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ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ

ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ«««««««««««««««««««««««««««..3
ȽɅȺȼȺ 1. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹɢɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɢ ɞɧɹ««««««««««..........................4
ȽɅȺȼȺ 2. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɢɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ...................................................................................10
ȽɅȺȼȺ3. Ʉɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɟɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ.....................................................................................14
ȽɅȺȼȺ 4. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɢɹɢɨɛɜɢɧɟɧɢɹ««««««««««««..«.18
ȽɅȺȼȺ 5. Ɏɪɟɣɦɢɧɝ..«««««««««««««««««««««««.23
ȽɅȺȼȺ 6. Ɇɟɞɢɚɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝ..................................................................................................27
ȽɅȺȼȺ 7. ɉɨɥɟɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɢ««««««««««««««««««««.....31
ȽɅȺȼȺ 8. Ɋɟɤɪɟɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ««.««««««««««««««««««......35
ȽɅȺȼȺ 9. ɋɬɨɪɢɬɟɥɥɢɧɝ..««««................................................................................45
ȽɅȺȼȺ 10. Ⱦɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣɞɢɫɤɭɪɫ««.«««««««««««.«.....51
ȽɅȺȼȺ11. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ..««.««......«««««««««...56
ȽɅȺȼȺ 12. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɩɢɚɪ«««««««««...«««««««..........63
ȽɅȺȼȺ. ɉɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɵɟɚɤɰɢɢ««««««««««««««««««......72
ɁȺɄɅɘɑȿɇɂȿ«««...«««««««««««««««««««««««.82
ɋɉɂɋɈɄɂɋɉɈɅɖɁɈȼȺɇɇɈɃɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊɕ«««««««««..85
 3

ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ

ȼ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɟɞɢɚɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɧ

ɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɟɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢ. Ɉɞ
ɧɚɤɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɶɱɬɨɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɯɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɣɢ
ɨɰɟɧɨɤɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣɢɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɨɧɟ
ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨɧɚɩɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɥɶɤɨɧɚɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚɰɢɸ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ.
ȼɨɬɥɢɱɢɟɨɬɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɫɧɨɜɟɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɣ
ɞɟɫɤɪɢɩɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢɦɟɞɢɚɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɥɟɠɢɬɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɨɬɨɦɱɬɨɪɚɰɢ
ɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟɧɚɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɟɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɫɩɨɪɧɵɯɜɨɩɪɨ
ɫɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɣ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɵɣ ɨɛɦɟɧ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧ
ɬɚɦɢɜɞɭɯɟ©ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɣɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢªɩɨɘɪɝɟɧɭɏɚɛɟɪɦɚɫɭɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɫɤɨɪɟɟɜɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɦɦɢɪɟɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢɚɧɟɜɨɜɧɟɲɧɟɦɨɤɪɭ
ɠɟɧɢɢɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɨɡɚɛɨɱɟɧɧɵɯɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ
ɗɬɨɬɩɪɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɵɣɧɚɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟɩɨɞɯɨɞɰɟɥɢɤɨɦɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹɜɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɭɫɨɰɢ
ɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɢɡɦɚɢɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɨɝɨɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚɱɬɨɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ©ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜɵɫ
ɲɟɝɨɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚªȾɠɟɣɦɫɚȽɪɸɧɢɝɚ
ȼɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɵɯɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹɜɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɫɨɰɢɟɬɚɥɶ
ɧɵɯɩɨɥɟɣɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɧɨɪɦɢɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬɧɨɜɵɟɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ
ɧɵɟɩɨɥɟɜɵɟɢɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟɥɨɝɢɤɢȼɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɚɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹɧɚɩɨɥɢɬɢ
ɡɚɰɢɢɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɦɟɞɢɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢɢɱɬɨɫɚɦɨɟɝɥɚɜɧɨɟɧɚɪɟɤɪɟɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɢɞɚɠɟɝɟɣɦɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɥɸɛɵɯɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɯɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ.
ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰɬɪɟɬɶɹɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ± ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɯɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ
ɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɤɚɤ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɢɬɟɥɥɢɧɝɚ.
ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢɢɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɥɸ
ɛɵɦɢɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢɢɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɬɶɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢɜɥɸɛɨɣɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɮɟɪɟ
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ȽɅȺȼȺ 1
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹɢɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɢ ɞɧɹ
©ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵɜɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟɫɭɬɶɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɚɧɟɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹɤɚɤɧɚɛɨɪɚɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɨɛ
ɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ« ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ± ɷɬɨ
ɬɨɱɤɚɮɨɤɭɫɚɪɚɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹɢɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɭɸɳɢɯɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɣɢɰɟɥɟɣ.
ɂɦɟɧɧɨɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɷɬɢɯɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɢɰɟɥɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɟɬɥɸɛɵɟɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵª [Blumer 1971: 298, 301].
ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɦɢɫɫɢɹɨɪɝɚɧɨɜɜɥɚɫɬɢ± ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹɩɨɞɢɯɸɪɢɫɞɢɤɰɢɟɣɩɨɞɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣɤɚɤɚɞɦɢɧɢ
ɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɟɞɢɧɢɰ Ɉɪɝɚɧɵɜɥɚɫɬɢɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɦɞɢɫ
ɤɭɪɫɟɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɢɨɩɪɚɜɞɵɜɚɬɶɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶɢɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɩɨɥɢɬɢ
ɱɟɫɤɢɯɤɭɪɫɨɜɪɟɲɟɧɢɣɢɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɱɬɨɛɵɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶɢɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɸɥɟɝɢ
ɬɢɦɧɨɫɬɶɤɚɤ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶɢɩɪɢɧɭɠɞɚɬɶ ɑɟɦɫɬɪɨɠɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶ
ɧɨɫɬɶɜɥɚɫɬɢɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɧɨɪɦɚɦɢɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɬɟɦɜɵɲɟ
ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɫɬɶɜɥɚɫɬɢɢɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟɞɨɜɟɪɢɟ ȼɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɩɭɛɥɢɱ
ɧɨɣɩɨɞɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢɨɛɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɨɜɢɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɨɜɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɬɶɤɚɤɢɦɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
ɢɯɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɢɩɥɚɧɵɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɦɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ
ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢȿɫɥɢɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɚɹɩɨɞɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ
ɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɫɬɶɬɨɧɟɭɞɚɱɚɨɫɥɚɛɥɹɟɬɥɟɝɢɬɢɬɢɦɧɨɫɬɶɢɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ
Ʌɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɫɬɶɫɨɫɬɨɢɬɢɡɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɚɤɬɨɪɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨ
ɪɹɟɬɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɨɜ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɚɤɬɨɪɫɥɟɞɭɟɬɫɨɰɢɨ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɫɨɨɬ
ɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɟ 'ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɫɬɶ'
(1), 'ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫ'  ɢ 'ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ'  ɤɚɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ, ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɚɤɬɨɪɜɥɢɹɟɬɜɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɦɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɹɫɜɨɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɤɭɪɫɵɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɢɞɧɹɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵɢɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɚɤɷɮ
ɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟɛɥɚɝɨɬɜɨɪɧɵɟ, ɷɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɗɬɚ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɚɹ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚ
ɰɢɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɫɺɛɨɥɶɲɟɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɟɬɧɚɞ'ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ' ɤɚɤɫɫɵɥɤɨɣɧɚɢɧɫɬɪɭ
ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɢ'ɚɜɬɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ' ɤɚɤɫɫɵɥɤɨɣɧɚɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɸɨɛɵɱɚɣ
ɢɥɢɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɭɸɮɢɝɭɪɭ
Ʉɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɣɞɢɫɤɭɪɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɨɛɨɣɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɢɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚɰɢɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢɥɢɞɟɪɚɦɢɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢɫɩɢ
ɤɟɪɚɦɢɩɚɪɬɢɣɧɵɦɢɚɤɬɢɜɢɫɬɚɦɢɢɫɩɢɧ-ɞɨɤɬɨɪɚɦɢɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯɜɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚ
ɬɢɜɧɨɦɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɢɞɟɣ ɫɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯɩɚɪɬɢɣ
 5

ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣɢɝɪɭɩɩɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɱɟɧɵɯɥɢɞɟɪɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɯɫɨ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɫɬɨɜ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɨɜ ɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚ ɛɥɨɝɟɪɨɜ ɷɤɫ
ɩɟɪɬɨɜɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ 'ɦɨɡɝɨɜɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ'ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ
ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɢɥɢɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɫ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ.
ɍɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɚ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝɫɞɪɭɝɨɦɡɚ ɨɬɛɨɪɢɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯɞɥɹɧɢɯɫɩɨɪɧɵɯɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜɤɚɤɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ
ɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɨɝɨɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹɢɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɂɧɚɱɟɝɨɜɨɪɹɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ± ɷɬɨɫɨɰɢ
ɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ
ɧɚɛɨɪ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ. Ɍɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨ
ɛɥɟɦ
ɢɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɢɯɜɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɭɸɢɦɟɞɢɣɧɭɸɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɢ
ɞɧɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ 'ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɚɧɬɪɟɩɪɟɧɺɪɚɦɢ
, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɨɛ
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɦɟɞɢɣɧɨɣ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɞɥɹɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ. ȼ
ɢɯɱɢɫɥɨɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜɵɫɲɢɟɢɡɛɢɪɚɟɦɵɟɢɥɢɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɦɵɟɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɟɥɢɰɚɥɨɛ
ɛɢɫɬɵɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɩɚɪɬɢɢɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟɚɫɫɨɰɢ
ɚɰɢɢɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɟɚɤɬɢɜɢɫɬɵɢɥɢɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭ
ɸɳɢɟɞɪɭɝɫɞɪɭɝɨɦɧɚɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɯɚɪɟɧɚɯɝɞɟɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢ
ɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ('ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ') ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨ-ɫɥɟɞ
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɞɥɹɚɤɬɨɪɚɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɢɫɢɫɬɟɦɭɤɨɝɧɢ
ɬɢɜɧɨ-ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɵɯɢɚɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɞɥɹɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣɤɨɬɨ
ɪɚɹɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯɪɟɲɟɧɢɣɫɨɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜɢɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜɷɮ
ɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟɦɟɠɞɭɱɢɫɥɨɦɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢɨɝɪɚɧɢ
ɱɟɧɧɵɦɢɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɚɪɟɧ, ɧɚɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧɢɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɪɟɲɚɸɬɫɹ,
ɨɛɨɫɬɪɹɟɬɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɸɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɯɚɧɬɪɟɩɪɟɧɺɪɨɜ ɢɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ.
ɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɦɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ
ɞɟɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ:
x ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɨɤ, ɹɪɤɢɯ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ, ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚ
ɰɢɢɚɤɰɟɧɬɚ ɧɚɧɟɨɬɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢɞɪɭɝɢɯɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɣɤɚɤɛɨɥɟɟɩɚɝɭɛɧɵɯ; ɞɢɫɤɪɟ
ɞɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɚɧɬɪɟɩɪɟɧɺɪɨɜ; ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɨɫɬɢ
ɢɥɢɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨɫɬɢɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢɤɚɤɛɟɫɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɣɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɯɚɧɬɪɟɩɪɟ
ɧɺɪɚɦɢɪɟɲɟɧɢɣɤɚɤɧɟɜɧɹɬɧɵɯɧɟɝɨɞɧɵɯɢɥɢɧɟɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɯ;
x ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɝɨɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɫɩɨɩɭɥɹɪ
ɧɵɦɢɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦɢɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɹɦɢɢɥɢɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢɬɟɦɚɦɢ;
 6

x ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɨɝɨɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɝɨɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɚɤ
ɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɚɫɬɢɹɦ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶ
ɧɵɯɝɪɭɩɩɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɯɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ
ɫɤɢɯ
x ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨ-ɫɥɟɞ
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜɟɟɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɫɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢɹɦɢɞɪɭɝɢɯɚɤ
ɬɨɪɨɜɢɞɪɭɝɢɦɢɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ;
x ɨɬɛɨɪ ɞɥɹɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɝɨɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣɚɪɟɧɵɫɛɨɥɶɲɟɣɜɦɟ
ɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ;
x ɨɬɛɨɪɞɥɹɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɝɨɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣɚɪɟɧɵɤɨɬɨɪɚɹɩɨɫɨ
ɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸɢɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɟɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɨ
ɜɟɫɬɤɢɞɧɹɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɣɢɡɫɩɨɪɧɵɯɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɥɢɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɧɵɯ
ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɞɜɭɦɹɢɥɢɛɨɥɟɟɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɢɡ-ɡɚɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜɢɥɢ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ.
ɉɭɛɥɢɱɧɚɹɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɲɢɪɨɤɨɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɟɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɹɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɜɞɚɧɧɵɣɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɸɬɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸɱɚɫɬɶɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ
ɢɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹɩɨɦɧɟɧɢɸɱɥɟɧɨɜɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɢɥɢɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɰɟɥɨɦɤɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧ
ɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ȼ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ± ɷɬɨ ɪɚɧɠɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ
ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯɬɟɦɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɦɧɟɧɢɹɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɨɤɭɫɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɜɧɢ
ɦɚɧɢɹɢɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɩɪɢɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢɜɵ
ɛɨɪɟɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ.
ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɚ ± ɷɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɟɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɟɩɨɥɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨɨɪɝɚɧɚɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɜɞɚɧɧɵɣɩɟɪɢɨɞ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦɮɚɤɬɨɪɵɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɜɥɢɹɸɬɧɚɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶ
ɧɨɣɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɢɞɧɹ
1. ɉɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚɫɩɨɪɧɨɝɨɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ 'ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢɩɪɢɜɪɚɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ' ± ɩɪɢ
ɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦɢɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɦɢɥɢɰɚɦɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢɥɢɞɟɪɚɦɢɢɥɨɛ
ɛɢɫɬɚɦɢɲɬɚɬɧɵɦɢɫɨɜɟɬɧɢɤɚɦɢɢɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɚɦɢ± ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɪɹ
ɞɨɤɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜɜɜɨɞɹɬɫɦɹɝɱɚɸɬɢɥɢɨɬɦɟɧɹɸɬɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵɚɬɚɤɠɟ
ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɬɜɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟɫɞɟɥɤɢɫɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢɢɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɤɨɦɩɪɨ
ɦɢɫɫɧɵɟɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɩɪɢɜɪɚɬɧɢɤɢɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɵɫɤɪɵɬɨɦɭɜɧɭɬɪɟɧ
ɧɟɦɭɥɨɛɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸɢɥɢɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦɭɜɧɟɲɧɟɦɭɥɨɛɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸɤɨɬɨɪɨɟɩɪɨɹɜɥɹ
ɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɪɹɦɵɯɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɯɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢɝɪɭɩɩɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɯɫɭ
ɞɟɛɧɵɯɢɫɤɚɯɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɫɤɢɯɪɚɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯɢɥɢɜɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɯɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɯɤɨɦ
ɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɹɯ.
 7

2. Ɍɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹɨɬɞɚɜɚɬɶɩɟɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɨɫɬɚɪɵɦɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɤɨɝɞɚ-ɬɨ
ɜɯɨɞɢɥɢɜɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɭɧɨɥɢɛɨɩɨɫɜɨɟɣɫɭɬɢɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹɜɩɟ
ɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢɥɢɛɨɨɫɬɚɥɢɫɶɧɟɪɟɲɟɧɧɵɦɢɥɢɛɨɢɯɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɨɤɚ
ɡɚɥɢɫɶɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ
3. ɉɪɟɬɟɧɡɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟ
ɫɤɢɦɢɩɪɢɜɪɚɬɧɢɤɚɦɢɫɛɨɥɶɲɟɣɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɸɩɨɬɨɦɭɱɬɨ
9 ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ;
9 ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɜɫɨɰɢɭɦɟ;
9 ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɟɦɢɥɢɢɦɟɸɬɩɪɹɦɨɣ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɤɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɩɪɢɜɪɚɬɧɢɤɚɦɢɥɢ'ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɚɧɬɪɟɩɪɟɧɺɪɚɦ';
9 ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬɫɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɝɨɬɨɜɵɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ
ɢɯɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɜɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɦɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟ
9 ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɜɪɚɬɧɢɤɨɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɢɦɟɸɬɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɦɢɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
4. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɩɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹɦ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧ
ɰɢɢɞɚɧɧɨɝɨɨɪɝɚɧɚɜɥɚɫɬɢ
5. Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɫɩɨɪɧɨɝɨɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɨɜɨɬ
ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɝɨɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɚɢɡ-ɡɚɨɩɚɫɟɧɢɣɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɧɟɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ
6. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɥɢ
ɫɜɨɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɜɪɨɞɟ ɛɵ ɩɨɯɨɠɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɱɟɝɨ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟɨɬɞɚɟɬɫɹɩɪɢɜɵɱɧɵɦɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ
7. ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜɜɥɢ
ɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɨɜɢɥɢɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɨɜɜɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɜɨɩɪɨɫɚȼɨɛɳɟɦɜɢɞɟɜɤɥɸ
ɱɟɧɢɟɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ;ɜɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɭɞɧɹɜɛɨɥɶɲɟɣɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɚɤɬɨɪɚ
ɱɟɦɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ<ɟɫɥɢɷɬɨɬɚɤɬɨɪɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɞɥɹ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ;ɑɟɦɛɨɥɶɲɟɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɣɜɵɢɝɪɵɲɬɟɦɛɨɥɶɲɟɭɫɢɥɢɣ
ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɟɬɚɤɬɨɪɞɥɹɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ;ɜɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɭɞɧɹ
8. Ɏɟɧɨɦɟɧ
ɤɚɡɟɧɧɨɝɨɩɢɪɨɝɚ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɚɤɬɨɪɵɱɚɫɬɨɛɟɪɭɬɫɹɡɚ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵɭɡɤɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɵɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɜɨɛɦɟɧɧɚɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɭɸɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭɢɥɢ
ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɟɩɨɠɟɪɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹɗɬɢɡɚɬɪɚɬɵɛɨɥɶɲɟɣɱɚɫɬɶɸɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɩɨɬɪɟɛ
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɨɣ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɯɨɬɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɛɸɞɠɟɬɚɇɚɩɪ.ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟɫɟɧɚɬɨɪɵɫɤɥɨɧɧɵɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɝɚɬɶɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛ
ɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢɜɩɨɥɶɡɭɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɩɨ
ɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɜɵɝɨɞɧɵɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɧɨɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɦɨɝɭɬɛɵɬɶɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜ
ɧɵɦɢȻɨɥɟɟɬɨɝɨɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɢɧɚɦɟɫɬɧɵɟɩɪɨɟɤɬɵɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹɜɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ
ɛɸɞɠɟɬɟɩɨɷɬɨɦɭɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣɫɟɧɚɬɨɪɧɟɧɟɫɟɬɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
 8

9. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨ

ɜɟɫɬɤɭɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɬɶɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟɜɥɚɫɬɧɵɯɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭɢɥɢɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶɰɟɥɟɜɭɸɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭɞɥɹ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɨɝɨɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ
10. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɧɟɨɬɥɨɠɧɵɯɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ
ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɭɫɬɚɧɚɜ
ɥɢɜɚɸɬɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɥɢɰɚ.
11. ɉɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞ
ɫɬɜɢɣɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɵɯɩɪɨɢɫɲɟɫɬɜɢɣɢɮɨɪɫ-ɦɚɠɨɪɧɵɯɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ
12. ɉɨɞɫɬɪɨɣɤɚɤɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɟɞɧɹɢɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭɦɧɟɧɢɸ
13. Ɇɟɞɢɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ
ɉɨɫɥɟɬɨɝɨɤɚɤɚɤɬɨɪɵɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵɢɩɪɢɧɹɥɢɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɨɛɢɯɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢɜɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɭɨɧɢɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬɤɩɭɛ
ɥɢɱɧɨɦɭɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɭɱɬɨɛɵɜɧɟɞɪɢɬɶɢɯɜɦɟɫɬɟɫɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɦɢɜɦɟɞɢɣɧɭɸɩɨ
ɜɟɫɬɤɭɞɧɹɚɞɚɥɟɟɬɪɚɧɡɢɬɨɦɜɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɭɸɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɭ.
Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɞɢɣɧɨɣɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɢ ɞɧɹ ± ɷɬɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢɢɢɡ
ɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɜɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɜɯɨɞɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɤɪɭɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
'ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɭɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ' ɢɭɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟɨɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢɩɪɨ
ɛɥɟɦɢɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɦɧɟɧɢɣɜɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ. Ɇɟɞɢɣɧɚɹɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɚ
ɤɚɤɜɟɪɯɧɹɹɱɚɫɬɶɪɚɧɠɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨɫɩɢɫɤɚɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɯɦɟɞɢɚɬɨɩɢɤɨɜɢɧɨɝɞɚɧɟ
ɤɨɪɪɟɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɫ 'ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɨɣ' ɤɚɤ
ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɟɣɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɯɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɵɦɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢɫɬɚɬɢ
ɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ'ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ'.
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɦɟɞɢɣɧɨɣɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɢɞɧɹ± ɷɬɨɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɩɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟ
ɧɢɸɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɦɟɞɢɣɧɨɣɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɢɞɧɹɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣɰɟɥɶɸɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶɧɚɩɭɛ
ɥɢɱɧɭɸɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɭɢɞɚɥɟɟɧɚɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟɦɧɟɧɢɟɢɢɥɢɧɚɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶ
ɧɭɸɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɭɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ.
Ʉɚɠɞɚɹɫɨɰɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬɬɨɥɶɤɨɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɟɟ ɫɨɛ
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣɫɢɝɧɚɥɵɜɧɟɲɧɟɣɫɪɟɞɵɢɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɢɯɜɩɪɢ
ɟɦɥɟɦɭɸɞɥɹɫɟɛɹɮɨɪɦɭɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɯɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜɜɨ
ɩɪɨɫɨɜɜɩɚɪɟ'ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɚ± ɦɟɞɢɣɧɚɹɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɚ' ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸɢɯɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹɦɟɞɢɚɥɨɝɢɤɟ ɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɥɨɝɢɤɟ
ɚɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɢɯɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬɨɬɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɢɪɟ
ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɟɣɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢɢɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɢ.
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶɜɥɢɹɧɢɹɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɧɚɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɭɞɧɹɨɛɭɫɥɨɜ
ɥɟɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣɫɬɚɬɭɫɢɬɢɩɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜ
 9

ɧɨɫɬɶɢɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɦɟɞɢɚɬɨɩɢɤɨɜɬɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɜɦɚɫ
ɫɦɟɞɢɚɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɬɢɩɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɢɮɚɡɵɞɟ
ɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ  ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ  ɪɚɧɝ ɜɨ
ɩɪɨɫɚɜɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɚɯɞɧɹɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ȼɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɦɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɶɩɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɟɬ 'ɞɟɤɥɚɪɢɪɭɟɦɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɭ ɞɧɹ',
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹɚɧɟɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɚɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɩɪɨɟɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɭɸɢɦɟɞɢɣɧɭɸɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɢɈɧɚɫɨɫɬɨɢɬɢɡ
ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɯɢɫɬɨɪɢɣ
, ɭɞɨ
ɫɬɨɜɟɪɹɸɳɢɯɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɢɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɞɥɹɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢɡɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣɢɢɥɢɦɟɞɢɣɧɨɣɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɢɞɧɹɜɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɢɥɢɛɭɞɭɳɢɯɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ.
Ʌɸɛɨɟ ɫɨɰɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ 'ɪɟɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ' ɬɟ ɩɟ
ɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɢɝɧɚɥɵɢɡɞɪɭɝɢɯɩɨɥɟɣ ɜɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɥɨɝɢɤɟ. ȼɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢɜɩɨɥɟ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɵ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵɩɪɟɞ
ɫɬɚɸɬɤɚɤɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵɜɩɨɥɟɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɢɤɚɤ ɬɟɦɵɞɥɹɦɟɞɢɚ-
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɣ, ɚɜɩɨɥɟɧɚɭɤɢɤɚɤɬɟɦɵɞɥɹɧɚɭɱɧɵɯɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɬɚɤɨɝɨɪɨɞɚɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣɩɪɢɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɟɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜɢɡɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣɢɥɢ
ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɢɜɦɟɞɢɣɧɭɸɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɭɞɧɹɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢɢɥɢɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɟɚɤɬɢ
ɜɢɫɬɵ ɩɨɞɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɤ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɨ
ɝɢɤɟɩɪɨɳɟɝɨɜɨɪɹɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɢɯɜɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟɩɨɞɜɢɞɨɦ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɨɛ
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ
ɗɬɚ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨ
ɧɚɥɶɧɨɣɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣɢɦɟɞɢɣɧɨɣɩɨɜɟɫɬɨɤɞɧɹɧɨɧɟɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɚɟɬɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɫɬɶ
ɫɨɰɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɯɩɨɥɟɣɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɜɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢɠɭɪɧɚɥɢ
ɫɬɵɢɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɟɚɤɬɢɜɢɫɬɵɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɢɫɯɨɞɹɩɪɟɠɞɟɜɫɟɝɨɢɡɫɨɛ
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ.
ɂɬɚɤɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɜɥɚɫɬɢɤɚɤɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɚ
ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɞɢɫ
ɤɭɪɫɟɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɯɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣɨɟɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɜɜɵɢɝɪɵɲɧɨɣɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨ-
ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɟɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɌɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ
ɜɵɫɲɚɹɰɟɥɶɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ± ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɫɬɢɜɥɚɫɬɢɡɚɫɱɟɬɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɹɩɭɛ
ɥɢɱɧɨɣɢɦɟɞɢɣɧɨɣɩɨɜɟɫɬɨɤ ɞɧɹɫɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɨɣɞɨɥɠɧɵɪɚɫ
ɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹɤɚɤɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣɪɟɫɭɪɫɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɣɜɥɚɫɬɢɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɩɭɛ
ɥɢɱɧɵɦɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɨɦɡɚɫɱɟɬɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɜɵɢɝɪɵɲɵɯɞɥɹɫɟɛɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚɯ.
 10

ȽɅȺȼȺ 2
ɋɯɟɦɵ ɢɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ
©ɉɨɢɫɬɢɧɟɜɦɢɪɟɤɚɠɞɵɣɦɨɦɟɧɬɬɟɦɫɚɦɵɦɫɟɣɱɚɫɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ
ɦɧɨɝɨɫɨɛɵɬɢɣȼɫɹɤɚɹɩɨɩɵɬɤɚɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶɜɫɥɨɜɚɯɜɫɺ ɬɨɱɬɨɫɟɣɱɚɫɞɟɣɫɬɜɢ
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɫɚɦɚɩɨɫɟɛɟɫɦɟɲɧɚɇɚɦɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹɨɞɧɨ± ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶɫɚ
ɦɢɦ ɩɨ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɢɸ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ
ɱɬɨɨɧɚɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬɢɫɬɢɧɟɢɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹɟɸɤɚɤɫɯɟɦɨɣɫɟɬɤɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣɩɨ
ɧɹɬɢɣɤɨɬɨɪɚɹɞɚɟɬɧɚɦɯɨɬɶɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟɩɨɞɨɛɢɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢª
>Ɉɪɬɟɝɚ-ɢ-Ƚɚɫɫɟɬ@
ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢɜɜɢɞɟ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯɢɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɨɬɛɨɪɚɢɢɧɬɟɪ
ɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢɧɟɫɤɨɧɱɚɟɦɨɝɨɩɨɬɨɤɚɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜ. Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹɜɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɵɟɩɟɪɰɟɩɬɢɜɧɵɟɢɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨ-ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɵɟɫɯɟɦɵɨɛɟɫ
ɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɭɸɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɸɡɚɫɱɟɬɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ
ɧɢɹɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɣɜɧɚɛɨɪɵɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɨɜɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹɢɧ
ɞɢɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɚɧ
ɞɚɪɬɧɵɯɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯɢɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹɤɚɤɫɚɦɨɫɨɛɨɣɪɚɡɭɦɟɸɳɢ
ɟɫɹ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɵ. ɉɟɪɰɟɩɬɢɜɧɵɟɢ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɦɚɬ
ɪɢɰɵɩɪɢɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢɭɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɢɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢɜɵɛɨɪɟɢɩɪɢɧɹ
ɬɢɢɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɗɬɨ ɢɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɤɢɨɩɵɬɚɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɟɜɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢɫɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜ
ɧɨɣɢɫɬɨɪɢɟɣɢɧɟɨɫɨɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɵɟɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɣɱɟɪɟɡɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɜɨɫ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɢɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɵ ɜɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢɨɬɢɯɫɨɰɢɨ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ
Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɤɚɤɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɢɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɣɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɪɟɲɚɸɳɢɦɨɛɪɚɡɨɦɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɟɢɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɮɨɪɦɵɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɰɟɥɢɢɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ
ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɝɪɚɧɢɰɵɞɥɹɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨɢɨɬɤɥɨɧɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹɩɨɜɟɞɟ
ɧɢɹ ɋɯɟɦɵɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚɦɨɫɦɵɫɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɪɚɡɜɢ
ɬɢɟɫɨɛɵɬɢɣɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶɬɢɩɵɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɨɝɨɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɡɚɞɚɸɬɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɸɮɟ
ɧɨɦɟɧɨɜɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɬ ɫɦɵɫɥɵ ɢɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɭɦɨɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɢ
ɪɭɸɬɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɢɦɧɟɧɢɹɜɵɧɭɠɞɚɸɬ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɢɥɢɛɟɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɨ
ɜɚɬɶɫɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɟɣɧɚɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹɜɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɢɡɚɩɪɟɬɵ
ȼɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚɯɫɯɟɦɵɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹɉɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯɫɯɟɦ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹɢɥɢɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹɜɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢɨɬɢɯ ɩɪɨ
ɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ: ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟɨɬɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɯɟɦɚɦɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɨɛɟɫɩɟ
 11

ɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟɹɫɧɵɟɢɬɨɱɧɵɟɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɜɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨɱɢɫɥɚɫɨɛɵ
ɬɢɣ ɉɪɢɷɬɨɦɪɚɧɟɟɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɟɢɭɫɜɨɟɧɧɨɟɜɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɨɩɪɟɞɟ
ɥɹɟɬɱɬɨɛɭɞɟɬɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɢɭɫɜɨɟɧɨɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚɦɢɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ
Ʉɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨ-ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɫɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ'ɪɟɩɟɪɬɭɚɪɨɜɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ'ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɦɚɪɤɢɪɭɸɬɫɹɜɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ
ɪɨɞɧɵɦɢɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɚɦɢɫɢɦɜɨɥɚɦɢɮɢɝɭɪɚɦɢɪɟɱɢ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ. Ʉɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɦ ɫɯɟɦɚɦ,
ɥɢɛɨɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹɥɢɛɨɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹɥɢɛɨɞɨɦɵɫɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Ɇɟɪɚɫɢɬɭɚ
ɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɦɚɪɤɟɪɚ ɢɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɯɟɦɵɡɚɜɢɫɢɬɨɬ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɣɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨɨɩɵɬɚɠɟɥɚɧɢɣɢɭɫɬɚɧɨ
ɜɨɤ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚ. ȼɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɱɟɦ
ɛɥɢɠɟɞɪɭɝɤɞɪɭɝɭɢɯɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɤɚɤɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɢɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ
ɧɵɯ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ.
ɋɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ ± ɷɬɨɫɯɟɦɵ ɞɥɹɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɡɧɚɧɢɣɨɲɚɛ
ɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɟɞɢɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɪ
ɦɚɥɶɧɨɣɞɥɹɞɚɧɧɨɣɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵɪɨɥɟɣɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ
ɢɯɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜɢɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣɋɰɟɧɚɪɢɢɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɢɡɪɹɞɚɫɰɟɧɢɦɟɸɬɹɱɟɣɤɢ ɞɥɹ
ɪɨɥɟɣ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɢ
ɩɢɱɧɵɦɢɢɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦɢɫɢɬɭɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ. ɋɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟ
ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɧɟɬɨɥɶɤɨɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɧɨɢɢɫɬɨ
ɪɢɢɨɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɯ ɧɚɨɫɧɨɜɟɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɨɤɧɚɩɪ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯɫɥɨɜɢɥɢɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɚɬɚɤɠɟ
ɚɩɨɫɬɟɪɢɨɪɢɡɚɞɧɢɦɱɢɫɥɨɦɨɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɶ ɪɨɥɢɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ ɜɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɨɫɨɛɵɬɢɢ.
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢɯɪɚɧɹɬɫɹɜɞɨɥɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣɩɚɦɹɬɢ
ɜɜɢɞɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɞɪɭɝɫɞɪɭɝɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ,
ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɇɨɜɵɟ
ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ
ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ
ɫɢɬɭɚɬɢɜɧɨɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢɫɩɨɦɨɳɶɸɤɚɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ
ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ
. ɉɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɫɟɬɶɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢɫɨɫɬɨɢɬɢɡɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɞɜɚ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ, 'ɪɨɞɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ' ɢ 'ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ'
ɛɥɟɧɞ Ɇɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚɧɚɜɯɨɞɟɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹɫɪɨɞɨɜɵɦɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧ
ɫɬɜɨɦɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɦɢɯɨɛɳɢɟɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɟɫɯɟɦɵɤɚɤɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɞɥɹɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ
Ȼɥɟɧɞ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɟɬɫɹɢɡɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɧɚɜɯɨɞɟɨɛɴɟɞɢ
ɧɹɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɨɛɨɣɧɨɜɭɸɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɭɸɫɯɟɦɭ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɧɨɜɵɟɜɵɜɨɞɵɞɨɜɨɞɵ, ɢɞɟɢɩɨɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟɪɟ
ɚɤɰɢɢ Ȼɥɟɧɞɜɥɢɹɟɬɧɚɨɰɟɧɤɭɫɨɛɵɬɢɣɧɚɜɯɨɞɟɩɨɛɭɠɞɚɟɬɤɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢɢɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹɜɪɢɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɰɟɥɹɯɞɥɹɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹɲɭɬɨɤɧɨɜɵɯɤɨɧ
ɰɟɩɬɨɜɢɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜɢɬɩ
 12

Ȼɥɟɧɞɵɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟ
ɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɣ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨ
ɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɢɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɮɟɧɨɦɟ
ɧɨɜ Ɇɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɹɱɚɫɬɨɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɬɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ ɢɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ.
Ɇɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɹɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɨɞɢɧɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɱɟɬɤɨɜɵ
ɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɢ
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɤɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɹɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɚɹɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɹɪɟ
ɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ-ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɬɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫ
ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɦɢɪɨɥɹɦɢɚɬɚɤɠɟɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɧɚɫɨ
ɛɵɬɢɟ-ɦɢɲɟɧɶ, ɬɟɤɚɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢɫɥɨɜɚɦɢɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɹ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ-ɦɢɲɟɧɢ ȼɪɟɡɭɥɶ
ɬɚɬɟɫɨɛɵɬɢɸ-ɦɢɲɟɧɢɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨɫɬɶɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɰɟɥɟɧɚ
ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɢɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ.
ȼɵɛɨɪ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ-ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɧɚɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɢ-ɦɢɲɟɧɢ ɉɪɨɜɨɰɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɢɫ
ɬɢɧɧɵɬɨɥɶɤɨɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɢɪɚɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ-ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɇɨɜɵɟɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢɫɨ
ɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɭɸ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ-ɦɢɲɟɧɢ ɢ ɫɩɨ
ɫɨɛɧɵ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ-ɦɢɲɟɧɢ ɫɯɟɦɵ
ɜɵɫɜɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɢɥɢɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬɡɚɬɟɧɹɹɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɚɫɩɟɤɬɵɨɩɵɬɚ. ȼɨɬɥɢɱɢɟɨɬɹɜɧɵɯ
ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɜɫɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢɧɟɨɫɨ
ɡɧɚɸɬɫɹɤɚɤɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɢɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɦɤɚɤɞɨɥɠɧɨɟ.
Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɵɤɚɤɭɫɬɨɹɜɲɢɟɫɹɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɢɜɵɱɧɵɯ ɦɟ
ɬɚɮɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɣɬɟɷɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢɩɪɢɜɵɱɧɵɯɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ-ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬɫɬɚ
ɬɭɫɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯɫɯɟɦɢɞɚɥɟɟɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹɞɥɹɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢɢɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɬɨɤɚɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜɇɚɩɪ., ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɩɪɚɤ
ɬɢɤɱɚɫɬɨɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɟɣɧɨɜɵɯɢɫɬɚɪɵɯɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɣ.
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɞɪɭɝɨɣɬɨɱɤɢɡɪɟɧɢɹɫɭɬɶɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢɜɬɨɦɱɬɨɤ'ɮɨɤɭɫɭ'
ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ'ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɟɦɵɯɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ'ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯɫ
'ɪɚɦɤɨɣ
ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɚɨɬɛɢɪɚɟɬɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɢɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɬɨɞɧɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢɨɛɴ
ɟɤɬɚɢɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɟɬɟɦɫɚɦɵɦ ɡɚɞɚɜɚɹ ɧɨɜɭɸɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɭɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɢ
ɨɰɟɧɤɢɮɨɤɭɫɚ. Ɇɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɹɫɤɪɵɬɨɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹɨ'ɮɨɤɭɫɟ'ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹɤ'ɪɚɦɤɟ'ɬɟɨɬɛɢɪɚɟɬɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɢɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɬɨɞɧɢɯɚɪɚɤ
ɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ'ɮɨɤɭɫɚ' ɢɡɚɬɟɧɹɟɬɞɪɭɝɢɟɇɚɩɪ.ɩɪɢɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢɛɢɬɜɵɤɚɤɲɚɯɦɚɬɧɨɣ
ɩɚɪɬɢɢɲɚɯɦɚɬɧɚɹɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɮɭɧɤɰɢɢɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɨɬɛɨɪɢɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶɬɟɯɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣɫɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɩɪɢ
 13

ɜɵɛɨɪɟɞɪɭɝɨɣ'ɪɚɦɤɢ' ɨɫɬɚɥɢɫɶɛɵɧɟɡɚɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ.
ȼɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɦ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ± ɜɚɠɧɚɹɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɚɹɫɬɪɚɬɟ
ɝɢɹ ɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢɤɨɬɨɪɚɹɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɵɜɫɜɹɡɧɵɟɢɫ
ɬɨɪɢɢɢɡɚɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɞɥɹɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɂɬɚɤɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɟɬɫɹɜɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɢɡɪɟɩɟɪɬɭɚɪɨɜɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢȼɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɟɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɨɫɭ
ɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɫɩɨɦɨɳɶɸɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɬɫɹɢ
ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɢɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ.
 14

ȽɅȺȼȺ 3
Ʉɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɟɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ
©Ʌɸɞɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɜɥɭɱɲɟɦɫɥɭɱɚɟɜɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟɫɜɨɟɣɨɫɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɚɨɧɢ
ɨɫɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɵɬɨɥɶɤɨɨɤɪɨɲɟɱɧɵɯɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɯɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢª
[Simon 1985: 302].
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨɦɨɞɟɥɟɣɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɤɨɬɨɪɚɹɤɚɤɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚ
ɟɬɫɹɥɟɠɢɬɜɨɫɧɨɜɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢɜɥɚɫɬɢɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ.
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ 'ɜɫɟɨɛɴɟɦɥɸɳɟɣɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ' ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢɪɟɲɟ
ɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɫɯɨɞɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɢ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨ
ɜɚɧɵɚɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɱɢɫɬɭɸɜɵɝɨɞɭɢɥɢ
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɫɬɶɜɵɛɢɪɚɹɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɵɫɫɚɦɵɦɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɭɪɨɜɧɟɦɜɵɝɨɞɵɡɚɜɵɱɟ
ɬɨɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɢɫɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ
ɡɧɚɧɢɟɦɨɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢɡɧɚɸɬɜɫɟ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɟɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɜɦɟɫɬɟɫɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ
ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɢ
ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹɤɦɚɤɫɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢɜɵɢɝɪɵɲɚɈɞɧɚɤɨɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɫɥɨɠɧɵɯɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɱɚɳɟ
ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬɨɬɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɝɨɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɧɵɯɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɮɚɤ
ɬɨɪɨɜ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ ɫɢɬɭɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɣ ɱɟɦ ɨɬ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ
ɨɰɟɧɤɢɢɨɬɛɨɪɚɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚȼɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟɨɛɵɱɧɨɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹɥɢɲɶ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɱɚɫɬɧɵɟɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹɫɭɱɟɬɨɦɩɪɨɞɜɢ
ɠɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɨɬ ɫɛɨɟɜ ɱɟɦ
ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɜɵɢɝɪɵɲ ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɟ ɗɪɪɨɭ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɭɦɟ ɜɨ
ɨɛɳɟɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɚɤɫɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧ
ɧɨɝɨɛɥɚɝɚɤɪɨɦɟɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹɫɬɪɨɝɢɯɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣɧɚɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɩɪɟɞ
ɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɣɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜɬɟɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ 'ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ' ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɵ ɜɫɟ-ɬɚɤɢ
ɞɟɥɚɸɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣɜɵɛɨɪɤɨɬɨɪɵɣɤɚɤɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɟɨɩɪɟ
ɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹɦɢɢ
ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɦɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢɉɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟɫɥɢɨɧɨɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ
ɬɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦɰɟɥɹɦɜɞɚɧɧɨɣɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɬɛɨɪɟ ɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɝɚɸɬ
'ɠɟɫɬɤɨɣ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ
 ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ 'ɦɹɝɤɨɣ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ'.
ȿɫɥɢ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ
ɨɰɟɧɤɢɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣɫɢɥɵɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɜɬɨɜɬɨɪɚɹɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹɧɚɢɯɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ
ɩɨɫɢɥɟɆɹɝɤɚɹɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɢɟɜɵɜɨɞɨɜɚɧɟɞɨɤɚɡɚ
ɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ; ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɧɟɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɩɪɚɜɢɥ; ɜɵɞɜɢɠɟ
ɧɢɟɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɚɧɟɞɟɞɭɤɰɢɸɢɥɢɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɸɚɧɟ
 15

ɜɧɟɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɧɨɟɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟɢɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɚɤɬɨɪɚɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɟɦɤɚɤɢɪɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶ
ɧɨɟɟɫɥɢ ɜɢɞɢɦɚɹɰɟɥɶɚɤɬɨɪɚɧɟɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɚɫɞɪɭɝɢɦɢɟɝɨɰɟɥɹɦɢɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɤɚ
ɠɭɬɫɹɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɸɛɨɥɟɟɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ (1); ɚɤɬɨɪɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɢɡɧɟɜɟɪɧɵɯ'ɮɚɤɬɨɜ' (2)
ɢɥɢɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɝɭɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ'ɮɚɤɬɚɦɢ' (3); ɚɤɬɨɪɫɞɟɥɚɥɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟɜɵɜɨɞɵɢɡ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɵɯɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɟɦ 'ɮɚɤɬɨɜ' (4); ɚɤɬɨɪɩɪɨɝɥɹɞɟɥ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚ
ɬɢɜɧɵɟɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ (5). ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜɜɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɣɠɢɡɧɢ
ɧɟɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɧɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢɧɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶɥɭɱɲɢɟɢɡɜɨɡɦɨɠ
ɧɵɯɪɟɲɟɧɢɣɢɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɬɫɹɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ'ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɣɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ'ɨɧɢɩɟ
ɪɟɛɢɪɚɸɬɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵɞɨɬɟɯɩɨɪɩɨɤɚɧɟɧɚɣɞɭɬɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɯɨɪɨɲɭɸ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚ
ɬɢɜɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɯɜɥɨɝɢɤɟ ɢɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
ȼɫɟɷɬɢɮɨɪɦɵɢɪɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɤɚɤɮɨɪɦɵ
'ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ'ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟɪɟɲɟɧɢɣɢɫɨ
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɚɹ) ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɨɬɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɯɭɫɢɥɢɣɢɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹɩɨɷɬɨɦɭɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹɥɢɲɶɩɪɢɧɚɥɢɱɢɢɜɵɫɨɤɨɣɦɨɬɢ
ɜɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɤ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ ɑɟɦ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜ ɬɨɦ
ɱɢɫɥɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɨɫɬɪɟɟɠɟɥɚɧɢɟɩɪɢɥɨɠɢɬɶɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟɭɫɢɥɢɹɱɟɦɛɨɥɶɲɟɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɢɱɟɦɦɟɧɶɲɟɨɬɜɥɟ
ɤɚɸɳɢɯɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɬɟɦɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɟɟɱɬɨɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɩɪɢɛɟɝɧɟɬɤɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣɫɢ
ɫɬɟɦɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ȼ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɣɧɭɸ ɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ) ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɸ ɫ
ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɟɣ ɧɚɜɵɩɭɤɥɵɟɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ-ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɵ ɤɚɤɭɦɟɫɬɧɵɟɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɤɢ (ɫɢɦɜɨ
ɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɦɚɪɤɟɪɵ, ɚɧɟɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟɞɨɜɨɞɵ. Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨɱɬɨɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶ
ɧɵɟɫɢɥɶɧɵɟɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɦɹɝɱɚɸɬɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɩɨɞɫɤɚ
ɡɨɤɚɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟɫɢɥɶɧɵɟɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɤɢ± ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯɫɥɚɛɵɯɚɪɝɭ
ɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
ɂɧɞɢɜɢɞɵɫɤɥɨɧɧɵɟɤɩɨɢɫɤɭɨɫɬɪɵɯɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɣ ɜɨɨɛɳɟɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɸɬ
ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɧɵɟɢɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɝɨɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹɢ
ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɦɭɡɵɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɮɨɧɨɦɚɜɨɜɫɟɧɟɰɟɩɨɱɤɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɭɦɨɡɚɤɥɸ
ɱɟɧɢɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɦɨɛɪɚɡɨɦɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚɦɢɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜɛɨɥɶɲɟ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬɨɬɷɦɨɰɢɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ ɢɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜɱɟɦɨɬ'ɮɚɤɬɨɜ' ɢɥɢɫɥɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪ.ɩɪɢɨɞ
ɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɢɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɢɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɟɜɜɜɵɩɭɫɤɟɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣɡɪɢɬɟɥɢ
ɫɤɥɨɧɧɵ ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɚ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ 'ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝɚ' ɤɚɤ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɩɨɥɹ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɚ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɰɟɧɵ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
 16

ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɸɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣəɪɤɢɟɨɛɪɚɡɵ ɢɥɢɫɢɦɜɨɥɵɤɚɤɦɢɧɢ
ɦɭɦɫɥɭɠɚɬɧɚɦɟɤɚɦɢɢ/ɢɥɢɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɚɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ-ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɟɹɞɪɨɬɟɥɟɜɢ
ɡɢɨɧɧɨɣɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɤɨɬɨɪɚɹɩɨɛɭɠɞɚɟɬɡɪɢɬɟɥɹɤɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢɨɫɜɟ
ɳɚɟɦɨɝɨɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ.
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ
ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɪɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ', ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɵ
ɫɤɥɨɧɧɵɢɡɛɟɝɚɬɶ ɭɬɨɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ
ɞɟɥ ɡɚɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɝɨɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨɦɢɪɚɧɚɩɪ., ɜɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɫɮɟɪɟ).
ȼɦɟɫɬɨ ɷɬɨɝɨɨɧɢ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɷɦɨɰɢɹɦɩɪɢɫɬɪɚɫɬɧɨ ɢ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɨɰɟɧɢ
ɜɚɸɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬɢɯɜɡɝɥɹɞɵɢɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɢɥɢɢɝɧɨɪɢ
ɪɭɸɬɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɝɚɸɳɢɟɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹɨɰɟɧɨɤɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɟɬɨɱɤɢ
ɨɬɱɟɬɚɱɚɫɬɨɬɚɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɫɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɦɨɫɬɢɩɪɢɜɥɟ
ɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɜɥɢɹɟɬɧɚɟɝɨɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɶɜɵɜɨɞɵɞɟɥɚɸɬɫɹɧɟɩɨɩɪɚ
ɜɢɥɚɦɥɨɝɢɤɢɚɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦȿɫɥɢ'ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟɧɟɜɟɠɞɵ'ɩɨɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ
ɦɟɪɟɩɪɢɡɧɚɸɬɱɬɨɨɧɢɦɚɥɨɫɜɟɞɭɳɢɢɝɨɬɨɜɵɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ
ɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɬɨ 'ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɪɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɫɟɡɧɚɣɤɢ' ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɵ ɱɬɨ
ɡɧɚɸɬɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɜɫɺɱɬɨɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɞɥɹɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪ.ɧɚɩɨɥɢ
ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɜɵɛɨɪɚɯ.
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɟɣ 'ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɜɟɠɟɫɬɜɚ', ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɧɟɯɨɬɹɬɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɬɶɫɜɨɢɡɧɚɧɢɹɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɩɨɢɯɦɧɟɧɢɸ
ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɬɨɝɨɱɬɨɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣɝɨɥɨɫɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɩɨɛɟɞɭɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨɤɚɧɞɢ
ɞɚɬɚɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨɦɚɥɚɱɬɨɞɚɠɟɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟɡɚɬɪɚɬɵɧɚɩɨɢɫɤɢɫɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ
ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣɜɵɢɝɪɵɲ. ȼɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟɨɪɢ
ɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɜɵɧɟɫɟɧɢɢɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɯɢɥɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟ
ɫɤɢɯɚɤɬɨɪɚɯɧɚɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɤɢɢɥɢɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟɪɟɚɤɰɢɢɚɧɟɧɚɚɪ
ɝɭɦɟɧɬɵɢɮɚɤɬɵ
Ɏɟɧɨɦɟɧ'ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɩɪɢɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɟɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ' ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬɜɬɨɦɱɬɨ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨɤɨ
ɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɨɤ ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɨɜ,
ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ,
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɸɬɩɪɨɫɬɵɟɢɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɟ ɞɨɜɨɞɵ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹɧɚɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɷɥɢɬɵ
ɢɧɟɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɨɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵɫɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢɫɩɨɫɨ
ɛɚɦɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɵɯɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ.
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɭ 'ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣɫɤɟɩɬɢɰɢɡɦ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɵ ɧɟɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɨ
ɫɨɝɥɚɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɞɨɜɨɞɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɧɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɵ ɤ
ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɠɟɧɢɹɦɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟɬɚɤɬɢɤɢɨɧɢɢɡɛɟɝɚɸɬɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɸɬ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɨɬɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɜɨɡɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹɨɬɨɰɟɧɤɢɡɚɧɨɜɨɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɬɢɡ
ɪɟɞɤɚɩɨɞɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɜɨɢɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɢɥɢɜɫɟ-ɬɚɤɢɫɨɝɥɚɲɚɸɬɫɹɫɞɨɜɨɞɚɦɢȼɬɨ
 17

ɠɟɜɪɟɦɹɨɧɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɞɨɜɨɞɵɱɬɨɛɵɜɵɫɦɟɹɬɶɢɥɢɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɶ

ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵ ɫ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞ
ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢɢɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢɉɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨɪɨɞɚɩɪɟɞɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨɲɢɪɨɤɨ
ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵɜɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɢɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚɱɬɨɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹɢɦɤɚɤ
ɛɟɫɫɩɨɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɠɢɦɵɟ ɞɨɜɨɞɵ. ȼ ɫɢɥɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɸɬ

ɧɟɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹɜɨɬɥɢɱɢɟɨɬɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ
ɩɨɞɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɳɟɣɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɤɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɭɦɨɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹɦɨɛ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɚ
ɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɢɞɟɣ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɛɭɠɞɚɟɬ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɟɣ
ɫɬɜɢɹɦ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɹ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɨɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡ
ɪɟɩɟɪɬɭɪɚɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɣɢɭɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɧɨɝɨɜɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɦɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟɤɚɤ
ɩɪɚɜɞɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ'ɪɟɩɟɪɬɭɚɪɚ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ' ɩɨɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɞɨɜɨɞɨɜɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɟɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵɞɨɝɦɚɬɵɜɟɪɵ
ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɢɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵɧɨɪɦɵɩɪɚɜɚɫɫɵɥɤɢɧɚɩɨɫɥɨɜɢɰɵ, ɚɮɨ
ɪɢɡɦɵɞɚɧɧɵɟɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ ɢɢɥɢ ɧɚɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ
ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɟɣ ɪɚɡ
ɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜ ɇɚɩɪ. ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨ
ɜɟɫɬɤɢ ɞɧɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɭɠɟ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɟ
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹɢɥɢɞɨɜɨɞɵɱɚɫɬɨɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹɤɚɤɛɨɥɟɟɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟɩɨɫɪɚɜɧɟ
ɧɢɸɫɧɨɜɵɦɢɚɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɵɟɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵɢɥɢɨɛɴɟɤɬɵɤɚɤɛɨɥɟɟɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɛɭɤɜɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɹ
ɞɚɠɟɨɞɧɢɦɢɬɟɦɠɟɚɤɬɨɪɨɦɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɱɢɫɥɨɟɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɨɜ Ɉɞɧɚɤɨɩɨ
ɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɟɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɰɟɧɢɬɫɹɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢɤɚɤ
ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢɬɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢɜɫɟɠɟɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɩɪɢɟɦɵ ɥɨ
ɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢɧɨɫɤɨɪɟɟɞɥɹɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɫɬɢɚ
ɧɟɞɥɹɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɹ
ɂɬɚɤɩɪɢɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢɪɟɲɟɧɢɣɢɜɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɯɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɵ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɸɬɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɣɧɵɟɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɹɫɶɫɤɨɪɟɟɧɚɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɤɢɤɨ
ɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ ɫ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɚɦɢ ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ
ɨɰɟɧɤɭɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯɞɨɜɨɞɨɜɢɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɭɦɨɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ
 18

ȽɅȺȼȺ 4
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢɨɩɪɚɞɚɧɢɹɢɨɛɜɢɧɟɧɢɹ
©ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɢɧɟɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢȼɦɟɫɬɨɷɬɨɝɨɨɧɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɪɢɬɨɪɢɤɭɱɬɨɛɵɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵɤɨɬɨ
ɪɵɟ ɢɫɤɚɠɚɸɬ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚ
ɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɵ ɨɧɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɨɡɧɨɟ ɤɚɞɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɜɨ
ɩɪɨɫɨɜɢɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹɜɵɡɜɚɬɶɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸɪɟɚɤɰɢɸɱɟɦ ɩɨɛɭɞɢɬɶɤ
ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɸª>Kuklinski, Quirk 2000: 24].
ɉɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɦ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟ ɞɚɟɬ ɟɦɭ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɚɜɚɫɬɚɬɭɫɢɪɟɫɭɪɫɵɜɬɨɦɱɢɫɥɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɶɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɹɟɝɨɩɪɟ
ɬɟɧɡɢɢɢɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹȾɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟɢɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɪɢɬɨɪɢɤɨɣ
ɤɚɤɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɨɣɬɟɯɧɢɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɚɧɚ
ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟɜɵɝɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹɚɤɬɨɪɚɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨɢɥɢɤɨɦɦɭ
ɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɚ, ɢɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɣɢɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚ
ɰɢɣ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜ.
Ɋɢɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ± ɷɬɨɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɢɨɫɬɪɨɣɧɟɨɛ
ɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢɤɨɬɨɪɭɸɚɤɬɨɪɡɚɫɱɟɬɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɚɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨ
ɜɚɬɶ ɜɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɭɸɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸɱɬɨɛɵɜɢɞɨɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶɢɥɢɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɶɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɭɸ
'ɛɟɡɨɬɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ' ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɟ ɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɭ
ɝɢɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ
ɢɥɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ, ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣɢɥɢɧɟɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɣɢɥɢ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɣɡɧɚɤɨɦɨɣɢɥɢ
ɧɨɜɨɣɢɫɩɪɚɜɢɦɨɣ ɢɥɢɧɟɢɫɩɪɚɜɢɦɨɣɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɨɦ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɪɢɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɫɢɬɭɚ
ɰɢɢɜɯɨɞɹɬɬɨɥɶɤɨɬɟɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣɢɥɢɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢɢɧ
ɞɢɜɢɞɵɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɨɛɴɟɤɬɵɢɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɚɤɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɬɜɢɞɨɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɚɧɟɩɪɢɛɟɝɚɹɤɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦ
Ɋɟɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɢɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɨɮɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ
ɤɨɝɞɚɧɚɞɭɦɚɧɧɚɹɨɫɬɪɚɹɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɚɤɬɨɪɨɦɤɚɤɪɟɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢɤɨɝɞɚɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ± ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɲɢɛɤɢɢɥɢɧɟɜɟɠɟ
ɫɬɜɚ ɚɤɬɨɪɚ), ɮɚɧɬɚɡɢɣɤɨɝɞɚ'ɛɟɡɨɬɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɹɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɤ
ɬɨɪɨɦɢɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɢɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢɜɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ.
ɏɨɬɹɜɥɸɛɨɣɪɢɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɚɹ 'ɛɟɡ
ɨɬɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ' ɤɚɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɪɢɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚ
ɸɬɫɹɞɪɭɝɨɬɞɪɭɝɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ:
x ɜ ɪɢɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ
ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɯɢɥɢɧɟɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɯ) 'ɛɟɡɨɬɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ'ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɬɪɟ
ɛɭɸɬɨɬɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɨɬɜɟɬɚ
 19

x ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨɪɢɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɨɝɭɬɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɨ
ɜɚɬɶɡɚɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ
x ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɵɢɡɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢɪɢɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ$ɦɨɝɭɬɬɚɤɠɟɜɯɨ
ɞɢɬɶɜɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢɪɢɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣȼ&ɢ'
x ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɪɢɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɩɪɨ
ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɧɚɜɹɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɚɤɬɨɪɭ ɧɟɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɶ
ɫɜɨɢɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɪɢɬɨɪɚ
Ɋɢɬɨɪɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɜɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɯɧɚɱɥɟɧɨɜɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢɪɢɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɫɢɬɭ
ɚɰɢɢɢɯɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɦɢɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹɦɢɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢɦɨɬɢɜɚɦɢɯɚɪɚɤ
ɬɟɪɚɦɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɫɬɢɥɹɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧ
ɬɚɦɢɚɬɚɤɠɟ'ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣɥɨɝɢɤɨɣ'Ɋɢɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɧɚɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ
ɚɤɬɨɪɭɢɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢɜɟɪɛɚɥɶɧɵɟɪɟɚɤɰɢɢɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɬɨɦɭɤɚɤ ɫɟɧɫɨɦɨɬɨɪɧɚɹɫɢɬɭ
ɚɰɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚɩɪ.ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɝɪɟɛɥɟ ɧɚɤɚɧɨɷ ɢɥɢɢɝɪɟɜɮɭɬɛɨɥ.
Ʉɚɠɞɚɹɪɢɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɝɨɦɨɦɟɧɬɚɞɥɹɩɨ
ɞɨɛɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɢɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɨɬɜɟɬɚ, ɚɞɚɥɟɟɨɧɚɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɢɡɚɩɨɡɞɚɜɲɢɣɨɬɜɟɬ
ɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɬɟɪɹɟɬɫɦɵɫɥ. ɉɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɟɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵɯɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣɫɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵɦɢɨɬ
ɜɟɬɚɦɢɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬɪɢɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɮɨɪɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɪɶɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɭɢɫɬɢɥɶɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɧɨɜɵɣɞɢɫɤɭɪɫ ɤɚɤɚɧɫɚɦɛɥɶɢɞɟɣɩɨɧɹɬɢɣɢɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɵɫɨɫɜɨɢɦɢɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦɢɞɥɹɥɸɛɵɯɧɨɜɵɯ
ɨɬɜɟɬɨɜ.
Ɋɢɬɨɪɢɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹɧɚɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɯɮɨɪɭɦɚɯɝɞɟɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹɤɨɥ
ɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟɩɨɩɵɬɤɢɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸɡɚɫɱɟɬɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɩɪɟɬɟɧ
ɡɢɣɠɚɥɨɛɢɥɢɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣɂɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬɤɨɧɬɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɤɚ ± ɷɬɨɧɚɛɨɪɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜ
ɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɞɥɹɞɟɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɹɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢɜɵ
ɞɜɢɝɚɟɦɵɯɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢɣɠɚɥɨɛɢɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ.
Ⱦɥɹɱɟɬɤɨɝɨɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣɚɤɬɨɪɵɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɦɨɬɢɜɵɢɞɢɨɦɵɢ
ɫɬɢɥɢ Ɇɨɬɢɜɵ ± ɷɬɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɮɢɝɭɪɵ ɪɟɱɢ ɧɚɩɪ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɵ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɫɝɭɳɚɸɬɢɜɵɫɜɟɱɢɜɚɸɬɹɞɪɨɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ('ɤɪɢɡɢɫ', 'ɡɥɨɭɩɨ
ɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ', 'ɫɤɚɧɞɚɥ', 'ɡɚɝɨɜɨɪ', 'ɛɨɦɛɚ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ'). Ɋɢɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɢɞɢɨɦɵ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɩɨɛɭɠɞɚɸɬ ɤɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɢ (ɧɚɩɪ., ɪɢɬɨɪɢɤɚɭɬɪɚɬɵɪɢɬɨɪɢɤɚɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɩɪɚɜɚ
ɪɢɬɨɪɢɤɚɭɝɪɨɡɵɪɢɬɨɪɢɤɚɧɟɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɫɬɢɪɢɬɨɪɢɤɚɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɪɢɬɨɪɢɤɚɜɨɡɞɚɹ
ɧɢɹ. ɋɬɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɞɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢɹɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɭɸ ɢ
ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɭɸɞɥɹɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɣɫɨɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɦɢɢɢɞɢɨɦɚɦɚɢ ɧɚɩɪ., ɝɪɚɠ
ɞɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɤɚɤ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ
ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɢɥɶɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɣ 'ɢɫɬɰɚ' ɢɥɢ'ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɚ').
'Ɋɢɬɨɪɢɤɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ' ɚɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɧɚɩɚɝɭɛɧɨɫɬɢɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
 20

ɫɩɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɢɩɨɞɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɸɤɟɝɨɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɦɭɪɟɲɟɧɢɸɤɚɤ

ɨɫɬɪɨɣɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ 'Ʉɨɧɬɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɤɚ' ɤɚɤɡɟɪɤɚɥɶɧɨɟɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɪɢɬɨɪɢ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɸɨɬɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ
x ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟɚɧɟɤɞɨɬɚ ɤɚɤ ɦɢɤɪɨɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɨɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢɹɦ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɞɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫɩɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨ
ɩɪɨɫɚ;
x ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹɤɚɤɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵɜɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɟɢɡ
ɛɟɠɧɨɣɛɟɫɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɨɣɢɧɟɪɚɡɪɟɲɢɦɨɣ
x ɝɢɩɟɪɛɨɥɢɡɚɰɢɹɤɚɤɩɪɟɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɚɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɥɢɱɧɵɦɢɢɧɟɨɛɯɨ
ɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɹ
ɛɟɫɫɢɥɢɹɩɟɪɟɞɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣɷɬɨɩɪɟɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɧɚɥɢɱɧɵɯɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜɞɥɹɪɟɲɟ
ɧɢɹɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ
x ɚɧɬɢɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɹ± ɤɚɤɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵɜɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɟɞɢ
ɧɢɱɧɨɝɨɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɪɟɞɤɨɝɨɫɥɭɱɚɹ
x ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɢɤɚɤɚɤɰɟɧɬɧɚɬɨɦɱɬɨɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɢɩɪɢɪɟɲɟɧɢɢɫɨ
ɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɭɸɜɵɝɨɞɭ
x ɞɟɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹɧɚɩɪɟɞɜɡɹɬɨɫɬɶɤɨɪɵɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ
ɧɟɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɛɟɡɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɞɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɷɮ
ɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɯɦɟɪ
x ɧɟɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɤɪɚɡɨɛɥɚɱɟɧɢɟɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɯɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɣɩɪɟɬɟɧɞɟɧɬɚ;
x ɢɫɬɟɪɢɹ ɤɚɤɨɛɜɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɞɟɧɬɚɜɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨɣɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ⱦɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹɪɢɬɨɪɢɤɚ ɩɨɞɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɟɬɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜɤɪɚɡɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɩɟ
ɪɟɨɰɟɧɤɟ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɭɝɪɨɡɵ ɥɨɠɶ ɢ ɩɪɢ
ɤɚɡɵ. ɉɥɟɛɢɫɰɢɬɚɪɧɚɹ ɪɢɬɨɪɢɤɚ ('ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɬɜɨɪɫɬɜɨ') ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɞɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɚɤɬɨɪɚɤɭɠɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɹɦɧɚɩɪɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ
ɦɧɟɧɢɸɢɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɣɧɭɸɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɭɸɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɸ ɞɥɹɩɨɛɭɠɟɧɢɹ
ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɤɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɸ.
Ⱦɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɤɭɪɫɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚ
ɸɬɫɹɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɦɢɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɢɡɧɢɯ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯɰɟɥɟɣɨɛɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɟɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹɧɟɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɦɢɢɧɟɷɬɢɱɧɵɦɢɩɨɫɬɭɩ
ɤɚɦɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨ
ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɦɚɯɨɜ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢ ɢ
ɥɢɲɶɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɫɬɚɬɭɫ'ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɮɢɚɫɤɨ'ȼɨɬɥɢɱɢɟɨɬɬɟɯɧɨ
ɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɩɪɨɜɚɥɚɤɨɬɨɪɵɣɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɤɨɫɹɡɚɟɦɵɦɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢɫɯɨɞɚɦɩɨ
ɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɮɢɚɫɤɨɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɭɸɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɤɭɪɫɚɞɪɭ
ɝɢɦɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢɢɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢɧɨɩɟɪɜɨɟɢɜɬɨɪɨɟɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
 21

ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɬɞɪɭɝɞɪɭɝɚɂɧɚɱɟɝɨɜɨɪɹɞɚɠɟɜɩɨɥɧɟɪɚɡɭɦɧɵɣɢɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɤɭɪɫɦɨɠɟɬɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶɧɚɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣɚɪɟɧɟ ɤɥɟɣɦɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɮɢɚɫɤɨɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɤɚɤɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɭɫɩɟɯɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɸɬɫɹɜɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɦɞɢɫ
ɤɭɪɫɟ.
Ⱦɥɹɪɚɡɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɧɟɩɨɞɨɛɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɥɢɧɟɩɪɟɞɜɢ
ɞɟɧɧɨɝɨɜɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟɞɥɹɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢɪɚɡɪɵɜɚɫ
ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹɦɢ
ɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɨɜ
ɤɚɤ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢ
ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟɦɞɥɹɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɧɚɚɤɬɨɪɚɨɬɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨɨɧɢɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ, ɢɜɤɨ
ɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚɰɢɢ ɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɸɬ 'ɨɬɱɟɬɵ' ɢɡ
ɨɞɨɛɪɹɟɦɵɯ ɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɚɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟɣ ɦɨɬɢɜɨɜ Ɉɬɱɟɬ ɫɧɟɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɦ ɫɥɨɜɚ
ɪɟɦɦɨɬɢɜɨɜɦɨɠɟɬɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹɤɚɤɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɢɥɢ
ɧɟɩɨɞɨɛɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɤɟɩɫɢɫɚɚɤɬɨɪɚ. Ɉɬɱɟɬɬɚɤɠɟɨɬɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɚɦɢɟɫɥɢ
ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬɩɨɫɜɨɟɣɮɨɪɦɟɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɢɥɢɫɨ
ɛɵɬɢɹ.
Ⱦɥɹɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢɨɛɜɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ'ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣɚɩɨɥɨɝɢɢ':
x ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɠɟɧɢɟ: ɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɟɢɥɢɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟɫɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɢɥɢɨɬ
ɪɢɰɚɧɢɟɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ;
x ɤɚɭɡɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨ-ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ:
ɧɟɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɟɧɧɵɟɢɢɥɢɧɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɥɢɛɟɡɞɟɣ
ɫɬɜɢɹɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯɢɥɢɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ (ɜɬɨɦɱɢɫɥɟ 'ɩɨɬɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ
ɫɢɥɵ') ɩɨɢɫɤ 'ɤɨɡɥɚ ɨɬɩɭɳɟɧɢɹ'; 'ɪɚɫɩɵɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ' ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ
ɜɢɧɵ ɨɛɜɢɧɢɬɟɥɸ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɚɦ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɞɢɬɚɰɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɨɜ
ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɤɚɤɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ
x ɪɟɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝ ɫɦɟɧɚɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɚɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ-ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɯɢɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɵɯ
ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɚɤɰɟɧɬɧɚɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɯɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɯ
ɢɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟɭɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢɢɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨ
ɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɦɟɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ
ɧɚɩɪ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɥɹ
ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟ
ɦɨɝɨɭɳɟɪɛɚ
x ɫɦɟɧɚ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɢɝɪɵɲɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ ɞɥɹ
ɭɫɩɟɯɚɢɥɢɧɟɭɞɚɱɢ'ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣɜɵɢɝɪɵɲɛɨɥɶɲɟɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯɩɨɬɟɪɶ';
ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɢɟɜɵɫɲɟɣɰɟɥɶɸɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟɨɪɚɧɟɟɫɨɞɟɹɧɧɨɦɛɥɚɝɟɚɤɰɟɧɬɧɚɧɟ
ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɫɬɢɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɫɞɪɭɝɢɦɢɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ; ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ
ɤɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹɦɧɟɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɞɥɹɚɤɬɨɪɚɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɚɹɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɧɚ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɞɪɭɝɢɯɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ
 22

x ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɢɟɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹɭɱɚɫɬɢɹɚɤɬɨɪɚɧɟɩɨɥɧɚɹɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧ
ɧɨɫɬɶɢɥɢɞɟɡɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɢɥɢɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ
ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɜɵɲɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ ɭɦɵɫɥɚ ɛɥɚɝɢɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɢɡ
ɞɜɭɯɡɨɥɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ ɭɳɟɪɛɚɜɢɤɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹɠɟɪɬɜɵ'ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟɡɥɨ' ɩɨɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ
ɫɞɪɭɝɢɦɢɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ'; ɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɤɬɨɪɚɫɜɨɢɦɩɪɢɜɟɪɠɟɧɰɚɦɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɧɟɝɚ
ɬɢɜɧɵɯɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɤɚɤɫɚɦɨɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɚɤɬɨɪɚ
x ɢɡɜɢɧɟɧɢɟɢɡɚɢɫɤɢɜɚɧɢɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɫɨ
ɠɚɥɟɧɢɹɢɩɪɨɫɶɛɚɨɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɢɨɛɟɳɚɧɢɟɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɣɞɥɹɠɟɪɬɜ, ɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜɩɪɟɞɶ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɬɶ
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ.
ɉɨɫɩɟɲɧɵɟɩɨɩɵɬɤɢɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɢɹɧɚɩɪɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɟɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɠɟɧɢɟɫɥɭɯɚ
ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ
ɧɟɬ ɞɵɦɚ ɛɟɡ ɨɝɧɹ

ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨɟɩɪɨɢɫɲɟɫɬɜɢɟɢɥɢɪɚɡɨɛɥɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ) ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɸɬ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɬɨɥɶɤɨɜɦɨɦɟɧɬɢɯɫɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɛɟɡ
ɩɨɞɩɢɬɤɢɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɦɢɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢɛɵɫɬɪɨɧɚɫɤɭɱɢɜɚɸɬɢɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢɢɠɭɪ
ɧɚɥɢɫɬɚɦ (ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ 'ɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɟɬɟɦɵ').
Ⱦɥɹɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɨɛɜɢɧɟɧɢɣɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹɩɪɢɟɦɵ'ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚɨɛɜɢɧɟ
ɧɢɣ' ɤɚɤɡɟɪɤɚɥɶɧɵɟɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ'ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣɚɩɨɥɨɝɢɢ'.
Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵɤɚɤɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɬɪɢɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢɢɡɛɟɝɚɧɢɹɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣɩɨɞɨɬɱɟɬ
ɧɨɫɬɢ: 'ɦɢɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ' ɤɚɤɫɫɵɥɤɚ ɧɚɨɫɨɛɵɟɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
ɛɟɝɫɬɜɨɩɨɜɟɪɬɢ
ɤɚɥɢ
ɤɚɤ ɫɫɵɥɤɚ ɧɚɜɨɥɸɜɵɫɲɟɟɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ'ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɧɨɫɬɶ' ɤɚɤ ɫɫɵɥɤɚ ɧɚɧɟ
ɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣɜɨɩɪɨɲɚɸɳɟɝɨ
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹɧɚɩɪɢɡɵɜɩɪɢɜɟɪɠɟɧɰɟɜ'ɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ' ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨ
ɜɚɬɶɥɢɲɶɧɚɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜɵɫɤɨ
ɪɟɟɧɟɤɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢɚɤ ɬɚɤɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ'ɪɢɬɨɪɢɤɟ
ɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢɛɨɥɟɟɬɨɝɨɫɚɦɢɩɨɨɳɪɹɸɬɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɭɞɚɟɬɫɹɭɛɟɞɢɬɶɢɯ
ɜɫɜɨɟɣɛɟɫɤɨɪɵɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɪɢɬɨɪɢɤɚ ± ɷɬɨɧɟɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ
ɧɵɣɧɚɩɨɢɫɤɢɫɬɢɧɵɫɩɨɦɨɳɶɸɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɵɯɩɪɢɟɦɨɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɫɩɨɪɚɚɫɤɨɪɟɟ
ɷɤɥɟɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɩɨɥɟɦɢɤɚ ɫɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɩɪɢɟɦɨɜɫɨɮɢɫɬɢɤɢ.
ɂɬɚɤ ɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɟɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɵ
ɜɚɟɬɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢɪɢɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɩɪɢɟɦɨɜɤɚɤɦɚɧɢ
ɩɭɥɹɰɢɣɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟɦɢɨɰɟɧɤɨɣɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜ
 23

ȽɅȺȼȺ 5
Ɏɪɟɣɦɢɧɝ
©Ɏɪɟɣɦɢɧɝɜɥɢɹɟɬɧɚɬɨɤɚɤɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢɞɭɦɚɸɬɨɫɩɨɪɧɵɯɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɯɧɟɬɟɦ
ɱɬɨɞɟɥɚɟɬɤɚɤɢɟ-ɬɨɚɫɩɟɤɬɵɛɨɥɟɟɜɵɩɭɤɥɵɦɢɧɨɬɟɦɱɬɨɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɯɟɦɵ
ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢª
[Scheufele 2000: 309]
ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ
ɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɣ, ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɨɫɦɵɫɥɢɜɚɸɬɨɞɧɢɢɬɟɠɟɫɨɰɢ
ɚɥɶɧɵɟɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɵɈɧɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦɢɪɚɡɧɵɟ
ɮɚɤɬɵ
ɨɞɧɢɢɬɟɠɟ
ɮɚɤɬɵ

ɨɫɦɵɫɥɢɜɚɸɬɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭɢɨɬɛɢɪɚɸɬɬɨɥɶɤɨɬɚɤɢɟ
ɮɚɤɬɵ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɧɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɨ
ɪɟɱɚɬɢɯɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɦɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɦ Ɍɚɤɨɝɨɪɨɞɚɧɟɨɫɨɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɵɟɤɨ
ɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɟɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢɚɬɚɤɠɟɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɩɨɨɬɛɨɪɭ ɢɚɤ
ɰɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸɜɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯɢɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɯɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶ
ɧɨɣ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɞɜɢɧɭɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɟɟ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨ-ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɭɸɨɰɟɧɤɭɢɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢɞɥɹɟɟ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɦ
ɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝ
[Entman 1993].
ɉɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝɚɚɤɬɨɪɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɢɧɚɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢɫɢɫɬɟɦɭɤɨ
ɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨ-ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɵɯɢɚɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɞɥɹɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɢɫɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜɜɧɟɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɹɜɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɟɹɜ
ɧɵɯɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɨɤɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɟɫɯɟɦɵ, ɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɢɧɨɪɦɵ. Ɏɪɟɣɦɢɧɝ± ɷɬɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢɚɤɬɨɪɨɦɩɨ
ɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɤɭɪɫɚɢɟɝɨɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢɜɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɨɣɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢɡɚɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟ
ɫɤɢɜɵɝɨɞɧɨɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵɢɟɟɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɊɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝɚ± ɷɬɨ
ɮɪɟɣɦ.
Ɏɪɟɣɦɤɚɤɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɳɚɹɢɞɟɹɞɥɹɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɚɪ
ɤɢɪɭɟɬɫɹɜɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɢɹɪɤɢɦɢɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɚɦɢɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɵɦɢɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ, ɯɥɟɫɬɤɢɦɢ
ɮɪɚɡɚɦɢ ɛɪɨɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɦɢ; ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɩɪɢɱɢɧɵɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɢɚɩɟɥɥɹɰɢɢɤɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦɢɧɨɪ
ɦɚɦɢɧɟɹɜɧɨɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɨɟɫɨɛɵɬɢɟɫɲɢɪɨɤɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦɢɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ
ɧɵɦɢɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚɦɢ
ȼ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɦɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟ
ɫɩɨɧɫɨɪɵɮɪɟɣɦɨɜ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ
ɞɥɹɫɟɛɹɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɵ ɜɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯɡɚɫɱɟɬɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚ
ɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ 'ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɮɪɟɣɦɨɜ'. Ȼɭɞɭɱɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ
ɚɧɬɪɟɩɪɺɧɟɪɚɦɢɨɧɢɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟɲɚɛɥɨɧɵɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɧɚɪɹɞɭɫɪɟɩɟɪɬɭɚɪɚɦɢɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɣɢɪɟɩɟɪɬɭɚɪɚɦɢ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɥɨɠɚɬɫɹɜɨɫ
 24

ɧɨɜɭɧɨɜɵɯ 'ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ', ɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬ 'ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɟɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɢ

 'ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜ
ɧɵɟ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɢ', 'ɷɩɢɫɬɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɢ 'ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ'.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɟɜɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɦɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟɮɪɟɣɦɵ ɤɚɤɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵɮɪɟɣ
ɦɢɧɝɚɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹɤɚɤɡɞɪɚɜɵɣɫɦɵɫɥɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹɜɧɚɛɨɪ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜɢɜɥɢɹɸɬɧɚɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ
Ɏɪɟɣɦɢɧɝɩɨɛɭɠɞɚɟɬɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɚɤɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸɫɤɨɪɟɟɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɣɧɵɯɚɧɟ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝ ɧɟ
ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵɢɧɟɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɬ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɫɯɟɦɵɭɦɨɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹɚɩɨ
ɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ
ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɭɦɟɫɬɧɵɯɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣɧɚɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɧɨɜɵɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɱɬɨɛɵɩɪɢɜɵ
ɧɟɫɟɧɢɢɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣɢɥɢɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢɪɟɲɟɧɢɣɚɞɪɟɫɚɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɜɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɞɧɢɚɫ
ɩɟɤɬɵɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢɢɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɋɷɬɨɣɰɟɥɶɸɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɢɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɟɚɧɬɪɟ
ɩɪɟɧɺɪɵɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɭɸɬɫɹɧɚɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɩɪɨɜɨɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɢɥɶɧɵɟɚɮ
ɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɛɵɫɬɪɨɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹɫɨɞɧɨɣɬɟɦɵɧɚɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɢɫɫɵɥɚ
ɸɬɫɹɧɚ ɫɢɥɭɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɚɬɭɫ
ɂɧɬɭɢɬɢɜɧɨɩɨɧɹɬɧɨɱɬɨɧɟɜɫɟɮɪɟɣɦɵɨɞɧɨɝɨɬɨɝɨɠɟɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɮɟ
ɧɨɦɟɧɚɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵɢɪɚɜɧɨɰɟɧɧɵȾɥɹɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɮɪɟɣɦɨɜɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭ
ɸɬɫɹɬɪɢɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ
ɤɪɚɫɨɬɚ
ɤɚɤɤɪɚɫɧɨɪɟɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɢɧɟɹɜɧɵɯɞɨɜɨ
ɞɨɜ; 'ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɶ' ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɹɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɨɫɨɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ
ɜɵɜɨɞɨɜ; 'ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ' ɤɚɤɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦɦɨɞɟɥɹɦ.
ɑɟɦɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ'ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɣɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫ', 'ɷɤɫɩɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹɫɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ' ɢ
'ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɩɪɚɜɞɨɩɨɞɨɛɢɟ' ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨɮɪɟɣɦɚɬɟɦɜɵɲɟɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ
ɬɨɝɨɱɬɨɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝɩɨɛɭɞɢɬɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɸɤɢɫɤɨɦɨɣ ɚɤɬɨɪɨɦɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧ
ɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣɢɥɢɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ. Ɏɪɟɣɦɢɧɝɜɨɩɥɨɳɚɟɬɫɹɜɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢɬɟɦɚ
ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦɢ ɥɟɤɫɟɦɚɦɢ ɪɟɱɟɜɵɦɢ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚɦɢ, ɜɢɡɭ
ɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɚɦɢ 'ɨɝɥɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɰɢɬɚɬɚɦɢ', ɯɥɟɫɬɤɢɦɢ ɮɪɚɡɚɦɢ ɹɪ
ɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɚɦɢ ɛɪɨɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɦɢ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢ
ɹɦɢ ɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɮɢɝɭɪ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɢɤɪɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɦɢ' ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɦɢ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ
'ɥɢɱɧɵɦɢɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ' ɢɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢɞɚɧɧɵɦɢɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɤɚɦɢɢɩɨɞɡɚɝɨ
ɥɨɜɤɚɦɢɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɦɢɢɩɨɞɩɢɫɹɦɢɩɨɞɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɦɢɩɟɪɜɵɦɢɚɛɡɚɰɚɦɢɢ
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɮɪɚɡɚɦɢ ɉɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝɚ ɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɦɚɫɤɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɨɛ
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɡɚɦɵɫɥɵ'ɧɟɜɢɧɧɵɦɢ' ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɵɦɢɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɦɢɫɫɚ
ɦɨɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɦɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦɢɢɞɨɜɨɞɚɦɢ
Ɏɪɟɣɦɢɧɝ± ɷɬɨɨɞɢɧɢɡɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ
ɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɤɚɤɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɨ
ɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜɜɮɨɪɦɚɬɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɮɪɟɣ
ɦɢɧɝɚɡɚɜɢɫɢɬɟɳɟɢɨɬ'ɫɜɹɡɧɨɫɬɢ' ɤɚɤɫɸɠɟɬɧɨɣɧɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɨɫɬɢɢ'ɜɟɪɧɨ
ɫɬɢ' ɤɚɤɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɉɨɦɢɦɨɜɟɪɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ
 25

ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɯ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ

ɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɢɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɩɪɢɟɦɵɚɬɚɤɠɟɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ'ɢɧɬɟɪɬɟɤɫɬɭ
ɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ'ɩɨɞɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɜɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟɚɥɥɸɡɢɣɪɟɦɢɧɢɫ
ɰɟɧɰɢɣɢɥɢɰɢɬɚɬ ɢɡ ɨɦɨɛɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ 'ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ'. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬ ɤ ɩɪɢɟɦɚɦ
ɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝɚɦɨɠɧɨɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɟɰɢɬɚɬɵɚɮɨɪɢɡɦɵɤɪɵɥɚɬɵɟɫɥɨɜɚɩɨ
ɫɥɨɜɢɰɵ ɩɨɝɨɜɨɪɤɢ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ ɉɨɞɱɟɪɧɟɦ ɱɬɨ
ɮɪɟɣɦɵɨɩɨɡɧɚɸɬɫɹɢɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹɬɨɥɶɤɨɩɪɢɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɩɨ
ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯɨɞɧɨɦɭɢɬɨɦɭɠɟɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɭ.
Ʉɚɤɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɢɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɚɬɶɡɚɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ
ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚɢɫɯɨɞɹɢɡɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɟɝɨɩɪɢɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɶɢ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɪɟɲɚɬɶɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵɜɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɦɞɥɹɧɢɯɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɦ
ɩɨɥɟ. ɋɯɨɞɧɵɦɢɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦɢɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɬɫɹɢɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɢɤɨɝɞɚɩɪɢɧɢ
ɦɚɸɬɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɨɩɨɤɭɩɤɟɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɹɫɶɧɚɬɨɜɤɚɤɨɣɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ
ɢɥɢɭɫɥɭɝɢɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬɪɟɲɟɧɢɸɢɯɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɜɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣɫɮɟɪɟɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹ
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɉɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤɡɚɛɥɚɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɧɚ'ɬɟɦɚɬɢ
ɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚɯ' ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹɧɚɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɟ'ɩɪɚɣɦɢɧɝ'.
ɉɪɚɣɦɢɧɝɤɚɤɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɚɹɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɧɟɹɜɧɨɡɚɞɚɟɬɫɢɫɬɟɦɭɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɨ-ɚɬ
ɪɢɛɭɬɢɜɧɵɯɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɞɥɹɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨɨɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚɜɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɜɵɛɨɪɚɞɥɹɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɚɁɧɚɱɢɬɩɪɚɣɦɢɧɝ ɤɚɤ
ɡɚɛɥɚɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹɫɯɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹɛɭɞɭɳɢɯɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɣɢɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɦɨɠɟɬɪɚɫɫɦɚɬ
ɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹɤɚɤɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝɚ
'Ɍɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɩɪɚɣɦɢɧɝ' ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɵɪɟɲɟ
ɧɢɹɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɡɚɫɱɟɬɬɨɝɨɱɬɨɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹɧɚɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯɬɟɦɚɯɩɪɢɡɚɛɥɚɝɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɢɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜ 'Ⱥɬɪɢɛɭɬɢɜɧɵɣɩɪɚɣɦɢɧɝ' ɡɚɪɚ
ɧɟɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɤɪɭɝɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜɢɥɢɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜɤɚɤɚɝɟɧɬɨɜɢɥɢɢɧ
ɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɡɚɛɥɚɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɤɨɧ
ɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɫɢɯɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ.
ȼɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢɨɬɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɢɰɟɥɢɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɩɹɬɶɜɢɞɨɜ ɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝɚ
1. ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝ ± ɷɬɨ ɩɨɞɛɨɪ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ
ɞɥɹɨɛɳɟɣɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɜɵɛɨɪɟɟɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣɦɨɞɟɥɢɢɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɞɥɹɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɨɝɥɚɫɨ
ɜɚɧɢɹɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ;
2. ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝ ± ɷɬɨ ɩɨɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɥɢɞɟɪɚɦɢɱɥɟɧɨɜɫɜɨɢɯ
ɝɪɭɩɩ ɤɫɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɦɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹɰɟɧɧɨ
ɫɬɟɣɢɰɟɥɟɣ;
 26

3. ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɣɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝ ± ɷɬɨɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɚ ɢɢɥɢɨɰɟɧɤɚɢɢɥɢɨɛɴɹɫ

ɧɟɧɢɟɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɢɢɥɢɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɢɥɢɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ
ɢɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬ ɚɤɬɨɪ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬ
ɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɪɧɨɝɨɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ;
4. ɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣ ± ɷɬɨɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɢɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ
ɦɟɞɢɚɮɪɟɣɦɨɜ ɤɚɤɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣɜɦɟɞɢɚɫɮɟɪɟɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯɫɩɨɪɧɵɯɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ;
5. ɦɟɞɢɚɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝ ± ɷɬɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ
ɦɟɞɢɚɫɮɟɪɭɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɯɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɫɰɟɥɶɸɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶɧɚɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦɟɞɢɚ
ɮɪɟɣɦɨɜ ɫɩɨɪɧɵɯɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜɚɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɦɟɞɢɚɤɨɧɬɟɧɬ ɜɰɟɥɨɦ.
Ⱦɥɹɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝɚɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹɤɚɤɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɩɹɬɶɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜɪɚɡɧɵɯɫɨ
ɱɟɬɚɧɢɹɯ: ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ (ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝ), ɜɢɡɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶ
ɧɚɹ ɪɢɬɨɪɢɤɚ), ɫɯɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ (ɫɰɟɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝ), ɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɹ (ɧɚɪɪɚ
ɬɢɜɧɵɣɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝ), ɪɟɤɪɟɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ (ɮɢɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝ). ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɜɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚɯɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹɧɚɩɪ., ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝɧɨɜɨ
ɫɬɟɣɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɣɦɟɞɢɚɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝɫɰɟɧɚɪɧɵɣɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝɮɢɤɰɢ
ɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɣɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝɢɬɩ
ɂɬɚɤɚɤɬɨɪɵɞɥɹɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜɜɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ
ɢɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢɯɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɣ ɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɚɦɜɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɦɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ
ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟɜɢɞɵɢɮɨɪɦɵɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹɩɪɚɣɦɢɧɝ), ɚɬɚɤɠɟɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɟ
ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɢɧɟɹɜɧɨɟ ɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧ
ɧɵɯɨɰɟɧɨɤɪɟɲɟɧɢɣɩɥɚɧɨɜɢɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ.
 27

ȽɅȺȼȺ 6
Ɇɟɞɢɚɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝ
©ɇɢɱɬɨɧɟɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬɜ>ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ@ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɭɞɧɹ>ɜɋɒȺ@ɛɟɡ
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɹ ɜɨɫɶɦɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ 'Ⱥɫɫɨɲɢɷɣɬɟɞ ɉɪɟɫɫ',
'ɇɶɸ-ɃɨɪɤɌɚɣɦɫ', 'ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧɉɨɫɬ', 'Ɍɚɣɦ', 'ɇɶɸɫɭɢɤ'ɗɣ-Ȼɢ-ɋɢɗɧ-Ȼɢ-ɋɢɢ
ɋɢ-Ȼɢ-ɗɫª>(QWPDQ@.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɭɸɪɨɥɶɜɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨ-ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɚɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɚɢɝɪɚɸɬɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜ
ɧɚɹ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚɰɢɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟ
ɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɞɢɚɪɢɥɟɣɲɧɡ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣ
ɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɚɧɬɪɟɩɪɟɧɺɪɨɜ ɫɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢɢ ɛɥɨɝɟɪɚɦɢ
ɀɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɵɫɤɥɨɧɧɵɫɤɨɪɟɟɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɟɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɫɵɪɶɟɞɥɹ
ɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɣ ɢɥɢɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶɧɨ
ɜɨɫɬɢɜɪɚɡɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɮɨɪɦɟɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ'ɢɧɮɨɬɟɣɧɦɟɧɬɚ')ɱɟɦɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶɫɨ
ɦɧɟɧɢɸɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɶɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ
ɮɚɤɬɵ
ɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ
ɥɹɬɶ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
 ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢɧɟɫɥɟɞɭɟɬɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶɧɚɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɟɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɚɞ
ɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɣ ɜ ɦɟɞɢɚɫɮɟɪɟ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɟ ɢ ɟɞɢɧɨɞɭɲɧɨɟ ɨɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɟ ɥɸ
ɛɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɨɝɢɤɟ ɧɚɩɪ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ 'ɤɨɧ
ɮɥɢɤɬ ɦɧɟɧɢɣ
 ɢɥɢ
ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɹ
 ɢ ɦɟɞɢɚɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ'ɦɟɞɢɚɫɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ' ɧɚɨɫɧɨɜɟɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɯɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ
ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɦ'ɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɟɬɟɦɵ'.
Ɇɟɞɢɚɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɢɪɢɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɬɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟɢɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬɧɨɜɵɟɦɢɮɵɢɛɨɥɟɟɬɨɝɨɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ
ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɭɸɢɫɚɦɨɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɦɟɞɢɚɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɭɸɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɟɣ
ɤɚɤ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɥ ɚ ɧɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɦɢɪɨɜ Ʉɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ
ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɵɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɵ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶ
ɧɨɣɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɜɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ
ɇɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ 'ɦɟɞɢɚɥɨɝɢɤɚ' ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɰɟɧɧɨ
ɫɬɢɧɨɪɦɵɪɭɬɢɧɵɢɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɪɟɤɥɚɦɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢɪɵɧɨɱ
ɧɨɣɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɨɜɢɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣɫɩɟɰɢ
ɮɢɤɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɚɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɬɞ Ɉɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɨɝɢɤɢ ±
ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ'ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ'ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɫɤɚɧɞɚɥɤɭɪɶɟɡɢɥɢɫɟɧɫɚɰɢɹɧɟɝɚɬɢɜ
ɧɵɟɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɛɨɥɶɲɨɟɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜɝɥɚɜɧɵɣɝɟɪɨɣ±
 28

ɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɚɹɢɥɢɫɬɚɬɭɫɧɚɹɮɢɝɭɪɚɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɪɢɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨ

ɪɢɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɞɜɢɝɚɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ
ɡɪɟɥɢɳɧɵɟɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɜɭɳɟɪɛɚɧɚɥɢɡɭɟɝɨɩɪɢɱɢɧɢɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ
ɤɚɤɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ, ɬɟɦɫɚɦɵɦ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɹ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɟɫɥɨɠɧɵɯɫɨɰɢɚɥɶ
ɧɵɯ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜ. ɉɪɢɷɬɨɦɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɜɫɟɛɟɢɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɢɨɛɴɹɫ
ɧɟɧɢɹ, ɢɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ± ɷɬɨ ɫɬɨɪɢɬɟɥɥɢɧɝ
(ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɬɨɜɵɩɭɫɤɢɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɭɸɬɜɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɧɟɫɬɨɥɶɤɨɫɞɪɭɝɢɦɢɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢɢɧ
ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢɫɤɨɥɶɤɨɫɞɪɭɝɢɦɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢɪɚɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢ
ɜɢɫɬɵ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ 'ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ'.
Ɂɚɩɪɨɫɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɚɩɪɨɫɬɵɟɢɭɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹɫɨɰɢ
ɚɥɶɧɵɯɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤɬɨɦɭɱɬɨɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɤɚɤɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢɦɟɞɢɚɫɯɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ:
1. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ'ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɝɨɞɭɚɥɢɡɦɚ'ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɫɜɨɞɹɬ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɭ ɡɚ
ɩɭɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ ɤɞɜɭɦɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɦɦɧɟɧɢɹɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɟɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɟɢɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɵ
ɢɥɢɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɬɨɪɵ.
2. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ
 ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɱɧɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɭɠɟɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹɢɢɳɭɬɧɨɜɵɟɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɨɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɯɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɫɨɨɬ
ɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɦɢɡɥɸɛɥɟɧɧɵɦɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɦɢɥɢɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɮɪɟɣɦɚɦ
ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɚɦɢɥɢ
ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɦɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɦ

3. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ
ɫɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɵɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɫɩɟɪ
ɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɨɣ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶ
ɧɭɸɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸɜ
ɦɟɞɢɚɫɟɪɢɚɥ

4. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ 'ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɣɜɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ': ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɵɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɤɨɧ
ɤɪɟɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɹɤɨɛɵ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟ
ɦɟɧɧɨ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬ ɹɤɨɛɵɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ
5. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ 'ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ
 ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɧɚɝɪɚɧɢ'ɡɚɭɦɶ± ɬɪɸɢɡɦ'ɩɨ
ɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɦɨɞɟɥɢ'ɡɚɡɨɪɥɸɛɨɩɵɬɫɬɜɚ', ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɟɬɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ
ɭɫɢɥɢɹɞɥɹɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹɬɨɥɶɤɨɜɬɨɦɫɥɭɱɚɟɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɦɟɠɞɭɟɝɨ
ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ.
Ⱥɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɹɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɟɬɢɫɥɢɲɤɨɦɫɥɨɠɧɵɟɢɬɪɢɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ.
6. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ
ɭɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
 ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢ
 29

ɪɭɸɬɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟɩɪɨɢɫɲɟɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɥɢɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɜɩɟɪɜɭɸɨɱɟɪɟɞɶɫɢɡɜɟɫɬ

ɧɵɦɢ ɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ) ɤɚɤ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɪɟɱɢɜɨɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢɥɢ ɞɭɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɡɧɚɦɟɧɨɜɚ
ɧɢɟ;
7. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ
ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨɣ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ': ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɵɩɪɟɠɟɜɫɟɝɨɜɩɟ
ɪɢɨɞ'ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨɜɚɤɭɭɦɚ') ɜ ɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɨɪɭɬɢɧɧɵɯɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɯɭɫɢ
ɥɢɜɚɸɬɢɯɜɬɨɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɟɫɬɨɱɤɢɡɪɟɧɢɹɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣɯɚ
ɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ.
8. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ
ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨɫɝɥɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ
ɧɟɦɢɧɭɟɦɚɹɫɯɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢɫɨ
ɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢɫɝɥɚɠɢɜɚɟɬɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ
ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢɫɬɨɱɤɢɡɪɟɧɢɹɢɯɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ.
Ɏɪɟɣɦɢɧɝɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɦɟɞɢɚɮɪɟɣɦɵɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɚɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬɤɨɧ
ɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜɜɥɢɹɸɬɧɚɨɰɟɧɤɢɢɯɩɪɢɱɢɧɢɩɨ
ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣɚɬɚɤɠɟɧɟɹɜɧɨɩɨɛɭɠɞɚɸɬɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɸɤɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɚɦ ɭɦɨ
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣɢɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ
ɋ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɦɟɞɢɚɮɪɟɣɦɵ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɟɣ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɵ ɜɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ± ɨɧɢɤɚɤɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɟɫɯɟɦɵ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬɫɚɦɢɦɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɛɵɫɬɪɨɢɛɟɡɨɫɨɛɵɯɭɫɢɥɢɣɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɩɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɪɚɡɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ
ɱɬɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɫɥɨɠɧɵɯɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɮɟɧɨ
ɦɟɧɨɜɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɬɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɦɭ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɦɭɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɭ ɨɛɢɞɟɚɥɚɯɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɯɢ
ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɯɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɦɟɞɢɚɮɪɟɣɦɵ ɢɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦɫɬɚ
ɧɨɜɹɬɫɹɱɚɫɬɶɸɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨɢɡɧɟɹɜɧɵɯɞɨɩɭɳɟ
ɧɢɣ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨ-ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɵɯɫɯɟɦɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɣɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯɮɨɪɦ ɢɢɧɜɟɧ
ɬɚɪɧɵɯɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɗɬɚ ɦɟɞɢɚɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɥɟɠɢɬɜɨɫɧɨɜɟɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟ
ɬɚɰɢɢɢɨɰɟɧɤɢɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬɛɵɫɬɪɨɢɯɫɨɪ
ɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɢɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɢɜɚɬɶɜɪɚɡɴɹɫɧɹɸɳɢɟɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɜɫɬɭɫɟɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣɮɨɪ
ɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɭɸ ɫɨɥɢɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɀɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɨɟ
ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɟ± ɷɬɨɱɚɫɬɶɦɟɞɢɚɥɨɝɢɤɢɢɨɞɢɧɢɡɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜɩɪɢɫɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɜɨɩɪɟɤɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɡɝɥɚɲɚɟɦɨɦɭ ɢɦɩɟ
ɪɚɬɢɜɭ'ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ' ɱɚɫɬɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ'ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɦɜɬɪɟɧɞɟ'Ȼɨɥɟɟɬɨɝɨɩɨɩɭɥɹɪ
ɧɵɟɦɟɞɢɚɮɪɟɣɦɵɢɧɨɝɞɚɧɚɜɪɟɦɹɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹɞɥɹɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢɜɧɟɨɫɨɡɧɚɜɚ
ɟɦɵɟɢɧɟɨɫɩɨɪɢɦɵɟɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟɫɯɟɦɵɞɥɹɨɰɟɧɤɢɫɢɬɭɚɬɢɜɧɵɯɢɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱ
ɧɵɯɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜɢɞɚɠɟɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬɜɪɚɡɪɹɞ ɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯɫɰɟɧɚ
ɪɢɟɜ ɢɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ.
 30

ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɦɟɞɢɚɮɪɟɣɦɨɜ ɩɨ

ɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɣ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣɢɯɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ:
x 'ɷɩɢɡɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɦɟɞɢɚɮɪɟɣɦɵ' ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɤɚɤɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɟ
ɢɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟɚ'ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɞɢɚɮɪɟɣɦɵ' ± ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬɢɯɫɰɟɩɨɱɤɨɣɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣɤɚɤɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɣɨɞɧɨɣɢɬɨɣɠɟɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ;
x 'ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ-ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɟ ɦɟɞɢɚɮɪɟɣɦɵ' ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ
ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɦɵ ɚ ɪɨɞɨɜɵɟ ± ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɭ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɟɦ ɜ
ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɞɨɥɝɨɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɢɜɪɚɡɧɵɯɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ
x 'ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɵɟɦɟɞɢɚɮɪɟɣɦɵ' ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɤɚɤɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ
ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜɢɥɢɛɚɡɨɜɵɯɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ 'ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ' ± ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɸɬ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ 'ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɟ' ± ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɟ
ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, 'ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ' ± ɚɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹɧɚɷɝɨɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢɫɭɛɴɟɤ
ɬɨɜ ɤɚɤɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ.
Ʉɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɫɩɨɧɫɨɪɨɜɮɪɟɣɦɨɜ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨɪɟɲɟɧɢɣɩɪɨ
ɛɥɟɦ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɣɞɢɫɤɭɪɫ ɩɨɩɨɜɨɞɭɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɨɩɨ
ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɯɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜɊɟɫɭɪɫɧɨɟɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ
ɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɜɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɦɟɞɢɚɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ
ɢɞɚɥɟɟ ɜ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ.
ɂɬɚɤɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɸɬɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɜɜɢɞɟɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟ
ɫɤɢɯɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬɦɟɞɢɚɥɨɝɢɤɟɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵɧɚɩɨɩɭɥɹɪ
ɧɵɯ ɦɟɞɢɚɮɪɟɣɦɚɯɢɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɸɬɫɹɫɩɪɹɦɵɦɢɥɢɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɦɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɯɜɦɟɞɢɚɪɢɥɟɣɲɧɡ.
 31

ȽɅȺȼȺ 7
ɉɨɥɟ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɢ
©ȼɨɬɥɢɱɢɟɨɬɞɪɭɝɢɯɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɣɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɚɥɢɲɟɧɚɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɵɯɚɬɪɢɛɭ
ɬɨɜɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢɛɵɟɣɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹɷɤɫɤɥɸɡɢɜɧɨɣɢɧɟɨɫɩɨɪɢɦɨɣɮɪɚɧ
ɲɢɡɨɣɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɨɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɦɢɪɟɇɢɱɬɨɧɟɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɭɨɬ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣɤɪɢɬɢɤɢɧɢɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɟɧɢɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹɫɟɪɬɢɮɢ
ɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚɧɢɷɡɨɬɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣɹɡɵɤɧɢɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ
ɛɟɫɫɩɨɪɧɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɝɨɞɥɹɫɨɰɢɭɦɚɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ«ȼɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦɢɬɨɝɟɧɟɜɚɠɧɨɤɚɤ
ɩɪɟɫɫɚɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹɞɨɫɬɢɱɶµɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɟɟɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɜɩɭɬɚɧɵ
ɜɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɩɪɟɪɟɤɚɧɢɹɜɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣɫɮɟɪɟɊɟɩɨɪɬɟɪɵɞɨɥɠɧɵɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ
ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɬɶɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɧɨɜɨɫɬɧɵɯɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣɢɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɜɧɚɮɨɧɟɛɨɥɶ
ɲɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɚɫɨɩɟɪɧɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜɢɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɯɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɜª[Kaplan
2006: 176-177].
Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɦɟɞɢɚɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬɭɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟɨɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ
ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɣɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜɫɤɪɵɜɚɹɬɨɬ
ɮɚɤɬ ɱɬɨ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɨɝɨɢɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦɢɱɚɫɬɧɵɦɢɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɹɦɢɨɬɮɨɪ
ɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɞɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɫɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɵɪɟɤɥɚɦɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣɢɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɀɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣ
ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨɨɬɛɢɪɚɸɬɢɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɬɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɩɨ
ɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟɨɬɞɪɭɝɢɯɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɤɚɤɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢɢɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɢɯɜ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ
ɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚ ɜ ɦɟɞɢɚɯɨɥɞɢɧɝɚɯ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹɢɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɯɫɨɛɵɬɢɣɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜɢɯɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚ
ɰɢɢ.
ɉɨɞɫɬɪɨɣɤɚɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚ ɤɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɪɟɤɥɚɦɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ 
ɤɨɦɦɟɪɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ

ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɢɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɣ,
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɤɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢɦɟɞɢɚɬɨɩɢɤɨɜ ɫɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɵɦɢɩɨɫɵɥɚɦɢ. ȼɪɟɡɭɥɶ
ɬɚɬɟɜɵɩɭɫɤɢɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɵɝɨɞ
ɧɵɯɪɚɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɣɧɟɭɦɨɥɢɦɨɩɚɞɚɟɬɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣɠɭɪ
ɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ 'ɦɨɧɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣ',
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɢ± ɪɚɫɲɢ
ɪɹɬɶɢɭɥɭɱɲɚɬɶɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɣɞɢɫɤɭɪɫ.
ɍɝɪɨɡɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɚɧɤɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚ ɡɚ
ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɭɸɤɪɢɬɢɤɭɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣɜɥɚɫɬɢɢɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɣɢɥɢɩɪɨɫɬɨɡɚɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟɫɨ
ɛɵɬɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɚɬ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɟɳɟ
 32

ɛɨɥɟɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɩɟɤɬɪɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɧɵɯɬɟɦɢɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ.
Ɂɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɣ ɨɛɴ
ɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹɟɳɟɩɹɬɶɸ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ
ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɦ 'ɦɟɞɢɚɤɨɧɫɨɧɚɧɫɚ
: ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ
ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɢɡɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɝɨɫɩɢɫɤɚɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜȼɢɬɨɝɟɧɚɛɨɪɩɨɩɭ
ɥɹɪɧɵɯɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯɩɨɜɨɞɨɜɤɚɤɫɵɪɶɹɞɥɹɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɜɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɜɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ
ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɦ
ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɣɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɢ
ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɸ
ɳɢɟɜɪɚɡɧɵɯɦɟɞɢɚɮɨɪɦɚɬɚɯɬɟɥɟɜɢɞɟɧɢɟɪɚɞɢɨɩɟɱɚɬɧɚɹɩɪɟɫɫɚɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ
ɬɚɤɢɥɢɢɧɚɱɟɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹɧɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɤɨɥɥɟɝɩɪɢɨɬɛɨɪɟɫɨɛɵɬɢɣɤɚɤɢɧɮɨɪ
ɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɗɬɨ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ
ɝɪɭɩɩɨɦɵɫɥɢɹ

ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ± ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɧɟɨɫɨɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɟɞɢɧɨɦɵɫɥɢɟ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢ
ɫɬɨɜɩɪɢɨɬɛɨɪɟɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ.
ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɦ
ɧɨɜɨɫɬɧɨɣɤɚɫɤɚɞ
ɷɥɢɬɧɵɟɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɜɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶ
ɧɨɣɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɦɟɞɢɣɧɭɸɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɭɞɧɹɞɥɹɦɟɧɟɟɫɬɚɬɭɫɧɵɯɢɡɞɚɧɢɣ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵɟɟɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹɱɬɨɛɵɧɟɩɨɬɟɪɹɬɶɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢɨɠɢɞɚɸ
ɳɭɸ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣɭɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ȼ-ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɯ, ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɤ 'ɫɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ': ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ
ɦɟɞɢɚɮɪɟɣɦɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɤɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦɭɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɭɫɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ
ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɸɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɢɞɪɭɝɢɦɢɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɗɬɢɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɟɨɬɫɵɥɤɢ
ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨ-ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɨɪɢɟɧ
ɬɢɪɵɱɬɨɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɬɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ'ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɹ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɟɞɢɧɨ
ɞɭɲɢɟɜɦɟɞɢɚɫɮɟɪɟɤɚɤɩɨɡɢɰɢɸɭɠɟɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚɢɜɨɡɞɟɪɠɢ
ɜɚɸɬɫɹɨɬɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɝɨɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹɞɪɭɝɢɯɦɧɟɧɢɣɱɬɨɛɵɧɟɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹɜɦɟɧɶ
ɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɡ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɚ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ
ɦɧɟɧɢɹɱɬɨɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɤɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ
ȼ-ɩɹɬɵɯɜɵɲɟɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɵɜɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢɱɚɫɬɨɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɬ
ɜɦɟɞɢɚɫɮɟɪɟ'ɧɨɜɨɫɬɧɭɸɜɨɥɧɭ'ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹɩɨɞɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɟɬɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜɤɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ
ɭɠɟɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɯɦɟɞɢɚɬɨɩɢɤɨɜɢɦɟɞɢɚɫɸɠɟɬɨɜ ɡɚɫɱɟɬɩɨɢɫɤɚɬɨɥɶɤɨɬɟɯɫɜɟ
ɞɟɧɢɣɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɢɯɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶɢɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ'ɋɩɢɪɚɥɶɭɦɨɥɱɚ
ɧɢɹ' ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɡɚɤɪɭɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɹɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɞɪɭɝɢɯɦɟɞɢɚ
ɮɪɟɣɦɨɜɢɞɪɭɝɢɯɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɜɵɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɹɢɧɚɤɨɦɵɫɥɹɳɢɯɢɡɦɟɞɢɚɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɚ
ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ'ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɭɩɪɚɡɞɧɟɧɢɟ'). ɇɚɩɪ.ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɵɨɫɜɟɳɚɸɬɬɨɥɶɤɨɬɟ
ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɵɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɧɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɚɬɦɟɞɢɣɧɨɣɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɟɞɧɹȼɥɭɱ
ɲɟɦɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɢɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢɧɚɤɨɦɵɫɥɹɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɜ
ɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɯɤɚɤɬɪɢɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɦɚɪɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟɢɥɢɜɨɨɛɳɟɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɟȼɪɟ
 33

ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟɨɧɢɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵɩɪɢɛɟɝɧɭɬɶ ɤ'ɤɨɧɬɪɫɩɢɧɭ ɚɭɬɫɚɣɞɟɪɚ'ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨ ɞɪɚ

ɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɭɹ ɫɜɨɢɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɞɥɹɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɱɬɨɱɚɫɬɨɡɚɬɦɟ
ɜɚɟɬɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶɢɯɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢɣ
ɇɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬɨɞɧɨɝɨɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɢɥɢɫɚɦɨɝɨɜɟɪɧɨɝɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɩɭɛɥɢɱ
ɧɨɝɨɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɥɸɛɨɝɨɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɣ
ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɫɤɪɵɬɵɦɢɢɥɢɹɜɧɵɦɢɨɰɟɧɤɚɦɢɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜɜɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢɨɬ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢɧɟɨɫɨɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɢɧɚɦɟ
ɪɟɧɢɣ ɤɚɤɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜɤɚɤɚɜɬɨɪɨɜɩɨɷɬɨɦɭɚɤɬɨɪɵɧɟɦɨɝɭɬɪɚɫɫɱɢ
ɬɵɜɚɬɶɧɚ'ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ
ɫɢɯɬɨɱɤɢɡɪɟɧɢɹɢɫɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɦɟɞɢɚɫɮɟɪɟɢɯɫɨɛ
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɸɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ
ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢɢɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɢɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɬɨ
ɨɧɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɵɨɛɜɢɧɹɬɶɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɜɩɪɢɫɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɦ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɢ, ɢɥɢɜɧɟɫɩɪɚ
ɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɟ.
ɉɪɢɫɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɶɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɜɜɵɛɨɪɟɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯɢɫɬɨɱɧɢ
ɤɨɜɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚɧɚɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
ɢɥɢɜɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɣɷɮɢɪɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢɫɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɭɪɨɜɧɟɦɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨ
ɫɬɢɤɨɬɨɪɚɹɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹɩɹɬɶɸɢɧɞɟɤɫɚɦɢ
x 'ɡɚɤɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ' ± ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɫɬɶɰɟɥɟɣɢɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣɚɤɬɨɪɚɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɧɨɪ
ɦɚɦɬɟɦɧɟɦɟɧɟɟɝɪɭɩɩɵɦɟɧɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɦɨɝɭɬɧɚɪɚɫɬɢɬɶɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɫɬɶɡɚɫɱɟɬ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯɚɥɶɹɧɫɨɜɫɞɪɭɝɢɦɢɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ
x 'ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ' ± ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹɨɰɟɧɤɚɚɤɬɨɪɚɫɨɫɬɨ
ɪɨɧɵɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɚɧɚɩɪ.ɥɢɱɧɚɹɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɹ
x 'ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ' ± ɨɛɴɟɦɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜɨɩɵɬɚɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɜɥɢɹɧɢɹɚɬɚɤɠɟɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɨɜɚɤɬɨɪɚ
x 'cɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ' ± ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɚɹ ɫɩɥɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚ
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɢɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɚɹɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɚɤɬɨɪɚɢɟɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɨɜ
x 'ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨɫɬɶ' ± ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɩɵɬɨɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣ
ɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɶɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɯɢɫɬɨɪɢɣ ɚɤɬɨɪɚ
Ȼɨɥɟɟɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɵɟɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢɜɵɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɚɛɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɤ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ
ɪɢɬɦɚɦ ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɱɚɫɬɨɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɟ
ɞɢɚɫɮɟɪɟɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɟɝɨɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɧɚɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬɟɝɨɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ
ɜɧɶɸɫɦɟɣɤɟɪɚɢɜɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɩɪɹɦɨɝɨɰɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɚ
ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨɢɫɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɝɨɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ.
ɉɪɢɫɬɪɚɫɬɧɵɟɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɬɟɪɹɸɬɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɩɨɦɟɪɟɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɤɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɦɧɟɧɢɹɦ: ɫɟɪɢɹɩɪɢɫɬɪɚɫɬɧɵɯɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣɨɞ
 34

ɧɢɯɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹɩɪɢɫɬɪɚɫɬɧɵɦɢɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɦɢ ɜɞɪɭ
ɝɢɯ ɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚ ɢɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɫɟɬɹɯ.
Ɉɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɣɩɪɟɞɜɡɹɬɨɫɬɢɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚ ɦɨɠɧɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶɥɢɲɶ
ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɯ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɵɟ
ɫɯɟɦɵɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɥɸɛɵɯɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣɨɞɧɢɯɢɬɟɯɠɟɫɨɰɢɚɥɶ
ɧɵɯɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜɗɬɚɩɪɢɫɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɶɥɢɛɨɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬɢɦ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɩɭɛɥɢɱ
ɧɨɦɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟɧɚɞɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢɥɢɛɨɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɩɨɦɟɯɢȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ
ɤɨɝɞɚɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɵɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɨɬɚɤɬɨɪɚɛɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɵɟɭɫɥɭɝɢɨɩɥɚɬɚɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɯɪɚɫ
ɯɨɞɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɛɵɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɭɜɟɫɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɝɭɥɤɟ ɩɨɞɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɨɦ
ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɬɟɦɭ'ɫɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɵɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢɛɵɥɨɛɵ
ɧɚɢɜɧɵɦ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶɛɟɫɩɪɢɫɬɪɚɫɬɧɭɸɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ'ɯɚɥɹɜɧɚɹɠɭɪɧɚ
ɥɢɫɬɢɤɚ').
 35

ȽɅȺȼȺ 8
Ɋɟɤɪɟɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ
©ȼɝɥɚɡɚɯɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɜɦɟɞɢɚɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨɬɵɫɹɱɟɥɟɬɢɹɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɭɝɪɨɠɚ
ɸɳɢɟɪɚɡɦɟɪɵɡɜɟɪɹɫɝɨɥɨɜɨɣɝɢɞɪɵɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟɪɬɵɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ
ɢɲɭɦɧɨɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɱɬɨɛɵɢɯɧɚɤɨɪɦɢɥɢ«ɀɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɨɟ
ɩɢɳɟɜɨɟɛɟɲɟɧɫɬɜɨ

ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹɧɟɢɫɬɨɜɵɦȼɪɟɦɹɞɥɹɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɢɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɨɣɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɢ
ɢɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɭɠɚɥɨɫɶª>%OXPOHU.DYDQagh 1999: 213].
©ɉɭɛɥɢɱɧɚɹɫɮɟɪɚɫɬɚɥɚɫɤɨɪɟɟɚɪɟɧɨɣɞɥɹɪɟɤɥɚɦɵɱɟɦɞɥɹɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯɤɪɢ
ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɞɟɛɚɬɨɜɁɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɢɫɬɚɜɹɬɫɩɟɤɬɚɤɥɢɞɥɹɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɟɣɈɪɝɚɧɢ
ɡɚɰɢɢɫɨɫɨɛɵɦɢɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɩɚɛɥɢɫɢɬɢɞɥɹɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹɩɪɟɫɬɢɠɧɨ
ɫɬɢɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɩɨɡɢɰɢɣɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɹɬɟɦɵɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɯɞɟɛɚɬɨɜɆɚɫɫɨɜɚɹɤɨɦ
ɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɜɨɞ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɚɬɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɫɨɥɢɞɚɪɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɦɢɞɠɚɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ
ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɨɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɸɜɟɪɫɢɢɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢɧɚɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬɫɤɨɪɟɟɲɭɦɧɵɦɨɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɟɦɢɥɢɨɬɤɚɡɨɦɨɞɨɛɪɹɬɶ
ɱɟɦɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɨɦª>Calhoun 1992: 7].
ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ± ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɢ
ɬɭɬɵ ɤɚɤɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟɜɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɧɨɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɟɤɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɹɦɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜɢɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɦɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɹɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɢ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢ
ɩɪɢɧɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɭɦɟɫɬɧɵɟɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢɜɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯɫɮɟɪɚɯɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɂɧɫɬɢ
ɬɭɬɵɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɞɨɥɠɧɨɟɢɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɧɟɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɧɨ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ ɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟ
ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢɢɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨ-ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɵɟɢ
ɚɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɞɥɹɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɣɢɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɵɟ
ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɡɚɞɚɸɬ
ɥɨɝɢɤɭ
ɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ
ɨɧɢɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬɢɥɢɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢɣ
ɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦɢɥɢɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɫɚɧɤɰɢɣɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɨɞɨɛ
ɪɟɧɢɟɦɢɥɢɨɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɨɦɢɥɢɞɢɫɫɨɧɚɧɫɨɦ.
ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟɥɨɝɢɤɢ ± ɷɬɨ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɟɦɵɟɢɫɬɨɪɢ
ɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ ɧɟɹɜɧɵɟ ɞɨɩɭɳɟ
ɧɢɹɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɢɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɚɤɬɨɪɵɨɫɦɵɫɥɢɜɚɸɬɩɨɜɫɟ
ɞɧɟɜɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ-ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɫɜɨɟ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨɢ
 36

ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɝɨɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɧɢɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹɜɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢɚɤɬɨ
ɪɨɜɡɚɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɜɥɚɫɬɶɢɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣɫɬɚɬɭɫ
Ⱥɤɬɨɪɵ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɩɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ,
ɱɚɳɟɢɫɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢɨɛɨɸɞɧɵɦɢɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦɢɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬɞɪɭɝɫɞɪɭɝɨɦ
ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɨɛɳɭɸɫɢɫɬɟɦɭɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɢɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ'ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢ
ɨɧɧɨɟɩɨɥɟ'ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ 'ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣɥɨɝɢɤɨɣ', ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɣɢɡ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ
ɚɥɶɧɵɯɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɨɜɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɞɢɤɬɭɸɬɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɞɨɥɠ
ɧɵɟɰɟɥɢɜɵɫɲɢɟɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɢɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɵɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɵɢɯɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹɧɨɪɦɵ
ɇɚɩɪɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟɩɨɥɟ'ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ' ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬɢɡɚɜɬɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟ
ɥɟɣ ɢɯ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɨɜ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɯɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɣɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨɪɟɝɭ
ɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɬɩ
Ⱥɤɬɨɪɵɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣɢɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɚɦɱɬɨɛɵɩɪɢɨɛɪɟ
ɫɬɢɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɫɬɶɪɟɫɭɪɫɵɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɢɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵɜɵɠɢɜɚ
ɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪ ɚɜɬɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɡɚ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨɩɨɥɹ 'ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ'ɚɬɚɤɠɟɫɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢɢɡɞɪɭɝɢɯɨɪ
ɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯɩɨɥɟɣɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɜɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ'ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ'. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɬɪɢɜɢɞɚ
'ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨɢɡɨɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɚ' ɤɚɤɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢɚɤɬɨɪɚɤɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɩɨɥɟɜɨɣɢɢɧ
ɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣɥɨɝɢɤ: ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɣɢɡɨɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ ɤɚɤɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɨɪɨɦɩɨɥɟ
ɜɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɨɪɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɩɨɞɪɚɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɢɡɨɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ ɤɚɤɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ ɚɤɬɨɪɚɤɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɯɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɜɜɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚ
ɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ; ɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɡɨɦɨɪ
ɮɢɡɦ ɤɚɤɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɧɚɚɤɬɨɪɚɜɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɩɨɥɟɢɥɢɜɢɧɫɬɢɬɭ
ɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ.
ɉɨɥɟɜɵɟɢɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟɥɨɝɢɤɢɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹɜɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢɢɤɨɨɩɟ
ɪɚɰɢɢɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɯɚɧɬɪɟɩɪɟɧɺɪɨɜɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹɜɫɬɪɨɢɬɶɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟɰɟɧ
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɥɟɜɭɸ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ
ɇɚɩɪ ɚɜɬɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ 'ɠɟɥɚ
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹɯ' ɢɜɥɢɹɸɬɧɚɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɢɬɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɭɪɨ
ɜɟɧɶɩɪɨɞɚɠɉɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɟɚɧɬɪɟɩɪɟɧɺɪɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɜɩɭɛɥɢɱ
ɧɨɦɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟɩɪɨɟɤɬɵɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯɧɚɛɨɪɨɜɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣɢ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɭɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝɚ
ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢɪɢɬɨɪɢɤɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɬɟɥɥɢɧɝɚ. ɇɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɟɢɥɢɧɟɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɨɟɫɨɝɥɚ
ɫɨɜɚɧɢɟɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯɥɨɝɢɤɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ
ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ

ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ
ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɵɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟɩɨɥɹ
ɇɚɩɪɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɚɹɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ
 37

ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɜɧɚɦɟɞɢɣɧɭɸɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɭɢɦɟɞɢɚɥɨɝɢɤɭɚɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜɧɚɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨ
ɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɭ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɥɨɝɢɤɭ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɸ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɦɟɞɢɚɪɢɥɟɣɲɧɡ (ɦɟɞɢɚɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɩɨɥɹ).
ɇɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɢɫɢɥɚɜɟɤɬɨɪɚɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɢɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢɨɩɢɫɵ
ɜɚɸɬɫɹɜɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟɨɬɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɞɨɢɯɩɨɥɧɨɣɩɨɞ
ɱɢɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɜɥɚɫɬɢ.
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ 'ɫɬɨɪɨɠɟɜɵɟ ɩɫɵ' ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɫɤɟɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɚɛɥɸ
ɞɚɸɬɡɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢɜɥɚɫɬɢɡɚɳɢɳɚɹɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɨɬɞɟɡɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢɢɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ
ɩɨɞɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɹɜɥɚɫɬɶɤɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣɩɨɞɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢɉɨɦɟɧɟɟɠɟɫɬɤɨɦɭɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ
'ɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ' ɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚ ɩɨɛɭɠɞɚɸɬ ɪɹɞɨɜɵɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨɬɨɝɞɚɤɨɝɞɚɫɩɨɪɧɵɟɜɨɩɪɨɫɵɢɡɦɟɞɢɣɧɨɣɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɢɞɧɹɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬɫɜɨ
ɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɢ ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɫɚɦɢ ɧɟɩɪɟ
ɪɵɜɧɨɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɡɚɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɫɮɟɪɨɣɱɬɨɛɵɜɨɜɪɟɦɹɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ
ɭɝɪɨɡɵɞɥɹɫɜɨɢɯɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɦɨɞɟɥɶ'ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɳɢɟɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ'ɇɚɩɟɪɜɨɦɷɬɚɩɟ
ɨɧɢ'ɩɪɨɛɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ' ɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɦɢ ɫɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɦɢɮɢɝɭɪɚɦɢɞɚɥɟɟɜɪɨɥɢ
ɞɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɵɯɥɢɰɱɟɪɟɡɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬɢɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɜɨɢɯɡɚɛɨɬɵɢɪɟ
ɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢɦɟɧɟɟɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɱɬɨɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬɩɨɫɥɟɞ
ɧɢɦɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶɭɠɟɝɨɬɨɜɵɟ'ɡɞɪɚɜɵɟɦɧɟɧɢɹ'. Ɍɚɤɢɦɨɛɪɚɡɨɦɦɚɫɫɦɟ
ɞɢɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɚɪ
ɬɢɣɧɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɟɢɫɢɫɬɟɦɟɝɪɭɩɩɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ'ɦɟɞɢɚɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɹ')ɉɪɢɷɬɨɦɠɭɪ
ɧɚɥɢɫɬɵɚɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɧɚɷɝɨɢɡɦɟɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɜɢɪɚɫɤɪɭɱɢɜɚɸɬ'ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶ
ɰɢɧɢɡɦɚ'ɱɬɨɜɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦɢɬɨɝɟɨɬɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɟɬɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɨɬɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹɢɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɤɩɚɞɟɧɢɸɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɞɨɜɟɪɢɹɤɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɦ
ȼɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟɫ'ɬɟɨɪɢɟɣɢɧɞɟɤɫɚɰɢɢ'ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɧɵɟɤɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢ
ɨɧɚɥɵ ɨɬ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɫɨɜɟɬɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɨ ɪɹɞɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɪɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ
ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɭɸ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɤɭ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɦɧɟɧɢɣ ɜɵɫɤɚ
ɡɚɧɧɵɯɜɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɯɞɟɛɚɬɚɯɩɨɞɚɧɧɨɣɬɟɦɟɉɪɨɳɟɝɨɜɨɪɹɱɚɫɬɨɬɚɢɞɥɢɬɟɥɶ
ɧɨɫɬɶɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹɢɨɰɟɧɤɚɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɜɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨ
ɪɢɹɯɚɬɚɤɠɟɨɬɛɨɪɝɟɪɨɟɜɢɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɬɨɪɨɜɡɚɜɢɫɹɬɨɬɪɚɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢɩɨɡɢɰɢɣɢ
ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚɦɧɟɧɢɣɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɜɥɚɫɬɧɵɯɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɗɬɚɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹɩɟɪɟɤɥɢɤɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɟɣ 'ɫɟɬɶɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣ'ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɤɨɬɨɪɨɣɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɵɧɚɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹɢɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɷɥɢɬɵɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɹɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶɫɬɚɬɭɫɩɨɥɢ
ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɦɨɞɟɥɢ'ɤɚɪɚɭɥɶɧɚɹɫɨɛɚɤɚ'ɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹɧɚɩɨɞ
ɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢɩɨɪɹɞɤɚɢɡɚɳɢɬɟɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɨɫɜɟɳɚɹɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɮɟɧɨ
ɦɟɧɵɫɬɨɱɤɢɡɪɟɧɢɹɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɜɥɚɫɬɢȼɬɚɤɨɝɨɪɨɞɚ
ɩɢɚɪ-ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ' ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶ
ɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɩɢɧ-
 38

ɞɨɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɧɚɫɥɭɠɛɟɭɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɜɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹɧɚɬɨɱɬɨɦɧɨɝɢɟɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɢɢɞɟ
ɩɭɬɚɬɵɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɫɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɠɭɪɧɚ
ɥɢɫɬɚɦɢɢɫɤɟɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɨɧɢɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɫɚɦɢ
ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬɜɥɨɜɭɲɤɭɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɹɫɶɩɪɢɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢɪɟɲɟɧɢɣɧɚɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɩɪɢɢɯɠɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭɱɚɫɬɢɢɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɚɧɟɧɚ
ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɵɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢ
ɨɰɟɧɤɢɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ
ȼ 'ɦɨɞɟɥɢɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɵ' ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɫɬɶɩɨɥɹɠɭɪɧɚ
ɥɢɫɬɢɤɢɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɵɜɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɢɜɥɚɫɬɢɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬɜ
ɭɧɢɫɨɧ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɢɯ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɋɨɥɢɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚ
ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɣ ɫɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟ
ɫɤɨɣɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢɢɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨɟɞɢ
ɧɨɝɥɚɫɢɹɹɀɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɵɜɪɟɦɹɨɬɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɚɬɚɤɭɸɬɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɚɤ
ɬɨɪɨɜɧɨɚɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɧɚɥɢɱɧɵɯɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯɚɧɟɧɚɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɯɢɡɴ
ɹɧɚɯ Ɉɧɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ 'ɷɩɢɡɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɞɢɚɮɪɟɣɦɵ' ɬɟ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɭɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɚɧɟɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟɨɛɡɨɪɵ. Ɇɚɫ
ɫɦɟɞɢɚɤɪɢɬɢɤɭɸɬɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɬɨɥɶɤɨɩɪɢɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɟɷɥɢɬɢɬɨɥɶɤɨɜɬɚɤɨɣ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢɦɨɝɭɬɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶɧɚɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɤɭɪɫɇɚɨɪɤɟɫɬɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟ
ɫɤɢɟɫɩɟɤɬɚɤɥɢɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɵɱɚɫɬɨɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɜɫɟɝɨɥɢɲɶɹɡɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢɧɚɩɚɞ
ɤɚɦɢɧɚɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɜɚɧɟɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ ɢɯɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɤɨɬɨɪɵɣɩɨɞ
ɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɥɛɵɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɤɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɰɢɢɩɨɩɨɜɨɞɭɧɟɨɬɥɨɠɧɵɯɫɨɰɢɚɥɶ
ɧɵɯɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ.
ȼɥɚɫɬɢɢɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢɧɟɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹɜɬɨɦɱɬɨɛɵɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɢɧɚɡɨɣɥɢɜɨ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɞɢɚɤɨɧɬɟɧɬ ɢɥɢ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɠɟɫɬɤɭɸ ɰɟɧɡɭɪɭ ɫ ɤɚɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɫɚɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɧɚɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ
ɫɤɢɯɟɞɢɧɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɢɤɨɜɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɛɭɞɭɬɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɟɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɬɶ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟɩɨɡɢ
ɰɢɢ
. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɢɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯɫɩɢɤɟɪɨɜɢɷɤɫ
ɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɱɚɫɬɨɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɹɦɢɛɟɡɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢɢɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹɊɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɵɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɸɬɫɟɛɹɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢɪɚɡɦɟ
ɳɚɬɶɦɚɥɨɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɢɛɟɡɡɭɛɭɸɤɪɢɬɢɤɭɱɬɨɛɵɧɟɢɫɩɨɪɬɢɬɶɨɬɧɨ
ɲɟɧɢɹɫɜɥɚɫɬɶɸɢɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɹɦɢȼɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɞɨɝɦɵɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ
'ɩɪɨɫɤɚɥɶɡɵɜɚɸɬ' ɜɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢɛɟɡɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ: ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦ
ɧɨɫɬɶɜɥɚɫɬɢɢɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɣɤɚɤɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬɱɟɪɟɡɦɟɞɢɚ
ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫ ɜɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫ ɜɵɢɝɪɵɲɧɵɟ ɫɦɵɫɥɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞ
ɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɢɪɭɸɬɢɩɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɸɬɢɯɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹɜɩɨɥɢ
ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɫɮɟɪɟɢɭɫɜɨɟɧɧɚɹɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɹ'ɫɜɨɣ± ɱɭɠɨɣ' ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ
ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɩɪɢɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣɫɜɨɟɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɢɟɟɫɨɸɡɧɢɤɨɜɢ
 39

'ɱɭɠɢɯ'Ɍɚɤɢɦɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ'ɦɨɞɟɥɶɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɵ' ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ'ɤɨɧ
ɬɪɨɥɹɦɵɫɥɟɣ' ɜ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɹɯɬɟɦɱɬɨɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɢɧɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɚɰɢɹɫɨɱɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɟɫɥɨɜɚɢɫɜɨɛɨɞɟɩɪɟɫɫɵ
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɟɦɟɞɢɚɮɪɟɣɦɵɜɨɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ
ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ
ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɚɛɥɢɜɚɬɶɤɚɤɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɫɜɨɸɪɢɬɨɪɢɤɭɩɨɞɦɟɞɢɚɥɨɝɢɤɭɊɚɫ
ɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɢɫɦɟɞɢɣɧɨɣɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɨɣɢɥɢɠɟɫɬɤɚɹɤɪɢ
ɬɢɤɚɜɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɢɧɨɝɞɚɩɨɞɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɜɤɩɨɫɩɟɲɧɵɦɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢɥɢ
ɤɨɬɤɚɡɭɨɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ (ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ'ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚɦɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ') ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɩɪɨ
ɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢɡ-ɡɚɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɪɟɚɤɰɢɢɫɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɵɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜɷɮ
ɮɟɤɬ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɨɬɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ
)Ʉɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɚɹ
ɩɨɞɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ ɤɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɟɢɥɢɩɨɬɚɤɚɧɢɟɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭɦɧɟɧɢɸȼɪɟ
ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɟɣ
ɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚ
ɢɥɢɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɣɪɟɚɤɰɢɢɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɱɟɦɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɢɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɧɵɟɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɦɨɝɭɬɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢɢɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɂɧɚɱɟ
ɝɨɜɨɪɹɩɨɥɢɬɢɤ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɨɡɚɛɨɱɟɧɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɪɟɩɭɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɭɪɨɧɨɦ ɨɬɫɜɨɢɯ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣɱɟɦɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɜɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɪɟɩɭɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɜɵɢɝɪɵɲɟ'ɬɟɨ
ɪɢɹɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ').
ɍɫɢɥɟɧɢɟɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɢɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɥɢɲɚɟɬɪɹɞɨɜɨɝɨɝɪɚɠɞɚ
ɧɢɧɚɲɚɧɫɨɜɫɬɚɬɶɩɨɥɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɵɦɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɦɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɰɢɢɨɫɨɰɢ
ɚɥɶɧɵɯɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɯɢɩɪɢɧɹɬɶɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɜɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣɩɨ
ɜɟɫɬɤɢ ɞɧɹ. Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɬɟɦɵɞɥɹɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹɢɡɦɟɞɢɣɧɨɣ
ɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɢɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɨɢɥɢɧɟɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɨɫɨ
ɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɥɢɟɟɫɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɦɢɢɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɹɦɢɑɬɨɛɵɨɫɥɚɛɢɬɶɭɹɡɜɢɦɨɫɬɶɤɦɚɧɢ
ɩɭɥɹɰɢɹɦɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɫɥɟɞɭɟɬɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ
ɫɤɟɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣɩɨɡ
ɜɨɥɢɥɛɵɨɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɶɜɦɟɞɢɚɫɮɟɪɟɥɨɠɶɧɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ
ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹɫɚɦɨ
ɨɛɨɪɨɧɚ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɶɧɟɩɪɟɞɜɡɹɬɨɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ
ɮɚɤɬɵ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɬɶɧɚ
ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɶɧɟɹɜɧɵɟɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɹɢɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɬɶɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ
ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬɨɬɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɫɚɝɟɧɬɚɦɢɢɡ
ɩɨɥɹɩɢɚɪɚ
ɩɨɥɢɬɬɟɯ
ɧɨɥɨɝɚɦɢɢɦɢɞɠɦɟɣɤɟɪɚɦɢɩɢɚɪ-ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɧɬɚɦɢɫɩɢɱɪɚɣɬɟɪɚɦɢɫɩɢɧ-ɞɨɤɬɨ
ɪɚɦɢ) ɢɜɫɺɪɟɠɟɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɬɜɩɪɹɦɵɟɢɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɟɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɵɫɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɩɪɢ
ɛɟɝɚɹ ɤ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ
ɫɩɢɧ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ'

ɫɩɢɧ-ɞɨɤɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ

ɫɩɢɧɚ') ɤɚɤɫɢɬɭɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦ ɧɚ
ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ
'ɋɩɢɧ-ɞɨɤɬɨɪ' ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ 'ɢɡɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ' ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɧɵɣɞɨɫɬɭɩɤɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɦɫɩɢɤɟɪɚɦɧɨɢ
 40

ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɩɨɨɳɪɹɸɬɫɹ'ɷɤɫɤɥɸɡɢɜɧɨɣɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ'ɜɬɨɦɱɢɫɥɟɜɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ

ɧɟɩɨɞɡɚɩɢɫɶ
ɢ
ɭɬɟɱɤɚɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
ɋɩɢɤɟɪɵɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɱɥɟɧɚɦɢɝɪɭɩɩɵ
'ɞɪɭɠɟɫɤɢɟɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ', ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɨɛɳɢɦɢɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ
ɩɨɟɡɞɤɚɯ ɧɚɦɟɫɬɚɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɢɫɬɢɯɢɣɧɵɯɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɣɍɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜɤɚɤɱɥɟɧɨɜ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟɫɜɨɟɣ ɝɟɧɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɢɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢȼɪɟ
ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɵɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢɧɟɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɨɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɞɪɭɝɞɪɭɝɭɢɜɡɚ
ɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬɩɨɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɸ'ɬɵɦɧɟ± ɹɬɟɛɟ' (ɩɪɢɱɟɦɛɟɡɹɜɧɨɝɨɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɠɭɪ
ɧɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɷɬɢɤɢ ɱɬɨ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɞɨɛɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢ
ɦɭɦ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ
ɋɨɞɧɨɣɫɬɨɪɨɧɵɫɩɢɧ-ɞɨɤɬɨɪɚɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɧɢɠɚɸɬɬɪɭɞɨɡɚɬɪɚɬɵɠɭɪ
ɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜɧɚɩɨɢɫɤɢɚɧɚɥɢɡɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɣɩɪɢ
ɬɨɤɜɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯɤɦɟɞɢɚɮɨɪɦɚɬɭ'ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɣ'.
ɋɞɪɭɝɨɣ± ɨɧɢɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɬɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɜɱɚɫɬɧɨ
ɫɬɢɨɪɝɚɧɚɜɥɚɫɬɢɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɬɫɨɫɬɚɜɫɩɢɤɟɪɨɜɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɯɥɢɰɫ
ɩɪɚɜɨɦɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɬɜɪɟɦɹɦɟ
ɫɬɨɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɵɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɜ ɫɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ. ɉɨɫɭɬɢ ɞɟɥɚɫɩɢɧ-
ɞɨɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɹɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ
ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜɤɚɤɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɱɢɤɨɜɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɑɟɦɫɢɥɶɧɟɟɷɬɚ'ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧ
ɧɚɹɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ'ɬɟɦɫɢɥɶɧɟɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɜɥɚɫɬɢɧɚɞɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ
ɤɨɚɥɢ
ɰɢɨɧɧɚɹɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɚ
).
ɍɹɡɜɢɦɨɫɬɶɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜɤ ɫɩɢɧ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɢɯ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɚ
ɡɚɬɶɫɹɢɧɫɚɣɞɟɪɚɦɢɭɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɟɫɬɶɞɨɫɬɭɩɤ'ɩɟɪɜɵɦɥɢɰɚɦ'ɜɬɨɦɱɢɫɥɟɢɷɤɫ
ɩɟɪɬɚɦ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɧɟɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɭ ɫ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ɡɧɚɸɬ'ɩɪɚɜɞɢɜɭɸɜɟɪɫɢɸ'Ȼɨɥɟɟɬɨɝɨɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɵɭɜɥɟɤɚɸɬɫɹɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɵɦɨɩɢ
ɫɚɧɢɟɦɪɨɥɢɤɨɬɨɪɭɸɨɧɢɹɤɨɛɵ ɢɝɪɚɸɬɜɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɫɮɟɪɟɚɬɚɤɠɟɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɦɢɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɯɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ'ɦɟɬɚ-ɨɫɜɟ
ɳɟɧɢɟ').
Ɋɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɫɩɢɧ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɟɬ'ɩɢɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɸɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɢ' ɤɚɤ
ɨɤɤɭɩɚɰɢɸ ɦɟɞɢɚɫɮɟɪɵ ɩɢɚɪɳɢɤɚɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɝɚɫɚɧɢɸ 'ɪɚɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ
ɫɤɨɣɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɢ' ɢɪɚɫɰɜɟɬɭ 'ɱɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɢ' ɚɧɝɥchournalism) ɤɚɤɫɤɥɨɧɧɨ
ɫɬɢɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɪɟɥɢɡɵ ɢɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɜɩɨɱɬɢɩɟɪɜɨ
ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣɮɨɪɦɟɧɚɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯɢɥɢɜɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɷɮɢɪɟɩɨɞɜɢ
ɞɨɦ 'ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɵɯ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ'. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɩɢɧ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ
ɩɨɞɫɬɟɝɢɜɚɟɬ 'ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭɢɡɛɟɝɚɧɢɹɜɢɧɵ
ɬɟɭɯɨɞɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɜɨɬɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɫɥɨɠ
ɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɢɫ
ɤɭɪɫɚɤɪɚɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɸɢɨɬɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɸ
 41

ɋɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɧɟɬɨɥɶɤɨɜɩɨɥɢɬɢɡɚɰɢɢɦɚɫɫɦɟ
ɞɢɚɢɦɟɞɢɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢɧɨɢɜ
ɪɟɤɪɟɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɢɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ
ɤɚɤɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢɤ
ɥɨɝɢɤɟɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɣɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ
ɜɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢɤ
ɥɨɝɢɤɟɲɨɭ-ɛɢɡ
ɧɟɫɚ

Ⱦɨɧɟɞɚɜɧɟɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɦɦɟɞɢɚɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɦɫɱɢɬɚɥɢɫɶ
ɠɟɫɬɤɢɟɧɨ
ɜɨɫɬɢ
ɤɚɤ
ɛɟɫɩɪɢɫɬɪɚɫɬɧɵɟɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɝɚɪɚɧɬɢ
ɪɭɸɬ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ
 Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɸ ɦɟɞɢɚɫɮɟɪɵ
ɦɹɝɤɢɦɢ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɹɦɢ
 ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ
ɫɟɧɫɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɶɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹɢɤɨɬɨ
ɪɵɟɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬɩɪɨɫɬɨɣɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɸɬɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɸɢɳɭɳɭɸ
ɫɤɨɪɟɟɪɚɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɣɚɧɟɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨ-ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɫɜɹɡɟɣɉɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ
ɪɨɞɚ
ɞɟɲɟɜɵɣɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬɚɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɧɵɦɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɹɦɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɬɶɧɚɤɨ
ɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɯɭɫɢɥɢɹɯɢɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɟɬɢɯɤɚɤɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɨɬɥɢɱɧɨɣɨɬ
ɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɡɚɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɧɟɭɪɹɞɢɰɵ
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɦɟɞɢɚɤɨɧɬɟɧɬɚ± ɧɨɜɨɫɬɢɪɟɤɥɚɦɚɢɪɚɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ±
ɞɨɥɠɧɵɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹɧɨɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɜɫɺɱɚɳɟɜɦɟɫɬɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɟɧ
ɧɵɯɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɣɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢɢɪɟɩɨɪɬɚɠɚɫɦɟɫɬɚɫɨ
ɛɵɬɢɹɜɵɞɚɸɬɜɷɮɢɪɪɚɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹȾɪɭɝɢɦɢɫɥɨɜɚɦɢɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɚɫɨɩɪɹɝɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫ ɲɨɭ-ɛɢɡɧɟɫɨɦ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɡɪɟɥɢɳɚ
ɫɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨɪɟɤɥɚɦɨɣɊɚɡɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɢɞɨ
ɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯɮɢɥɶɦɨɜɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɵɯɪɨɥɢɤɨɜɤɨɦɢɤɫɨɜɢɞɚɠɟɜɵɩɭɫɤɨɜɧɨɜɨ
ɫɬɟɣɟɳɟɛɨɥɶɲɟɪɚɡɦɵɜɚɟɬɝɪɚɧɢɰɵɦɟɠɞɭɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɦɢɢɪɚɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟɦɜɵɦɵɫ
ɥɨɦɢɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸɌɚɤɨɝɨɪɨɞɚ'ɦɟɞɢɚɮɢɤɰɢɢ' ɜɛɭɤɜɚɥɶɧɨɦɫɦɵɫɥɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢ
ɪɭɸɬɥɸɞɟɣɦɟɫɬɚɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɢɞɢɚɥɨɝɢɧɨɜ ɬɨɠɟɜɪɟɦɹɨɧɢɢɦɟɸɬɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɳɟɝɨ
ɫ
ɦɹɝɤɢɦɢɧɨɜɨɫɬɹɦɢ
ɧɚɩɪ.ɫɢɬɤɨɦɵɬɨɠɟɚɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹɧɚ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯɢɫ
ɬɨɪɢɹɯ
ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɧɵɢɫɟɧɫɚɰɢɨɧɧɵ
Ʌɸɛɨɣɜɵɦɵɫɟɥɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɞɜɚɜɢɞɚɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣɉɟɪɜɵɟɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹɬɨɥɶɤɨɤ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɫɜɹɡɧɨɫɬɶɢɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɤɨɬɨɪɨɣɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɤɚɤ'ɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣɜɨɫɩɪɢ
ɧɹɬɵɣɪɟɚɥɢɡɦ'ɉɪɚɜɞɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɜɬɨɪɵɯɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɤɚɤ'ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɹ
ɬɵɣɪɟɚɥɢɡɦ'ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɤɚɤɛɵɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ'ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ'ɏɨɬɹɡɪɢɬɟɥɢ
ɫɦɨɬɪɹɬ ɜɵɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɧɢ ɜɫɺ ɠɟ
ɭɡɧɚɸɬ ɧɟɱɬɨ ɢ ɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɞɢɚɮɢɤɰɢɢ ɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
'ɠɟɫɬɤɢɟ' ɢ'ɦɹɝɤɢɟ' ɧɨɜɨɫɬɢɜɥɢɹɸɬɧɚɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟɢɨɰɟɧɤɭɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɮɟɧɨ
ɦɟɧɨɜɱɟɦɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹɜɫɺɛɨɥɟɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɜɤɚɤɢɯɭɝɨɞɧɨɬɨɤ-
ɲɨɭ
Ʉɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵɦɟɞɢɚɤɨɧɬɟɧɬɚɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɭɦɧɚɨɫɢ'ɮɚɤɬ± ɜɵɦɵɫɟɥ'
 42

ɟɫɥɢɩɨɞ'ɮɚɤɬɨɦ' ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɨɛɵɬɢɟɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨɩɪɢɡɧɚɸɬɩɨɦɟɧɶ
ɲɟɣɦɟɪɟɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ
1. ɪɟɩɨɪɬɚɠɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɚ-ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɹɫɦɟɫɬɚɫɨɛɵɬɢɣɜɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦɜɪɟ
ɦɟɧɢ
2. ɪɟɩɨɪɬɚɠ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɚ-ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚ ɫ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɪɟ
ɦɟɧɢ
3. ɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɫɩɭɫɬɹɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟɜɪɟɦɹɩɨɫɥɟɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ
4. ɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɫɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ'ɮɚɤɬɨɜ' ɢ'ɜɵɦɵɫɥɚ' ('ɮɚɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶ
ɧɚɹɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɚ');
5. 'ɩɢɚɪ-ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɚ' ɤɚɤɩɪɢɫɬɪɚɫɬɧɵɟɜɩɨɥɶɡɭɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ
ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɯɢɥɢɢɧɫɰɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ
6. ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹɢ/ɢɥɢɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɫɨɛɵɬɢɣɞɨ
ɤɭɞɪɚɦɚ
7. ɢɧɫɰɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟɪɚɡɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɨɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɯɬɨɤ-ɲɨɭ
8. ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɵɟɪɨɥɢɤɢɢɫɸɠɟɬɵɫ'ɩɪɨɞɚɤɬɩɥɟɣɫɦɟɧɬ';
9. ɪɚɡɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢɛɟɡɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ
Ɋɟɤɪɟɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹɧɟɬɨɥɶɤɨɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɞɨɥɸ
ɦɹɝɤɢɯɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣ
ɢɦɟɞɢɚɮɢɤ
ɰɢɣɜɦɟɞɢɚɤɨɧɬɟɧɬɟ, ɧɨɢɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɦɟɞɢɚɥɨɝɢɤɭɞɨɦɵɫɥɵɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹɤɚɤ
ɧɨɜɨɫɬɢɧɟɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɧɵɟɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɤɚɤ
ɮɚɤɬ
ɫɥɭɯɢɤɚɤɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦɟ
ɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹɧɚɨɫɧɨɜɟɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɪɟɤɪɟɚ
ɬɢɡɚɰɢɹɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣ
ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ
ɦɨɧɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɸɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣ
ɬɟɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸɧɟɛɟɡɜɨɡ
ɦɟɡɞɧɨɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɬɶɩɢɚɪ-ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹɜɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɯɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣɬɨɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɚɩɨ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹɨɞɧɨɣɢɡɮɨɪɦ
ɬɪɚɧɫɦɟɞɢɣɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɢɬɟɥɥɢɧɝɚ
ɤɚɤɤɨɦɦɟɪ
ɱɟɫɤɢɜɵɝɨɞɧɨɝɨɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹɪɚɡɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɫɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɧɟ
ɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɤɧɢɝɚɮɢɥɶɦɜɟɛɫɚɣɬɢɝɪɚɮɚɧɮɢɤ
Ɋɟɤɪɟɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɭɫɤɨɪɹɟɬ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɸɩɪɟɠɞɟɜɫɟɝɨɩɭɛɥɢɱ
ɧɨɣɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢɇɚɩɪ.ɮɨɪɦɚɬ
ɪɟɚɥɢɬɢɧɶɸɫ
ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬɢɧɫɰɟɧɢɪɨɜɤɟɢ
ɪɟɠɢɫɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɦɢɫɥɨɠɧɵɯɞɥɹɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɤɨɧɮɥɢɤ
ɬɨɜɜɜɢɞɟɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯɦɟɠɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɯɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɣɫɬɨɪɨɧɵɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɨɰɟ
ɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɟɣ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɚɦ ɬɟɥɟɞɪɚɦ ɬɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢ
ɫɢɦɨɨɬ
ɮɚɤɬɨɜɢɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ
ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɜɰɟɥɨɦɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢɱɟ
ɪɟɡɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɢɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɫɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɦɢɫɰɟɧɚ
ɪɢɹɦɢɚɤɬɺɪɚɦɢɢɛɭɬɚɮɨɪɢɟɣɉɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɚɹɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɢɲɨɭ-ɛɢɡɧɟɫɜɫɺɛɨɥɶɲɟ
ɜɥɢɹɸɬɧɚɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɭɸɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭɄɫɬɚɬɢɨɬɜɟɪɠɟɧɢɟɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɩɨ
ɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɤɭɪɫɨɜɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɭɦɟɧɢɟɦɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɜɩɨɞ
ɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ
ɥɨɝɢɤɟɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɣɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ'.
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶɪɚɡɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɚɤɰɢɢɢɥɢɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ
 43

ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚɫɟɟɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸɗɦɨɰɢɢɧɟɬɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬɱɭɜɫɬɜɚɧɨɢɩɨ
ɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɜɥɢɹɸɬɧɚɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟɨɰɟɧɤɭɢɭɦɨɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɹɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɧɟ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɫɢɥɚ ɞɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɢɥɟ
ɱɭɜɫɬɜɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɨɧɢɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɸɬɄɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɟɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢɧɟɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬɷɦɨɰɢɢ
ɢɡɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɝɨɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɚɤɚɤɷɬɨɝɨɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɢɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɬɢɜ
ɧɨɣɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢɚɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɬɶɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ
ɫɬɢɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɯɨɥɨɞɧɚɹɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɦɩɥɚɧɟɧɢɱɭɬɶ
ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɟɟɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ.
ȼɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɦɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟɷɦɨɰɢɢɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɫ
ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɟɣɇɚɩɪ., ɯɨɬɹɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹɤɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɩɪɨɛɥɟ
ɦɚɦɨɧɢɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɠɞɟɜɫɟɝɨɬɟɯɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɜɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɟɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɬ
ɫɜɨɢɢɞɟɢɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣɨɬɤɥɢɤɭɦɟɥɨɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɪɢɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɩɪɢɟɦɵɜɤɥɸɱɚɹɫɚɬɢɪɭɢɪɨɧɢɸɢɨɫɦɟɹɧɢɟ
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɟɟɨɫɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɵɟɜɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɵɧɟɢɦɟɸɬɧɢɤɚɤɢɯɩɨɥɢ
ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɣɧɟɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹɜ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ'ɠɟɫɬɤɢɟ
ɧɨɜɨɫɬɢ', ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɭɫɢɥɢɣɧɢɤɚɤɧɟɦɨɝɭɬɧɚ
ɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶ Ɉɫɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɵ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦɢ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɨɫɧɨ
ɜɚɧɧɵɟɢɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟɢɯɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ'ɠɟɫɬɤɢɟɧɨɜɨɫɬɢ'Ⱦɨɛɚɜɢɦɱɬɨɧɟɢɡ
ɜɟɫɬɧɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɨɢɤɚɤɨɣɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚɦɞɥɹɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹɪɚɰɢ
ɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ
ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɧɚɹɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ'ɦɹɝɤɢɟɧɨɜɨɫɬɢ'ɭɫɜɚɢɜɚ
ɸɬɫɹɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɟɣ'ɩɪɢɰɟɩɨɦ'ɬɚɤɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ'ɧɚɡɚɤɨɪɤɚɯ' ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɪɚɡɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶ
ɧɨɝɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹɬɨɤ-ɲɨɭɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɜɥɢɹɸɬɧɚɜɵɛɨɪɩɨɤɪɚɣɧɟɣɦɟɪɟɚɩɨɥɢ
ɬɢɱɧɵɯɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɟɣ'ɷɮɮɟɤɬɈɩɪɵ')Ɋɨɫɬɞɨɥɢ'ɦɹɝɤɢɯɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣ' ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɩɨ
ɥɢɬɢɤɚɦ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɫ ɚɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɢɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢɢɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɥɢɞɟɪ
ɫɤɢɯɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ.
Ɏɢɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣɧɚɪɟɤɪɟɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢɬɟɫɧɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɫ
ɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝɨɦɢɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣɪɢɬɨɪɢɤɨɣ ɤɚɤɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟ
ɫɤɢɯɚɤɰɢɣ ɫɩɨɦɨɳɶɸɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɯɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬɨɫɦɵɫɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɨ
ɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɵɜɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ (ɦɚɪɲɢɦɢɬɢɧɝɢɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚ
ɰɢɢɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɟɚɤɰɢɢ'ɭɥɢɱɧɵɣɬɟɚɬɪ', ɧɚɫɬɟɧɧɵɟɪɨɫɩɢɫɢɩɥɚɤɚɬɵɤɚɪɢɤɚ
ɬɭɪɵɦɟɞɢɚɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɵɟɬɪɸɤɢɋɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɚɤɰɢɢɜɨɫɧɨɜɟɤɨɬɨ
ɪɵɯɥɟɠɚɬɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɧɵɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɸɬɢɥɢ
ɩɟɪɟɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɪɭɸɬɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɟɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɹɢɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɜɥɢɹɸɬɧɚɤɨɥɥɟɤ
ɬɢɜɧɨɟɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɢɩɪɟɭɦɧɨɠɚɸɬ
ɢɦɢɞɠɟɜɵɟɤɪɟɞɢɬɵ
 ȼɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɟ
 44

ɢɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɦɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɧɚɫɟɛɹɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹɩɨɥɢ
ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɪɢɬɭɚɥɨɦɤɨɬɨɪɵɣɦɨɠɟɬɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟɪɚɫ
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɜɫɟɯɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɯɜɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɮɢɚ
ɫɤɨɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɯɥɢɰ.
ɉɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɣɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɜɫɺɱɚɳɟɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹɞɥɹɪɟɤɥɚɦɵɢɩɢɚɪɚɱɟɦɞɥɹ
ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢɧɫɰɟɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɩɟɤ
ɬɚɤɥɢɞɥɹɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢɩɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɸɬɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟɰɟɥɢȾɚɠɟ'ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɶ
ɧɚɹɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ
ɤɚɤɮɨɪɦɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢɡɚɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹɦɟɞɢ
ɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢɪɢɬɭɚɥɚɦɢɧɟɨɬɥɢɱɢɦɵɦɢɨɬɝɨɥɥɢɜɭɞɫɤɢɯɡɪɟɥɢɳ
ɂɬɚɤɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɢɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɜɮɨɪɦɟɩɨ
ɥɢɬɢɡɚɰɢɢɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɢɦɟɞɢɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɸɬɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚ
ɧɢɟ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨɦɟɞɢɚɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ. ɉɨɞɫɬɪɨɣɤɚɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɥɨɝɢɤɢɢ
ɦɟɞɢɚɥɨɝɢɤɢɤɥɨɝɢɤɟɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɣɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɤɪɟɤɪɟɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢɠɭɪɧɚ
ɥɢɫɬɢɤɢɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢɱɬɨɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹɤɚɤɧɚɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢɬɚɤɢɧɚɫɩɨ
ɫɨɛɚɯɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ.
 45

ȽɅȺȼȺ 9
ɋɬɨɪɢɬɟɥɥɢɧɝ
©Ʉɨɝɞɚɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɚɤɬɨɪɵɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɨɧɢɩɵɬɚ
ɸɬɫɹɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹɬɨɝɨɱɬɨɛɵɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɹɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢɢɩɨ
ɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɵ ɫɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɥɢɰɚɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɥɚɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣɞɥɹɧɢɯɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɪɟɰɟɩɬª>Boswell
2010].
ȼɩɨɥɟɦɟɞɢɚɪɢɥɟɣɲɧɡɨɪɝɚɧɵɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɢɷɤɨɧɨ
ɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɩɪɢɧɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɚɬɚɤɠɟɫɜɨɢɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɵɯɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢɱɬɨɛɵɜɥɢɹɬɶɧɚɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɦɟɞɢɣɧɨɣɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɢɞɧɹ'Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣ' ɤɚɤɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜ
ɧɵɣɚɫɩɟɤɬɦɟɞɢɚɪɢɥɟɣɲɧɡ ± ɷɬɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɨ
ɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣɢɦɟɞɢɚɤɨɧɬɟɧɬɚɜɰɟɥɨɦɡɚɫɱɟɬɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɚɦ
ɢɛɥɨɝɟɪɚɦɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɯɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɜɬɨɦɱɢɫɥɟ ɜɮɨɪɦɟɩɟɪɮɨɪɦɚɧɫɨɜ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶ
ɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɦɟɞɢɚɞɢɫ
ɤɭɪɫɨɛ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɯ ɩɨɫɜɨɢɦɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɦɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɵɦ ɢɚɮɮɟɤɬɢɜ
ɧɵɦɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɚɢɦɟɧɧɨɦɟɞɢɣɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɚ
ɞɧɹ± ɞɟɤɥɚɪɢɪɭɟɦɨɣɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɟɦɟɞɢɚɮɪɟɣɦɵ ± ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɦɮɪɟɣɦɚɦɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫ
ɬɨɪɢɢ ± ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɦ ɍɫɩɟɲɧɵɟ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɟ
ɞɢɚɫɮɟɪɭɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɫɬɶɜɥɚɫɬɢɱɬɨɜɫɜɨɸɨɱɟɪɟɞɶɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɪɟ
ɫɭɪɫɵɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟɞɥɹɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣ (ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ
ɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɨɟɧɟɪɚ
ɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ
).
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɞɢɣɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɭ ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɪɢɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ ɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɜ
ɬɨɦɱɢɫɥɟɢɨɪɝɚɧɵɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɫɺɱɚɳɟɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢɫɬɨɪɢɬɟɥɥɢɧɝɚɬɟ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɢɬɪɚɧɫɥɹɰɢɢ ɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɚɦɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɯɢɫɬɨɪɢɣ ɞɥɹɞɨɫɬɢ
ɠɟɧɢɹɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯɰɟɥɟɣ.
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ± ɷɬɨɫɟɦɢɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯɜɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨ-
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯɢɥɢɜɵɞɭɦɚɧɧɵɯɩɪɨɢɫɲɟɫɬɜɢɣɫɭɱɚ
ɫɬɢɟɦɪɚɡɭɦɧɵɯɢɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜɫɦɵɫɥɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ
ɟɬɫɹɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɣɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɟɣɢɟɞɢɧɵɦɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦɂɫɬɨɪɢɢɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɬɛɨɥɟɟ
ɹɪɤɢɟɢɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɜɩɚɦɹɬɢɱɟɦɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɟɨɬɱɟɬɵɜɪɨɞɟɪɢ
ɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟ
ɫɤɨɣɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɢɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɮɨɪɦɚɬɟ.
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ± ɷɬɨɮɨɪɦɚɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦɫɨ
ɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɨɞɟ ɛɵ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɟ
 46

ɞɪɭɝɫɞɪɭɝɨɦɱɚɫɬɢ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɢɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹɞɥɹɬɨɝɨ

ɱɬɨɛɵɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɟɣɪɚɡɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟɩɪɟ
ɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɚɬɶɡɚɩɭɝɢɜɚɬɶɦɨɪɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɭɛɟɠɞɚɬɶ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɬɶ,
ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɬɶ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɸɜɫɟɥɹɬɶɧɚɞɟɠɞɭ.
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɢ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨ-ɫɥɟɞ
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟɫɜɹɡɢɫɨɛɵɬɢɣɜɜɢɞɟɫɸɠɟɬɚ ɢɛɟɡɩɪɹɦɨɣɨɬɫɵɥɤɢɧɚ 'ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ',
ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟɩɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸɤ'ɦɢɪɭɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ' ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵɌɚɤɚɹ'ɭɬɢɥɢɬɚɪɧɚɹɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ'
ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬɢɡ ɫɟɬɢɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯɢɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ
ɮɪɟɣɦɨɜɉɟɪɜɵɟɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬɝɥɚɜɧɵɟɞɨɜɨɞɵɚɜɬɨɪɚɚɜɬɨɪɵɟɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬɢɫ
ɬɨɪɢɢ'ɫɜɹɡɧɨɫɬɶ'ɯɨɬɹɱɚɫɬɨɧɟɢɦɟɸɬɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɤ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɦɵɦɜɵɜɨɞɚɦ
ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɭɠɟ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɭɬɢɥɢɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ
ɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɬɶɟɟ ɚɞɪɨɟɫɚɬɭ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɶɤɥɸ
ɱɟɜɵɟɥɟɤɫɟɦɵɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɵɢɨɛɪɚɡɵɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣɮɪɟɣɦ
ȼɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɚɹɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɧɚɹɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɨɬɫɥɭɯɨɜɢ
ɬɟɥɟɪɟɤɥɚɦɵɞɨ ɪɨɦɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɨɬɫɤɚɡɨɤɞɨɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɣ) ɩɪɨɟɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹɧɚɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɟɫɨɛɵɬɢɟɢɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬɜɵɝɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ
ɚɤɬɨɪɚ/ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɉɨɞɨɛɧɨɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨ
ɥɹɟɬɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɨɞɧɨɝɨɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ ɫɩɪɨɟɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɦɟɧɟɟɱɟɬɤɢɣ
ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ ɂɧɚɱɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɹ ± ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢɤɨɬɨɪɚɹɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɭɟɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɡɚɫɱɟɬɤɚɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɧɚ'ɨɛɟɫɤɭɪɚɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ', ɧɚɩɪɦɢɮɨɜɤɚɤɩɪɚɜɞɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɞɥɹɱɥɟɧɨɜ
ɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɵɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ.
Ɇɢɮɵɤɚɤ'ɦɢɪɨɬɜɨɪɹɳɢɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ' ɩɪɟɬɟɧɞɭɸɬ ɧɚɢɫɬɢɧɭɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣɢɧ
ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɩɨɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹɤɞɨɥɠɧɵɦɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢɡɚɩɪɟɬɵɧɟɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɯ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ
Ɋɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟɦɢɮɵ
ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵɢɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨɛ
ɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɢɦɦɭɧɢɬɟɬɨɦ ɤ ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɝɚɸɳɢɦ 'ɮɚɤɬɚɦ ɢ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ
 ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɵɷɤɨɧɨɦɹɬɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɟɭɫɢɥɢɹɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢɧɚɢɫɬɢɧ
ɧɨɫɬɶɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɹɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶɧɚɜɟɪɭɜɪɨɞɟɛɵɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɢɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɦɵɟɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɦɵɟɢɞɨɫɬɨɣɧɵɟɩɟɪɟɫɤɚɡɚ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɞɨɥɠɧɵɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ'ɮɚɤɬɚɦ'Ȼɨɥɟɟɬɨɝɨɞɚɠɟɨɱɟ
ɜɢɞɧɨɧɟɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɵ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɵɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɞɥɹɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɜɬɨɦɫɥɭɱɚɟɟɫɥɢɟɳɟɧɟɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɧɢɤɚɤɢɦɢɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɧɨɝɨɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ
. ȼɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɨɛɨɞ
ɧɨɦɢɬɨɦɠɟɫɨɛɵɬɢɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɭɸɬɧɟɡɚɫɬɚɬɭɫɛɨɥɟɟɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɯɢɥɢɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɛɨɥɟɟɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɚɡɚɫɬɚɬɭɫɛɨɥɟɟɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɤɢɡɪɟɧɢɹɪɚɡɧɵɯɚɞɪɟ
ɫɚɬɨɜɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɧɵɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɬɶɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹɜɧɢɯ
ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɚɜɞɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɭɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɶ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
 47

ɜɧɭɬɪɢɧɟɟ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɢɪɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵɧɟɜɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɦɵɚ'ɮɚɤɬɵ

ɢɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ' ɜɵɛɪɚɧɵɢɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɵɜɫɸɠɟɬ ɩɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɭɚɜɬɨɪɚ/ ɚɤɬɨɪɚ.
ɋɚɦɢɚɤɬɨɪɵɧɟɩɨɞɞɚɸɬɫɹ
ɥɭɱɲɢɦɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɦ'ɚɪɹɞɨɜɵɟɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟɷɦɨ
ɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɤ ɩɪɚɜɞɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭ
ɸɬɫɹɩɪɚɜɞɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦɢɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɦɢ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɧɟɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵɟɫɬɨɱɤɢ
ɡɪɟɧɢɹ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ
ɷɩɢɡɨɞɵɜɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɟɰɟɥɨɟɛɟɡɲɜɨɜɩɨɷɬɨɦɭɢɯ
ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɢ
ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɚɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣɢɫɬɢɧɟ
.
ɋɬɨɪɢɬɟɥɥɢɧɝ ɤɚɤɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɜɫɺɱɚɳɟɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɢɚɪɟ
ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɟ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɟ ɫɭɞɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɫɢɯɨɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚɯ ɉɨɦɢɦɨɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ (ɚɜ
ɬɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ 'ɫɟɦɢɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ'.
ɫɬɚɬɭɫɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɫɬɨɪɢɬɟɥɥɢɧɝɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹɫɥɟɞɭɸ
ɳɢɦɢɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ:
x
ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ' ɤɚɤɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɟɟɫɸɠɟɬɚɨɬɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪ
ɧɵɯɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɤɚɤɤɚɧɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɣ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɯɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ;
x 'ɫɜɹɡɧɨɫɬɶɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ' ɤɚɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɧɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣɫɨɫɬɨ
ɹɧɢɣɢɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ;
x
ɠɚɧɪɨɜɚɹɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ
ɤɚɤɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɠɚɧ
ɪɨɜɵɦɤɚɧɨɧɚɦ
x 'ɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ' ɤɚɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨ
ɪɢɣ;
x 'ɭɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ' ɤɚɤɫɸɠɟɬɧɚɹɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɫɬɶ;
x 'ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ' ɤɚɤ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ
ɷɦɨɰɢɢ
ȼɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢɜɫɟɷɬɢɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɦɨɝɭɬɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ'ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪ
ɬɚɰɢɢ': ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɦɨɰɢɹɦɢɢɨɛɪɚɡɚɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɭɟɬɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɢɤɨ
ɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɟɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɨɜ ɧɚɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɦ
ɦɢɪɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ'ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚ
ɟɬɫɹɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɦɤɚɤ ɥɢɱɧɨɟɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦɦɢɪɟ. ɗɬɨɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨ-ɚɮ
ɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚɰɢɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɨɛɨɣɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɩɪɨɹɜ
ɥɟɧɢɟɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ
ɬɟɥɟɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
, ɤɨɝɞɚɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬ
ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟɩɭɬɟ
ɲɟɫɬɜɢɟ
 ɢɡ ɫɟɧɫɨɦɨɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ
ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ
ɜ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɵɣ 'ɦɢɪɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ' ɢ
ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ
ɮɚɤɬɵɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ
ɤɚɤ
ɮɚɤɬɵɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ'ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɟɬɷɦɨɰɢɢɧɟ
ɨɬɥɢɱɢɦɵɟɨɬɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯɪɟɚɤɰɢɣɜ 'ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦɦɢɪɟ', ɢɧɟɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɨɭɫɜɚɢ
 48

ɜɚɟɬɞɚɠɟɬɟɢɞɟɢ
ɦɢɪɚɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ'ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɚɬɟɝɨɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɮɟɧɨ
ɦɟɧ
ɨɬɤɚɡɨɬɧɟɞɨɜɟɪɢɹ
. Ɍɚɤɢɦɨɛɪɚɡɨɦɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɣɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦɫɬɨɪɢɬɟɥɥɢɧɝɚɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ
ɢɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɞɨɜɨɞɚɦɚɜɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ'ɦɢɪɚɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ' ɢɧɟɨɫɨɡɧɚɧ
ɧɨɝɨɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯɧɨɪɦɢɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɟɟɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ.
Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚɰɢɹɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɡɚɫɱɟɬɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹɜɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɦɧɟɧɢɣɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɯɮɢɝɭɪ
ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɨɰɟɧɨɤ
ɹɪɤɢɯɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɢ
ɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
 ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯɦɢɤɪɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɣ
ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɨɜ
ɢ
ɨɬɱɟɬɨɜ
ɨɱɟɜɢɞɰɟɜ

ɂɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɚɸɬɫɹɧɟɬɨɥɶɤɨɜɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹɯɨɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɯɜɞɢɟɝɟɬɢ
ɱɟɫɤɨɣɮɨɪɦɟ)ɧɨɢɜɬɚɤɢɯ'ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɤɰɢɹɯ' ɜɦɢɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɮɨɪɦɟɤɚɤ
ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɵɟ ɬɪɸɤɢ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɦɟɞɢɚɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɩɟɪɮɨɪɦɚɧɫɵ ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ

ɪɢɬɭɚɥɵɞɨɜɟɪɢɹ
ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɩɪɢɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɥɟɧɨɜɨɪɝɚ
ɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɢɞɟɚɥɚɦɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ
ɫɨɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜɢɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɟɣɡɚɜɢɫɢɬɨɬɟɟɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɚɦɨɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢɢɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
Cɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɤɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɫ 'ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ' ɤɚɤ
ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɪɟɞɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɲɟɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɧɨɫɹɬ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɣ
ɭɳɟɪɛ ɢɥɢɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɭɳɟɪɛɚ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ
ɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɚɦ. Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɢɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚ ɭɡɧɚɸɬɨ'ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɭɸɳɟɦɫɨɛɵɬɢɢ' ɩɪɚɤ
ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢɱɬɨɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɜɨɡɦɨɠ
ɧɨɫɬɢɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɩɟɪɜɵɦɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶɢɧɚɜɹɡɚɬɶɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɚɞɜɨ
ɤɚɬɫɤɭɸɢɫɬɨɪɢɸɇɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɚɹɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɹɝɪɭɩɩɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɨɩ
ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɚɧɬɪɟɩɪɟɧɺɪɨɜɧɨɜɨɫɬɧɵɯɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɞɟɜɢɚɧɬɧɵɯɢɡɚ
ɜɢɫɢɦɵɯɝɪɭɩɩɦɨɠɟɬɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢɤɧɨɜɵɦɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ ȼɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɚɤɬɨɪɵɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵɜɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯɤɪɚɣɧɟɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ
ɞɥɹɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ.
'Ɏɨɤɭɫɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ' ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɦɢɚɧɬɪɟɩɪɟɧɺɪɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ
ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢɣɜɮɨɪɦɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɢɡɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ
'ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ-ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɨɜ' ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬɜɩɨɥɟɡɪɟɧɢɹɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜɜɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹɜɭɫɬɨɣ
ɱɢɜɵɟɦɟɞɢɚɮɪɟɣɦɵɢ'ɪɚɡɝɨɧɹɸɬɫɹ' ɜɦɟɞɢɚɫɮɟɪɟɞɨ'ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɜɨɥɧ'ɤɨɬɨ
ɪɵɟɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɸɬ'ɝɨɪɹɱɢɟɬɟɦɵ' ɢɡɦɟɞɢɣɧɨɣɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɢɞɧɹ.
ɉɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɪɭɸɬ, ɜɟɪɛɚɥɢ
ɡɭɸɬɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɜɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣɮɨɪɦɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɵɢ
ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɦɟɠɞɭɧɢɦɢɩɫɟɜɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ) ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨ-ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟɫɜɹɡɢ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɨɞɧɢɢɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɞɪɭɝɢɟɜɵɜɨɞɵɗɬɢɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ
 49

ɢɥɢ
ɤɚɭɡɚɥɶɧɵɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ
ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬɭɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɶɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜɤɨɧɤɪɟɬ
ɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯɬɟ ɢɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ 'ɥɨɝɢɤɟɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ' ɢ
ɥɨɝɢɤɟɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ
.
Ɂɚɤɪɟɩɢɜɲɢɟɫɹɜɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɦɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɚɬɟɦɛɨɥɟɟɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɟɫɬɚɬɭɫ
ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸɞɚɠɟɩɪɢɧɚɥɢɱɢɢɩɪɨɬɢɜɨ
ɪɟɱɢɜɵɯɞɚɧɧɵɯɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɵɯ 'ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚɦɢɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ'. ȼɦɟɫɬɟɫɬɟɦɚɛɫɨɥɸɬ
ɧɨɟɢɜɟɱɧɨɟɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨɥɸɛɨɣɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɜɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɦɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɩɨ
ɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɥɸɛɚɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɭɦɟɜɲɚɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ 'ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜ
ɧɭɸɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɸ'ɦɨɠɟɬɫɞɜɢɧɭɬɶɟɟɧɚɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɸ.
ɋɬɨɪɢɬɟɥɥɢɧɝ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹɜɤɨɨɪɞɢ
ɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɢɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟ, ɝɞɟɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢɩɨɥɢɬɢ
ɱɟɫɤɢɟɚɧɬɪɟɩɪɟɧɺɪɵɧɚɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬɞɪɭɝɢɦɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɝɧɢ
ɬɢɜɧɨ-ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɢɚɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɢɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɨ
ɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜ ɢɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹɞɜɟɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɢɞɥɹ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɣ ɰɟɥɟɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɧɵɟ  ɢɥɢ
ɧɟɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɟɢɧɟɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɟɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ
ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ 'ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɦ' (2+3), 'ɫɥɭɱɚɣ
ɧɨɫɬɶ' (2+4), 'ɭɦɵɫɟɥ' ɢ'ɩɪɨɦɚɲɤɚ' ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢ
ɡɢɪɭɟɬɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɧɚɩɪ'ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɭɩɚɞɤɚ' ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɬɤɚɤɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɚɹ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɦɨɠɟɬɫɩɚɫɬɢɨɬɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɵɚ'ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ' ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ
ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɢɹɢɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ
Ɋɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɢɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɤɚɤɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɵɯɤɨɨɪɞɢ
ɧɚɬɬɨɠɟɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹɧɚɫɬɨɪɢɬɟɥɥɢɧɝɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɤɨɧ
ɤɪɟɬɧɵɯɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɣɢɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ
ɇɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɫɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɚɤɰɢɣɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɩɨɞɫɬɪɨɢɬɶɫɹɤɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹɦɢɪɹɞɨɜɵɯ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɩɟɪɮɨɪɦɚɧɫ ɤɚɤɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɚɤɰɢɹ±
ɷɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɨɫɭ
ɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɵɯɩɨɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɦɭɞɥɹɚɤɬɨɪɚɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦɭɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɸɢɦɚɫɤɢɪɭ
ɟɦɵɯɩɨɞɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɟɫɨɛɵɬɢɟȼɪɟɦɹɢɦɟɫɬɨɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɩɟɪɮɨɪɦɚɧɫɚɟɝɨɦɚ
ɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟɢɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢɹɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹɫɭɱɟɬɨɦɦɟɞɢɚ
ɥɨɝɢɤɢɢɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɦɟɞɢɚɮɨɪɦɚɬɚȼɢɞɟɚɥɟɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɢɩɟɪɮɨɪɦɚɧɫɚɢɠɭɪ
ɧɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɥɢɰɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɨ ɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ
ɍɫɩɟɲɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɮɨɪɦɚɧɫɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɭ ɩɪɟɞɭɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ

ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɭɸɳɢɯɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ
ɯɨɬɹɢɧɨɝɞɚɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɶɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɟɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɨɬɩɟɪɮɨɪ
ɦɚɧɫɨɜɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɁɥɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɩɟɪɮɨɪɦɚɧɫɚɦɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶɭɪɹɞɨɜɵɯ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟɨɬɨɦɱɬɨɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɫɨ
 50

ɧɚɠɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɧɢɤɚɤɢɯɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣɞɥɹɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɫɨɰɢɚɥɶ

ɧɵɯɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ
ɂɬɚɤɫɬɨɪɢɬɟɥɥɢɧɝɤɚɤɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹɢɥɢɪɚɡɵɝɪɵ
ɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɣ ɜɫɟɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɢɦɩɥɢ
ɰɢɬɧɨɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɹɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɧɨɪɦɵɢɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟɩɚɬɬɟɪɧɵɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ.
 51

ȽɅȺȼȺ 10
Ⱦɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫ
©Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɧɟɜɟɪɨɹɬ
ɧɵɦɱɬɨɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɦɨɝɭɬɤɨɝɞɚ-ɥɢɛɨɞɨɫɬɢɱɶɭɪɨɜɧɟɣɡɧɚɧɢɹɢ
ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯɞɥɹɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢɞɚɠɟɟɫɥɢɛɵ
ɨɧɢɛɭɞɭɬɥɭɱɲɟɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢɱɟɦɜɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟɜɪɟɦɹª>6RPLQ@
ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɫɬɢɜɥɚɫɬɢɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬɬɨɝɨɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨɲɢɪɨɤɢɦɢ ɢɞɨ
ɫɬɭɩɧɵɦɢɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟɞɥɹɭɱɚɫɬɢɹɜɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɦɞɢɫ
ɤɭɪɫɟ ɩɨɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸɢɨɰɟɧɤɟɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭɢɨɬɛɨɪɭɢɯɪɟɲɟ
ɧɢɣɜɤɚɤɨɣɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɚɹɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɚɞɧɹɜɥɢɹɟɬɧɚɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸɩɨ
ɜɟɫɬɤɭɢɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɧɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɨɪɝɚɧɨɜɜɥɚɫɬɢ. Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɨɯɨɬɧɟɟ ɩɪɢ
ɡɧɚɸɬɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɦɢɚɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɚɠɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɚɳɢɟɢɯ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɦɢɟɫɥɢɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ
ɤɚɤɜɪɚɡɭɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟɢɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɟ.
Ⱦɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɰɢɹ± ɷɬɨɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɟɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɢɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟɨɛ
ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯɦɧɟɧɢɣɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚɯɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɜɨ
ɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɧɚɨɫɧɨɜɟɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜɢɫɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɟɦɩɪɢɣɬɢɤɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɦɭ
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭɜɵɛɨɪɭ, ɫɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶɫɜɨɢɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢɣ ɫɨɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ. Ⱦɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɰɟ
ɥɟɧɚɧɟ ɧɚɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɟ'ɢɫɬɢɧɵ' ɢɥɢɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟɩɨɛɟɞɵɚɧɚɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɭɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ,
ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯɢɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹɜɫɟɯɟɟɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɢɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɨɬɜɟɱɚɸ
ɳɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɟɦɵɯɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɝɪɭɩɩ ɢɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ. Ƚɚ
ɪɚɧɬɢɟɣ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ ɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɰɢɢɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɧɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ
ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦɢɨɩɵɬɨɦɢɞɨɜɨɞɚɦɢɝɨɬɨɜɵɦɢɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶɜɨɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɤɨɧɬɪɞɨɜɨɞɵ
ɫɨɦɧɟɜɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹɜɫɜɨɟɣɩɪɚɜɨɬɟɧɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦɢɤɫɦɟɧɟɩɨɡɢɰɢɣɱɬɨɛɵɞɨ
ɫɬɢɱɶɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɹ Ⱦɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɰɢɹɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɨɞɧɢɦɢɡɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɫɬɢɜɥɚɫɬɢ
ɢɥɢɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɟɣɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɨɣɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚɰɢɢ.
Ⱦɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨ
ɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɳɚɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ'ɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ' ɢɥɢ
ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɨɣɞɟɦɨɤɪɚ
ɬɢɢ
 ɤɚɤ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɵɟ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟɢɥɢɢɯɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɧɵɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɸɬɫɜɨɢɩɨɡɢɰɢɢɨɛ
ɦɟɧɢɜɚɹɫɶɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɦɢɢɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦɢɞɨɜɨɞɚɦɢɱɬɨɛɵɩɪɢɧɹɬɶɨɛɹɡɵ
ɜɚɸɳɢɟɜɫɟɯɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟɞɥɹɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹɜɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɧɨ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɍɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɦɵɲɥɹɸɬ ɨɛ
 52

ɨɛɳɟɦɛɥɚɝɟɜɵɯɨɞɹɡɚɩɪɟɞɟɥɵɥɢɱɧɵɯɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɹɢɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɹɫɜɨɢ
ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɛɨɥɟɟɨɛɳɢɦɢɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢɦɟɫɬɧɵɯɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɢ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɜɰɟɥɨɦ. Ⱦɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɹɩɨɨɳɪɹɟɬɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸɨɬ
ɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɶɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɭɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɹɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢɨɛɦɚɧɥɨɠɶɭɝɪɨɡɵɢɥɢɨɛɟɳɚ
ɧɢɹɇɚɩɟɪɜɵɣɩɥɚɧɜɵɞɜɢɝɚɸɬɫɹɞɢɚɥɨɝɚɧɟɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɫɧɵɟɫɞɟɥɤɢɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧ
ɬɨɜɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɟɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟɢɥɢɨɬɜɟɪɠɟɧɢɟɞɨɜɨɞɨɜ
ɚɧɟɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɵɣɚɤɬɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɚɧɢɹɧɚɤɨɧɟɰɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɜɥɚɫɬɢɩɨɨɬɧɨɲɟ
ɧɢɸɤɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɩɨɠɟɥɚɧɢɹɦɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɧɟɤɫɬɨɯɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɦɧɟɧɢɸɛɨɥɶ
ɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ
ɉɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɜ ɤɨɧ
ɤɪɟɬɧɨɣɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɬɫɚɦɨɢɡɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨɩɨɞɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢɞɨɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɯɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤɨɜɨɬɡɪɢɬɟɥɹɧɚɩɭɛ
ɥɢɱɧɵɯɫɥɭɲɚɧɢɹɯɞɨɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨɥɢɰɚɜɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɚɨɬɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟ
ɧɢɹɱɭɜɫɬɜɚɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨɞɨɥɝɚɞɨɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜɫɨɭɱɚɫɬɢɹɜ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɢɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚɨɪɝɚɧɜɥɚɫɬɢɩɪɟɞɥɚ
ɝɚɟɬɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭɨɪɝɚɧɭɤɨɬɨɪɵɣɩɨɫɥɟɨɛ
ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɭɸɜɟɪɫɢɸɞɚɥɟɟ ɜɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɜɧɨɫɹɬɫɹɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɢ
ɨɧɨɫɧɨɜɚɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹɜɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣɨɪɝɚɧɢɬɞɦɨɞɟɥɶ
ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɣɞɟ
ɥɢɛɟɪɚɰɢɢ
 ɗɬɚ
ɩɟɬɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ
 ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɹ ɜ
ɫɟɛɹɞɪɭɝɢɟɨɪɝɚɧɵɜɥɚɫɬɢɢɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟɝɪɭɩɩɵȼɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɩɥɨɳɚɞɨɤɞɥɹ
ɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɫɤɢɟ ɫɥɭɲɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɵ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɟɢɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɟɩɚɧɟɥɢɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɟɠɸɪɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɨɤ-ɲɨɭ
ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɟɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ-ɮɨɪɭɦɵɜɪɟɠɢɦɟɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɵ ɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɰɢɢ.
1. Ʉɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣɞɭɯ
ɍɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢɤɚɤɭɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɟɧɧɵɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵɢɰɟɧ
ɧɨɫɬɢɫɜɨɢɯɝɪɭɩɩ, ɧɨɩɪɢɷɬɨɦ ɫɬɚɪɚɸɬɫɹɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɢɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɭɱɟɬɨɦɧɨɜɵɯ
ɞɨɜɨɞɨɜɤɨɧɬɪɞɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɢɫɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɟɣɧɚɨɛɳɟɟɛɥɚɝɨ ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɰɢɹ
ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɫ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɝɨɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɬɢɜɨɜ ɩɨ
ɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɟɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨɝɨɥɢɰɟɦɟɪɢɹɍɱɚɫɬ
ɧɢɤɢɨɫɨɡɧɚɸɬɱɬɨɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɟɟɩɟɪɟɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɜɨɢɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɟɚɧɟɜɵɞɜɢɝɚɬɶɧɚɩɟɪɜɵɣɩɥɚɧɱɚɫɬɧɵɟɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵȾɚɠɟɭɱɚɫɬ
ɧɢɤɢɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɧɚɦɟɪɟɜɚɥɢɫɶɧɚɜɹɡɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸɩɨɡɢɰɢɸɫɨɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦ
ɜɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɫɚɦɨɦɞɟɥɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹɧɚ
ɞɭɯ
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ
ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɭɸɳɚɹɫɢɥɚɥɢɰɟɦɟɪɢɹ
Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦɱɬɨɚɛɫɨ
ɥɸɬɧɨɟɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɨɩɪɨɜɨɡɝɥɚɲɟɧɧɵɯɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɦɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢɣɟɝɨɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɵɦ, ɩɨ
ɦɧɟɧɢɸɫɨɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɦɨɠɟɬɢɦɢɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶɫɹɤɚɤɩɨɩɵɬɤɚɨɛɦɚɧɚ
 53


ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ

2. ɉɨɢɫɤɤɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɫɚ
ɍɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹɩɪɢɧɹɬɶɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɧɚɨɫɧɨɜɟɨɛɳɟɝɨɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɹɧɨɧɟ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟɞɢɧɨɞɭɲɢɹɛɟɡɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɚɧɢɹɩɨɩɪɚɜɢɥɭɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹɬɨɥɶɤɨɜɬɨɦɫɥɭɱɚɟɟɫɥɢɷɬɢɩɨɩɵɬɤɢɧɟɭɜɟɧɱɚɸɬɫɹɭɫɩɟ
ɯɨɦ
3. ȼɡɚɢɦɧɨɟɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɟ
ɍɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɢɬɟɪɩɢɦɨɫɬɶɤɞɪɭɝɢɦɦɧɟɧɢɹɦ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɸɬɢɯɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɞɜɢɝɚɬɶɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɟɞɨɜɨɞɵɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɜɢ
ɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɭɞɧɹɢɜɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɨɝɲɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɟɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɜ
ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ
4. Ɋɚɜɧɨɟɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ
ɍɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɨɬɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɜɥɚɫɬɢɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɚɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣɢɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɯɧɚɜɵɤɨɜɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦɢɜɨɡɦɨɠ
ɧɨɫɬɹɦɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶɞɨɜɨɞɵɨɬɜɟɱɚɬɶɧɚɤɨɧɬɪɞɨɜɨɞɵ ɢɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɦɨɝɨɫɩɨɪɧɨɝɨɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ
5. Ɋɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɍɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬɢɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ
6. ɂɧɤɥɸɡɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ɍɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɤɚɤɦɨɠɧɨɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɬɪɚ
ɝɢɜɚɟɦɵɯɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦɫɩɨɪɧɵɦɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹɢɨɬɛɢ
ɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɭɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɞɥɹ
ɩɥɨɞɨɬɜɨɪɧɨɝɨɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ
7. ɉɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ
ɂɧɢɰɢɚɬɨɪɵɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɰɢɢɡɚɪɚɧɟɟɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɬɜɫɟɦɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨ
ɜɚɧɧɵɦɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɟɟɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɭɢɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵɚɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬɞɨɫɬɭɩ
ɧɭɸɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɭɞɥɹ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɝɨɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɚɩɨɩɨɜɨɞɭɫɩɨɪɧɨɝɨɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɞɨɧɚɱɚɥɚ
ɢɜɨɜɪɟɦɹɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɰɢɢɬɟɦɫɚɦɵɦɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɹ 'ɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɦɟɞɢɚɤɨɧɬɟɧɬ

ɤɚɤɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɭɸɳɢɯɦɧɟɧɢɣɢɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɢɣ
8. Ɉɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɶɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ
ɍɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɧɨɟɫɥɢɨɧɨɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɩɨɩɪɚɜɢɥɭɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚɬɨɦɟɧɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨɜɩɪɚɜɟ
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶɧɚɟɝɨɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɢɥɢɞɚɠɟɧɚɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɨɬɛɨɪɚɭɱɚɫɬ
ɧɢɤɨɜɢ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹɟɫɥɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɜɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɪɚɭɧɞɟɛɨɥɟɟɜɟ
ɫɨɦɵɟɞɨɜɨɞɵɤɨɧɬɪɞɨɜɨɞɵ
 54

9. ȼɧɟɲɧɟɟɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹɩɪɹɦɨɢɥɢɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹɧɚɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɦ
ɢɥɢɨɬɫɪɨɱɟɧɧɨɦɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢɪɟɲɟɧɢɣɞɚɠɟɬɟɦɢɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɧɟɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɟɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢɄɚɤɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɪɟɱɶɢɞɟɬɨɛɭɱɟɬɟɜɵɪɚɛɨ
ɬɚɧɧɵɯɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɣɩɪɢɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟɢɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢɜɥɚɫɬɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟ
ɫɤɢɯɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ
ɉɨɥɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ
ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɬɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ.
x ɋɬɪɟɦɹɫɶɤɤɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɫɭɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɰɢɢɩɨɞɞɚɸɬɫɹɜɧɭɬɪɢɝ
ɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɦɭɤɨɧɮɨɪɦɢɡɦɭɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɬɩɨɢɫɤɢɧɨɜɵɯɞɨɜɨɞɨɜɤɨɧɬɪɞɨɜɨɞɨɜɢ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɥɢɛɨɤɪɚɣɧɟɪɢɫɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɟɥɢɛɨɬɪɢɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɷɮɮɟɤɬ
ɝɪɭɩ
ɩɨɜɨɣɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ

x Ɋɹɞɨɜɵɟɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟɧɟɢɦɟɸɬɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣɡɧɚɧɢɣɧɚɜɵ
ɤɨɜ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɤ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹɦ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ
ɍɩɨɪɧɨɟɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜɤɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭɤɨɧɫɟɧ
ɫɭɫɭɩɨɞɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɟɬɧɟɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɟɢɛɟɞɧɨɟɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨɤɛɟɡɪɚɫ
ɫɭɞɧɵɦɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɚɦɡɚɪɚɦɤɚɦɢɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɰɢɢɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ
ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚ
ɬɢɹɢɧɫɭɪɝɟɧɬɨɜ
 Ȼɨɥɟɟɬɨɝɨɨɰɟɧɤɚɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢɞɨɜɨɞɚɤɨɧɬɪɞɨɜɨɞɚɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬɨɬɱɚɫɬɨɬɵɟɝɨɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɣɱɟɦɨɬɟɝɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɩɨɷɬɨɦɭɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟɚɤ
ɬɢɜɧɵɟɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɢɫɤɭɲɟɧɧɵɟɜɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɫɬɨɪɢɬɟɥɥɢɧɝɟɞɨ
ɛɢɜɚɸɬɫɹɛɨɥɟɟɜɵɝɨɞɧɵɯɞɥɹɫɟɛɹɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ.
x ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɱɢɫɥɚɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜɢɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚɫɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɜɨ
ɩɪɨɫɨɜɱɚɫɬɨɫɜɨɞɢɬɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɰɢɸɤɩɭɫɬɨɣɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɶɧɟɜɬɨɜɪɟɦɹɤɚɤɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɨɫɬɚɥɢɫɶɜɧɟɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɰɢɢɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɤɚɤɧɟɞɨɫɬɚ
ɬɨɱɧɨ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɵɟ 
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ
 Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɤɥɸ
ɡɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɰɢɢɢɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɨɫɥɚɛɥɹɟɬɟɟ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɚɹɞɢɥɟɦɦɚ

x ɉɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɰɢɢɜɵɧɭɠɞɚɟɬɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɫɜɨɢɦɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɢɞɚɠɟɭɬɚɢɜɚɬɶɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸɤɨɬɨɪɚɹɦɨɝɥɚ
ɛɵɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɣɞɥɹɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɫɚ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ
ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣɜɫɺɱɚɳɟɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹɧɚɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟɚɪɟɧɵ ɢɧɟɩɪɨ
ɡɪɚɱɧɵɟɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢɝɞɟɚɤɬɨɪɵɫɤɨɪɟɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɬɫɞɟɥɤɢɱɟɦɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹɪɚ
ɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ.
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɲɟɫɬɶɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɰɢɢɜɥɚɫɬɶɸ.
1. Ⱦɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵɫɭɱɟɬɨɦɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɢɫɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦɫɜɨɢɯɩɪɟɞ
 55

ɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣɱɬɨɛɵɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹɨɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɹɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣɩɨɥɢ
ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
2. Ⱦɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ
ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɢ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɧɚɪɨɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ.
3. Ⱦɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɢɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɬ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɥɭ
ɲɚɧɢɹɱɬɨɛɵɞɚɬɶɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢɦɧɟɧɢɹɢɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟ
ɧɢɹɱɚɳɟɜɫɟɝɨɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟɤɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɸ.
4. Ⱦɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɰɢɹɤɚɤɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɨɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɫɨɜɟɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟɨɪɝɚɧɵ
ɨɛɹɡɵɜɚɸɬɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɯɥɢɰɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɬɶɫɜɨɢɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɢɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɵ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ
5. Ⱦɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɰɢɹɤɚɤɞɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɥɚɫɬɶɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ'ɨɤɪɭɠɧɵɟɚɫ
ɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ' ɫɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹɦɢɩɨɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɸɡɟɦɥɟɣ ɢɢɦɭɳɟ
ɫɬɜɨɦ
6. Ⱦɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɰɢɹɤɚɤɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɣɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɜɥɚɫɬɶɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬɮɨɪɦɢ
ɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ
ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɣ
ɧɚɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹɦɢɞɥɹɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹɪɟɲɟ
ɧɢɣɩɨɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦɭɫɩɢɫɤɭɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
ɂɬɚɤɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹɤɚɤɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚɰɢɢɜɥɚ
ɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ
ɦɨɠɟɬɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹɜɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟɞɥɹɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢɞɨɥɠɧɚɫɬɚɬɶɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɦɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚɜɥɚ
ɫɬɢɤɚɤɨɞɢɧɢɡɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜɟɟɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚɰɢɢ.
 56

ȽɅȺȼȺ 11
ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
©ɇɟɥɟɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɟɣ
©ɒɟɥɥ Ɉɣɥª ɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɟɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟɦɨɠɟɬɛɵɬɶɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵɦɩɪɨɫɬɨɩɨɬɨɦɭɱɬɨɷɬɨɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ȿɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɟɥɟɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ
ɱɬɨɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦɟɠɞɭɷɬɨɣɪɚɛɨɱɟɣɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɣɢ©ɒɟɥɥɈɣɥªɦɨɠɟɬɛɵɬɶ
ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵɦɟɫɥɢɪɚɛɨɱɢɟɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɭɸɩɨɡɢɰɢɸɢɠɟɥɚɸɬɤɨɦɩɪɨ
ɦɢɫɫɚª [Leitch, Neilson 1997: 19]
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹɧɚɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯɨɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɢɢɧ
ɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜɤɫɜɹɡɹɦɫɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸɢɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ
ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ)ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɜɧɚɭɱɧɨɦɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɢɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟɞɨ
ɫɢɯɩɨɪɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ 'ɦɨɞɟɥɶɜɵɫɲɟɝɨɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ' ȾɠɟɣɦɫɚȽɪɸɧɢɝɚ
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɷɬɨɣɦɨɞɟɥɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɤɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɫɜɹɡɟɣɫɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɬɶɸɢ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ
ɤɚɤɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɵɞɨɥɠɧɵɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹɧɚɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟɜɡɚɢɦɨ
ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹɩɨɷɬɨɦɭɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɜɨɢɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɹɟɫɥɢɬɚɤɨɜɵɟɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɭɐɟɥɶɩɢɚɪɚ± ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɣɞɢɚɥɨɝ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɢ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤ
ɞɥɹ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹɢɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹɜɡɚɢɦɨɜɵɝɨɞɧɵɯɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹɢɭɜɚ
ɠɟɧɢɹɧɚɨɫɧɨɜɟɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ'ɜɫɟɜɵɢɝɪɵɜɚɸɬ'Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹɤɫɨɛɥɸɞɟ
ɧɢɸɛɚɥɚɧɫɚɫɜɨɢɯɱɚɫɬɧɵɯɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɫɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤ
ɢɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɟɬɭɫɢɥɢɹ
ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɢɱɧɨ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɱɬɨ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɵ ɤɚɤ
ɱɥɟɧɵ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤ
ɜɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɢɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɟɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹɞɨɫɬɢɱɶɤɨɧɫɟɧ
ɫɭɫɚɉɢɚɪ-ɞɢɚɥɨɝɜɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɩɢɚɪɳɢɤɢɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɮɭɧɤɰɢɢɦɟɞɢɚɬɨɪɨɜɨɪɝɚ
ɧɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟɫɧɨɪɦɚɦɢɷɬɢɤɢɩɨɷɬɨɦɭɟɝɨɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɷɬɢ
ɱɟɫɤɢɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɦɢɯɨɬɹɧɢɤɨɝɞɚɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɨɪɝɚ
ɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɢ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤ
 ɉɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɱɬɨɪɟɱɶɧɢɜɤɨɟɦɫɥɭɱɚɟɧɟɢɞɟɬɨɛɭɛɟɠ
ɞɟɧɢɢɤɨɬɨɪɨɟɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɧɟɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɨɜɩɢɚɪɟɤɚɤɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦɞɢɚɥɨɝɟ ȼ
ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤ
ɬɢɜɟɫɨɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɢ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ
± ɷɬɨɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɵɟɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢɨɬɧɨ
ɲɟɧɢɣɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɞɥɹɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɟɟɰɟɥɟɣ
ɉɭɛɥɢɤɢ
ɧɟɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ
ɜɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵɧɨɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚɦɢɩɪɢɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ.
'Ⱦɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɢɚɪɚ
ɤɚɤɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɣɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨɣɦɨ
ɞɟɥɢ' ɡɢɠɞɟɬɫɹɧɚɩɹɬɢɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ:
1. 'ɞɭɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ': ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ
 ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɰɢɢɢɥɢɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɵ
2. 'ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɶɢɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ': ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɦ
ɨɡɚ
ɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɚ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ
 ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɢ ɠɟɥɚɸɬ
 57

ɱɟɬɤɨɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɢɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɜɨɢɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɤɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
3. 'ɷɦɩɚɬɢɹ': ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɢ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ
ɞɨɜɟɪɹɸɬɞɪɭɝɞɪɭɝɭɜɵɫɥɭɲɢɜɚɸɬ
ɞɪɭɝɞɪɭɝɚɛɟɡɩɪɟɞɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɫɩɨɪɨɜɢɩɨɫɩɟɲɧɵɯɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɠɟɧɢɣ
4. 'ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟɪɢɫɤɚ': ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɢ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ
ɨɫɨɡɧɚɸɬɱɬɨɭɹɡɜɢɦɵɤɦɚ
ɧɢɩɭɥɹɰɢɢɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɢɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɞɪɭɝɞɪɭɝɚ
5. 'ɩɪɢɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ': ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɢ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ
ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɱɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɶɢɩɪɹ
ɦɨɬɭɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣɞɥɹɧɢɯɜɵɲɟɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɜɵɝɨɞɵɨɧɢɫɬɪɟ
ɦɹɬɫɹɩɨɧɹɬɶɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɢɩɨɡɢɰɢɢɞɪɭɝɞɪɭɝɚ
ȼɝɨɞɭȾɠɟɣɦɫȽɪɸɧɢɝ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɢɥɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɦɨɞɟɥɢɩɨɞ
ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ'ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ'ɭɠɟɫɬɨɱɚɸɳɟɣɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɤɩɢɚɪɳɢɤɚɦɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɞɨɥɠɧɵɧɟɬɨɥɶɤɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɜɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢɨɪɝɚ
ɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣɧɨɢɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɱɥɟɧɨɜ
ɩɭɛ
ɥɢɤ
ɫɩɪɚɜɨɦɝɨɥɨɫɚ.
ȼɟɪɹɜɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤ
ȾɠɟɣɦɫȽɪɸɧɢɝɢɟɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɢɜɨɡɥɚ
ɝɚɸɬɧɚɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɤɚɤɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɩɢɚɪɚ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
1.
ɞɨɫɬɭɩ
 ɱɥɟɧɵ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ
 ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɩɢɚɪɳɢɤɚɦ ɚ ɜɵɫɲɢɟ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɰɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɱɥɟɧɚɦ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ
 ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ

ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɶ
 ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɱɥɟɧɵ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤ
 ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɨɜɟɧɧɵ
ɞɪɭɝɫɞɪɭɝɨɦɯɨɬɹɬɞɟɥɢɬɶɫɹɫɜɨɢɦɢɦɵɫɥɹɦɢɡɚɛɨɬɚɦɢɢɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢɚɬɚɤɠɟ
ɫɜɨɟɣɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸɢɥɢɧɟɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸɞɪɭɝɞɪɭɝɨɦ

ɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɹɜɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɤɚɠɞɚɹɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵɞɪɭɝɨɣ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢɢɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɜɨɸɩɪɢɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɜɵɝɨɞɧɵɟɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ
4. 'ɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɫɟɬɹɯ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɟɬɢɢɥɢɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɢɫɬɟɦɢɠɟɫɨɰɢ
ɚɥɶɧɵɦɢɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢɱɬɨɢɟɟ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ


ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɡɚɞɚɱ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɢ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɦɟɠɞɭɫɨ
ɛɨɣ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨ
ɛɥɟɦ

ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɟɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɢ
ɩɭɛ
ɥɢɤɢ
ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬɢɫɤɨɦɭɸɜɵɝɨɞɭɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹɩɨɢɫɤɭɨɛɳɢɯɢɥɢɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɨɩɨɥ
ɧɹɸɳɢɯɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɸɤɪɟɲɟɧɢɸɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɜɞɢɚɥɨɝɟ ɢɤɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɦɭ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɸɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ
Ɋɟɱɶɢɞɟɬɨɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ'ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ' ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɩɟɪɟɞ
ɩɭɛ
ɥɢɤɚɦɢ
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹɢɦɟɟɬɬɪɢɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɧɵɟɞɟɣ
ɫɬɜɢɹɚɧɟɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɫɹɷɝɨɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢɦɨɬɢɜɚɦɢɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɶɱɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɶɢ
 58

ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɟɤ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɦ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɩɪɢɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢɜɵɝɨɞɢɛɪɟ
ɦɟɧɢ'ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ' ɜɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢɍɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɟɜɷɬɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɟɤɨɨɪ
ɞɢɧɚɬɷɬɢɱɧɨɬɨɥɶɤɨɟɫɥɢɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɫɬɪɨɝɢɣ'ɬɟɫɬ7$5(6': 'ɩɪɚɜɞɢɜɨɫɬɶɫɨɨɛɳɟ
ɧɢɣ', 'ɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɭɛɟɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ', 'ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɟɤɭɛɟɠɞɚɟɦɨɦɭɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɭ',
'ɛɟɫɩɪɢɫɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɶɭɛɟɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨɩɪɢɡɵɜɚ', 'ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɭɛɟɠ
ɞɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ'.
ɑɥɟɧɵ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ 'ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɚɪɚ' ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬ 'ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɦɚ
ɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ' ɤɚɤ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɭ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɜ ɢɧ
ɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɢɞɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦɢ ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɘɪɝɟɧɭɏɚɛɟɪɦɚɫɭ.
ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ 'ɦɨɞɟɥɢɜɵɫɲɟɝɨɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ' ɥɟɠɚɬɤɚɤɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɫɟɦɶɧɟɹɜɧɵɯ
ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɣ
1. Ɋɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɷɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ
 ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɢɷɬɢɱɧɨɜɨɡɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɹɫɶɨɬɪɢɬɨɪɢɤɢȿɫɥɢɨɪ
ɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɶ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭ
ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɹɧɟɦɟɧɹɹɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧ
ɧɵɯɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɣɬɨɫɥɟɞɭɹɥɨɝɢɤɟȾɠɟɣɦɫɚȽɪɸɧɢɝɚ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɥɚɧɟ
ɜɵɝɨɞɧɭɸɫɞɟɥɤɭɚɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɥɢɛɨɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɥɚɨɛɦɚɧɢɥɢɯɢɬɪɨɫɬɶɥɢɛɨɩɪɢ
ɧɭɞɢɥɚ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭ
ɤɫɞɟɥɤɟɫɩɨɦɨɳɶɸɭɝɪɨɡȿɫɥɢɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɟɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶɤɚɤɫɩɨ
ɫɨɛɩɨɞɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ
ɤɧɟɜɵɝɨɞɧɨɣɫɞɟɥɤɟɬɨɨɧɨɢɜɫɚɦɨɦɞɟɥɟɪɚɜɧɨ
ɫɢɥɶɧɨɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɰɢɢɢɜɥɟɱɟɬɡɚɫɨɛɨɣɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜɇɨɤɚɤ
ɛɵɬɶ ɫ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɛɟɠɞɚɸɬ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭ

ɧɚɩɪ.ɜɨɜɪɟɞɟɤɭɪɟɧɢɹɢɥɢɩɨɥɶɡɟɝɢɦɧɚɫɬɢɤɢ"Ⱦɨɛɚɜɢɦɱɬɨɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ'ɦɹɝɤɨɣ
ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ' ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɩɨɫɬɭɥɚɬɨɩɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɨɣɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɫɨɰɢɚɥɶ
ɧɵɯɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
2. Ɋɟɫɭɪɫɧɨɟ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ
 ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɣ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɤɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɧɨ ɧɚɫɚɦɨɦɞɟɥɟɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹɞɪɭɝɨɬ
ɞɪɭɝɚ ɩɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɭ ɞɨɯɨɞɭ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ɧɚɜɵɤɚɦ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹɢɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ.
3. ɉɪɢɦɚɬɤɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɫɚɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɢ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ
ɜɫɟɝɞɚɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ
ɧɚɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟȿɫɥɢɤɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɫ ɢɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɹ ± ɷɬɨɜɵɫɲɚɹɰɟɥɶ
ɩɢɚɪɚɬɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɢ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɤɪɵɜɚɬɶɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸɤɨɬɨɪɚɹɟɦɭɩɪɟ
ɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶɬɨɥɶɤɨɬɭɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɟɦɭɫɩɨ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬɂɧɚɱɟɝɨɜɨɪɹɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɢ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ
ɜɫɟ-ɬɚɤɢɩɪɢɛɟɝɧɭɬɤɦɚɧɢɩɭ
ɥɹɰɢɹɦɩɭɫɬɶɞɚɠɟɢɡɛɥɚɝɢɯɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɹȼɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟɩɨɪɨɠ
ɞɚɟɬɫɹɩɨɪɨɱɧɵɣɤɪɭɝɫɢɬɭɚɬɢɜɧɵɯɥɨɠɧɵɯɤɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɫɨɜɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɸɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɣ Ⱥɤɬɨɪɚɦɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹɨɬɫɬɪɟɦɥɟ
ɧɢɹ ɤ ɤɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɫɭ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶɫɹ 'ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ' ɤɚɤ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ
 59

ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟɦɢɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɢɟɦɨɬɥɢɱɧɨɣɨɬɦɧɟɧɢɹ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ
ɩɨɫɩɨɪɧɨɦɭɜɨɩɪɨɫɭɉɪɚɜɞɚɬɚɤɚɹɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɬɨɠɟɧɟɛɟɡɢɡɴɹɧɨɜɦɚɧɟɜɪɢɪɨ
ɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɟɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɦɢɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢɹɦɢ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤ
ɢɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢɰɟɥɹɦɢ ɜɵ
ɧɭɠɞɚɟɬ ɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɨɬɤɚɡɚ ɨɬ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɟ ɞɟɣ
ɫɬɜɢɣɡɚɫɱɟɬɹɜɧɨɧɟɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɦɵɯɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɯɨɛɟɳɚɧɢɣ.
4. Ⱦɢɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɢ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤ
± ɷɬɨɨɬɤɪɵ
ɬɵɣ ɞɢɚɥɨɝ ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɱɚɳɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɚ ɧɟ 'ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ' ɜɞɭɯɟ'ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɣɪɟɱɟɜɨɣɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ'. Ȼɨɥɟɟɬɨɝɨɞɢɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɤɨɦ
ɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɹɤɚɤɨɛɦɟɧɢɞɟɹɦɢɜɨɜɫɟɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟɫɨ
ɝɥɚɫɢɟɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜɞɪɭɝɫɞɪɭɝɨɦɢɞɚɠɟɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚ
ɝɚɟɬɭɱɟɬɨɬɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢɈɫɨɡɧɚɜɛɟɡɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɫɬɶɢɥɢɞɚɠɟɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɩɨɩɵ
ɬɨɤ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɫ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤ

ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦɢɫ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɦɢ
-ɟɞɢɧɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɫɛɨɥɶɲɨɣɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɸɛɭɞɭɬɨɬɜɟɱɚɬɶɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɫɬɶɸɢɩɨɞɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɤɟɟɩɨɡɢɰɢɢɗɬɨɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɨɟɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ'ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɵɯɩɭɛɥɢɤ' ɜɢɬɨɝɟɩɪɟɜɪɚ
ɬɢɬ 'ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɣ ɩɢɚɪ' ɜ ɧɟɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɭɸ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɟɜɪɟɲɟɧɢɢɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɨɪ
ɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɨɫɬɚɧɭɬɫɹɛɟɡɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹɢɭɠɬɟɦɛɨɥɟɟɛɟɡɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
ɜɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟɢɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ Ȼɨɥɟɟɬɨɝɨ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɢɜ'ɞɢɚɥɨ
ɝɨɜɨɝɨɩɢɚɪɚ' ɫɚɤɰɟɧɬɨɦɧɚɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɢɤɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɫɟɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬɧɟɬɨɥɶɤɨ 'ɰɟɧ
ɧɨɫɬɧɨɟɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ' ɩɪɢɨɬɛɨɪɟ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤ
ɧɨɢ'ɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢ
ɜɨɫɬɶ'ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬɜɞɢɚɥɨɝɬɨɥɶɤɨɫɬɟɦɢɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɟɟɪɭɤɨ
ɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦɢ, ɢɥɢɨɡɜɭɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɚɦɵɟɝɪɨɦɤɢɟɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢɢ, ɢɝɧɨ
ɪɢɪɭɹ ɫɥɚɛɵɟɢɫɚɦɵɟɭɹɡɜɢɦɵɟɝɪɭɩɩɵ.
5. ɇɟɫɫɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɚɹɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɫɬɶɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɞɨɥɠɧɚɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶɢɧ
ɬɟɪɟɫɵ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɜɫɜɨɸɨɱɟɪɟɞɶɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɧɵɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶɟɟɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟ
ɫɤɢɟɰɟɥɢɄɚɤɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵɜɫɟɯɫɨɰɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɯɩɨɥɟɣɢɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜɜɬɨɣ
ɢɥɢɢɧɨɣɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹɧɚɥɨɝɢɤɢɫɜɨɢɯɤɨɧɬɪɚɝɟɧɬɨɜɢɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ

ɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ
ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹɤɥɨɝɢɤɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
6. ȼɧɟɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɧɨɫɬɶɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɫ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɦɢ
ɧɟɡɚ
ɜɢɫɹɬɨɬɟɟɩɨɥɟɜɨɣɢɥɢɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢɇɚɩɨɦɧɢɦɱɬɨɤɚɠɞɨɟ
ɫɨɰɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɟɩɨɥɟɢ ɤɚɠɞɵɣɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɨɝɢɤɢɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɧɨɪɦɵɢɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɟɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣɢɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ.
7. Ⱦɭɯɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢɰɟɥɶɩɢɚɪɚ ± ɷɬɨɦɚɤɫɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɜɵ
ɝɨɞɵɈɞɧɚɤɨɩɢɚɪ± ɷɬɨɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ
ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɰɟɥɟɣɱɬɨɜɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ
 60

ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɥɚɝɨ.
'Ɇɨɞɟɥɶɜɵɫɲɟɝɨɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ' ɧɟɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬɧɢɰɟɥɹɦɩɢɚɪɚɤɚɤɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚ
ɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚɧɢɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤ
ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɫɢɥɢɩɪɢ
ɦɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɦ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɷɝɨɢɫɬɢɱɧɵɦ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦ: ɩɢɚɪ-ɞɢɚɥɨɝ ɢɡɚɳɢɬɚɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɦɨɝɭɬ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɞɪɭɝɭ.
'Ⱦɜɭɯɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɹɹ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ' ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ
ɬɟɦɢ ɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɞɨɫɬɭɩɨɦɤ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢɢɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɇɚɩɪ.ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɫɮɟɪɟɩɪɟɜɚɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɭɛɟɠɞɚɸɳɢɟɢ
ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɵɟɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɧɢɤɚɤɧɟɥɶɡɹɧɚɡɜɚɬɶɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵɦɢɧɨɤɨɬɨ
ɪɵɟɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɜɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɦɢɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɫɦɵɫɥɟɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɧɚɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ
ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɩɥɵɜɱɚɬɵɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦɢ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɬɟɦɫɚɦɵɦɨɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɢɜɚɹɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ.
ɇɚɩɨɦɧɢɦɱɬɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢɜɩɨɩɵɬɤɚɯɭɫɢɥɢɬɶɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɛɨɥɶɲɟ
ɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹɧɚɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɢɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɸ'ɛɪɨɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ
ɚɧɟɧɚɪɚɰɢɨ
ɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɞɢɚɮɨɪɦɚɬ.
ɂɧɚɱɟɝɨɜɨɪɹɧɚɩɟɪɜɵɣɩɥɚɧɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ'ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ' ɢ
ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɧɨɫɬɢ
. Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦɱɬɨ 'ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɚɹɪɢɬɨɪɢɤɚ' ɜɨɨɛɳɟɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɬɢɡɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ'ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ± ɤɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɫ± ɷɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ'.
ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɩɢɚɪɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹɢɡ'ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ' ɜ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟ
ɧɢɟɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɜɫɺɱɚɳɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɨɢɛɟɡɩɪɹ
ɦɵɯɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜɚɤɬɨɪɚɫɨɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɚɦɢɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯɨɬɚɤɬɨɪɚɜɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ
ɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
ɉɢɚɪɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɤɚɤɧɚɛɨɪɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɵɯɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ
ɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨ-ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɧɵɟ
ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɚ ɞɥɹɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ. ɉɢɚɪɨɛɟɫɩɟ
ɱɢɜɚɟɬɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚɰɢɸɚɤɬɨɪɚɡɚɫɱɟɬɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɜɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɯɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɚ ɰɟ
ɥɟɜɵɯɝɪɭɩɩ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ
ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹɨɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɹ
ɚɧɟ'ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨɟɞɢɧɨɞɭɲɢɹ'.
Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ'ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ' ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɜɡɚ
ɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɟɲɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɜ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɭɛɟɠɞɚɸɳɢɯɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯɢɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɵɯɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚ
ɰɢɢɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜ ɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɚɦɢɜɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯɚɤɬɨɪɚ
1.
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ' ± ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟ
ɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɨɜɨɩɥɚɧɚɯɢɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɯɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɹɹɢɪɚ
ɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɹ
2.
ɭɛɟɠɞɚɸɳɚɹɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ' ± ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɩɥɚɧɨɜɢɪɟɲɟɧɢɣɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɞɥɹɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹɧɚɞɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɚɦɢɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɹɹɢɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ
 61

ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɹ
3.
ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɚɹɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ' ± ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɢɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɜɡɚɢɦɨɜɵɝɨɞɧɵɯ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɫɨɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɚɦɢɞɥɹɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɹɩɨɡɧɚɱɢ
ɦɵɦɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦɱɬɨɛɵɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɢɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜɞɜɭ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɹɹɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɹ
4.
ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɚɹɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ' ± ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɞɢɚɥɨɝɭɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɢɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥ
ɞɟɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɹɹ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɰɢɨ
ɧɚɥɶɧɚɹɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɹ
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨɷɬɚɦɨɞɟɥɶɜɫɟ-ɬɚɤɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚ
ɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɢ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤ
 ɢ ɧɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɧɚɩɪ.ɜɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɩɢɚɪɟ(ɩɟɪɮɨɪɦɚɧɫɵɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɵɟɬɪɸɤɢɢɥɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɉɨɜɫɟɣɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢɨɛɪɚɡɰɵɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ'ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɝɨɩɢɚɪɚ' ɛɟɫɫɦɵɫ
ɥɟɧɧɨɢɫɤɚɬɶɜɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɰɢɢɢɥɢɲɨɭ-ɛɢɡɧɟɫɟɧɨɫɬɨɢɬɩɪɢɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶɫɹ
ɤ'ɛɥɚɝɨɬɜɨɪɧɨɦɭɩɢɚɪɭ' ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɫɤɢɯɢɥɢɛɥɚɝɨɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣɤɨ
ɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɢɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɸɩɨɡɢɰɢɢɚɤɬɨɪɚɜɨɬɜɟɬɧɚ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ.
Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɦɫɹɤɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɟɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚ.
ȾɠɟɣɦɫȽɪɸɧɢɝɫɱɢɬɚɥɱɬɨɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɣɞɢɚɥɨɝɫɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦɢ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ
ɦɢ
ɢɡɛɚɜɢɬɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸɨɬɪɢɫɤɨɜɜɧɟɡɚɩɧɨɝɨɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹɜɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɭɝɪɨɠɚ
ɸɳɢɯɟɟɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɫɩɨɪɧɵɯɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɭɡɧɚɟɬɨɩɨɬɟɧɰɢ
ɚɥɶɧɵɯɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɯɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ: ɱɟɦɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɟɟɩɢɚɪɬɟɦɦɟɧɶɲɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶɨɪ
ɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɨɬɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜɇɚɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟɜɫɺɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹɫɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ
ɢɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶɦɟɞɢɚɪɢɥɟɣɲɧɡ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɪɚɫɬɢ.
ȼ'ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ' ɩɢɚɪɢɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɚɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤɨɬ
ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɜɧɟɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣɜɥɢɹɸɬɞɪɭɝɧɚɞɪɭɝɚɢɩɨɞ
ɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹɞɪɭɝɤɞɪɭɝɭ ɧɚɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɢɦɟɠɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɨɦɭɪɨɜɧɹɯɋ ɨɞ
ɧɨɣɫɬɨɪɨɧɵɩɢɚɪ-ɫɥɭɠɛɚɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɩɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɟɬɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɭɸɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɭɞɧɹ
ɱɬɨɛɵɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶɧɚɦɟɞɢɣɧɭɸɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɭɞɧɹɚɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɵɜɥɢɹɸɬɧɚɤɨɪɩɨɪɚ
ɬɢɜɧɭɸɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɭɞɧɹɷɬɨɩɪɢɦɟɪ'ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɣɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ'ɉɢɚɪ-ɫɥɭɠɛɚɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚ
ɰɢɢɩɨɞɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɤɦɟɞɢɚɥɨɝɢɤɟɱɬɨɛɵɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɬɶɩɢɚɪ-ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟɜɦɟɞɢɚ-
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸɚɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɵɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɜɨɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɭɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɱɬɨɛɵ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶɨɬɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɩɢɚɪ-ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɸɩɨ'ɝɨ
ɪɹɱɟɣɬɟɦɟ' ɷɬɨɩɪɢɦɟɪ'ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ').
ɋɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɩɢɚɪɳɢɤɨɜɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɤɨ
ɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɢɯɞɥɹɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɢɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɯɢɫɬɨ
ɪɢɣɩɨɞɜɢɞɨɦɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɯɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɢɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɣ. ȼɬɨɠɟɜɪɟɦɹ
 62

ɩɢɚɪɳɢɤɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ

ɪɨɥɶɜɭɜɟɤɨɜɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɢɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣɧɨɪɦɢɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɩɨɦɨɝɚɹɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹɢɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢɚɝɟɧɬɚɦɢ.
ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɭɫɜɨɢɥɢ ɱɬɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚ ± ɷɬɨ
ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɚɹɱɚɫɬɶɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɪɟɲɟɧɢɣɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹɩɨɥɢɬɢ
ɱɟɫɤɢɯɤɭɪɫɨɜɢɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɣɞɥɹɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɨɛ
ɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢɧ
ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɫ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢɢɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢɤɨɬɨɪɵɣɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɛɵ ɩɟɪɜɨɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɟɜɨɫɩɪɢ
ɹɬɢɟ ɢ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɜ ɧɭɠɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɐɟɥɶ ± ɞɨ
ɛɢɬɶɫɹɬɨɝɨɱɬɨɛɵɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɢɛɥɨɝɟɪɵɫɨɨɛɳɢɥɢɨɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɟɞɧɹɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɚɤɬɨɪɚɧɚɩɪɨɪɝɚɧɚɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɣɬɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɢɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɦɤɨɧ
ɬɟɤɫɬɟɤɪɢɬɢɤɭɹɨɩɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜɢɜɧɭɬɪɢɩɚɪɬɢɣɧɵɯɞɢɫɫɢɞɟɧɬɨɜ
ɂɬɚɤ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɢɚɪɚ
, ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ
ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢɥɢɲɶɜɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦɨɝɭɬɛɵɬɶɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵɞɥɹɤɨɦɦɭ
ɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɹɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɤɭɪɫɨɜ
 63

ȽɅȺȼȺ 12
ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɩɢɚɪ
©Ⱦɢɫɤɭɪɫɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɨɛɨɣɦɨɳɧɵɣɜɥɚɫɬɧɵɣɪɟɫɭɪɫɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵɢɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɵɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɜɨɸɫɚɦɨɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ
ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚɰɢɸɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɢɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɬɟɯɢɥɢɢɧɵɯ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɜɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦɩɨɥɢɬɢ
ɱɟɫɤɨɦɢɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟª>ɊɭɫɚɤɨɜɚɊɭɫɚɤɨɜ@.
Ⱦɥɹɨɰɟɧɤɢɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹɢɫ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɞɟɫɹɬɶɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ
1.
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɬɟɤɭɳɟɣɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢɢɟɟɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ
ɨɬɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɢɥɢɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɣɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ
2.
ɤɚɭɡɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
 ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɩɪɢɱɢɧɢɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɟɟɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɧɢɟɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɡɚ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ;
3.
ɰɟɥɟɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ
 ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɢɥɢɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɣɫɢ
ɬɭɚɰɢɢ
4. 'ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ'ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣɞɥɹɞɨɫɬɢɠɟ
ɧɢɹɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯɰɟɥɟɣɜɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹɯ'ɰɟɥɢ-ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ';
5.
ɞɟɥɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
 ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ
6.
ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ
 ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɝɪɭɩɩɡɚ
ɬɪɨɧɭɬɵɯɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɯɝɪɭɩɩɚɬɚɤɠɟɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟɬɨɝɨɤɚɤɢɦɨɛɪɚ
ɡɨɦɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɟɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬɢɯɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦ
7.
ɛɸɞɠɟɬɨɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
 ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜɢɨɛɴɟɦɚɮɢɧɚɧɫɢ
ɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɯɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ;
8.
ɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ
 ɫɫɵɥɤɢɧɚɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɟɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢɢɥɢɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɵɞɥɹ
ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢɬɟɤɭɳɟɣɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚ
ɟɦɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣɢɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɯɝɪɭɩɩɧɚɭɱɧɵɟɢɫɫɥɟɞɨ
ɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɵ
ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɧɨɪɦɵɢɬɩ
9.
ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɫɬɶɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɩɪɨɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟ
ɫɤɨɝɨɢɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɣɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ
10.
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟɬɨɝɨɤɚɤɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɚɹɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɟ
ɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢɢɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨ-ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɫɜɹɡɟɣɭɫɬɚɧɨɜ
ɥɟɧɧɨɣɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵɢɤɚɤɨɧɚɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬɪɟɲɟɧɢɸɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ
 64

ɂɬɨɝɨɜɵɣɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ± 'ɩɨɥɧɨɬɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ

± ɪɚɧɠɢɪɭɟɬɩɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɭɫɭ
ɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯɨɞɧɨɣɢɬɨɣɠɟ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɇɚɩɨɦɧɢɦ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢ
ɜɢɡɦɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜɚɠɧɟɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɚ ɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝ ɰɟɥɟɣ ±
ɜɚɠɧɟɟɜɵɛɨɪɚɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜɢɯɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɩɢɚɪɢɥɢ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ
± ɷɬɨɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɚɹɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɚɹɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦɤɨɬɨɪɨɣɩɨɥɢɬɢ
ɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɤɬɨɪ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨ (
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɫɬɢ

ɪɚɡɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ ɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɚɦ ɫɜɨɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨ
ɝɪɚɦɦɵɜɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɦɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟɱɬɨɛɵɜɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦɢɬɨɝɟɭɤɪɟ
ɩɢɬɶɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɫɬɶȼɵɛɨɪɜɢɞɨɜɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝɩɪɨ
ɛɥɟɦɧɵɣɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝɦɟɞɢɚɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝɢɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ (ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɹɜɢɡɭɚɥɢɡɚ
ɰɢɹ, ɫɸɠɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɪɟɤɪɟɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɩɪɚɣɦɢɧɝ ɪɢɬɨɪɢɤɚ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚ
ɰɢɹ), ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɢɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɚɤɰɢɹɫɟɦɢɨ
ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɤɨɞɨɜɜɟɪɛɚɥɶɧɵɟɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɟɚɭɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɮɢɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ
ɫɬɢ (
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ± ɜɵɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ'ɢɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɢɚɪ-ɫɨɨɛɳɟ
ɧɢɣ ('ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ± ɩɪɹɦɵɟ± ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ') ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɩɪɚɝɦɚ
ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢɢɫɢɬɭɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢɡɚɞɚɱɚɦɢɚɤɬɨɪɚɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɭɛɟɠ
ɞɚɬɶɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟɩɨɛɭɠɞɚɬɶ ɤɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɬɶɞɨɜɟɪɢɟ).
ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɢɚɪ-ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɢɪɭɟ
ɦɨɣɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɟɞɧɹɢɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɤɩɭɛ
ɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɰɢɢ ('ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɞɭɯ
 'ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ
 'ɩɨɢɫɤ ɤɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɫɚ

'ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɞɨɜɨɞɨɜ

ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɨɫɬɶɞɨɜɨɞɨɜ
'ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɫɬɶ') ɢɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜ
ɧɨɦɭɫɬɨɪɢɬɟɥɥɢɧɝɭ ('ɫɜɹɡɧɨɫɬɶɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ', 'ɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɶɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ

ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ
. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɦɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɵɣɫɩɢɫɨɤɬɟɦɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɩɢɚɪɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜɝɨɫɭ
ɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɜɥɚɫɬɢɢɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ:
x ɬɟɤɭɳɢɟɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɩɨɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹɩɨɞɜɟɞɨɦ
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢɢɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ
x ɧɟɨɬɥɨɠɧɵɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɩɪɢɮɨɪɫ-ɦɚɠɨɪɧɵɯɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯ
x ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɫɞɪɭɝɢɦɢɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɦɢɢɪɚɣɨɧɚɦɢɞɥɹɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹɩɨɞɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
x ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚɦɟɫɬɧɵɯɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɢɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜɜɤɨɧ
ɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢɫɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢɢɡɞɪɭɝɢɯɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ
x ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɪɚɫɫɥɨɟɧɢɹɧɚɩɨɞɜɟɞɨɦ
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
x ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɟɦɟɪɵɩɨɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɡɚɳɢɬɟɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹɩɨɝɪɭɩ
ɩɚɦɩɨɞɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
 65

x ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟ

ɫɤɢɦɢɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢɧɚɩɨɞɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
x ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɜ
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɡɚɫɱɟɬɥɨɛɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɩɨɞɜɟ
ɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
x ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɡɚ
ɫɱɟɬɤɪɭɩɧɵɯɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯɧɚɩɨɞɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
x ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɚɞɦɢɧɢ
ɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ
x ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɜɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɢɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜɪɚɡɧɵɯɝɪɭɩɩɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɧɚɩɨɞɜɟ
ɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢɧɚɩɪ. ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɯɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ
ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɨɜɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣɢɜɥɚɫɬɢ
x ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɯɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɝɪɭɩɩɢɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯɧɚɩɨɞɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
x ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɞɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧ
ɧɨɣɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
x ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɫɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɹɞɤɚɢɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢɫɥɭɠɛɚɦɢ
ɚɬɚɤɠɟɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɚɹɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚɦɢɥɢɰɢɢɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨ
ɫɬɢ
x ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɚɬɪɢɨɬɢɡɦ
ɡɚ
ɛɨɬɚɨɛɥɢɠɧɟɦ
 ɫɟɦɶɹɜɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ
x ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɢɞɠɚ ɩɨɞɜɟɞɨɦ
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢɧɚɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɦɢɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ
ɞɥɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝ ɢ ɛɪɟɧɞɢɧɝ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
x ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɷɤɨ
ɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɟɣ
ɫɬɜɭɸɬɧɚɩɨɞɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
x ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɚɹɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵɢɢɫɤɭɫ
ɫɬɜɚ
x ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɭɛɴɟɤ
ɬɨɜɤɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵɩɨɞɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
x ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɚɹɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚɦɟɫɬɧɵɯɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚ
x ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɴ
ɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣɜɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɜ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɫɮɟɪɟ

x ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɝɪɚɧɬɨɜɧɚɭɱɧɵɦɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɧɚɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭɢɪɟɚɥɢɡɚ
ɰɢɸɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɚɩɨɞɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
 66

x ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɟɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɫɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɦɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟ
ɫɤɢɯɩɚɪɬɢɣɢɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ
x ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɭɱɟɬɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɦɧɟɧɢɹɩɪɢɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢɢɤɨɪ
ɪɟɤɰɢɢɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢɢɬɚɤɬɢɤɢɫɜɨɟɣɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
x ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɦɧɟɧɢɹɩɨɚɤɬɭ
ɚɥɶɧɵɦɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ
x ɜɤɥɚɞ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɝɪɭɩɩɜɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭɢɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɸɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ
x ɪɚɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɵɟɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɢɤɫɜɟɠɢɦɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɞɚɧɧɵɦɨɫɢɬɭ
ɚɰɢɢɧɚɩɨɞɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
x ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɨɫɬɢɪɟɲɚɟɦɵɯɨɪɝɚɧɨɦɜɥɚɫɬɢɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ
x ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣɢɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜɤɚɤɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɰɟɜ
x ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣɢɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜɤɚɤɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ
x ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣɢɦɢɞɠɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɨɪɝɚɧɚɜɥɚɫɬɢ
Ⱦɥɹɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɯɢɫɬɨ
ɪɢɣɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹɤɚɤɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ
x
ɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢɞɟɹɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɨɦɭɮɪɟɣɦɭ
x
ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ
ɫɸɠɟɬɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹɧɚɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ
ɢɧɜɟɧ
ɬɚɪɧɨɣɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ
ɢɥɢɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɣɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ
x
ɹɪɤɨɫɬɶ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɜɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜɢɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɣ
x
ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ
ɭɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɢɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ
x
ɡɥɨɛɨɞɧɟɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɫɜɹɡɚɧɚɫɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɚ
x
ɦɟɞɢɣɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬɦɟɞɢɚɥɨɝɢɤɟɢɦɟɞɢɚɮɨɪɦɚɬɭ
x
ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɦɧɚɜɵɤɚɦɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɚ
x
ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɨɫɬɶ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɚ
x
ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ
 ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɥɟɝɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪ
ɠɞɟɧɢɟ
x
ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨɫɬɶ
ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɱɢɤɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬɬɟɦɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɩɢɚɪ-ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢɩɹɬɢɬɢɩɨɜ
x Ɋɭɬɢɧɧɚɹɩɢɚɪ-ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɹɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɭɸɢɦɟɞɢɣɧɭɸɩɨ
ɜɟɫɬɤɭɞɧɹɜɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɨɦɞɥɹɨɪɝɚɧɚɜɥɚɫɬɢɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ
x ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɚɹ ɩɢɚɪ-ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɜɟɳɚɟɬɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ.
x ɂɦɢɞɠɟɜɚɹ ɩɢɚɪ-ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧ
ɧɨɟɦɧɟɧɢɟɨɛɨɪɝɚɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ
x ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚɹ ɩɢɚɪ-ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ
 67

ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣɞɥɹɨɪɝɚɧɚɜɥɚɫɬɢɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨɝɨɩɪɨɢɫɲɟɫɬɜɢɹɢɥɢɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɨɣɫɢ
ɬɭɚɰɢɢ
x Ʉɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɧɚɹɩɢɚɪ-ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɹ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹɜɨɣɧɚ
ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɚɧɚ
ɞɢɫɤɪɟɞɢɬɚɰɢɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɢɥɢ ɞɟɦɨɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɵɯ
ɝɪɭɩɩ Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɚɥɵ ɢɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɮɢɚɫɤɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ
ɜɪɟɦɹɨɬɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɣɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɜɜɢɞɟɲɟɫɬɜɢɣ
ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɣɩɢɤɟɬɨɜɚɤɬɨɜɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨɧɟɩɨɜɢɧɨɜɟɧɢɹɜɤɥɸɱɚɹɬɧ
ɦɚɣ
ɞɚɧ
ɢ
ɨɤɤɭɩɚɣ
Ɍɚɤɨɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢɧɨɝɞɚɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹɩɪɨɜɨ
ɤɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɫ
ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɚɝɟɦɵ
ɜɛɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɥɢɧ
 ɢ
ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɬɶ ɥɛɚɦɢ
 Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨ
ɬɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɩɨɞɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɞɟɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɵɧɭɠ
ɞɚɸɬ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɜ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɭɢɥɢɞɚɠɟɢɡ
ɦɟɧɹɬɶɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɤɭɪɫɇɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɟɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɟɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹɧɟ
ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨɢɡ-ɡɚɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɣɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ
ɢɧ
ɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚɦɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨɢɡ-ɡɚɬɨɝɨɱɬɨɟɟɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɚɬɪɚɧɟɟ
ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɦɜɥɚɫɬɶɸɜɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɦɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟɨɛɟɳɚɧɢɹɦ
ɡɚɤɨɧɌɨɤɜɢɥɹ
ɋɨɛɵ
ɬɢɟɦ-ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɜɨ
ɩɪɟɤɢɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɦɭɜɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɦɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟɦɧɟɧɢɸɢɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹɝɪɚɠ
ɞɚɧɚɦɢɤɚɤɭɳɟɦɥɟɧɢɟɢɯɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɯɩɪɚɜɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɢɥɢɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɉɪɨ
ɬɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɩɩɨɡɢ
ɰɢɟɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ-ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɹ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸɫɬɢɯɢɣɧɨɝɨɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨɧɟɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɚɇɚɩɟɪɜɨɦɷɬɚɩɟɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɜɥɚ
ɫɬɶɸɧɚɫɢɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɦɟɪɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɨɫɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹɢɧɟɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɦɨɠɟɬɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢɤɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɵɉɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɚɹɫɬɪɚɬɚɝɟɦɚ
±
ɜɵɬɚɫɤɢɜɚɬɶɯɜɨɪɨɫɬɢɡ-ɩɨɞɨɱɚɝɚ
± ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹɜɩɟɪɜɭɸɨɱɟɪɟɞɶɫɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹɭɜɥɚɫɬɢɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɯɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ
ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɫɚɧɤɰɢɢɩɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸɤɥɸɛɨɦɭɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɭɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬɧɚɩɨɞɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢɗɬɨ ɧɟɱɬɨɢɧɨɟɤɚɤɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɧɚ
ɥɢɞɟɪɨɜɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɚɫɬɪɨɝɨɜɪɚɦɤɚɯɡɚɤɨɧɚɜɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢɡɚɫɱɟɬɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹɜɧɢ
ɦɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɢɯ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɡɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɭ ɤɨɧ
ɮɥɢɤɬɚ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɉɪɟɠɞɟ
ɜɫɟɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɦɪɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɹɦɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹɫɨɸɡɧɢɤɢɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢɫɬɪɚɬɚɝɟɦɚ
ɝɪɨ
ɡɢɬɶ ɚɤɚɰɢɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɧɚ ɲɟɥɤɨɜɢɰɭ
 ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ
ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ
ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ
 ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɪɟ
ɤɥɚɦɧɵɟɢɩɢɚɪ-ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣɢɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɩɨɛɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ
 68

ɤɨɬɤɚɡɭɨɬɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜFɥɢɞɟɪɚɦɢɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɚɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɚɸɬɫɹɚɝɢɬɚ
ɰɢɨɧɧɵɟɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹɞɨɫɬɭɩɜɦɟɞɢɚɫɮɟɪɭȿɫɥɢɷɬɢɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧ
ɬɚɥɶɧɵɟɦɟɬɨɞɵɧɟɜɟɞɭɬɤɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢɢɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɸɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɨɣɚɤɰɢɢɩɪɨ
ɬɟɫɬɧɚɹɝɪɭɩɩɚɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬɫɬɚɬɭɫɧɶɸɫɦɟɣɤɟɪɚɚɟɟɜɨɠɚɤɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹɥɢɞɟɪɨɦɨɛ
ɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɦɧɟɧɢɹɬɨɝɞɚɧɚɜɬɨɪɨɦɷɬɚɩɟɜɥɚɫɬɶɪɚɡɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɩɨɡɢ
ɰɢɢ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸɜɨɣɧɭ
ɜɤɨɬɨɪɨɣɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɢɦɟɟɬɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɷɮ
ɮɟɤɬ
ɛɨɧɭɫ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɹ
 ɉɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɚɤ
ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵɟ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɫ
ɩɨɥɶɡɭɹɩɪɢɟɦɵ
ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚɨɛɜɢɧɟɧɢɣ
ɢ
ɪɢɬɨɪɢɤɢɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɑɬɨɛɵɩɪɟɞɨɬ
ɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɟɬɨɧɚɰɢɢɢ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɞɨɦɢɧɨ
ɜɥɚɫɬɶɩɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɟɬ ɜɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɦ
ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟɤɨɧɬɪ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸɤɨɬɨɪɚɹɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣɢɫ
ɬɨɪɢɢ
ɢɞɢɫɤɪɟɞɢɬɢɪɭɟɬɥɢɞɟɪɨɜɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɚɉɪɨɳɟɝɨɜɨɪɹɜɥɚɫɬɶɢɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ
ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɬɜ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸɜɨɣɧɭ
ɤɚɤɨɫɨɛɭɸɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧ
ɧɵɯɩɢɚɪ-ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɣ
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɝɨ
ɬɨɜɤɟɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵɥɸɛɨɣɩɢɚɪ-ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ.
I. ɐɟɥɶɢɢɞɟɹɩɢɚɪ-ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ
ɐɟɥɶ ɩɢɚɪ-ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ ± ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭ ɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɨɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɜɵɝɨɞɧɨɝɨɞɥɹɜɥɚɫɬɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟ
ɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɫɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɟ
ɮɪɟɣɦɵɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɭɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɨɜɢɜɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢɫɨɫɬɚɜɹɬɢɞɟɸɦɟɞɢɚ
ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɧɭɸɜɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɨɣɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɚɹɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɩɪɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹɜ'ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ' ɫ
ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɦɢɮɪɟɣɦɚɦɢ'ɩɨɯɨɠɢɦɢɧɚɚɞɜɨ
ɤɚɬɫɤɢɟɮɪɟɣɦɵ
II. Ⱥɭɞɢɬɩɢɚɪ-ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɣɨɩɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ
Ⱥɭɞɢɬɩɢɚɪ-ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɣɨɩɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬɫɛɨɥɶɲɨɣɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɢɯɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹȺɭɞɢɬɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹɤ
ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɢɢɨɰɟɧɤɟɪɟɥɶɟɮɧɨɫɬɢɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɩɪɨɞɜɢɝɚ
ɸɬɫɹɨɩɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢɜɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɦɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟ ɢɜɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦɫɱɟɬɟɤɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɸɢɯ
ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɯɮɪɟɣɦɨɜɤɚɤɧɚɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɚɦɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɣɞɟɹɬɟɥɶ
ɧɨɫɬɢɨɪɝɚɧɚɜɥɚɫɬɢ
III. Ⱥɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɣɮɪɟɣɦɩɢɚɪ-ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ
Ⱥɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɣɮɪɟɣɦɩɢɚɪ-ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢɡɚɞɚɟɬɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢɫɬɟɣɤ
ɯɨɥɞɟɪɚɦɢɬɪɚɧɫɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯɨɪɝɚɧɨɦɜɥɚɫɬɢɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɯɢɫɬɨɪɢɣȼɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɨɦ
ɮɪɟɣɦɟɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹɨɰɟɧɤɢɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯɪɟɲɟɧɢɣɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɯɢɥɢɧɟ
ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɯɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵɜɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɯ
 69

ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɵɯ ɚ

ɬɚɤɠɟɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɞɨɥɠɧɵɧɟɫɬɢɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧ
ɧɨɫɬɶɡɚɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɢɢɥɢɟɝɨɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ
IV. ȼɵɛɨɪɬɟɦɫɨɛɵɬɢɣɢɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ
ɉɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɢɚɪ-ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬ
ɫɤɨɝɨɮɪɟɣɦɚɧɨɢɬɟɦɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɯɢɫɬɨɪɢɣ.
V. ȼɵɛɨɪɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɤɚɤɩɟɪɟɫɤɚɡɱɢɤɨɜɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɯɢɫɬɨɪɢɣ
ɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɦɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɫɬɨɱɤɢɡɪɟɧɢɹɰɟɥɟɣɩɢɚɪ-ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ:
1. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɥɨɹɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɤɚɤɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣ
2. Ɉɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɤɚɤɫɪɟɞɧɢɣɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦɟɠɞɭɫɨɛɵɬɢɟɦɢ
ɧɨɜɨɫɬɹɦɢɨɫɨɛɵɬɢɢɜɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚ
3. ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɚɦɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɨ
ɫɬɟɣɜɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚ
4. Ʉɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶɢɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚɜɬɨɪɨɜɦɟɞɢɚɤɨɧɬɟɧɬɚ
5. ɋɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɤɚɤɞɨɥɹɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɨɜɜɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚ
6. Ɇɟɞɢɚɮɨɪɦɚɬɤɚɤɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɢɫɨ
ɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɣ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ± ɷɬɨɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟɢɫ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɪɚɡɧɵɯɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɜ
VI. Ɉɬɛɨɪɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɱɢɤɨɜɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɯɢɫɬɨɪɢɣ
ɜɟɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ').
Ⱥɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɡɜɭɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɥɢɰɚ ɭɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢɢɥɢɧɟɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɜɟɫɬɧɢɤɢɩɨɩɨɪɭɱɟɧɢɸɨɪɝɚɧɚɜɥɚɫɬɢ
ȼɟɫɬ
ɧɢɤ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɩɨɪɧɵɣɜɨɩɪɨɫɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɭɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɵɯɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɯɢɥɢɱɟɪɟɡ
ɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɹɜɧɨɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɨɜȼɧɟɤɨɬɨ
ɪɵɯɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɟ
ɜɟɫɬɧɢɤɢ
ɢɡɱɢɫɥɚɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɯɮɢɝɭɪɮɨɪ
ɦɚɥɶɧɨɧɟɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɤɨɪɝɚɧɭɜɥɚɫɬɢ
VII. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɯɢɫɬɨɪɢɣ
ɏɨɬɹɜɫɜɹɡɢɫɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɚɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɨɱɢɫɥɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ
ɪɟɬɪɚɧɫɥɹɰɢɢɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɯɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶɩɟɪɮɨɪɦɚɧɫɨɜɫɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧ
ɧɵɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɨɜ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɥɚɫɶ Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɮɨɪ
ɦɚɧɫɞɨɥɠɟɧɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ
x ɬɟɦɚɩɟɪɮɨɪɦɚɧɫɚɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɢɢɦɢɞɠɭɚɤɬɨɪɚɢɨɞ
ɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɨɜ
x ɩɟɪɮɨɪɦɚɧɫ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɨɦ ɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɚɦ ɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦ
ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢɤɨɬɨɪɵɣɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹɧɚɚɤɬɨɪɟɤɚɤɝɥɚɜɧɨɦɝɟɪɨɟ
x ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɟɣɩɟɪɮɨɪɦɚɧɫɚɟɫɬɶɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚ
 70

x ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣɩɟɪɮɨɪɦɚɧɫɚɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟ
ɥɟɣɜɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɟɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
x ɩɟɪɮɨɪɦɚɧɫɩɪɨɜɨɰɢɪɭɟɬɩɨɞɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɟɬɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟ
ɪɨɜɤɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɚɤɬɨɪɚ
x ɩɟɪɮɨɪɦɚɧɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹɧɚɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣɢɥɢɨɝɨɪɨɠɟɧɧɨɣɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɟ
ɫɰɟɧɟɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹɩɟɪɮɨɪɦɚɧɫɚ
ɉɟɪɮɨɪɦɚɧɫɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬɚɤɬɨɪɭɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɪɟɲɢɬɶɬɪɢɡɚɞɚɱɢ
1. ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɧɚɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜɢɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɟɣɦɨɳɧɨɟɩɪɹɦɨɟɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
ɡɚɫɱɟɬɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɡɚɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
2. ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɚɦɢɞɟɸɚɤɬɨɪɚɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɯɩɨɩɨ
ɜɨɞɭɩɟɪɮɨɪɦɚɧɫɚɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯɫɥɭɯɨɜ
3. ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɮɨɪɦɚɧɫ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɜɨɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨɩɨɪɨɞɢɬɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɧɨɢɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɨɩɨɜɥɢɹɟɬɧɚɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɨɜ
ɐɟɥɶ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɚɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɩɢɚɪ-ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ ± ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɟɞɢɚɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ
ɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɣ
ɦɟɞɢɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɯɢɫɬɨɪɢɣ

ɱɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɢɯɩɭɛ
ɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɚɯɪɟɤɥɚɦɵ
ɢ
ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɵɯɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɢɯɩɭɛɥɢ
ɤɚɰɢɣ
ɧɚɬɟɦɭɦɟɞɢɚɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢɫɨɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɩɢɚɪ-ɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɨɦɤɚɤɫɨɜɨ
ɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɣ ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɪɟɥɢɡɨɜ
ɩɢɚɪ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɩɟɪɮɨɪɦɚɧɫɨɜɢɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɵɯɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ
Ⱦɥɹɨɰɟɧɤɢɦɟɞɢɚɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɩɹɬɶɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ:
1. ɢɧɞɟɤɫ
ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɭɸɳɚɹɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɦɟɞɢɚɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ
± ɷɬɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɫɨ
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨɦɟɞɢɚɮɪɟɣɦɚɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɟɝɨɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɨɦɭɮɪɟɣɦɭ
2. ɢɧɞɟɤɫ
ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɚɹɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɦɟɞɢɚɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ
 ± ɷɬɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ
ɫɬɜɢɹɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯɨɰɟɧɨɤɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɜɦɟɞɢɚɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɟɟɝɨɨɰɟɧɤɚɦɜɩɢɚɪ-
ɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɟ
3. ɢɧɞɟɤɫ
ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɚɹɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɦɟɞɢɚɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ
± ɷɬɨɞɨɥɹ
ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦ
ɧɵɯɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɢɯɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ
ɩɨɬɟɦɚɦɦɟɞɢɚɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢɜɨɛɳɟɦɱɢɫɥɟɬɟ
ɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɜɦɟɞɢɚɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɟ
4. ɢɧɞɟɤɫ
ɦɟɞɢɚɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɦɟɞɢɚɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ
± ɷɬɨɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɪɚɧɝɚɬɟɦɵ
ɦɟɞɢɚɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢɜɦɟɞɢɣɧɨɣɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɟɞɧɹ ɩɨɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸɫɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣɫɢɬɭɚ
ɰɢɟɣ
5. ɢɧɞɟɤɫ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɦɟɞɢɚɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ
± ɷɬɨɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɪɚɧɝɚ
ɢɨɰɟɧɤɢɬɟɦɵɦɟɞɢɚɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢɜɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɟɞɧɹɢɥɢɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɨɛ
ɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɦɧɟɧɢɹɩɨɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸɫɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɟɣ
 71

ɉɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɟɦɱɬɨɧɢɤɚɤɨɣɨɪɝɚɧɜɥɚɫɬɢɧɟɜɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸɤɨɧɬɪɨ
ɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵɦɟɞɢɚɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢɆɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɢɬɟɯ
ɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢɤɚɧɚɥɚɦɢɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢɢɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢɤɨɬɨ
ɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɢ ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɚ

ɩɪɨɫɟɢɜɚɸɬ
ɢɯɧɚɨɫɧɨɜɟɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜɢɜɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɜɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ
ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟɨɰɟɧɤɢɢɦɧɟɧɢɹȻɨɥɟɟɬɨɝɨɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɢɨɰɟɧɤɢɤɨɧ
ɤɪɟɬɧɨɣɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɦɞɥɹɨɪɝɚɧɚɜɥɚɫɬɢɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹɤɨɧɤɪɟɬ
ɧɵɦɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɨɛɪɚɡɨɦɢɩɨɫɜɨɟɦɭɩɪɨɢɡ
ɜɨɥɭɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɪɭɟɬɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣɧɨɦɟɪɝɚɡɟɬɵɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɭɸɬɟɥɟ- ɢɥɢɪɚɞɢɨɩɟɪɟ
ɞɚɱɭɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɵɣɤɨɧɬɟɧɬɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ-ɫɚɣɬɚ
ɂɬɚɤ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ
ɜɢɞɟɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣɫɟɪɢɢɩɢɚɪ-ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɧɵɯɬɢɩɨɜ.
 72

ȽɅȺȼȺ
ɉɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɵɟɝɪɭɩɩɵ
©Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɜɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦɢɬɨɝɟɩɨɤɨɹɬɫɹɧɚɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɯɫɛɨɹɯɚɭɞɢ
ɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɩɨɞɨɡɪɟɜɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶ
ɬɚɬɵɨɩɚɫɧɵɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ± ɷɬɨɬɪɸɤɢɩɪɟɞ
ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɵɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ± ɷɬɨɮɚɫɚɞɵª>Suchman 1995: 597].
Ʉɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɡɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɠ
ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɟɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹɱɚɫɬɨɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɬɚɸɬɜɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɧɵɟɜɡɚɢɦɨ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɦɵɟ ɚɧɬɢɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɨɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɨɛɨɫɬɪɹɸɬɜɡɚɢɦɧɭɸɧɟɩɪɢɹɡɧɶɫɬɨɪɨɧ'ɡɚɤɨɧȾɨɣɱɚ'ɢɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɬɜɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ
ɧɨɜɵɯɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜɌɚɤɨɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɢɧɨɝɞɚɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹɩɪɨ
ɜɨɤɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɦɢ
ɫɬɪɚɬɚɝɟɦɭ'ɜɛɢɜɚɬɶɤɥɢɧ' ɢ
ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɬɶɥɛɚɦɢ').
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦɷɬɚɩɵɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ
ɇɚɩɪɟɞɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɧɨɣɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɢɡ-ɡɚɛɟɡɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɯɩɨɩɵɬɨɤɞɨɫɬɢɱɶɡɧɚɱɢ
ɦɨɣɰɟɥɢɱɥɟɧɵɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɟɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶ
ɧɵɦɢɷɦɨɰɢɹɦɢɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɮɪɭɫɬɪɚɰɢɢɢɛɭɞɭɱɢɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɵɦɢɜɫɜɨɟɣɩɪɚɜɨɬɟ
('ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɝɨ ɮɚɜɨɪɢɬɢɡɦɚ' ɢɳɭɬ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ 'ɷɮɮɟɤɬ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɚɬɪɢɛɭɰɢɢ'ȼɡɥɨɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɩɨɞɨɡɪɟɜɚɸɬɫɹɩɪɟɠɞɟɜɫɟɝɨ'ɱɭ
ɠɢɟɝɪɭɩɩɵ'ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹɜɫɯɨɞɧɵɯɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɯɢɢɥɢɩɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɸɬ'ɧɟɩɪɚ
ɜɢɥɶɧɵɟ' ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɜɫɢɥɭɱɟɝɨɦɚɪɤɢɪɭɸɬɫɹɤɚɤ'ɜɪɚɝɢ'.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɵɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɜɨɢɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɭɸɫɩɥɨɱɟɧ
ɧɨɫɬɶɢɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ'ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɫɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹɩɪɨɪɨɱɟɫɬɜɚ'ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢ
ɪɭɸɬ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ'ɜɵɢɝɪɵɲɩɨɬɟɪɢ' ɜɫɥɭɱɚɟɩɨɛɟɞɵɢɥɢɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɢɩɪɢɧɢ
ɦɚɸɬɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɥɢɛɨɭɤɥɨɧɢɬɶɫɹɨɬɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹɥɢɛɨɜɫɬɭɩɢɬɶɜɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɵ
ɥɢɛɨɧɚɱɚɬɶɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɉɪɢɜɵɛɨɪɟɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ
ɚɥɶɹɧɫɵɫɫɨɸɡɧɢɤɚɦɢɟɞɢɧɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɞɟɣ
ɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɫɟɥɢɬ ɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɛɟɞɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬ ɟɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɞ
ɞɟɪɠɤɭ'ɷɮɮɟɤɬɩɨɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɹ').
ɇɚɜɬɨɪɨɣɫɬɚɞɢɢɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬ) ɝɪɭɩɩɚɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɫɶɥɸɛɵɦɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟɢɥɢɫɤɪɵɬɵɟɜɪɚɠɞɟɛɧɵɟɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟɢɤɨɦɦɭ
ɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɩɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸɫɨɩɟɪɧɢɤɭɗɬɚɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɹ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɨɩɟɪ
ɧɢɤɚ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɢɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɨɫɬɭ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹɧɚɫɢɥɢɹɢɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɟɬɜɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟɧɨɜɵɯɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜɜɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɚɛɥɸ
ɞɚɬɟɥɟɣɫɨɸɡɧɢɤɨɜɢɥɢɩɪɨɜɨɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ'ɷɮɮɟɤɬɞɟɬɨɧɚɰɢɢ').
 73

Ɍɪɟɬɶɹɫɬɚɞɢɹ± ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ± ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬɤɨɝɞɚɫɨɩɟɪɧɢɤɢɢɡ

ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜɚɥɢɛɨɥɶɲɭɸɱɚɫɬɶɫɜɨɢɯɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜɉɨɷɬɨɣɩɪɢɱɢɧɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɵɥɢɛɨɜɪɟ
ɦɟɧɧɨɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɬɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɧɨɟɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɱɬɨɛɵɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɶɪɟɫɭɪɫɵɥɢɛɨ
ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɸɬɤɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɚɦɞɥɹɭɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɪɚɡɧɨɝɥɚɫɢɣȼɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɡɚɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɬɨɱɤɨɣɫɥɟɞɭɟɬɬɭɩɢɤɨɜɚɹɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɜɵɯɨɞɢɡɤɨɬɨɪɨɣɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ
ɩɨɨɞɧɨɦɭɢɡɬɪɟɯɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ
1. ɋɦɟɧɚɥɢɞɟɪɨɜɝɪɭɩɩɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬɫɨɩɟɪɧɢɤɚɦɩɪɢɣɬɢɤɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɫɭ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣɧɟɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɩɪɢɱɢɧɵɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚɧɨɥɢɲɶɜɟɞɟɬɤɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɭɩɪɢɦɢ
ɪɟɧɢɸ
2. ɋɬɨɪɨɧɵɨɛɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹɤɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤɚɦɢɥɢɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɦɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɩɨɦɨ
ɝɚɸɬɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶɫɹɨɛɭɱɟɬɟɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɯɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɉɟɪɜɨɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɚɹɦɟɪɚ± ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ
ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶɧɚɫɢɥɢɹɢɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɇɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɨ
ɜɨɪɚɯɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɨɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɧɨɣɫɢɬɭ
ɚɰɢɢɢɫɨɩɟɪɧɢɤɢɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬɤɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɭɗɬɨɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ
3. ȼ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɜɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɧɚɱɢ
ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɨɩɟɪɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦ Ȼɨɫɫ ɢ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɟɬ ɫɟɛɟ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɨ
ɪɨɧɵȼɷɬɨɦɫɥɭɱɚɟɨɧɢɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹɜɩɪɨɢɝɪɵɲɟɩɨɷɬɨɦɭɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹɜɟɪɨ
ɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɹɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɝɨɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹɜɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ
ȼɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɫɮɟɪɟɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɵɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɜɪɚɡɧɵɯɮɨɪɦɚɯɩɨɥɢɬɢ
ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɚ ɤ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɲɟɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɢɤɟɬɵ
ɚɤɰɢɢɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣɚɤɬɵɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨɧɟɩɨɜɢɧɨɜɟɧɢɹɩɨɥɢɬɢ
ɱɟɫɤɢɟɪɟɡɨɥɸɰɢɢɩɚɪɬɢɣɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɫɤɢɟɡɚɩɪɨɫɵɬɟɪɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɚɤɬɵɢɪɟɜɨ
ɥɸɰɢɢ
Ɋɚɫɲɚɬɵɜɚɹɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɵ ɜɦɟɫɬɟɫ
ɬɟɦ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɨ ɧɟɨɬɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɯɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɨɪɝɚɧɨɜɜɥɚɫɬɢɩɨɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɸɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɢɜɵɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɜɧɨɫɢɬɶɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɜɵɜɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɵɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɸɬɚɤ
ɬɢɤɭɢɦɟɬɨɞɵɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɋɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɢɷɮ
ɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚɦɢ ± ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡɝɥɚɜɧɵɯɡɚɞɚɱɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧ
ɧɨɝɨɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ
ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɜɢɞɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ± ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɵɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɝɪɚɠ
ɞɚɧɉɨɜɨɞɨɦɞɥɹɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹɬɚɤɨɟɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɜɥɚ
ɫɬɢɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹɥɢɛɨɛɟɡɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹɥɢɛɨ
ɜɨɩɪɟɤɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚ
ɧɚɦɢɤɚɤɭɳɟɦɥɟɧɢɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɯɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɢɥɢɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ
ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟɦɧɟɧɢɟɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɧɟɦɨɠɟɬɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɤɚɤɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɹɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɢɪɟɞɤɨɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹɜɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ
 74

ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɇɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ

ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨɢɡ-ɡɚɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɣɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ'ɢɧ
ɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚɦɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ'ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨɢɡ-ɡɚɬɨɝɨɱɬɨɨɧɚɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬɪɚɧɟɟɞɚɧ
ɧɵɦɜɥɚɫɬɶɸɨɛɟɳɚɧɢɹɦ'ɡɚɤɨɧɌɨɤɜɢɥɹ').
ɋɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ-ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɚɤɰɢɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɭɩɥɨɬɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚɞɜɨɪɨɜɵɯɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɷɤɨɥɨɝɢ
ɱɟɫɤɢɨɩɚɫɧɨɝɨɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚɜɱɚɫɬɧɵɟɪɭɤɢɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶ
ɧɵɯɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ
ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢɩɚɪɤɨɜɢɫɤɜɟɪɨɜɜɵɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɢɡɨɛɳɟɠɢɬɢɣɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɟɭɜɨɥɶɧɟɧɢɹ
ɗɬɨɬɚɤɠɟɥɸɛɵɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɤɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨɦɭɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɸɜɩɨ
ɜɟɫɬɤɟɞɧɹɨɪɝɚɧɚɜɥɚɫɬɢ'ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ'ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɡɚɫɱɟɬ
ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɵɯɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɞɨɯɨɞɵɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜɢ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬɤɚɤɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹɩɨɞɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢɬɚɤɢɡɚ
ɩɪɨɫɚɦɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɝɪɭɩɩ
Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧɟɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɜɥɚɫɬɢɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɹɫɶɢɧɚɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɭɸɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸɢɧɚɦɟɞɢɣɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɭɞɧɹȼɫɢɥɭ
ɷɬɨɝɨɧɚɮɨɧɟ'ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ' ɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɹɜɥɚɫɬɢɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹɩɨɥɢ
ɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɚɹ 'ɷɮɮɟɤɬ
ɡɟɪɤɚɥɚ').
ɉɟɪɜɵɣɷɬɚɩɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɜɧɨɝɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯɢɧ
ɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯɢɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɯɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣɞɥɹɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹɧɚɞɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟɦɪɟɲɟɧɢɣɢɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɵɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹɫɟɟɩɨɹɜɥɟ
ɧɢɹɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɨɝɨɨɞɧɢɦɢɡɬɪɟɯɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɢɥɢɢɯɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɦ
1. ɉɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɚɹɝɪɭɩɩɚɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹɩɪɨɜɨɤɚɬɨɪɚɦɢɜɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯɩɨɥɢɬɢ
ɱɟɫɤɨɣɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢɤɨɬɨɪɚɹɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɚɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɢɧɟɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɚɜɫɬɭɩɚɬɶɜɞɢɚ
ɥɨɝɫɜɥɚɫɬɶɸɈɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɨɪɝɚɧɚɜɥɚɫɬɢ± ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɜɧɨɟɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɷɬɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɨɣɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ'ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɚɤɰɢɣ' ɢɚɧɬɢɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɵ
2. ɉɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɚɹɝɪɭɩɩɚɫɬɢɯɢɣɧɨɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹɢɡɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɧɟɞɨɜɨɥɶ
ɧɵɯ'ɡɥɨɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɦɢɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢɜɥɚɫɬɢ'Ʌɭɱɲɢɣɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɪɟ
ɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ± ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟɡɚɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦɫɨɛɵɬɢɣɛɟɡɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
ȼɩɨɥɧɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɱɬɨɫɬɢɯɢɣɧɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɫɬɫɹɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶɧɚ ɫɜɨɸɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ
ɫɨɸɡɧɢɤɨɜɜɦɟɫɬɟɫɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢɱɬɨɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬɤɛɵɫɬɪɨɦɭɫɚ
ɦɨɪɚɫɩɚɞɭɛɟɡɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɯɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ
3. ɉɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɹɥɢɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ-ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɤɚɤɩɨɜɨɞɞɥɹɜɵɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɫɜɨɢɯɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣɤɜɥɚ
ɫɬɢȼɷɬɨɦɫɥɭɱɚɟɜɥɚɫɬɶɞɨɥɠɧɚɤɚɤɦɨɠɧɨɫɤɨɪɟɟɜɫɬɭɩɢɬɶɫɥɢɞɟɪɚɦɢɝɪɭɩɩɵ
 75

ɜɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɵɢɩɨɩɵɬɚɬɶɫɹɪɚɡɪɟɲɢɬɶɨɛɨɫɬɪɢɜɲɢɣɫɹɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɉɨ
ɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɹɦɢɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɨɣɚɤɰɢɢɤɚɤɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɚɩɨɤɚɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɠɢɬɟɥɢɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɬɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɧɟɥɶɡɹɭɩɭɫɬɢɬɶɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ 'ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɟɬɨɧɚɰɢɢ' ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɢɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪ ɜɨɡɞɟɣ
ɫɬɜɢɹɢɚɧɬɢɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɵɞɥɹɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣɩɨɛɟɞɵɡɞɟɫɶɧɟɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛ
ɪɚɡɧɨɧɟɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨɟɢɥɢɧɟɫɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɟɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢɜɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɡɢɱɟ
ɫɤɨɝɨɧɚɫɢɥɢɹɩɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸɤɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɨɫɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹɯɨɬɹɢɞɨɩɭɫ
ɤɚɟɬɫɹɟɫɥɢɪɟɱɶɢɞɟɬɨɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɨɩɚɫɧɵɯɧɚɩɪɬɟɪɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɝɪɭɩɩɢ
ɪɨɜɤɚɯ
ȿɫɥɢɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɵɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶɛɟɡɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɦɢɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɨɰɟɧɢɬɶɜɨɡɦɨɠ
ɧɵɟɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɟɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɞɥɹɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɫɬɢɜɥɚɫɬɢɢɞɥɹɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢɞɨɥɝɨ
ɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɨɞɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɑɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɤɚ ɟɳɟ
ɚɦɨɪɮɧɚɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨ ɫɬɢɯɢɣɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɠɚɤɚɦɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ
ɫɩɥɨɱɟɧɧɭɸɝɪɭɩɩɭɫɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɥɢɞɟɪɨɦɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɜɵɹɜɢɬɶɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɧɚɦɟ
ɪɟɧɢɹɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ'ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɫɩɨɧɫɨɪɨɜ' ɧɚɩɪ., 'ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ'),
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɸɡɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɡ ɱɢɫɥɚ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯɚɤɬɢɜɢɫɬɨɜɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ'ɞɟɹɬɟɥɟɣɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ'ȿɫɥɢɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɮɨɪ
ɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɢɯɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɢɫɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɨɣɢɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɪɟɡɤɨɝɨɭɫɢɥɟ
ɧɢɹɡɚɫɱɟɬɢɯɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜɜɵɫɨɤɚɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɣ
ɮɪɟɣɦɢɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɭɸɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ
ɉɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɚɹɫɬɪɚɬɚɝɟɦɚ± 'ɜɵɬɚɫɤɢɜɚɬɶɯɜɨɪɨɫɬɢɡ-ɩɨɞɨɱɚɝɚ' ± ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭ
ɟɬɫɹɜɩɟɪɜɭɸɨɱɟɪɟɞɶɫɩɨɦɨɳɶɸɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹɭɜɥɚɫɬɢɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯɩɨɥ
ɧɨɦɨɱɢɣɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɯɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɫɚɧɤɰɢɢɩɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸɤɥɸ
ɛɨɦɭɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɭɤɨɬɨɪɵɣɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬɧɚɩɨɞɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɬɟɪɪɢɬɨ
ɪɢɢɗɬɨɧɟɱɬɨɢɧɨɟɤɚɤɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɧɚɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɸɫɬɪɨɝɨɜɪɚɦɤɚɯɡɚɤɨɧɚɜ
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢɡɚɫɱɟɬɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹɫɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɵɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯɢɩɪɚɜɨ
ɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ Ɍɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɭ
ɫɤɪɵɬɵɦɢɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢɤɨɝɞɚɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɦɪɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɹɦɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹɫɨɸɡɧɢɤɢɨɩɩɨ
ɡɢɰɢɢɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɪɚɬɚɝɟɦɟ'ɝɪɨɡɢɬɶɚɤɚɰɢɢɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɹɧɚɲɟɥɤɨɜɢɰɭ'.
Ȼɨɥɟɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟɦɟɪɵ± ɩɪɨɜɨɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɵɫ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɧɫɨɪɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɸɡɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɚɝɟɦɚ 'ɭɛɢɬɶ ɱɭɠɢɦ ɧɨ
ɠɨɦ'ɗɬɢɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɦɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫ
ɬɨɪɢɣɛɟɡɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɵɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɯɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɭɸɨɰɟɧɤɭ
ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦɟɟɫɩɨɧɫɨɪɨɜɢɫɨɸɡɧɢɤɨɜɗɬɨɫɬɪɚɬɚɝɟɦɚ'ɩɨɞɧɹɬɶɲɭɦ
ɧɚɜɨɫɬɨɤɟ± ɧɚɩɚɫɬɶɧɚɡɚɩɚɞɟ'ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɜɨɫɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɬɩɨɩɵɬɤɚɦ
ɥɢɞɟɪɚɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɵɜɜɟɫɬɢɦɟɫɬɧɨɟɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɡɚɛɥɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ
ɥɹɹɫɟɛɹɜɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɚɤɬɨɪɚɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ'ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɲɢɪɨɤɚɹɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ'.
 76

Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ± ɩɪɢɟɦ'ɜɵɜɟɫɬɢɧɚɱɢɫɬɭɸɜɨɞɭ' ± ɟɫɬɶɧɟɱɬɨɢɧɨɟɤɚɤ

ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɥɢɞɟɪɚɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɵɜɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɦɚɪɢɨɧɟɬɤɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣɪɚɞɢɤɨɪɵɫɬɧɵɯɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɢɜɨɜɪɟɞɦɟɫɬɧɨɦɭɫɨɨɛ
ɳɟɫɬɜɭ Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɧɫɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɸɡɧɢɤɨɜ
ɥɢɲɚɟɬɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɭɸɝɪɭɩɩɭɞɨɫɬɭɩɚɤɧɨɜɵɦɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɱɬɨɜɟɞɟɬɤɟɟɨɫɥɚɛɥɟ
ɧɢɸ
ɇɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɦɨɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨ
ɬɟɫɬɧɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɵ
ɉɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ
ɨɛɳɟɣɰɟɥɶɸ± ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸɜɫɜɨɸɩɨɥɶɡɭɄɚɤɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɱɥɟɧɵɝɪɭɩɩɵ
ɜɨɡɝɥɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɥɢɞɟɪɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɫ 'ɱɭɠɢɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ'
ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɦɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɦɭ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬ ɢɯ
ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɭɸɥɨɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɢɪɟɲɢɦɨɫɬɶɢɞɬɢɞɨɤɨɧɰɚɉɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɚɹɚɤɰɢɹ± ɷɬɨɢɟɫɬɶ
ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɧɨɟɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɜɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɜɥɚɫɬɶɪɚɫɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɤɚɤ'ɱɭɠɚɹɝɪɭɩ
ɩɚ'Ȼɨɥɟɟɬɨɝɨɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɟɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɹɦɢɟɞɢɧɨɞɭɲɢɟɝɪɭɩɩɵɞɟɥɚɟɬɟɟ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɞɥɹɞɪɭɝɢɯɠɢɬɟɥɟɣɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɱɬɨɝɪɨɡɢɬɟɟɪɚɡɪɚɫ
ɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɍɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɤɟɟɛɵɫɬɪɨɦɭɪɚɫɩɚɞɭɢɡɚɬɭɯɚɧɢɸɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ
ɇɚɩɟɪɜɵɣɩɥɚɧɜɵɯɨɞɢɬɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦɟɠɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɯɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣɥɢ
ɞɟɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɚɦɢɝɪɭɩɩɵɧɚɩɪɸɫɩɨɦɨɳɶɸɩɨɞɤɭɩɚɢɥɢɫɤɪɵɬɵɯɭɝɪɨɡɩɨɨɬɧɨ
ɲɟɧɢɸɤɪɹɞɨɜɵɦɱɥɟɧɚɦɝɪɭɩɩɵɢɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɰɢɢɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯɜɧɭɬɪɢɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɯ
ɫɥɭɯɨɜ ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɯ ɞɢɫɫɢɞɟɧɬɨɜ
ɢɧɚɤɨɦɵɫɥɹɳɢɯɢɞɨɛɢɜɚɬɶɫɹɫɦɟɧɵɥɢɞɟɪɚɧɚɥɨɹɥɶɧɭɸɜɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɝɭɪɭɢɫ
ɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ'ɷɮɮɟɤɬɦɟɧɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ': ɝɪɭɩɩɚɞɢɫɫɢɞɟɧɬɨɜɨɛɵɱɧɨɫɩɥɨɱɟɧɧɟɟɢɩɨɫɥɟ
ɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɟɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚɩɪɢɜɧɭɬɪɢɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɣɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɞɨɜɨɞɨɜɢɬɟɦɫɚɦɵɦɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɧɨɜɨɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ
ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɟɩɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸɤɜɥɚɫɬɢɦɟɧɟɟɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨ
Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɧɚɞɨɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɬɶɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɵɫɦɟɫɬ
ɧɵɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦɱɬɨɛɵɧɟɞɚɬɶɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɦɭɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɭɩɨɱɚɫɬɧɨɣɬɟɦɟɩɟɪɟ
ɪɚɫɬɢɜɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɟɚɤɰɢɢɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɚ'ɷɮɮɟɤɬɞɟɬɨɧɚɰɢɢɢ'ɷɮɮɟɤɬɞɨ
ɦɢɧɨ'ɉɪɨɳɟɝɨɜɨɪɹɥɢɲɢɬɶɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɭɸɝɪɭɩɩɭɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɬɶɩɨ
ɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɟɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɨɫɟɛɟɢɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ± ɨɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨɜ
ɦɟɞɢɚɫɮɟɪɟɡɚɫɱɟɬɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɧɟɝɥɚɫɧɨɣɰɟɧɡɭɪɵɢɥɢɭɝɪɨɡɵɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɚɞɦɢ
ɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚ ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɡɚɪɭ
ɱɢɬɫɹɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɨɣɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɯɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜɢɥɢɞɚɠɟɫɬɚɧɟɬɧɶɸɫɦɟɣɤɟɪɨɦ
ɬɨɫɛɨɥɶɲɨɣɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɸɨɧɚɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɫɜɨɣɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣɫɬɚɬɭɫɢɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɬɜ
ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɣɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ 'ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ'ɱɬɨ
 77

ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬɤɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɸɟɟɥɢɞɟɪɚɜɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɥɢɞɟɪɚɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɦɧɟ
ɧɢɹ Ɍɚɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɩɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɭɯɭɞɲɢɬɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸɜɰɟɥɨɦɧɟɬɨɥɶɤɨɞɥɹɦɟɫɬɧɵɯɧɨɢɞɥɹɜɵɲɟɫɬɨɹɳɢɯɨɪɝɚ
ɧɨɜɜɥɚɫɬɢɄɚɤɷɬɨɦɭɩɨɦɟɲɚɬɶ"
ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɬ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟ
ɦɵɯɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɨɣɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣɢɫɪɵɜɚɟɟɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣɞɨ'ɢɧ
ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣɛɥɨɤɚɞɵ' ɤɚɤ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ
ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜ ɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ 'ɝɥɭɲɟɧɢɹ' ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɫɦɵɫɥɟɷɬɨ'ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹɜɨɣɧɚ'ɜɤɨɬɨɪɨɣɜɥɚɫɬɶɚɩɪɢɨɪɢɢɦɟɟɬɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟ
ɫɬɜɨɡɚɫɱɟɬɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ'ɛɨɧɭɫɜɥɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɹ'Ɉɞɧɚɤɨɜɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟɫɥɭɱɚɟɜɰɟɥɟɫɨ
ɨɛɪɚɡɧɟɟɨɬɜɥɟɱɶɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɨɬɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɵɡɚɫɱɟɬ
ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɝɨ'ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɹ'ɬɟɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɩɨɬɨɤɚɭɜɥɟɤɚ
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɯɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɂɧɨɝɞɚɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɟɟɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɹɩɨɞɢɫɤɪɟɞɢɬɚɰɢɢ
ɬɟɯɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɩɵɬɚɸɬɫɹɨɫɜɟɳɚɬɶɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɵɜɩɨɡɢ
ɬɢɜɧɨɦɬɨɧɟ
ȿɫɥɢɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɶɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɟɜɵɯɨɞɜɦɟɞɢɚɫɮɟɪɭɧɟɭɞɚɟɬɫɹɧɟɨɛ
ɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɤ ɟɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɜ ɦɟ
ɞɢɚɫɮɟɪɟɡɚɫɱɟɬɪɚɫɤɪɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ'ɫɩɢɪɚɥɢɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɹ'. ɗɬɨɬɷɮɮɟɤɬɤɚɤɢɜɧɭɬ
ɪɢɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɣɤɨɧɮɨɪɦɢɡɦɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹɧɚɫɬɪɚɯɟɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚɨɫɬɚɬɶɫɹɜɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢɢ
ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɚɧɤɰɢɹɦ ɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ
ɡɞɟɫɶɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɧɟɥɢɞɟɪ'Ɇɵ-ɝɪɭɩɩɵ'ɚɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟɢɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟɞɥɹɧɟɝɨɥɢɱɧɨ
ɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɉɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɟɜɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɦɧɟɧɢɟ± ɷɬɨɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶ
ɫɬɜɨɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɝɨɟɞɢɧɨɞɭɲɢɹɇɚɩɨɦɧɢɦɱɬɨɦɧɨɝɢɟɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɵɜɬɟɯɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ
ɤɨɝɞɚɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɢɪɭɟɦɵɟɜɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɜɡɝɥɹɞɵɧɚɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭɪɚɫɯɨ
ɞɹɬɫɹɫɢɯɥɢɱɧɵɦɦɧɟɧɢɟɦɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɸɬɥɢɛɨɩɪɢɦɤɧɭɬɶɤɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɣɜ
ɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɩɨɡɢɰɢɢɢɜɵɣɬɢɢɡɝɪɭɩɩɵɥɢɛɨɜɨɡɞɟɪɠɚɬɶɫɹɨɬɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɝɨɜɵɫɤɚ
ɡɵɜɚɧɢɹɫɜɨɟɣɬɨɱɤɢɡɪɟɧɢɹɢɫɧɢɡɢɬɶɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɜɝɪɭɩɩɟȼɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɹɦɢɢɧɬɟ
ɪɟɫɨɜɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɟɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɹɜɧɵɟɢɫɤɪɵɬɵɟ
ɫɨɸɡɧɢɤɢɜɥɚɫɬɢɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɜɧɨɜɨɣɞɥɹɫɟɛɹɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɵɫɤɥɨɧɧɵɨɪɢ
ɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɬɨɱɧɨɬɚɤɠɟɷɮɮɟɤɬ'ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ'ɬɨ'ɧɨɜɢɱɤɢ' ɬɟ,
ɤɬɨɜɩɟɪɜɵɟɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬɜɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɨɣɚɤɰɢɢɫɤɨɪɟɟɜɫɟɝɨɩɨɤɢɧɭɬɝɪɭɩɩɭ.
ȼɥɚɫɬɶɞɨɥɠɧɚɩɟɪɟɯɜɚɬɢɬɶɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɭɢɞɚɬɶɫɜɨɸɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɸɫɢɬɭ
ɚɰɢɢ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ 'ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ' ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ
ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣɜɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢɨɬɩɨɪɹɞɤɚɢɯɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɟɫɥɢɫɨ
ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹɞɜɭɯɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɛɵɫɬɪɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɬɞɪɭɝɡɚɞɪɭɝɨɦɚɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɹɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ
 78

ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɫɩɭɫɬɹɞɨɥɝɨɟɜɪɟɦɹɩɨɫɥɟɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹɜɬɨɪɨɝɨɚɤɬɨɪɚɬɨɛɨɥɟɟɭɛɟ
ɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹɩɟɪɜɨɟɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ
Ⱦɚɥɟɟɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬɫɬɚɞɢɹɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣɞɢɫɤɪɟɞɢɬɚɰɢɢɥɢɞɟɪɚɢɝɪɭɩɩɵ
ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɚɤɬɨɪ ɧɪɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɬɟɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢɣ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ
ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ 'ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɧɟɩɨɝɪɟɲɢɦɨɫɬɢ' ɂɧɚɱɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɞɨɛɪɨɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ
ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɹɥɢɛɨɧɟɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬɟɝɨɩɪɨɦɚɯɢɥɢɛɨɫɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɟɝɨɧɟɭɞɚɱɢɧɚ'ɨɛɴɟɤ
ɬɢɜɧɵɟɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ' ɢ'ɩɪɨɢɫɤɢɜɪɚɝɨɜ' ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ'ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹɚɬɪɢɛɭ
ɰɢɹ'ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɜɦɟɫɬɟɫɩɚɞɟɧɢɟɦɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɣɩɚɞɚɟɬɞɨɜɟɪɢɟ
ɤɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɦɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɦɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɦɨɛɚɤɬɨɪɟɢɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɨɬ
ɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɨɰɟɧɨɤɟɝɨɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɞɪɭɝɢɦɢɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ
ɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɦɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟɢɞɟɢɢɫɸɠɟɬɵ
ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚɨɛɜɢɧɟɧɢɣ

x ɫɫɵɥɤɢɧɚɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸɨɰɟɧɤɭɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣɥɢɞɟɪɚɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢɪɟɮɟ
ɪɟɧɬɧɨɣɞɥɹɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɮɢɝɭɪɨɣɩɪɢɟɦ'ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ');
x ɩɪɢɤɥɟɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɞɟɪɭ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɹɪɥɵɤɚ ɢ
ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɧɢɟɟɦɭɩɪɢɟɦ'ɤɨɡɟɥɨɬɩɭɳɟɧɢɹ');
x ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɥɢɞɟɪɚ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɤɚɤ ɲɭɬɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɲɨɭ ɩɪɢɟɦ 'ɜɪɚɠɞɟɛɧɚɹ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɢɡɚ
ɰɢɹ');
x ɡɚɩɭɝɢɜɚɧɢɟɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟɦɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɣɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɥɢɞɟɪɚɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢɜɫɥɭɱɚɟɭɫɬɭɩɤɢɟɝɨɡɚɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɩɪɢɟɦ'ɚɡɚɜ
ɬɪɚɪɨɞɢɧɭɩɪɨɞɚɫɬ');
x ɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨ ɫɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɥɢɞɟɪɚɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ
ɨɞɢɨɡɧɵɦɢɞɥɹɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɮɢɝɭɪɚɦɢɩɪɢɟɦ'ɮɚɥɶɲɢɜɵɟɫɨɸɡɧɢɤɢ')
ɜɦɟɫɬɟɫɢɯɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢɨɬɡɵɜɚɦɢɨɥɢɞɟɪɟɩɪɢɟɦ'ɚɧɬɢɩɨɯɜɚɥɚ');
x ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɧɢɟɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɝɨɥɢɞɟɪɨɦɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɞɥɹɩɨɞɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢɩɪɢɟɦ'ɞɟɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ');
x ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɫɚɦɨɪɟɤɥɚɦɵɥɢɞɟɪɚɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢɞɨɚɛɫɭɪɞɚɫɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɦ
ɹɜɧɨɧɟɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣɩɪɢɟɦ'ɪɚɡɞɭɜɚɧɢɟɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɚ');
x ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɜɬɨɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɯɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɯɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɢɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣɥɢɞɟɪɚɨɩ
ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢɤɚɤɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯɩɪɢɟɦ'ɦɟɥɨɱɧɚɹɩɨɯɜɚɥɚ');
x ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɥɢɞɟɪɚɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢɢɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɨɣɚɤɰɢɢɫɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ
ɦɟɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɦɢ
ɩɪɢɟɦ'ɜɵɫɦɟɢɜɚɧɢɟ').
ɐɟɥɶ± ɧɚɫɢɥɶɧɨ'ɜɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ' ɥɢɞɟɪɚɜɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɝɟɪɨɹɜɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɣɫɸɠɟɬɜ
ɬɨɣ ɪɨɥɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɟɦɨɦɭ ɢɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɢɦɢɞɠɭ
Ɍɚɤɨɟɭɩɨɞɨɛɥɟɧɢɟɜɧɟɹɜɧɨɦɜɢɞɟɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɟɦɭɜɫɟɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶ
ɧɨɝɨɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɚɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɣɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ,
 79

ɫɰɟɧɚɪɧɨɝɨɢɥɢɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝɚ
ɑɥɟɧɨɜɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɵɧɚɞɨɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶɦɚɪɝɢɧɚɥɚɦɢɚɢɯɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɤɚɤɜɪɟɞɧɵɟɞɥɹɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚȾɥɹɷɬɨɝɨɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹɢɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ
ɨɬɢɦɟɧɢɝɪɭɩɩɵɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɩɨɮɨɪɦɟɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɬɭɠɟɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧ
ɧɵɟɟɸɢɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɟɰɟɥɟɜɵɦɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɚɩɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ± ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɚɬ
ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɦɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɥɢɞɟɪɚɢɥɢɩɨɪɨɱɚɬɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɟɞɥɹɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨɫɨɨɛɳɟ
ɫɬɜɚɮɢɝɭɪɵɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɟɝɨɫɨɸɡɧɢɤɚɦɢ
ɇɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɨɪɢɬɧɵɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɵ ɢɡ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚ
ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɯɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɵɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɬɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɟɧɟɨɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɟ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣɢɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣɥɢɞɟɪɚɩɪɢɟɦ'ɩɨɞɫɚɞɧɵɟɭɬɤɢ'ȿɳɟɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ± ɫɨɡɞɚ
ɧɢɟɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ-ɨɞɧɨɞɧɟɜɨɤɞɥɹɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɯɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɨɥɢɞɟɪɟ
ɧɨɜɧɟɭɞɨɛɧɨɟɞɥɹɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɜɪɟɦɹɜɧɟɭɞɨɛɧɨɦɦɟɫɬɟɢɜɧɟɭɞɨɛɧɨɣɮɨɪɦɟɢɢɥɢ
ɨɞɢɨɡɧɵɦɢɮɢɝɭɪɚɦɢ
Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɣ ɩɪɨ
ɬɟɫɬɧɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɵɩɪɢɟɦ'ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɟɦɟɬɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ'Ȼɨɥɟɟɫɥɨɠɧɵɣɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ± ɨɪ
ɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɰɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɬɜɥɟɤɚɸ
ɳɟɝɨɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɩɟɪɮɨɪɦɚɧɫɚɧɚɩɪɫɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɯɚɪɬɢɫɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɟɦ'ɫɨ
ɛɵɬɢɟ-ɫɩɨɣɥɟɪ').
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɨɣɚɤɰɢɢɧɟɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɨɪɝɚɧɭɜɥɚɫɬɢɢɧɨɝɨɜɵɛɨɪɚ
ɤɪɨɦɟɤɚɤɪɚɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɶɩɪɨɬɢɜɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɵɢɟɟɥɢɞɟɪɚɨɬɤɪɵɬɭɸɚɧɬɢɩɪɨ
ɩɚɝɚɧɞɭ ȿɟ ɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɬɧ 'ɚɤɬɢɜɢɫɬ-ɬɨɪɩɟɞɚ' ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧ
ɧɵɟɢɩɪɨɱɢɟɪɟɫɭɪɫɵɥɢɛɨɚɧɨɧɢɦɧɵɟɚɤɬɨɪɵɉɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɟɦɱɬɨɞɨɷɬɨɝɨɦɨ
ɦɟɧɬɚɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɬɨɱɤɢɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɧɨɝɨɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɨɪɝɚɧɜɥɚɫɬɢɧɟɩɪɢ
ɛɟɝɚɟɬɤ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɰɢɢɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɯɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɨɝɪɭɩɩɟɢɥɢ
ɞɟɪɟ
ɉɪɢɧɚɥɢɱɢɢɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯɫɩɢɤɟɪɨɜɦɨɠɧɨɜɵɡɜɚɬɶɥɢɞɟɪɚɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ
ɧɚɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɸɜɩɪɹɦɨɦɷɮɢɪɟɩɪɢɟɦ'ɲɨɭ-ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɚ'ɱɬɨɛɵɜɩɨɥɧɨɣɦɟɪɟɢɫ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɞɥɹɟɝɨɞɢɫɤɪɟɞɢɬɚɰɢɢɪɟɱɟɜɵɟɩɪɢɟɦɵɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɰɢɢɄɪɚɣɧɹɹɦɟɪɚ
± ɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɰɢɹɢɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɩɨɪɚɡɧɵɦɤɚɧɚɥɚɦɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢɤɚɤɞɨɫɬɨ
ɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣɨɥɢɞɟɪɟɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢɩɪɢɟɦ'ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɚɬ').
ɉɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɟɫɬɧɨɦɭɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭɤɚɤɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵɟɢɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟɧɨɢɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨ
ɜɚɬɶɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟɦɧɟɧɢɟɨɛɨɪɝɚɧɟɜɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɬɨɪɵɣɹɤɨɛɵɧɟ
ɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɫɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦɜɨɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯɧɚɧɟɝɨɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɮɭɧɤ
ɰɢɣɄɚɤɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɬɶɷɬɨɣɚɧɬɢɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɟ?
 80

ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɨɪɝɚɧɚɜɥɚɫɬɢɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɨɬɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɟɛɟɜɨɬ
ɱɟɬɜɬɨɦɤɚɤɨɝɨɪɨɞɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢ
ɢɩɨɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢɧɟɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶɬɚɤɨɝɨɪɨɞɚɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ
ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɬɶɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɫɬɶɧɟɭɜɥɟɤɚɹɫɶɫɚɦɨɪɟɤɥɚ
ɦɨɣɚɮɚɛɪɢɤɭɹɛɥɚɝɨɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟɨɬɡɵɜɵɢɡɭɫɬɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɯɞɥɹɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨɫɨ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɮɢɝɭɪɢɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ'ɫɚɦɨɤɪɢɬɢɤɭɩɨɩɭɫɬɹɤɚɦ'ɬɟɫɨɨɛɳɚɹɨɧɟɡɧɚɱɢ
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɩɨɦɧɟɧɢɸɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯɜɫɜɨɟɣɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɩɪɢɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɞɨ
ɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɧɢɩɚɮɨɫɧɨɟɯɜɚɫɬɨɜɫɬɜɨɧɢɫɚɦɨɛɢɱɟɜɚɧɢɟ
ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɚɦɨɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɣ ɚɧɬɢɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ
ɭɜɟɞɨɦɥɹɬɶɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɨɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɯɨɲɢɛɤɚɯɧɨɜɜɵɝɨɞɧɨɣɞɥɹɜɥɚɫɬɢɢɧɬɟɪ
ɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢɩɪɢɟɦ
ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɚɹɜɚɤɰɢɧɚɰɢɹ').
ɉɨɫɩɟɲɧɵɟɢɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟɩɨɩɵɬɤɢɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɢɹɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɟ
ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɭɯɚ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚɧɨɫɹɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦ ɠɟɪɬɜɵ ɚɧɬɢɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɵ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɣɭɳɟɪɛɱɟɦɯɥɚɞɧɨɤɪɨɜɧɨɟɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɟɷɮɮɟɤɬ
ɧɟɬɞɵɦɚɛɟɡɨɝɧɹ
ɧɟɝɚ
ɬɢɜɧɨɟɫɨɛɵɬɢɟɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨɟɩɪɨɢɫɲɟɫɬɜɢɟɢɥɢɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɚɹɚɤɰɢɹɢɥɢ
ɪɚɡɨɛ
ɥɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ
 ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɸɬ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɦɨ
ɦɟɧɬ ɢɯ ɫɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɤɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ
ɛɵɫɬɪɨɧɚɫɤɭɱɢɜɚɸɬɢɡɚɛɵɜɚɸɬɫɹɟɫɥɢɬɨɥɶɤɨɧɟɪɚɡɝɨɧɹɸɬɫɹɞɨ
ɧɨɜɨɫɬɧɨɣ
ɜɨɥɧɵ

Ɉɪɝɚɧɭɜɥɚɫɬɢɥɭɱɲɟɜɨɡɞɟɪɠɚɬɶɫɹɨɬɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɝɨɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɧɚɚɧɬɢ
ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɭɟɫɥɢɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬɩɨɤɪɚɣɧɟɣɦɟɪɟɨɞɧɨɢɡɬɪɟɯɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ
1. ɉɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɟɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ
ɧɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɯɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɦɟɫɬɧɨɦɭɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭɢɥɢɭɨɪɝɚɧɚɜɥɚɫɬɢɟɫɬɶɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɫɬɢɡɚɤɪɵɬɶɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɶɞɨɫɬɭɩɤɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɦɤɚɧɚɥɚɦɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɇɚɩɪɧɚɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɯɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɯɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɡɚɩɪɟɬɢɬɶɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯɞɥɹ
ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣɩɪɢɟɦ
ɠɟɥɟɡ
ɧɵɣɡɚɧɚɜɟɫ
ɜɵɧɭɞɢɬɶɦɟɫɬɧɵɟɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɵɟɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜɩɨɦɟɳɟ
ɧɢɣ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ
ɩɪɢɟɦ
ɲɚɧɬɚɠɢɥɢɩɨɞɤɭɩ
ɢɧɚɤɨɧɟɰɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶɫɛɨɪɢɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɟɤ
ɫɬɨɜɚɧɬɢɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɵɩɪɢɟɦ
ɜɵɟɦɤɚɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ

2. ɇɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɦɢ ɧɢ
ɭɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢɧɢɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɦɢɞɥɹɱɥɟɧɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɧɟɫɬɨɢɬɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶ
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹɧɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɫɨɩɟɪɧɢɤɨɜɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɢɪɚɫɩɪɨ
ɫɬɪɚɧɹɬɶɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ
3. ɇɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɟɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɧɟɤɚɫɚɸɬɫɹɫɭɬɢɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɵɯɨɪɝɚ
 81

ɧɨɦɜɥɚɫɬɢɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɥɢɧɟɩɨɞɪɵɜɚɸɬɟɝɨɥɟɝɢɬɢɦ
ɧɨɫɬɶɢɥɢɧɟɧɚɧɨɫɹɬɭɪɨɧɟɝɨɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɫɬɢɌɚɤɨɝɨɪɨɞɚɚɧɬɢɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɚɟɫɥɢ
ɢɧɚɧɨɫɢɬɭɳɟɪɛɬɨɧɟɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦɭɨɪɝɚɧɭɜɥɚɫɬɢɚɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɣɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɰɟɥɨɦ
ɐɟɥɶɤɨɧɬɪɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɵ± ɜɨɫɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɸɰɟɥɟɜɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ
ɭɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɦɵɯɫɨɩɟɪɧɢɤɨɦɢɥɢɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɜɜɢɞɟɫɥɭɯɨɜɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɨɛɚɤɬɨɪɟɢɢɥɢɥɢɲɢɬɶɷɬɢɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɞɨɫɬɨ
ɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɢɢɢɥɢɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɶɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹɜɧɢɯɞɨɜɨɞɵɄɨɧɬɪɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɚ ±
ɷɬɨɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɚɹɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɹɞɥɹɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɹɚɧɬɢɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɵɫɤɨɬɨɪɨɣɨɧɚ
>ɤɨɧɬɪɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɚ@ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚɩɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸȼɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɚɤɬɨɪɚɤɨɧɬɪɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɵ
ɱɚɳɟɜɫɟɝɨɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬɧɟɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɫɩɢɤɟɪɵɚɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɟɫɨɸɡɧɢɤɢɨɪɝɚɧɚ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɉɨɦɢɦɨ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɹ
 ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɬɜɥɟɤɚɟɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ
ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜɢɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɨɬɚɧɬɢɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɵɢɫɚɦɨɪɟɤɥɚɦɵɫɨɩɟɪ
ɧɢɤɚɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹɩɪɢɟɦ
ɪɚɡɞɭɜɚɧɢɟɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɚ
 ɤɨɝɞɚɨɛɜɢɧɟɧɢɹɫɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɵɩɨ
ɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢɞɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹɞɨɚɛɫɭɪɞɚ
ȿɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɫɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦ ɨɧɚ
ɛɵɫɬɪɨɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɬɫɹɜɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɧɶɸɫɦɟɣɤɟɪɚɚɟɟɜɨɠɚɤ± ɜɥɢɞɟɪɚɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧ
ɧɨɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɡɝɥɚɜɢɬɶ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɧɚɱɧɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɜɵɛɨɪɧɭɸ
ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɢɥɢ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣɫɮɟɪɵɥɢɛɨɩɨɣɬɢɧɚɩɪɹɦɵɟɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɵɱɬɨɛɵɫɤɥɨɧɢɬɶɧɚɫɜɨɸ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭɢɫɞɟɥɚɬɶɫɨɸɡɧɢɤɨɦȾɚɠɟɟɫɥɢɛɵɜɲɟɦɭɜɨɠɚɤɭɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɵ
ɧɟɭɞɚɫɬɫɹɫɬɚɬɶɜɥɚɫɬɧɵɦɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɦɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɨɦɢɥɢɝɥɚɜɨɣɨɪɝɚɧɚɜɥɚɫɬɢɨɧ
ɫɛɨɥɶɲɨɣɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɸɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɬɫɹɜɥɨɛɛɢɫɬɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɪɚɧɟɟɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɜɲɢɯ
ɟɝɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɫɩɨɧɫɨɪɨɜɱɬɨɜɵɧɭɞɢɬɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɜɤɚɤɢɯ-ɬɨɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɯɢɞɬɢɟɦɭ
ɧɚɜɫɬɪɟɱɭȼɥɸɛɨɦɫɥɭɱɚɟɡɚɬɪɚɬɵɨɪɝɚɧɚɜɥɚɫɬɢɧɚɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨ
ɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɧɚɩɨɞɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢɪɟɡɤɨɭɜɟɥɢɱɚɬɫɹ
ɂɬɚɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɨɡ
ɪɚɫɬɚɟɬɩɪɢɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɢɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɵɊɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɜɧɨɟɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɧɚɟɟɥɢɞɟɪɨɜɱɥɟɧɨɜɫɩɨɧɫɨɪɨɜɫɨɸɡɧɢɤɨɜɫɨɞ
ɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢɩɨɫɪɵɜɭɟɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣɫɞɪɭɝɢɦɢɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢɢɟɟɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɟɣɜɦɟɞɢɚɫɮɟɪɟ
 82

ɁȺɄɅɘɑȿɇɂȿ

ɋɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɟ
ɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɚɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯɦɨɞɟɥɟɣɥɟɠɚɳɢɯɜɨɫɧɨɜɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢ
ɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ ɤɚɤ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɰɢ
ɚɥɶɧɵɯɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜɜɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɢɩɪɨ
ɱɢɯɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ
Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ±
ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɫɬɶɸ
 ± ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɟɟ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɩɹɬ
ɫɬɜɭɟɬɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟɟɟɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɜɹɩɚ
ɪɚɞɢɝɦɚ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ
 ɩɪɨɜɨɰɢɪɭɟɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤ ɛɟɫɩɥɨɞ
ɧɵɦ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚɦ ɩɟɪɟɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɥɵɜɱɚɬɵɯ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɨɜ

ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟɫɜɹɡɢ

ɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ

ɤɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɫ
ɢɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɜɵɧɭɠɞɚɟɬɚɤɬɨ
ɪɨɜɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜɚɬɶɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɧɵɟɪɟɫɭɪɫɵɧɚɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɸɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚ
ɰɢɣɤɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɧɟɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɦɵɦɢɜɨɦɧɨɝɨɦɩɚɝɭɛɧɵɦɞɥɹɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɰɟɥɟɣɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɚɦ
ɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟ
ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ
Ɋɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɟɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɤɨɬɨɪɨɟɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɨɬɢɧ
ɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ
ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢɭɫɬɭɩɚɟɬɦɟɫɬɨɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɣɧɵɦɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɦɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢɢɧɮɨɪɦɚ
ɰɢɢɉɪɢɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɢɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢɢɨɰɟɧɤɟɩɨɤɪɚɣɧɟɣɦɟɪɟɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɵ ɧɟɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨ
ɜɚɧɧɵɟɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɤɚɦɢɢɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢɫɬɢɦɭɥɚɦɢɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵɜɫɨɨɛ
ɳɟɧɢɹɯɜɟɪɛɚɥɶɧɵɦɢɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢɢɩɪɨɱɢɦɢɦɚɪɤɟɪɚɦɢ
ɂɧɞɢɜɢɞɵɨɫɦɵɫɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɵɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɩɪɟɞ
ɩɨɱɢɬɚɸɬɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸɨɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɫɤɨɪɟɟɜɜɢɞɟɛɨɥɟɟ
ɢɥɢɦɟɧɟɟɫɜɹɡɧɵɯɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɱɟɦɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣɢɥɢɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɣ
ɉɪɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ
 ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝɚ
ɤɚɤ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɩɪɢɛɟɝɚɸɬ ɤ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɚɰɢɢɪɢɬɨɪɢɤɟɢɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢɱɟɦɤɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ
ɉɭɛɥɢɱɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚ
ɧɢɹɢɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹɟɟɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɫɬɢɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɜɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɦɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ
ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɨɜɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɪɢɬɨɪɢɤɢ
Ɉɪɝɚɧɵɜɥɚɫɬɢɤɚɤɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɚɤɬɨɪɵɜɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɣɛɨɪɶɛɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭ
ɢɪɭɸɬɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɵɤɚɤ ɜɟɪɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢɜɢɡɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢɢɪɟɤɪɟɚɬɢɡɚ
ɰɢɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɤɭɪɫɨɜɜɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟɫɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɥɨɝɢɤɨɣɢɞɚɥɟɟɩɪɨ
 83

ɞɜɢɝɚɸɬɢɯɜɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɭɸɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɭɢɦɟɞɢɚɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɭɜɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɢɫɦɟɞɢɚɥɨɝɢ
ɤɨɣɥɨɝɢɤɨɣɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɣɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵɢɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɦɧɟɧɢɟɦ
ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɨɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɸɬɫɹɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢɚɤɬɨ
ɪɚɦɢɧɚɨɫɧɨɜɟɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɢɫɭɱɟɬɨɦɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɵɯɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ
ɢɧɞɢɤɚ
ɬɨɪɨɜɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ

ɀɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɵɩɪɢɫɟɥɟɤɰɢɢɢɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢɢɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜɪɭɤɨɜɨɞ
ɫɬɜɭɸɬɫɹɦɟɞɢɚɥɨɝɢɤɨɣɚɬɚɤɠɟɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟɢɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɬɧɨɜɵɟɦɟ
ɞɢɚɮɪɟɣɦɵɤɚɤɫɯɟɦɵɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢɢɨɰɟɧɤɢ
Ɇɟɞɢɚɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɚ ɞɧɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɨ
ɝɢɤɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɥɨɝɢɤɢɢɥɨɝɢɤɢɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɣɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵɚɬɚɤɠɟɪɟɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɢɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɩɨɜɟɫɬɨɤɞɧɹ
ɉɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɚɹɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɹɢɪɟɤɪɟɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɢɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɤɬɨɦɭɱɬɨɜɵɩɭɫɤɢɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣɜɫɟɛɨɥɶɲɟɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧ
ɧɵɟɮɢɥɶɦɵɫɨɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɦɢɩɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɩɪɨɞɚɤɬɩɥɟɣɫɦɟɧɬ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢɚɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹɜɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸɤɨɧɤɭ
ɪɟɧɰɢɸɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɨɜ
ɇɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɹɢɪɟɤɪɟɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢɢɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɢɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɢɯ
ɜɡɚɢɦɧɭɸɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɸɢɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢɩɢɚɪɚɢɦɚɪ
ɤɟɬɢɧɝɚɜɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɭɸɳɟɟɫɨɰɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɟɩɨɥɟɫɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɩɢɚɪ-ɥɨɝɢɤɨɣ
&ɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ
ɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɪɟɣ
ɦɢɧɝɚ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɚɧɬɪɟɩɪɟɧɟɪɵɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɸɬɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹɜɮɨɪɦɟɚɞɜɨɤɚɬ
ɫɤɢɯɢɫɬɨɪɢɣɢɞɚɥɟɟɬɪɚɧɫɥɢɪɭɸɬɢɯ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɜɧɚɞɟɠɞɟɧɚ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɜ
ɦɟɞɢɚɫɮɟɪɟ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɭɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɞɢɚ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɣ ɗɬɢ ɭɬɢɥɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ
ɨɩɪɚɜɞɵɜɚɸɬɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɢɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɜɜɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɯɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯɚɩɟɥɥɢ
ɪɭɹɤɬɚɤɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɦɭ
ɡɞɪɚɜɨɦɭɫɦɵɫɥɭ
ɚɧɟɤɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ
ɋɨɞɧɨɣɫɬɨɪɨɧɵɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɜɨɢɩɨɡɢɰɢɢɡɚɫɱɟɬɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹɜ
ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɟɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟɱɟɪɟɡɦɟɞɢɚɜɵɝɨɞɧɵɟɞɥɹɫɟɛɹɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɮɟ
ɧɨɦɟɧɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛ
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɤɭɪɫɚ
ɋɞɪɭɝɨɣɫɬɨɪɨɧɵɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɟɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɦɢɧɟɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɟɦɟɪɵɤɨ
ɬɨɪɵɟɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸɢɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɜɥɢɹɸɬɧɚɠɢɡɧɢɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹɞɟ
ɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢɧɟɜɵɡɵɜɚɹɚɠɢɨɬɚɠɚɢɥɢɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɵɯɚɤɰɢɣɌɚɤɨɝɨɪɨɞɚ
ɫɢɦɜɨ
ɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɵ
ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨɫɚɦɢɦɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɦɢɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹɤɚɤ
ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɚɹ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɱɬɨɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɤɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɸɧɟɜɟɪɧɵɯɪɟɲɟ
ɧɢɣɢɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɸɚɧɟɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɸɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɫɬɢ
ɉɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɣɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɥɫɹɜɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɸɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɢɯɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɨɜ
 84

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɜɫɢɥɨɜɨɦɩɨɥɟɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹɦɟɞɢɚ-ɚɝɟɧɬɚɦɢɩɨ
ɛɭɠɞɚɟɦɵɯɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢɉɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɚɹɫɸɠɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɹɢɪɟɤɪɟɚɬɢɡɚ
ɰɢɹɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɤɬɨɦɭɱɬɨɢɜɵɩɭɫɤɢɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣɢɩɭɛ
ɥɢɱɧɵɟɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢɦɚɥɨɱɟɦɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹɨɬɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɢɬɟɥ
ɥɢɧɝɚɢɫɨɛɵɬɢɣɧɨɝɨɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɚɜɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɇɚɫɬɭ
ɩɢɥɚɷɩɨɯɚ©ɬɪɚɧɫɦɟɞɢɣɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɣªɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɵɣɞɥɹɚɤɬɨɪɚɮɪɟɣɦɢɧɝ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜɜɤɥɸɱɚɹɟɝɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨɧɨɜɨɫɬɧɵɯɧɨɢɪɚɡɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɦɟ
ɞɢɚɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɂɧɚɱɟɝɨɜɨɪɹɧɚɫɦɟɧɭɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɦɭ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭɢɧɮɨɪɦɢ
ɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɩɪɢɲɥɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɟ µɛɪɟɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɝɟɣɦɟɪɨɜɢɩɪɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ¶.
 85

ɋɉɂɋɈɄɂɋɉɈɅɖɁɈȼȺɇɇɈɃɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊɕ

1. ȺɧɬɨɧɨɜɫɤɢɣȺɘɉɨɫɥɟɫɥɨɜɢɟɆɚɫɫ-ɦɟɞɢɚ± ɬɪɚɧɫɰɟɧɞɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹɢɥ
ɥɸɡɢɹɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ"ɇɅɭɦɚɧɊɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɦɚɫɫ-ɦɟɞɢɚɆɋ-248.
2. ȺɪɧɨɥɶɞɂȼɋɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚɋɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɤɚɂɧɬɟɪɬɟɤɫɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɆ
3. Ȼɚɡɵɥɟɜȼɇəɡɵɤ± ɪɢɬɭɚɥ± ɦɢɮɆ
4. ȻɚɪɚɧɨɜȺɇɄɚɪɚɭɥɨɜɘɇɊɭɫɫɤɚɹɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɚɆ
5. ȻɟɣɬɫɨɧȽɗɤɨɥɨɝɢɹɪɚɡɭɦɚɂɡɛɪɚɧɧɵɟɫɬɚɬɶɢɩɨɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɢɩɫɢɯɢ
ɚɬɪɢɢɢɷɩɢɫɬɟɦɨɥɨɝɢɢɆ.
6. ȻɟɪɝɟɪɉɅɭɤɦɚɧɌɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɆ
7. ȻɟɪɝɟɪɉɅɉɪɢɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟɜɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɸɝɭɦɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚ
Ɇ
8. ȻɥɷɤɆɆɟɬɚɮɨɪɚɌɟɨɪɢɹɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɵɪɟɞɇȾȺɪɭɬɸɧɨɜɚɆ
ɋ-172.
9. ȻɭɪɞɶɟɉɄɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɹɩɨɥɹɧɚɭɤɢɋɨɰɢɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɉɶɟɪɚȻɭɪ
ɞɶɟȺɥɶɦɚɧɚɯɊɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨ-ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɝɨɰɟɧɬɪɚɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɢɢɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢɂɧ
ɫɬɢɬɭɬɚɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɢɊɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣȺɤɚɞɟɦɢɢɧɚɭɤɨɬɜɪɟɞ+$ɒɦɚɬɤɨɆ
2001.
10. ȻɭɪɞɶɟɉɇɚɱɚɥɚɆ
11. ȻɭɪɞɶɟɉɈɬɟɥɟɜɢɞɟɧɢɢɢɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɟɆ
12. ȻɭɪɞɶɟɉɋɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɹɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢɆ
13. ȼɟɠɛɢɰɤɚɹȺɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ± ɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɹ± ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɚɌɟɨɪɢɹɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɵɪɟɞ
ɇȾȺɪɭɬɸɧɨɜɚɆ&-154.
14. ȽɭɞɤɨɜȾȻɉɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɵɟɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɵɜɬɟɤɫɬɚɯɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɚ
əɡɵɤɋɆɂɤɚɤɨɛɴɟɤɬɦɟɠɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɝɨɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɨɬɜɪɟɞɆɇȼɨ
ɥɨɞɢɧɚɆ
15. ȾɚɣɌɁɢɝɥɟɪɅȾɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɹɞɥɹɷɥɢɬɵȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɜɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɭɸɩɨɥɢ
ɬɢɤɭɆ
16. ȾɠɟɪɞɠɟɧɄȾɠȾɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɢɡɦɚɜɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧ
ɧɨɣɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹɫɚɦɨɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɹɦɚɪɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɏɪɟɫɬɨɦɚɬɢɹɨɬɜɪɟɞɆɉȽɚɩɨɱɤɚɆ
17. ɂɨɧɢɧɅȽɋɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɹɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵɩɭɬɶɜɧɨɜɨɟɬɵɫɹɱɟɥɟɬɢɟɆ
ɫ
18. ɄɟɥɥɢȾɠɌɟɨɪɢɹɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹɥɢɱɧɵɯɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɜɋɉɛ
2000.
19. ɄɢɦɥɢɤɚɍɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɆ
20. ɄɨɷɧȾɠɅȺɪɚɬɨɗȽɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɟɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɬɟɨɪɢɹɆ
2003.
 86

21. ɅɚɤɨɮɮȾȾɠɨɧɫɨɧɆɆɟɬɚɮɨɪɵɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢɦɵɠɢɜɟɦɆ
22. ɅɭɦɚɧɇȼɥɚɫɬɶɆ
23. ɅɭɦɚɧɇɊɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɦɚɫɫɦɟɞɢɚɆ
24. ɅɭɦɚɧɇɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɈɱɟɪɤɨɛɳɟɣɬɟɨɪɢɢɋɉɛ
25. ɆɚɤɥɸɷɧȽɆɉɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦɟɞɢɚɜɧɟɲɧɢɟɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚɆ
2003.
26. ɆɢɧɫɤɢɣɆɈɫɬɪɨɭɦɢɟɢɥɨɝɢɤɚɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɫɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɇɨɜɨɟɜɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɨɣɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɤɟȼɵɩɄɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɟɚɫɩɟɤɬɵɹɡɵɤɚ
Ɇɋ281-309.
27. ɆɢɧɫɤɢɣɆɎɪɟɣɦɵɞɥɹɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɡɧɚɧɢɣɆ
28. ɆɨɫɤɨɜɢɱɢɋɈɬɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣɤɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ
ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɢɌʋɋ-95.
29. ɆɭɮɮɒɄɚɝɨɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɦɨɞɟɥɢɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢɅɨɝɨɫʋ
P. 180-197.
30. ɇɚɣɫɫɟɪ ɍɉɨɡɧɚɧɢɟɢɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɋɦɵɫɥɢɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɣɩɫɢ
ɯɨɥɨɝɢɢȻɥɚɝɨɜɟɳɟɧɫɤ
31. ɇɨɷɥɶ-ɇɨɣɦɚɧɗɈɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟɦɧɟɧɢɟɈɬɤɪɵɬɢɟɫɩɢɪɚɥɢɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɹ
Ɇ
32. ɈɪɥɨɜɚɗȺɂɫɬɨɪɢɹɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɭɱɟɧɢɣɆ
33. Ɉɪɬɟɝɚ-ɢ-ȽɚɫɫɟɬɏȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɢɟɦɚɫɫɆ 2003.
34. ɉɚɪɟɬɨȼɄɨɦɩɟɧɞɢɭɦɩɨɨɛɳɟɣɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɢɆ
35. ɉɨɩɨɜȼȾɨɛɳɪɟɞɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɆ
36. ɊɟɠɚɛɟɤȿəɎɢɥɚɬɨɜɚȺȺɄɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɚɹɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɥɨɝɢɹɆ
37. ɊɨɡɟɧɮɟɥɶɞɂȾɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜ2006. URL: www.cursorinfo.co.il/an-
alize/2006/03/01/discurs.
38. ɊɨɥɡȾɌɟɨɪɢɹɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢɇɨɜɨɫɢɛɢɪɫɤ
39. ɊɭɫɚɤɨɜɚɈɎɊɭɫɚɤɨɜȼɆ35-ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɤɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝ
40. ɋɵɪɨɜȼɇɈɛɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɟɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɵɄɪɢɬɢɤɚɢɫɟɦɢɨ
ɬɢɤɚʋɋ-92.
41. ɌɨɥɦɟɧɗɄɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɟɤɚɪɬɵɭɤɪɵɫɢɭɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚɂɫɬɨɪɢɹɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ
(10-ɟ-30-ɟɝɝɉɟɪɢɨɞɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɝɨɤɪɢɡɢɫɚɌɟɤɫɬɵɨɬɜɪɟɞɉəȽɚɥɶɩɟɪɢɧ
ȺɇɀɞɚɧɆɋ-69.
42. ɍɚɣɬɒȽɉɪɟɞɢɫɥɨɜɢɟɆɄɨɭɥɄɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ
Ɇ997.
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43. ɍɥɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣȺɆɌɟɨɪɢɹɪɟɱɟɜɵɯɚɤɬɨɜɢɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɢɡɦ
ɉɨɫɬɧɟɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɢɡɦɢɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜ
ɧɵɣɩɨɞɯɨɞʋ
44. ɎɟɫɬɢɧɝɟɪɅɌɟɨɪɢɹɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨɞɢɫɫɨɧɚɧɫɚɋɉɛ
45. ɎɢɥɢɩɫɅȾɠɃɨɪɝɟɧɫɟɧɆȼȾɢɫɤɭɪɫ-ɚɧɚɥɢɡɌɟɨɪɢɹɢɦɟɬɨɞɏɚɪɶ
ɤɨɜ
46. ɎɭɤɨɆȼɨɥɹɤɢɫɬɢɧɟɩɨɬɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɭɡɧɚɧɢɹɜɥɚɫɬɢɢɫɟɤɫɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
Ɇ
47. ɏɚɛɟɪɦɚɫɘɌɟɨɪɢɹɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹȼɟɫɬɧɢɤɆɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚɎɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹʋ&-63.
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