCRETE TIMBER

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ROCK MATERIALS:

STONE
COARSE AGGREGATE GRANITE
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BINDING MATERIALS:

PLASTER
CEMENT

SAND
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BINDING MATERIALS: These materials are used to join other materials.

o LIME: It is obtained by heating limestone and used

for binding stones, painting walls & made bricks.

o CEMENT: The most important use of cement is the

production of mortar and concrete, it is most
important binding material.

o SURKHI: It is finely powered burnt clay and

generally made from slightly under burnt bricks. Good
surkhi should be perfectly clean and free from any
admixture of foreign substances.
Surkhi Mortar is a mixture of lime, surkhi and water.

LIME SURKHI
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CERAMIC MATERIALS:
Ceramics materials are produced with clay and
introduced in a oven.

Types of ceramic materials are:

o Bricks:
Bricks are pieces of clay cooked and basically
used in wall masonry construction.

o Tiles:
Tiles are generally used for covering roofs,
floors and walls. Their properties are
impermeable and brightness.

TILES
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CONCRETE : TIMBER :
Timber is a common
material in roofs, doors,
windows.

Types:
• Natural Timber:
Babul, oak, pine,
mango, sal, teak, neem,
deodar.

• Industrial Timber:
Veneers, plywoods,
fiberwoods, impreg
timber, compreg timber.
Concrete is a composite building material made from the combination
of aggregates, binders and water. The most common form of concrete
is Portland concrete.
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METAL MATERIALS: Metal is called the chemical elements
characterized by being good
conductors of heat and electricity, have
high density.

• Steel:
We use it in reinforced concrete,
overcoast, piers.

• Aluminium:
It is used for frames of doors and
windows.

• Copper :
Copper is used in gas, water and
heating installations.

STEEL ALUMINIU
M
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Feedback :
Did you learn what has been taught in the class?
(*Please don’t write your name on the feedback.)

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL – 1

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL – 1