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Quiz May 1 Spring 2018, questions and answers

Petroleum Geology (University of Wyoming)

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Petroleum Geology Quiz 2

Your Name: ________________________________________________________________________
Please choose your answer (or answers) by putting a circle (or highlight) around your choice (or
choices)

1. Commercial accumulations of hydrocarbons are formed by the thermal maturation of

organic matter
a. True
b. False
2. When the subsurface geothermal gradient is high, what will happen to the depths of the
oil and gas generation window?
a. Nothing, geothermal gradient has no influence on the depths of oil and gas
generation.
b. Both oil and gas generation windows will move up to shallow depths.
c. Oil generation window will move up to shallow depths, but the gas generation
window will move to deeper depths.
d. Gas generation window will move up to shallow depths and oil generation
window will move to deeper depths.
3. What is the temperature window for significant oil generation?
a. 10-60°C
b. 40-80°C
c. 60-120°C
d. 120-250°C
4. Seismic velocities in an overpressured formation are
a. Lower than the normal trend
b. Higher than the normal trend
c. About the same as the normal trend
d. Can randomly vary
5. What is the key reaction for the conversion of the inorganic carbon into organic carbon?
a. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
b. Photosynthesis
c. Salt sieving
d. Osmosis
6. What are the major chemicals that are found in the organic matter? Choose all that are
correct.
a. Proteins
b. Carbohydrates
c. Lipids
d. Lignin
e. Pyrite
f. Ferrous oxide

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7. What factors control the preservation of organic matter in the subsurface? Choose all that
are correct
a. Well-oxygenated bottom conditions.
b. Oxygen-depleted bottom conditions.
c. Rate of sedimentation.
d. Subsurface temperature.
8. The Figure below is the thermal maturation path of three different types of kerogen,
plotted with the oxygen-to-carbon (O-C) atomic ratio on the horizontal (x) axis and
hydrogen-to-carbon (H-C) atomic ratio on the vertical (y) axis and denoted as A, B, and
C. Which one out of the three would you associate to be the type III kerogen?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. None

9. Referring to the Figure above, which type of

kerogen has the highest H-C atomic ratio?
a. Type I.
b. Type II.
c. Type III.
10. Out of the following list, which one is an inorganic chemical paleothermometer?
a. Carbon ratio
b. Pyrolysis
c. Vitrinite reflectance
d. Fluid inclusions
11. What are the secondary pores in a sedimentary rock?
a. Pores that are formed during deposition.
b. Pores that are formed after deposition.
c. Pores that are formed either during or after deposition.
d. None of the above.

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12. The Figure below is the porosity versus permeability relation compiled for different rock
types and the zones A, B, C, and D marked by arrows denote certain types of
hydrocarbon reservoirs. Out of these four, which one would you associate with a possible
fractured reservoir?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D

13. How the fracture porosity in a

reservoir rock can be identified? Choose all that are correct.
a. Wireline logs.
b. Production tests.
c. Seismic data.
d. Gravity data.
14. Arrange the grain shapes A, B, C, and D shown in the Figure below in the ascending
(least to highest) order of their roundness

a. A, B, C, D
b. B, C, D, A
c. D, A, C, B
d. C, A, D, B
15. Permeability in a sedimentary rock is usually the least along the paleo-current direction
that deposited them.

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a. True
b. False
16. Porosity for most of the carbonate reservoirs are secondary in nature
a. True
b. False
17. The length:width ratio of five sand deposits are found as (A) 1:1, (B) 1:5, (C) 2:3, (D)
5:1, and (E) 1:2. Out of them which one would you classify as an elongate sand?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
18. Porosity and permeability variations from the fore-set to toe-set are different for the
eolean and aqueous cross-bedded sediments
a. True
b. False
19. Does geothermal gradient have any effect on the porosity of the sedimentary rocks?
a. Yes
b. No
20. When hydrocarbon enters a reservoir rock its porosity is usually preserved
a. True
b. False
21. Small amount of cementation is beneficial to a sandstone reservoir
a. True
b. False
22. Common clay cementation in sandstone are kaolinitic, illitic, and smectitic. Out of these
three, which one has the most harmful effect in the permeability of the reservoir:
a. Illitic
b. Smectitic
c. Kaolinitic
d. They all have equal effect on the reservoir permeability
23. Secondary dolomites are typically good reservoirs. What is the primary reason for this?
a. Limestone to dolomite conversion results in a net decrease in bulk volume.
b. Limestone to dolomite conversion results in a net increase in bulk volume.
c. Limestone to dolomite conversion induces fractures.
d. None of the above
24. What is the result of the decarboxylation of coal or kerogen?
a. Expulsion of fresh water
b. Expulsion of the solutions of carbonic acid
c. Expulsion of alkaline water
d. None of the above
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25. What is the chemical formula for the dolomites?

a. CaCO3
b. FeO2
c. Fe2O3
d. CaMg(CO3)2
26. Please refer to the simple anticlinal trap below indicating the presence of trapped oil and
gas. Out of the zones marked A-E, which one is called the “closure”?

A B C

a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
27. The Figure below shows many hydrocarbon accumulations in the areas shaded in black.
That kind of traps are these? Note- S indicates a salt diapir and the shaded black areas
are hydrocarbon accumulations.

a. Stratigraphic.
b. Structural.
c. Hydrodynamic.
d. Diapiric

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28. What kind of hydrocarbon trap is represented by the figure shown above?
a. Stratigraphic
b. Structural
c. Diapiric
d. Hydrodynamic

29. What kind of hydrocarbon trap is represented by the figure shown above?
a. Structural
b. Stratigraphic
c. Combination
d. Diapiric
30. What is the primary mechanism for a hydrodynamic trap to occur?
a. There is no mechanism, it may occur at random when there is a tilted fluid
contact.
b. It occurs when the hydrodynamic force is greater than the buoyancy force of the
upward movement of the hydrocarbons.

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c. It occurs when the hydrodynamic force is less than the buoyancy force of the
upward movement of the hydrocarbons.
d. None of the above.
31. Net pay is always greater than or equal to the gross pay for a hydrocarbon reservoir
a. True
b. False
32. The Figure below, from top to bottom, represents the formation of one type of basin from
normal continental lithosphere. What can you say regarding the formation of such a
basin?

a. Basin formed from a crustal compression at the convergent plate boundaries.

b. Basin formed from a crustal tension at the divergent plate boundaries.
c. Formation of an epicratonic embayement.
d. Formation of a cratonic basin.
e. None of the above.

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33. What type of hydrocarbon trap does the Figure above represent?
a. Stratigraphic
b. Structural (anticlinal)
c. Diapiric
d. Structural (fault)
34. The Figure below shows an oil reservoir. How would you classify this trap?

a. A structural (anticlinal) trap.

b. A stratigraphic (diagenetic) trap.
c. A structural (fault) trap.
d. A stratigraphic (pinchout) trap.

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35. What kind of hydrocarbon traps are represented by the Figure below?

a. Stratigraphic
b. Combination
c. Structural
d. Diapiric

The Figure above represents a schematic view of the present-day petroleum system with overburden,
seal, reservoir, source, underburden, and the basement rocks. The top of the oil window, the bottom
of the oil window (top of the gas window) are also shown. Hydrocarbons being produced from five
reservoir locations (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) are also marked. Use this Figure to respond to the following five
questions.

36. How would you classify reservoir 1?

a. Conventional hydrocarbon trap
b. Unconventional hydrocarbon trap
c. None of the above
37. How would you classify reservoir 2?
a. Conventional stratigraphic trap
b. Unconventional trap
c. Conventional structural (fault) trap

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d. None of the above

38. How would you classify reservoir 3?
a. Conventional stratigraphic trap
b. Unconventional trap
c. Conventional structural (fault) trap
d. None of the above
39. How would you classify reservoir 4?
a. Conventional reservoir
b. Unconventional shale gas reservoir
c. Unconventional shale oil reservoir
d. Unconventional tight oil reservoir
40. How would you classify reservoir 5?
a. Conventional reservoir
b. Unconventional shale gas reservoir
c. Unconventional shale oil reservoir
d. Unconventional tight oil reservoir
41. How the petroleum is produced from the tar sands and oil shales?
a. By heating
b. By cooling
c. By injecting chemicals
d. None of the above
42. What is the primary constituent of the oil shales?
a. Kerogen
b. Bitumen
c. Oil
d. Gas
43. What is the primary production mechanism for the coal-bed methane (CBM)?
a. Depressurization via dewatering
b. Hydraulic fracturing
c. Injection of solvents
d. None of the above.
44. Shale gas are typically self-sourced reservoirs
a. True
b. False
45. It is expected that the global energy demand will continue increasing and the fossil-fuel
(hydrocarbons) will continue to be the major component to meet this demand
a. True
b. False
46. In a field, the following parameters are estimated- probability of a source rock = 0.95, probability
of a reservoir = 0.85, probability of a trap = 0.82, probability of a seal = 0.99, and the probability
of having optimum heat = 0.86. Then what is the probability of success for finding hydrocarbon
in the field? Mark the closest answer
a. 0.307
b. 0.564
c. 0.750
d. 0.056

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47. To appraise prospects, it is essential to combine geologic aspects with the economic aspects
a. True
b. False
48. To meet the energy demands for near-future, finding new hydrocarbon resources and efficient
ways to produce them is critical
a. True
b. False
49. Considering that the fossil-fuels (hydrocarbons) would supply more than 50% of the global
energy demands at least for the next few decades, which ones out of the following would be
important? Choose all that you think are correct
a. Find more hydrocarbon resources
b. Devise ways to safely produce energy from the gas-hydrates
c. Devise means to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from fossil-fuel burning
d. Just keep producing oil and gas giving no importance to the environment

50. The Figure above shows the estimated petroleum reserves (produced, reserves, undiscovered) for
different regions around the globe. Based on this Figure, which region is likely to the major
supplier of the fossil-fuel resources in the coming decades?
a. North America
b. Latin America
c. Middle-east
d. Eurasia
e. Europe

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