Technological Institute of the Philippines

Manila Campus

Design of a Sampaguita Garland Machine

Gabriel, Justin Mark T.

Garcia, Joseph Deus Paul O.

Guerrero, Mark Anthony C.

Olivar, Jenny S.

Sotomil, Nathaniel R.

October 2019

Mechanical Engineering Department

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 Acknowledgement

It is a golden opportunity to have this project study. However, the project study would not

have been achievable without the uttermost effort and cooperation of the group members.

Aside from this, there are also other people who helped us with fulfilling this study. We,

the researchers, would like to express our deepest gratitude to these people.

We, the proponents of this study, are grateful for the love and support of our friends and

families.

We are also thankful to Engr. Maurice Sorita; his guidance had helped us develop and

improve our project study. Also, he was the one who taught us the methods of using

Solidworks.

Also, we are grateful to the laboratory staff of the Technological Institute of the Philippines

– Manila. Without their service and help, we wouldn’t be able to finish fabricating the

prototype.

We are also grateful to “Sampaguita Girl” of Quiapo, Manila. Her instant fame had given

us an idea to design a sampaguita garland machine for our project study.

Most importantly, we thank our Almighty God for giving us wisdom and for giving us the

beauties of nature, such as the sampaguita flowers.

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 Abstract

Sampaguita is the national flower of the Philippines. It is normally sold in the market as

flower garlands. Sampaguita garlands are the best-selling flower garlands in the country.

These garlands are manufactured manually by hands, which makes the manufacturing

process time-consuming. The excessive time consumed in manufacturing the garlands

gives the manufacturers several disadvantages, such as having lesser time on selling their

products. Garland manufacturers are also exposed to hazards, such as the hazard of being

punctured by the needle. This problem had given the researchers an idea to design a

sampaguita garland machine that can reduce the hazards and the time consumption in

manual manufacturing of the garlands. This study will benefit the manufacturers of

sampaguita garlands by giving them a safer way of manufacturing the garlands and more

time on selling their garlands rather than using most of their time in manufacturing. The

proponents of this study aim to design a machine that can minimize at least 50% of the

time consumed on manual manufacturing of sampaguita garlands. The proponents of the

study will achieve their goal mainly by using the principle of a slider-crank mechanism

that will be powered by a motor.

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 Table of Contents

Title Page………………….......…………………………………………………………..i
Acknowledgement ....................................................................................................................... ii
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ iii
Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... iv
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ vii
List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. viii
Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1
1.1The problem and its background ........................................................................................... 1
1.2 Objectives of the study........................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Significance of the study........................................................................................................ 2
1.4 Scope and delimitation of the study ..................................................................................... 3
Chapter 2: Review of related literature ................................................................................. 5
2.1 Sampaguita Garland Making ................................................................................................. 5
2.2 Sampaguita Flower ................................................................................................................. 6
2.2.1 Common Parts of a Flower................................................................................................. 6
2.2.2 Symbol of Sampaguita Flower .......................................................................................... 7
2.2.3 Characteristic of Sampaguita Flower ................................................................................ 8
2.3 Sampaguita Garland Industry ................................................................................................ 9
2.3.1 Local ...................................................................................................................................... 9
2.4 Flower Knitting Machine ..................................................................................................... 10
2.5 Skewer .................................................................................................................................... 11
2.5.1 Tabletop Skewer Machine KSE-ST18............................................................................ 11
2.6 DC Motor ............................................................................................................................... 12
2.6.1 Types of DC Motor ........................................................................................................... 12
2.6.2 Application of DC Motor ................................................................................................. 15
2.7 Rotational and Linear Motion ............................................................................................. 16
2.7.1 Rotational Motion.............................................................................................................. 16
2.7.2 Linear Motion .................................................................................................................... 19
2.8 Slider-crank Mechanism ...................................................................................................... 20
2.9 Patent Searches ..................................................................................................................... 22
Chapter 3: Materials and methods ....................................................................................... 23
3.1 Project Development Flow .................................................................................................. 23

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3.1.1 Project Management ......................................................................................................... 25
3.1.2 Advising and Consultations ............................................................................................. 27
3.1.3 Project Designing .............................................................................................................. 27
3.1.4 Solidworks Modelling....................................................................................................... 27
3.2 Material Selection and Prototyping .................................................................................... 28
3.2.1 Needle ................................................................................................................................. 28
3.2.2 Needle Holder .................................................................................................................... 28
3.2.3 Bed ....................................................................................................................................... 29
3.2.4 Crank ................................................................................................................................... 29
3.2.5 Connecting Rod ................................................................................................................. 29
3.2.6 Main Body .......................................................................................................................... 29
3.2.7 Abaca String Holder .......................................................................................................... 29
3.2.8 Base ..................................................................................................................................... 30
3.2.9 DC Motor............................................................................................................................ 30
3.2.10 Switches ............................................................................................................................ 30
3.2.11 Variable Voltage Power Supply (VVPS) ..................................................................... 30
3.2.12 Batteries ............................................................................................................................ 30
3.2.13 Magnets ............................................................................................................................ 31
3.2.14 Bearings ............................................................................................................................ 31
3.3 Proposed Design ................................................................................................................... 32
3.3.1 Exploded View .................................................................................................................. 32
3.4 List of Components .............................................................................................................. 33
3.4.1 Needle Dimension ............................................................................................................. 33
3.4.2 Bed Dimension .................................................................................................................. 34
3.4.3 Crank Dimension ............................................................................................................... 35
3.4.4 Connecting Rod Dimension ............................................................................................. 36
3.4.5 Needle Holder Dimension ................................................................................................ 37
3.4.6 Main Body Dimension ...................................................................................................... 38
3.4.6.1 Bed Container Dimension ............................................................................................. 39
3.4.6.2 Slider Path Dimension ................................................................................................... 40
3.4.6.3 Abaca String Holder Dimension .................................................................................. 41
3.4.6.4 Motor Holder Dimension .............................................................................................. 42
3.4.6.5 Rigid Stands (Five Pieces) Dimension ........................................................................ 43
3.4.6.6 Rigid Stand (One Piece) Dimension ............................................................................ 43

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3.4.6.7 Base Dimension .............................................................................................................. 44
3.5 Design Considerations ......................................................................................................... 45
3.5.1 Power Supplied to the Motor ........................................................................................... 45
3.5.1.1 Rotational Speed of the Crank ...................................................................................... 45
3.5.1.2 Torque of the Motor ....................................................................................................... 45
3.5.2 Sharpness of the Needle ................................................................................................... 46
3.6 Experiment Process .............................................................................................................. 46
3.6.1 Simulation Procedure ........................................................................................................ 46
3.6.1.1 Simulation Input Data .................................................................................................... 47
3.6.2 Prototype ............................................................................................................................. 50
3.6.2.1 Prototype Testing ........................................................................................................... 50
3.6.2.1.1 Voltage Supply ............................................................................................................ 50
3.6.2.1.2 Piercing Process .......................................................................................................... 57
3.6.2.2 Final Fabricated Prototype Design............................................................................... 59
3.6.2.3 Prototype’s Operation Manual ..................................................................................... 59
Chapter 4: Results and Discussion ........................................................................................ 61
4.1 Simulation Results ................................................................................................................ 61
4.2 Prototype Testing Results .................................................................................................... 63
4.2.1 Determination of Power Supply ...................................................................................... 63
4.2.2 Prototype Output................................................................................................................ 69
4.2.3 Modifications of the Bed and Abaca Holder ................................................................. 74
4.3 Cost Analysis......................................................................................................................... 76
4.3.1 Total Cost of Prototype ..................................................................................................... 76
4.3.2 Cost-Benefit Analysis for Sampaguita Garland Manufacturers .................................. 77
4.4 Attainment of Objectives ..................................................................................................... 81
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation.................................................................... 84
5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 84
5.2 Recommendation .................................................................................................................. 84
References ................................................................................................................................... 86

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 List of Figures

Figure 1: Sampaguita Garland………………………………………………………….... 6

Figure 2: Parts of a Flower………………………………………………………………. 6
Figure 3: Sampaguita Flower…………………………………………………………….. 9
Figure 4: Wooden Skewers……………………………………………………………... 11
Figure 5: Tabletop Skewer Machine KSE-ST18………………………………………... 12
Figure 6: Permanent Magnet DC Motor………………………………………………... 13
Figure 7: Series wound DC Motor……………………………………………………… 13
Figure 8: DC Shunt Motor or Shunt Wound DC Motor………………………………… 14
Figure 9: Compound Wound DC Motor……………………………………………....... 15
Figure 10: Slider Crank Mechanism……………………………………………………. 21
Figure 11: Patent Search………………………………………………………………... 22
Figure 12: Project Development Flow Program………………………………………... 24
Figure 13: Gantt chart………………………………………………………………....... 26
Figure 14: ABS Properties……………………………………………………………… 46
Figure 15: Contact Groups Input Data………………………………………………….. 47
Figure 16: Gravity Input Data…………………………………………………………... 48
Figure 17: Trial 1 Input Data……………………………………………………………. 48
Figure 18: Trial 2 Input Data……………………………………………………………. 49
Figure 19: Trial 3 Input Data……………………………………………………………. 49
Figure 20: Piercing Process…………………………………………………………….. 57
Figure 21: Piercing Force Requirement………………………………………………… 58
Figure 22: Results and Plots Input Data………………………………………………… 61
Figure 23:Linear Displacement-Time Graph @40 RPM…........…………………… 61
Figure 24: Linear Displacement-Time Graph @30 RPM………………………………. 62
Figure 25: Linear Displacement-Time Graph @20 RPM………………………………. 62
Figure 26: Linear Velocity at 10 V, 38.2 RPM……......................................................... 68
Figure 27: Sampaguita Garland Manufactured using SGM by Non-experts…………… 70
Figure 28: Garland Manufacturers with SGM Prototype Product Results……………… 73
Figure 29: Modifications of Bed………………………………………………………... 74
Figure 30: Modifications of Abaca Holder…………………………………………....... 75

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 List of Tables

Table 1: Voltage Supply and Crank Speed Relation……………………………………. 63

Table 2: Piercing Force Requirement of Sampaguita Flowers………………………….. 64
Table 3: Piercing Force Requirement of CamiaFlowers………………………………... 65
Table 4: Power Supply………………………………………………………………….. 67
Table 5: Prototype Tested by Non-experts……………………………………………… 69
Table 6: Prototype Tested by Expert 1………………………………………………….. 71
Table 7: Prototype Tested by Expert 2………………………………………………….. 71
Table 8: Prototype Tested by Expert 3………………………………………………….. 72
Table 9: Cost of Components…………………………………………………………… 75
Table 10: Sampaguita Garland Expenses……………………………………………….. 76

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ix
Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 The problem and its background

Sampaguita (Jasminum Sambac), a delightfully scented tropical flower, is the national

flower of the Philippines. Sampaguita is definitely the best-selling flower in the Philippine

market. Most of the time, these flowers are manufactured into a flower garland before being

sold in the market. Normally, the worth of sampaguita garlands ranges from ten to twenty

pesos per piece. These sampaguita garlands are usually sold near Catholic churches and

are normally hanged on the statues of Catholic saints. Sometimes, it is used as an air

freshener for cars.

Sampaguita garlands are manufactured, manually by hand, through the use of a needle and

an abaca or Manila hemp. Sampaguita garlands seem simple and easy to make but in

reality, making these garlands are difficult and consumes a lot of time. In “Day Off,” a

segment in GMA News TV, Liza, a veteran sampaguita garland maker and vendor, was

interviewed. According to Liza, it normally takes her six hours before finishing a hundred

of sampaguita garlands (these garlands are fully covered by pure sampaguita flowers).

Since it is only manufactured by hand, there is a lot of time and energy wasted in making

a sampaguita garland. A machine that can minimize the time consumed in manufacturing

these garlands will surely be a great help for sampaguita garland manufacturers and

vendors like Liza.

The researchers of this project study aim to minimize the time and energy consumed by

sampaguita garland manufacturers by designing a machine that can aid them in making

sampaguita garlands a lot of time faster than they normally do. The researchers will use

their knowledge on machine design, materials engineering, and economics for this study.

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1.2 Objectives of the study

The project’s main objective is to design a sampaguita garland machine that can minimize

the hazards and time consumption in the manufacturing process of sampaguita garlands. In

order to achieve the main objective, the researchers shall meet the following:

 The machine should be able to minimize at least 50% of the time consumed in

manually manufacturing sampaguita garlands. The time consumed in garland

making is subjective. If a person can manufacture a garland within 1 minute, that

same person should be able to manufacture a garland within 30 seconds using the

sampaguita garland machine.

 The principles of kinematics, design, materials engineering, and economics must

be applied properly;

 Through the use of Solidworks, the researchers must design the machine and its

components and simulate its motion using motion analysis;

 The prototype of the design project must be built and tested before the final period

of the 1st semester of S.Y. 2019-2020. Through prototype testing, the proponents

can evaluate the final concept or process of the design.

 The proponents must be able to present the study on October 5, 2019

1.3 Significance of the study

The researchers believe that this study is significant because sampaguita garlands are part

of the Philippine culture and their value in the Philippine market will never cease. There

are seven best-selling flowers in the Philippines and sampaguita sits on the number one

spot (Anon, 2017). Sampaguita garlands are traditionally offered to Catholic saint statues.

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Since more than 86% of the population of the Philippines is Roman Catholic (Jack Miller,

2018), many Filipinos buy sampaguita garlands and offer them to their Catholic saints.

Aside from offering it to Catholic saints, sampaguita garlands are also used by several

Filipinos to freshen the air since they are sweetly-scented flowers. Aside from being the

national flower of the Philippines, sampaguita has always been a part of the culture and

lives of many Filipinos thus the sampaguita trade will never vanish in the Philippine

market. The result of this study will benefit the manufacturers of sampaguita garlands; this

study will reduce the time they consume in manufacturing sampaguita garlands. This study

will also benefit the researchers by providing a wider understanding of the problem.

1.4 Scope and delimitation of the study

The study focuses on minimizing the time and energy consumed by manufacturers in

manufacturing sampaguita garlands through designing a sampaguita garland machine. The

proponents will focus on minimizing the time consumption in the “pagtutuhog” or piercing

process since this process consumes most of the time in garland manufacturing. The two

basic main components of this machine are a container or bed and a long needle. The bed

will hold the sampaguita flowers during the manufacturing process. An abaca string will

be carried by a long fork-like needle; this string will be the bone of the garland. These two

components along with the other components will be designed and simulated through the

use of Solidworks.

There are many types of sampaguita garlands; the most expensive are those with pure

sampaguita flowers. Others are consist of sampaguita flowers with varieties of other

flowers such as camia, ylang-ylang, and champak. There are also two types of

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“pagtutuhog.” Some sampaguita flowers are pierced along the stalk while others are

pierced perpendicular through the stalk. The sampaguita garland machine being designed

in this study will only manufacture sampaguita garlands that are consist of sampaguita

flowers with a camia flower. The sampaguita flowers will also be pierced along their stalks.

The design of the sampaguita garland that will be produced by the machine will vary on

the design of the bed.

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Chapter 2: Review of related literature

2.1 Sampaguita Garland Making

Sampaguita livelihoods of peri-urban Metro Manila, Philippines: key actors, activities,

benefits and constraints

According to the article written by Constancio C. de Guzman, the sampaguita (Jasminum

Sambac) was accorded as the Philippines’ national flower back in the year 1934. These

white, dainty, and soothing fresh flowers are strung together into garlands being used as

religious and decorative ornaments in homes and churches, offerings given to people

during events as tokens of appreciation. Producing sampaguita garlands is a staple in the

economic landscape of the country as it is a vital source of agricultural livelihood for some.

In the process of picking out the sampaguita flower, the person assigned to perform the

task is usually chosen by the farmer wherein the picker are usually children. It is said that

these children go to the farm early in the morning with a plastic container tied around their

waists. It is said that sampaguita flowers’ peak season are on the months of March, April,

May, and June.

The raw materials usually used for sampaguita garland making include abaca fibers and

these other flowers namely: ilang-ilang, camia, or champaca which are used as hanging

ornaments to go with the sampaguita.

In the article, it is said that the garland makers or in local terms, tagatuhog, string together

the sampaguita buds to form a garland or leis. Garlands are classified according to the

number of floral buds per abaca string. The terms used are “de dos” for two buds of

sampaguita flower, “de cuatro” for four buds, “de dies” for 10 buds and so on.

5
Sampaguita garland making is a tradition that should be preserved. The process is a part of

the country’s national identity. The skills of garland making are passed on from one

generation to another which makes this industry thrive.

Figure 1: Sampaguita Garland

2.2 Sampaguita Flower

2.2.1 Common Parts of a Flower

Figure 2: Parts of a Flower

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Peduncle - It supports or connects other parts of a flower, commonly it is called stalk.

Receptacle - This is the part where the other parts of the flower are attached and is above

the stalk.

Sepal - This surrounds the developing bud and located on the outer parts of the flower. It

appears to be leaf-like and often green.

Petal - The parts of a flower that has a flamboyant colour.

Stamen - The part that usually has a narrow filament which supports the anther and the

pollen producing part of a flower.

Anther - It is the portion where the pollen is produced and is a part of the stamen.

Pistil - The part of the flower where ovule producing happens. The stigma usually topped

the ovary that supports a long style. The mature ovary and ovule is dissimilar, the mature

ovary is a fruit while the mature ovule is a seed.

Stigma - This is where pollen is generates and is a part of the pistil.

Ovary - The portion of the pistil where ovules are produced. It is an enlarged basal portion.

2.2.2 Symbol of Sampaguita Flower

Sampaguita flower comes in several symbolic meaning was created by civilization that

lived around it. Further, it was created by cultures that resides in the tropical areas where

this grows and the most symbolic meaning are love, divine hope, dedication, devotion and

purity.

 Love - Sampaguita flower, show love to someone. The beauty and tropical appeal

are going to the person who received the special bouquet with love.

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  Divine hope - Where the color white of petals symbolic the meaning of perfectly

alignment to its presence that is going to filled the future with divine hope and

optimism.

 Dedication - In addition of being the symbol of love this flower dedicated to

someone who surrendering their soul to another person.

 Devotion - Desire to spend a lifetime with a person and offer endless love to

someone. It helps to transfer the message without even saying a word.

 Purity - This symbolized innocence, purity, and divine forces, which is the reason

where often use in baptism and religious ceremonies. However, the sampaguita

flower extremely important used as decorations in weddings and baptisms.

2.2.3 Characteristic of Sampaguita Flower

The sampaguita is a tropical flower, pure white, star-shaped blossoms that belong to the

broad variety of jasmines who has a scientific name, jasminum sambac. It serves as a

natural culture symbol for two countries - Philippines and Indonesia. Many countries have

adopted flowers as their natural culture symbol, the Sampaguita Flower is the Philippine’s

National Flower since 1934, it is also well known in Asia for its different uses such as in

teas and religious offerings. It commonly grows on a woody vine, which reaches 1.2 meters

in height and leaves are rounded which measures 6 to 12 cm long. Sampaguita blossoms

all through the year in either as bundles or singly at the top of branches, because both leaves

and flowers grow on short stalks. The flowers open at night and easily less than a day wilt,

cuttings are necessary for the flowers because it does not bear seeds. The 2 stamens on the

sampaguita are included with a 2-celled ovary. Centuries ago the sampaguita flower was

8
imported in the Philippines from around the Himalayan areas, originally from India, and

has grown throughout the Philippines today.

Figure 3: Sampaguita Flower

2.3 Sampaguita Garland Industry

2.3.1 Local

A. Urban Agriculture in the Philippines: Initiatives, Practices, Significance, and Threats

Based on the book ‘Sustainable Landscape Planning in Selected Urban Regions’ by

Constancio C. De Guzman, one chapter provides an overview of urban agriculture (UA) in

the Philippines. Such government’s initiative helped raised awareness in our urban

agriculture, which started this practice through conducting studies within Metro Manila

and also in a pre-urban livelihood system based on the jasmine species known

as sampaguita, flower that used to make garlands in San Pedro, Laguna, near Metro Manila.

By studying this, it has shown a positive impact in employment and income generation and

helped as well in promoting a positive social values. Still, the government did not plot a

policy regarding this matter, which contributed a lot hence, the decline of this practice

happened.

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2.4 Flower Knitting Machine

According to the article authored by R. Anandhi, D. Kowsalya, and. N.Jerusha Chintu, they

have developed a flower knitting machine composed of three important elements, a

conveyor belt, a robotic arm, and a sewing machine. The conveyor belt is the main transport

system used to carry the flower from one point to another. The conveyor belt that they are

using is made up of a fiber material and the vibration is lessened so that the flower cannot

be damaged in the process. Two DC motors are used to power the said conveyor belt. As

stated, both DC motors can be driven concurrently moving in both in a frontward and

reverse direction. The robotic arm used in their design is fully automated and is used to

take the flower off the conveyor belt and place it in the sewing machine. The sewing

machine’s process is that first the needle descends to the bottom of its stroke, and

concurrently the shuttle slides, vibrates, or oscillates as far as the end of its diffident

movement. Enduring the movement of the balance wheel, the needle begins to ascend, and

the shuttle instantaneously after begins to move forward. As the needle rises the material

through which it is passing holds the needle flower long enough to cause it to loop out

behind the eye of the needle under the needle-plate. The shuttle, still moving forward,

enters this loop and passes through it, the necessary amount of flower being supplied either

by the “time" of the needle-bar or by then check or take-up lever, according to the style of

the machine. As the machine makes the loop then the robotic arm places the flower in the

sewing machine and hence it tied.

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2.5 Skewer

This is used to hold pieces of food together, it can be a metal or wood stick. It is commonly

used in culinary application such as grilling or roasting meats and fish.

Figure 4: Wooden Skewers

2.5.1 Tabletop Skewer Machine KSE-ST18

Based on the article of the Kong Shiang Engineering, skewering by hand takes up a lot of

time and because of that they designed a machine to reduce time and as well as labour. The

product meats are loaded onto the conveyor for skewering, there are mould trayset provided

which the meats are loaded manually, the mould tray set is consist of 6 individual mouds.

The process in this system is repeated after every cycle. The cycle starts in skewering 6

pieces and stop, then the skewered tray set will be removed by the operator, after this they

will place an un-skewered set onto the conveyor and repeat again the process. Each whole

cycle of this process: covering, loading, skewering and unloading is approximately done

in 20 seconds.

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The small design of this tabletop skewer machine does not need a vast space because of

the high rental cost. It is compact which means it can fit into any small space and can be

used at any location because it run on a single phase electrical supply.

Figure 5: Tabletop Skewer Machine KSE-ST18

2.6 DC Motor

DC Motor is a device which transforms the electrical energy into mechanical energy. The

working principle is the interaction between magnetic field and the current to produce a

force within the motor. The motor principle is basically based on Faraday's Law, states the

conservation of electrical and mechanical energy.

2.6.1 Types of DC Motor

 Permanent Magnet DC Motor

Used to create field flux. This type of DC motor provides starting torque and good

speed regulation, but the torque is limited so they are found on low horsepower

applications. These types of motors are commonly used as a starter motor in

automobiles, windshield wipers, washers, and for blowers used in heaters and air

conditioned.

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 Figure 6: Permanent Magnet DC Motor

 Series wound DC Motor

Falls under the category of self-excited DC motors, and the fact that the field

winding in this case is connected internally in series to the armature winding.

Another interesting fact about DC series motor is that the field flux of any other

DC motor is proportional to field current. Also, the DC series motor has very poor

speed regulation. However, it is most applicable as starting motor for industrial

applications

Figure 7: Series wound DC Motor

 DC Shunt Motor or Shunt Wound DC Motor

A type of self-excited DC motor where the field windings are shunted or connected

in parallel to the armature windings of motor. The fact about the DC shunt motor,

13
 is the ability to self-regulate its speed on the application of the load to the shaft of

the rotor terminals. Meanwhile, this special ability of the shunt wound DC motor is

to regulate the speed by itself on loading thus it’s rightly called the constant flux /

constant speed motor.

Figure 8: DC Shunt Motor or Shunt Wound DC Motor

 Compound Wound DC Motor

Falls under the category of self-excited motors. DC Compound motors can mainly

classify as cumulative compound wound motors and differential compound wound

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 motors. Cumulative compound wound DC motors are good for adjustable varying

speed while differential compound wound DC motors have constant speed and

torque.

Figure 9: Compound Wound DC Motor

2.6.2 Application of DC Motor

According to Eloise Augustine (2016), DC motors are used widely in Smart Home,

automobiles, medical devices, and electronic products.

 Smart Home - such as intelligent electric curtains, escort robot, oil fume wood, and

air conditioning.

 Automobile - such as electric positioning system, automobile panoramic sliding

skylight, seat headrest, and automobile power liftgate cables.

 Medical device - such as eye massage, insulin pump, smart medical injection

system, and minimally invasive linear cutting stapler.

 Electronic Product - such as full screen mobile phone camera, smart phone photo

printer, and electric toothbrush.

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2.7 Rotational and Linear Motion

2.7.1 Rotational Motion

Based on the article authored by Carl E. Howard and R. J. Stephenson, rotational motion

is defined to be as the motion of a rigid body which takes place in such a manner that its

particles move in a circular motion over an axis consisting of a common angular velocity.

In addition, it is also defined as the rotation of a particle about a fixed point in space. In

analyzing rotational motion, imagine a rigid body that is rotating about a fixed axis. This

axis is at rest in some inertial frame and this axis does not veer away relative to that frame.

Figure 9.1 shows a rigid body (the indicator needle of a speedometer is being shown)

rotating about a fixed axis. The axis passes through point O and is perpendicular to the

plane of the diagram. The plane is called as the xy-plane. One manner to describe the

rotation of this rigid body would be to select a select point “P” on the body and to oversee

the x- and y-coordinates of this point. This method isn’t a terribly convenient to perform,

since it takes two numbers (the two coordinates x and y) to specify the rotational position

of the body. Instead, we notice that the line OP is fixed in the body and rotates with it. The

16
angle that this line makes with describes the rotational position of the body; we will use

this single quantity as a coordinate for rotation. The angular coordinate of a rigid body

rotating around a fixed axis can either be classified as positive or negative. If we choose

positive angles to be measured counterclockwise from the positive x-axis, then the angle

in Fig. 9.1 is then deemed positive. If we instead choose the positive rotation direction to

be clockwise, then in Fig. 9.1 is then deemed negative. When we considered the motion of

a particle along a straight line, it was essential to specify the direction of positive

displacement along that line; when we discuss rotation around a fixed axis, it’s just as

essential to specify the direction of positive rotation.

In describing rotational motion, the most natural way to determine the angle ϴ should be

in terms of radians, not in degrees. As shown in Fig. 9.2a, one radian (1 rad) is the angle

subtended at the center of a circle by an arc with a length equal to the radius of the circle.

17
In Fig. 9.2b an angle ϴ is subtended by an arc of length s on a circle of radius r. The value

of ϴ (in radians) is equal to s divided by r:

An angle expressed in radians is said to be the ratio of two lengths, therefore it is defined

to be a pure number without any dimensions. The circumference of a circle or the full arc

length of a circle is said to be 2π times the radius. Therefore, it is said that in one revolution:

The coordinate shown in Fig. 9.1 specifies the rotational position of a rigid body at a given

instant. We can describe the rotational motion of such a rigid body in terms of the rate of

change of ϴ. We refer this change in ϴ with respect to time simply as angular velocity.

Angular velocity is the instantaneous angular velocity not its average. This angular velocity

can either be positive or negative which depends on the direction of the rotation of the rigid

body. Angular velocity is the first derivative of an angular coordinate with respect to time.

Equation 9.3 shows the definition of angular velocity.

When the angular velocity of a rigid body changes, this rigid body is said to undergo

angular acceleration. The instantaneous angular acceleration is defined to be as:

18
The usual unit assigned to angular acceleration is rad/s2. Angular acceleration is defined to

be as the second derivative of an angular coordinate with respect to time.

2.7.2 Linear Motion

Linear Motion is defined to be as rectilinear or uniform motion, or the motion in a spatial

dimension. As stated in Newton’s First Law or the Law of Inertia, a body with no net force

acting on it will either remain at rest or continue to move with uniform speed in a straight

line, according to its initial condition of motion. In addition to this, Newtonian Mechanics

states that there is no essential difference between the state of rest and uniform motion in

a straight line as they can be defined as the same state of motion observed differently as on

is moving at the same velocity of the particle, and the other moving at constant velocity

with respect to the particle. In understanding linear motion, one must first understand the

concept of displacement, time and average velocity. Displacement as defined in mechanics,

is the distance moved by a certain particle or body in a specific direction. Time is defined

to be a measured or measurable period. It is said to be a continuum that doesn’t consist of

spatial dimensions. Average Velocity is defined to be as the change of displacement over

the change of time. It can be defined through the equation:

It is said that determining the average velocity of a particle is not enough to fully define its

linear motion and that one must solve for the instantaneous velocity of the particle or body.

Instantaneous velocity is defined as the velocity of a body or particle at an instant of time

along or specific point of the particle’s path. It is the limit of the average velocity as the

time interval approaches zero. It can be defined by the equation:

19
Acceleration is defined as the change of velocity with respect to time. The average

acceleration of a particle is defined to be as the change of the component of velocity divided

by the time interval. It is defined through the equation expressed through a particle’s path

on the x-component:

Instantaneous acceleration on the other hand, is defined to be the limit of the average

acceleration as the time interval approaches zero. Instantaneous acceleration is equal to the

derivative of velocity with respect to time. It can be shown through the equation:

2.8 Slider-crank Mechanism

As defined by the authors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, a slider-crank mechanism is an

arrangement of mechanical parts that are designed to transform rotary motion to linear or

straight-line motion or vice versa. Some concrete examples that uses this kind of

mechanism are reciprocating piston engines or pumps.

20
 Figure 10: Slider Crank Mechanism
The figure above depicts the basic nature of a slider-crank mechanism. The lightly shaded

elements in the figure are said to be moving parts of the mechanism. The fixed frame or

the block of the mechanism is the darkly shaded element of part 1. Part 1 of the figure also

contains a cylinder which is shown in cross section by its walls assigned as DE and FG,

wherein the piston, in part 4 of the mechanism, slides back and forth. The small circle at

point A represents the main crankshaft bearing of the mechanism wherein it is also in part

1. The crankshaft, in part 2 of the figure, is depicted as a straight member stemming from

the crankpin bearing at point B extending to the wristpin bearing at point C, which then

joins it to the piston, assigned as part 4 of the figure, represented as a rectangle. The three

circles at points A, B, and C are bearings that allows the joined members to freely rotate

with respect to one another. The path of point B is defined to be a radius AB; when point

B is going to be at point h, point B will then be at position H, and when point B will be at

point j, similarly its position will be in position J.

Slider-crank mechanisms are also defined as four bar linkages configurations. A common

examples of machine that uses this mechanism are internal combustion engines wherein

the process of combustion involves a cylinder that creates pressure that drives a piston in

21
the said engine. It is said that the use of slider-crank mechanisms for power generation go

way back to the 18th century as it was integrated with the steam engine. The connecting rod

is the mutual link of the mechanism that converts the rotational motion at the crank.

Shaking forces, by product of the conversion process of motion, are said to impede the

operation of the engine as these forces are applied to the crank’s housing. In analysing the

slider-crank mechanisms, it is said that the factors one must consider are the position,

velocity, acceleration, and the shaking forces generated by the mechanism. In integrating

this mechanism to a design, these factors are to be essentially considered and interpreted

especially in producing credible experimental data.

2.9 Patent Searches

The researchers have found zero related registered patents by using ESPACENET.com

when “Sampaguita Garland Machine” was searched under the title category.

Figure 11: Patent Search

22
Chapter 3: Materials and methods

3.1 Project Development Flow

Design of a
Sampaguita
Garland Machine

Project Planning

Is it NO
Feasible?

YES

Project Management

Designation of
Tasks A

23
 Review of
Related
A Literature

Material
Selection

Modeling and Simulation

Fabrication and Testing of

Prototype

Evaluation

Figure 12: Project Development Flow Program

24
3.1.1 Project Management

This process was done to determine the feasibility of the proposed project. All members of

the research group have been given tasks and were required to research more about the

topic so that they can contribute ideas to the project. To be able to make the project flow

more organized, the researchers prepared a Gantt chart.

Task Development November December January February March

2018 2018 2019 2019 2019

Weekly Activities 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Brainstorming and

Researching for

Project Ideas

Project Proposal

Chapter 1:

Introduction

Chapter 2: RRL

Designing of Project

using Solidworks

Chapter 3:

Materials and

Methods

Presentation of

Project Proposal

25
Task June July August September October

Development 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019

Weekly 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Activities

Brainstorming

for the

Modifications of

the Design

Re-designing of

the Project using

Solidworks

Prototyping and

Simulation using

Solidworks

Revisions of

Chapters 1 to 3

Chapter 4, 5,

and 6

Final Defense

Figure 13: Gantt chart

26
3.1.2 Advising and Consultations

Before proceeding to chapter 1, the researchers asked for the advice and approval of their

instructor regarding the proposed idea of the project. After the idea has been accepted, the

researchers proceeded to chapter 1 and sought again for the advice of their instructor

regarding the objectives of the project. Also, chapter 1 and 2, and the patent search of the

project have been submitted to the instructor in case of revision. Lastly, the researchers

sought the advice of their instructor regarding the simulation using Solidworks and

prototype testing.

3.1.3 Project Designing

The proponents of this project study conducted several meetings for brainstorming. These

brainstorming sessions have brought them to their final design. The mechanism of the

device, its power source, the design of the needle, and other important components of the

design are products of these brainstorming sessions.

3.1.4 Solidworks Modelling

The device has been designed using Solidworks. This part of project development is

essential since the mechanism of the design project has been analyzed in Solidworks by

motion analysis.

27
3.2 Material Selection and Prototyping

Material selection is an essential method used for determining the proper materials and

components of a design project. Prototyping is also significant in this project study.

Through prototype testing, the proponents of the study can evaluate the final process of the

design.

3.2.1 Needle

A needle that is 2 mm in diameter and 19 cm long will have an essential role in this device.

Its job is to pierce through the sampaguita flowers and insert the abaca string into the

flowers. The length of the needle was based on the length of the bed container (slightly

longer). This length is desired so that the needle will only need to pierce all the sampaguita

flowers with just one operation. Stainless steel, or other strong metals that are corrosion

resistant, is the preferred material for the needle. The needle needs to be corrosion resistant

since it will pierce through sampaguita flowers; the moisture from the flowers can greatly

accelerate the rate of corrosion. A non-corrosion resistant needle will rust easily and will

need frequent replacement making it more expensive than a corrosion resistant needle.

Also, the needle is designed to have a pointed fork-like slot that will carry the abaca string

during the piercing process. After the piercing process, the needle will be back to its

original position while the abaca string will remain pierced into the sampaguita flowers.

3.2.2 Needle Holder

The purpose of the needle holder is to hold the needle during the operation. Aside from

holding the needle, it will also move in a linear motion to deliver the needle to pierce the

flowers.

28
3.2.3 Bed

The bed is the part of the design which holds the sampaguita flowers during the

manufacturing operation. The design of the sampaguita flower garland varies on the design

of the bed. The proponents designed a bed that can contain sampaguita flowers and a camia

flower. Thus, the garland that will be produced by the machine will contain sampaguita

and camia flowers.

3.2.4 Crank

This component is attached to the rotor shaft of the DC motor. Its role is to convert the

rotational motion of the rotor into linear or reciprocating motion that will deliver the needle

holder.

3.2.5 Connecting Rod

This element will connect the crank to the slider or needle holder.

3.2.6 Main Body

The main body has three different purposes. The first purpose of the body is to hold the

flower bed during the manufacturing process. The main body also serves as a path for the

needle holder, just like a cylinder for a piston. Lastly, the main body holds the DC geared

motor. The main body is supported by the base and six rigid stands.

3.2.7 Abaca String Holder

The abaca string holder will hold the string during the piercing process. This holder is

aligned to the path of the needle so that the needle can carry the abaca string and pierced it

through the sampaguita flowers. The abaca string holder is a part of the main body.

29
3.2.8 Base

The material used for the base of the prototype is fiberglass. The purpose of the fiberglass

base is to hold and support the main body of the project design.

3.2.9 DC Motor

The DC motor will convert electrical energy to mechanical energy; this will make the crank

rotate. A geared DC motor is the type of motor that will be used on this device. The

proponents of the study prefer to use a geared DC motor because it has a higher torque

output compare to other DC motors.

3.2.10 Switches

The switches will turn the motor on and off. The off switch will be placed on the right end

of the slider path so that the motor will automatically stop after one cycle. Micro-switch is

the type of switch that the proponents will use in the prototype.

3.2.11 Variable Voltage Power Supply (VVPS)

A variable voltage power supply will be the motor’s power source during the prototype

testing. It will be used to regulate the speed of the motor. Batteries can also be used as a

source of power but, the proponents of this study prefer to use a variable voltage power

supply first before using batteries. VVPS will help the researchers determine the

appropriate voltage needed by the motor to obtain its desired speed.

3.2.12 Batteries

Batteries will be used for the motor after determining the right amount of voltage needed

(using VVPS) for the desired linear velocity of the needle.

30
3.2.13 Magnets

Magnets are used on the device for the purpose of connecting the upper bed and lower bed

during operation.

3.2.14 Bearings

Bearings are used on the device for the purpose of reducing the friction on the crank and

connecting rod.

The needle holder, bed, crank, connecting rod, and the main body including the abaca string

holder and the rigid stands are all 3D-Printed and are all made of Acrylonitrile Butadiene

Styrene (ABS) plastic. The proponents have decided to 3D-Print the needle holder, bed,

crank, connecting rod, and the main body since these components are hard to mold. Aside

from this, wood and metal are not ideal materials for these components, especially the bed,

because there is a tendency that these components will get wet. The rigid stands were also

3D-Printed due to the excess ABS filament; this was done in able to not waste the filament.

31
3.3 Proposed Design

3.3.1 Exploded View

32
3.4 List of Components

3.4.1 Needle Dimension

33
3.4.2 Bed Dimension

34
3.4.3 Crank Dimension

35
3.4.4 Connecting Rod Dimension

36
3.4.5 Needle Holder Dimension

37
3.4.6 Main Body Dimension

The main body is composed of seven different components, namely:

 Bed Container

 Slider Path

 Abaca String Holder

 Motor Holder

 Five Rigid Stands (20x20x115)

 One Rigid Stand (8x10x115)

 Base

38
3.4.6.1 Bed Container Dimension

39
3.4.6.2 Slider Path Dimension

40
3.4.6.3 Abaca String Holder Dimension

41
3.4.6.4 Motor Holder Dimension

42
3.4.6.5 Rigid Stands (Five Pieces) Dimension

3.4.6.6 Rigid Stand (One Piece) Dimension

43
3.4.6.7 Base Dimension

44
3.5 Design Considerations

3.5.1 Power Supplied to the Motor

The power supplied to the motor will determine the speed and torque of the crank. The

torque and rotational speed of the crank are directly proportional with the power supplied

to the motor. Using a variable voltage power supply, the proponents have determined the

amount of voltage needed by the motor to move the crank with acceptable speed and torque.

3.5.1.1 Rotational Speed of the Crank

The linear velocity of the needle varies depending on the speed of the crank. Using motion

analysis in Solidworks, the proponents have determined the minimum required rotational

speed of the crank for the desired linear velocity of the needle. Three trials with three

different rotational speed have been conducted using motion analysis. Since the piercing

process is the most time-consuming part in manufacturing a sampaguita garland, the

proponents aim to minimize the time consumed in this process. The proponents had set a

goal that the piercing process should only consume 3 seconds or less.

3.5.1.2 Torque of the Motor

Just like the motor speed, torque is also important in the piercing process. The proponents

have decided to use a geared motor that has a high torque output. A motor with high and

sufficient torque output will rotate the crank and make the needle pierce through the

flowers.

45
3.5.2 Sharpness of the Needle

The sharpness of the needle was also considered in the design. The needle needs to be sharp

enough to pierce the flowers.

3.6 Experiment Process

3.6.1 Simulation Procedure

Motion analysis for the design was executed after mating all the components. The linear

displacement of the needle have been the center of focus for the simulation. The linear

displacement varies on the rotational speed of the crank. This will determine how long it

will take the machine to pierce one garland.

Before starting the three trials to determine the most desirable speed of the crank, group

contacts and gravity were applied in the motion analysis.

Figure 14: ABS Properties

The figure above shows that ABS plastics have a dynamic friction coefficient of 0.35 at 50

fpm or 254 mm per second. 0.35 dynamic coefficient of friction at 254 mm per second was

set as a contact on the needle holder and the slider path. Gravity at Y-axis was also set in

the motion analysis.

46
In determining the desirable speed of the crank, three trials with three different rotational

speed were conducted in the motion analysis. The time for each cycle was considered by

the proponents on choosing the rotational speed of the crank; it should not exceed 3

seconds. Prototype testing was also conducted to see if the crank’s rotational speed and

torque are sufficient enough to pierce the flowers.

3.6.1.1 Simulation Input Data

Contact Groups

Figure 15: Contact Groups Input Data

47
Gravity

Figure 16: Gravity Input Data

Trial 1: Rotational Speed @40 RPM

Figure 17: Trial 1 Input Data

48
Trial 2: Rotational Speed @30 RPM

Figure 18: Trial 2 Input Data

Trial 3: Rotational Speed @20 RPM

Figure 19: Trial 3 Input Data

49
3.6.2 Prototype

3.6.2.1 Prototype Testing

The proponents have decided to test the prototype and conduct experiments in able to

achieve the following:

 To determine the voltage supply needed by the motor

 To determine if the needle can perfectly pierce the flowers

 To determine if the switches are working properly

3.6.2.1.1 Voltage Supply

In able to determine the appropriate power supply needed for the machine to function

properly, the proponents conducted an experiment using a variable voltage power supply

and a tachometer to determine the equivalent rotational speed of the crank with a certain

power supply. The prototype was tested by increasing the voltage from 3 V to 12 V. The

common difference used in increasing the voltage was 0.5 V.

50
51
52
53
54
55
56
3.6.2.1.2 Piercing Process

Figure 20: Piercing Process

The prototype has also been tested to determine if the needle can properly pierce the

flowers. As shown in the figure above, the needle has successfully pierced the flowers at

12 V. Also, the prototype has been tested using the switches. There were no delays in the

switches, and both are working properly.

57
 Figure 21: Piercing Force Requirement
To be able to determine the required force to pierce the flowers properly, the proponents

conducted an experiment using a weighing scale and a needle. This experiment was

conducted with 20 trials for the sampaguita flowers and 20 trials for the camia flowers.

58
3.6.2.2 Final Fabricated Prototype Design

3.6.2.3 Prototype’s Operation Manual

1st step: Place the Flowers on the Bed

59
 2nd Step: Close the Bed by Putting the Upper Bed

3rd Step: Insert the Abaca String in the Abaca Holder

4th Step: Check the Power Source (Recommended: 12 V battery)

5th Step: Press the On-Switch

6th Step: Remove the Garland from the Bed and Tie it

60
Chapter 4: Results and Discussion

After conducting three trials with three different crank speed, the proponents of the study

have determined the time consumed for each piercing process cycle using the results and

plots application of motion analysis. Since the needle is the main component in the piercing

process, the linear displacement of the needle was set in the results and plots application,

in able to determine the time consumed for each cycle.

Figure 22: Results and Plots Input Data

4.1 Simulation Results

Trial 1: Rotational Speed @40 RPM

Figure 23: Linear Displacement-Time Graph @40 RPM

Figure shows that the piercing process would take 1.5 seconds at a crank speed of 40 RPM.

61
Trial 2: Rotational Speed @30 RPM

Figure 24: Linear Displacement-Time Graph @30 RPM

Figure shows that the piercing process would take 2 seconds at a crank speed of 30 RPM.

Trial 3: Rotational Speed @20 RPM

Figure 25: Linear Displacement-Time Graph @20 RPM

Figure shows that the piercing process would take 3 seconds at a crank speed of 20 RPM.

Using Simple Computation:

# 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 =
𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑; 𝑅𝑃𝑆

Where;

1 revolution = 1 Piercing Cycle

1
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = = 1.5 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑟𝑒𝑣 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
40 𝑚𝑖𝑛 × 60 𝑠

62
 1
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = = 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑟𝑒𝑣 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
30 𝑚𝑖𝑛 × 60 𝑠

1
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = = 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑟𝑒𝑣 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
20 𝑚𝑖𝑛 × 60 𝑠

The results show that the time consumed in the piercing process directly relies on the

rotational speed of the crank. Also, according to the results of the motion analysis and

computations, the crank speed should be at least 20 RPM so that the time consumed by the

piercing process would not exceed 3 seconds.

4.2 Prototype Testing Results

4.2.1 Determination of Power Supply

Voltage Crank Speed

3V 8 RPM

3.5 V 9.9 RPM

4V 12.1 RPM

4.5 V 14.4 RPM

5V 16.2 RPM

5.5 V 18.8 RPM

6V 20.9 RPM

6.5 V 23.3 RPM

7V 25.4 RPM

63
 7.5 V 27.4 RPM

8V 29.6 RPM

8.5 V 31.4 RPM

9V 34 RPM

9.5 V 36 RPM

10 V 38.2 RPM

10.5 V 40.5 RPM

11 V 43.4 RPM

11.5 V 45.7 RPM

12 V 47.4 RPM

Table 1: Voltage Supply and Crank Speed Relation

Table 2: Piercing Force Requirement of Sampaguita Flowers

Trial Force (grams)

1 49

2 43

3 45

4 63

5 64

6 63

7 62

64
 8 65

9 52

10 47

11 45

12 65

13 43

14 42

15 62

16 44

17 48

18 44

19 52

20 43

Average 52.05

Table 3: Piercing Force Requirement of CamiaFlowers

Trial Force (grams)

1 60

2 68

3 55

4 68

5 65

65
 6 43

7 51

8 49

9 61

10 53

11 45

12 52

13 56

14 51

15 62

16 49

17 55

18 48

19 42

20 51

Average 54.2

After testing the prototype, it was determined that the motor should be supplied with at

least 6 V in order to obtain a crank speed of 20 RPM. The required voltage needed in able

for the needle to properly pierce the sampaguita flowers is at least 10 V. Based on this

experiment, the proponents have decided to use a 12 V battery for the prototype.

66
 Table 4: Power Supply

Voltage Current Power

6V 0.19 A 1.14 W

6.5 V 0.18 A 1.17 W

7V 0.17 A 1.19 W

7.5 V 0.17 A 1.275 W

8V 0.19 A 1.52 W

8.5 V 0.19 A 1.615 W

9V 0.22 A 1.98 W

9.5 V 0.21 A 1.995 W

10 V 0.24 A 2.4 W

10.5 V 0.23 A 2.415 W

11 V 0.26 A 2.86 W

11.5 V 0.28 A 3.22 W

12 V 0.27 A 3.24 W

The proponents conducted another experiment to determine the equivalent current needed

for the each voltage supply, from the minimum voltage to maximum voltage. Using the

67
formula P=IV, which means that power is the product of current and voltage, the equivalent

power supplied to the motor was determined.

In able to determine the required power needed to pierce the sampaguita flowers, the

proponents use solidworks motion analysis in determining the velocity of the needle; this

velocity will be used in the formula P=Fv which means power is the product of force and

velocity. Since during the prototype testing, 10 V and 0.24 A or 2.4 W was the minimum

power supplied to the motor that was able to pierced the flowers properly and completely,

the proponents used the velocity of the needle at 10 V or at crank speed of 38.2 RPM.

Figure 26: Linear Velocity at 10 V, 38.2 RPM

68
 52.05 + 54.2
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = = 53.125 𝑔𝑓
2
1𝑘𝑔𝑓 9.8066 𝑁
𝐹 = 53.125 𝑔𝑓 × × = 0.521 𝑁
1000 𝑔𝑓 1 𝑘𝑔𝑓

Using the velocity of the needle that was determined using solidworks, the power was
computed.
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐹 × 𝑣
𝑚𝑚 𝑚
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 0.521 𝑁 × 408 = 0.521 𝑁 × 0.408
𝑠 𝑠
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟑 𝑾
Based on the results the minimum power needed to pierce the flowers properly is 0.213 W.
The piercing pressure was also computed using the average piercing force requirement and
the area of the needle.
𝐹 𝐹
𝑃= =
𝐴 𝜋𝐷2
4
0.521 𝑁
𝑃=
𝜋(2 × 10−3 𝑚)2
4
𝑁 1𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
𝑃 = 165,839.45 × = 165.84
𝑚2 1000𝑁 𝑚2
𝑷𝒊𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 = 𝟏𝟔𝟓. 𝟖𝟒 𝒌𝑷𝒂

4.2.2 Prototype Output

Time Consumption Time Consumption

Person
without SGM with SGM

Person 1 59.28 seconds 26.85 seconds

Person 2 90.02 seconds 47.48 seconds

Person 3 96.90 seconds 46 seconds

Person 4 89.38 seconds 42 seconds

69
 Person 5 117 seconds 62 seconds

Average 90.52 seconds 44.87 seconds

Table 5: Prototype Tested by Non-experts

To be able to determine if the prototype can minimize the time consumption in

manufacturing a sampaguita garland, the proponents (non-experts) have tested the

prototype. The proponents have manufactured a garland with and without the use of the

sampaguita garland machine. The result shows that the average time in manufacturing a

sampaguita garland without the help of SGM is 90.52 seconds, while the average time

consumption with the help of SGM is only 44.87 seconds.

90.52 𝑠 − 44.87 𝑠
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 = × 100%
90.52 𝑠

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 50.43%

Figure 27: Sampaguita Garland Manufactured using SGM by Non-experts

70
In able to obtain a more accurate result, the proponents also let the experts (garland
manufacturers) to test the prototype.
Table 6: Prototype Tested by Expert 1
Trials Time Consumption Time Consumption Prototype’s

without SGM with SGM Product Results

1 19.22 s Prototype failed Defect

(Stopped)
2 17.38 s 53.24 s Good
3 18.52 s 50.32 s Good
4 20.16 s 45.76 s Good
5 17.32 s 35.27 s Good
6 18.65 s 37.22 s Defect
7 20.18 s 34.55 s Good
8 19.97 s 41.20 s Good
9 18.64 s 39.65 s Good
10 17.93 s 38.32 s Good

Table 7: Prototype Tested by Expert 2

Trials Time Consumption Time Consumption Prototype’s

without SGM with SGM Product Results

1 18.93 s 43.24 s Good

2 20.62 s 39.63 s Good
3 21.33 s 41.68 s Defect
4 19.14 s 37.41 s Good
5 19.22 s 36.65 s Good
6 17.89 s 38.26 s Good

71
 7 24.63 s 37.34 s Defect
8 23.32 s 41.62 s Good
9 21.11 s 42.38 s Good
10 19.10 s 40.65 s Good

Table 8: Prototype Tested by Expert 3

Trials Time Consumption Time Consumption Prototype’s

without SGM with SGM Product Results

1 22.48 s 39.73 s Good

2 21.63 s 32.30 s Defect
3 21.95 s 35.22 s Good
4 19.93 s 31.25 s Good
5 22.32 s 32.65 s Defect
6 23.68 s 34.62 s Good
7 19.25 s 38.12 s Good
8 19.56 s 36.48 s Good
9 18.69 s 33.92 s Good
10 19.32 s 37.14 s Defect

Based on the results, the average manufacturing time consumption without the use of SGM
is 20.069 seconds and the average manufacturing time consumption with the use of SGM
is 38.82 seconds. The efficiency of the machine is at 76.67% since only seven garlands are
defective out of the 30 trials. The prototype has successfully eliminated the hazard of being
punctured by the needle but the result shows that the manufacturing time with the used of
the prototype is longer than the manual manufacturing time. After obtaining negative
results, the proponents have evaluated the results and have determined the cause of these
negative results. Based on the observation of the proponents, the experts had a hard time
inserting the abaca string in the abaca holder. The experts also had a hard time placing and
removing the flowers in the bed, especially on removing the upper bed. Based on these
observations, the proponents plan to modify and redesign the bed and abaca holder.

72
Figure 28: Garland Manufacturers with SGM Prototype Product Results

73
4.2.3 Modifications of the Bed and Abaca Holder

Figure 29: Modifications of Bed

The bed has been modified by deepening the flower slots. This modification has remove
the requirement of having an upper bed. Based on the proponents’ observations, the experts
had a hard time on removing the garland from the bed because of the upper bed.

74
 Figure 30: Modifications of Abaca Holder
Instead of inserting the abaca string into a hole, the proponents have modified the abaca
holder by redesigning the hole into a hook-like slot where the abaca string can be easily
placed.

75
4.3 Cost Analysis

4.3.1 Total Cost of Prototype

Table 9: Cost of Components

Equipment Price

Motor Php.250

Needle Php.300

Magnets Php.120

Bearings Php.135

Wires and Switches Php.81

3D-Print Php.900

Battery Php.500

Total Php.2,286

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡(1 + 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑢𝑝 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒)

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝑃ℎ𝑝. 2,286(1 + 10%)

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝑃ℎ𝑝. 2,514.6 ≈ 𝑷𝒉𝒑. 𝟐, 𝟓𝟏𝟓

The proponents have used a markup percentage of 10% to determine the market price of

the product. As a result, the sampaguita garland machine would have a market price of

Php.2,515.

76
4.3.2 Cost-Benefit Analysis for Sampaguita Garland Manufacturers

Table 10: Sampaguita Garland Expenses

Sampaguita and Camia Flowers (Worth Php.500 Pesos

1000 Garlands)

Abaca Php.150

Total Expenses (w/o SGM) Php.650

Sampaguita Garland Machine Php.2,515

Total Expenses (with SGM) Php.3,165

According to Shari Waters, small businesses usually have 100% markup in able to gain

twice the expenses.

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡(1 + 100%)

Where;

Product Price = Php.10; it is the market value of sampaguita garlands

Total Expenses = Amount invested by the vendors for the sampaguita garlands

𝑃ℎ𝑝. 10
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑 = = 𝑷𝒉𝒑. 𝟓
1 + 100%

Assuming that a sampaguita garland manufacturer sells his/her products to garland vendors

and each garland is worth 10 pesos in the market, the manufacturer will sell it to the garland

vendors for only 5 pesos.

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑠

77
 𝑃ℎ𝑝. 5
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = 1000 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 ( ) − 𝑃ℎ𝑝. 3165 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑. 𝟏, 𝟖𝟑𝟓
𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑

If a garland manufacturer can sell 1000 garlands to the garland vendors, his/her profit will

be Php.1,835.

Time Consumed by Manually Manufacturing 1000 Garlands:

36 𝑠𝑒𝑐 1ℎ𝑟
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 1000 𝐺𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 × × = 10 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑 3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐

Based on the interview that the proponents conducted, a sampaguita garland can be

manufactured within 36 seconds by a veteran garland manufacturer or “manunuhog.”

Time Consumed by Manufacturing 1000 Garlands Using SGM:

18 𝑠𝑒𝑐 1ℎ𝑟
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 1000 𝐺𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 × × = 5 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑 3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐

Using the sampaguita garland machine (SGM), a garland manufacturer can manufacture

1000 garlands within 5 hours. Without the device, it will take 10 hours to manufacture

1000 garlands. The reduction in the manufacturing time can benefit the garland

manufacturer. The time saved with the help of SGM can be used on other important things.

The manufacturer can use this excess time on selling the garlands directly to the market for

a price of 10 pesos per garland instead of selling it to garland peddlers or vendors for a

price of only 5 pesos per garland. Basically, a garland manufacturer can use his/her time

more efficiently with the help of the SGM.

78
For example, a garland manufacturer will manufacture 1000 garlands and 75% of the

product are sold to garland peddlers while the remaining 25% will be sold directly to the

market.

𝑃ℎ𝑝. 5 𝑃ℎ𝑝. 10
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 = (0.75 × 1000 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠) ( ) + (0.25 × 1000) ( )
𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑰𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑. 𝟔, 𝟐𝟓𝟎

With the help of SGM, a garland manufacturer can have an income of Php.6,250 per 1000

garland if 25% of his/her product is sold directly to the market. Selling 25% of the product

directly to the market is possible due to the time reduced in the manufacturing process.

If all 1000 sampaguita garlands are sold to garland peddlers, the amount of income would

be lower.

𝑃ℎ𝑝. 5
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 = (1000 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠) ( ) = 𝑷𝒉𝒑. 𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑

With the help of the SGM, a sampaguita manufacturer can sell some of his product directly

to the market. The income of a garland manufacturer with 1000 garlands when selling 75%

of his product to garland peddlers and 25% directly to the market is Php.6,250. If the

garland manufacturer will sell all 1000 garlands to garland peddlers, his income would only

be Php.5,000. Assuming that there are no defects produced by the machine, an amount of

Php.1,250 would be the increase in the income of the garland manufacturer.

The computations shown were not exact. The increase in the income would depend on the

number of garlands that would be sold directly to the market. Basically, the increase in the

income still relies on the decisions of the garland manufacturer. The sampaguita garland

79
machine only reduces the time consumed in manufacturing sampaguita garlands. It

depends on the manufacturers on how they will use the time saved by the device.

If the efficiency of the machine is to be considered, the profit will decrease due to the

losses. Based on the experiments that have been conducted, the machine has a 76.7%

efficiciency.

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 23

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = × 100% = × 100%
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 30

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 76.7%

Assuming that the daily budget of the garland manufacturer is only for the expenses of the

materials of a thousand garlands

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 1000 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 × 76.7% = 767 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠

𝑃ℎ𝑝. 5
𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 = (767 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠) ( ) = 𝑃ℎ𝑝. 3,835 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = 𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 − 𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑚𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 𝑃ℎ𝑝. 3,835 − 𝑃ℎ𝑝. 650

𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = 𝑃ℎ𝑝. 3,185

According to the garland vendors, the garlands are easier to sell during Wednesday, Friday,

and Sunday. In the following computation, the proponents assumed that the garlands can

only be sold completely during Wednesday, Friday, and Sunday. The proponents also

assumed that only half of the garlands will be sold during the other days.

𝑃ℎ𝑝. 3185
𝑊𝑒𝑒𝑘𝑙𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = 3(𝑃ℎ𝑝. 3185) + 4( )
2

𝑊𝑒𝑒𝑘𝑙𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = 𝑃ℎ𝑝. 15,925

80
According to NEDA, a family of five needs Php.42,000 monthly or Php.10,500 weekly in

able to survive.

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑒𝑒𝑘𝑙𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = 𝑃ℎ𝑝. 15,925 − 𝑃ℎ𝑝. 10,500 = 𝑃ℎ𝑝. 5,425

𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑃ℎ𝑝. 2,515

𝑅𝑂𝐼 = = = 0.46 = 46%
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑃ℎ𝑝. 5,425

𝑅𝑂𝐼 = 46% × 7𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠 = 3.22 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠

The garland manufacturer can earn back the money he/she will invest for the Sampaguita

Garland Machine in just three to four days days.

4.4 Attainment of Objectives

After finishing the simulation and prototype testing, the results of the study were

determined. Based on the results, the proponents have achieved the objectives that were

set. The general objective of the study is to design a sampaguita garland machine that would

reduce the time consumed in manually manufacturing sampaguita garlands. The

proponents have achieved this general objective by achieving the following specific

objectives:

 The machine should be able to minimize at least 50% of the time consumed in

manually manufacturing sampaguita garlands. The time consumed in garland

making is subjective. If a person can manufacture a garland within 1 min, that same

person should be able to manufacture a garland within 30 seconds using the

sampaguita garland machine.

81
After completely fabricating the prototype, the proponents have tried to manufacture a

sampaguita garland first without the help of the sampaguita garland machine. After that,

the proponents have used the prototype to manufacture the sampaguita garlands. Through

this experiment, the proponents have determined that the average time consumed in

manufacturing a garland without the use of the prototype is 90.52 seconds while the

average time consumed in manufacturing a garland with the help of the prototype is 44.87

seconds. Although the initial testing by the proponents gave positive results, the data

gathered from the garland manufacturers didn’t. Based on the observations of the

proponents, the cause of the negative results have been determined. The proponents have

modified or redesigned the bed and abaca holder; the faultiness of these two components

is the reason of obtaining negative results.

 The principles of kinematics, design, materials engineering, and economics must

be applied properly;

The proponents have applied their knowledge in kinematics, machine elements, and design

in able to properly design the mechanism of the sampaguita garland machine. The principle

of materials engineering was applied in material selection, especially on selecting the

material for the needle. The proponents have also been able to apply the principles of

economics in analyzing the expenses made for the fabrication of the device. The

proponents also conducted a cost-benefit analysis for sampaguita garland manufacturers

who would like to invest in the device.

 Through the use of Solidworks, the researchers must design the machine and its

components and simulate its motion using motion analysis

82
The sampaguita garland machine was completely designed using Solidworks and was

simulated using motion analysis. The design has been changed for multiple times in able

to rectify it and come up with the best and possible design that can be fabricated using the

proponents’ limited resources.

 The prototype of the design project must be built and tested before the final period

of the 1st semester of S.Y. 2019-2020. Through prototype testing, the proponents

can evaluate the final concept or process of the design.

The prototype was completely fabricated before the final period of the 1st semester of S.Y.

2019-2020. The proponents were able to test and evaluate the design using the prototype.

Through prototype testing, the proponents have determined the weaknesses or

imperfections of the design.

 The proponents must be able to present the study on October 5, 2019

The proponents have achieved all the objectives that were set and are now ready to present

the project study on October 5, 2019.

83
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Conclusion

The main goal of this project study is to minimize the hazards and time consumption in

manufacturing sampaguita garlands. The sampaguita garland machine was able to make

the “pagtutuhog” or piercing process automated. Thus, the hazard of being punctured by

the needle is eliminated in the manufacturing process of the garlands. The sampaguita

garland machine can also benefit the sampaguita garland manufacturers by reducing the

time they consume on manufacturing sampaguita garlands. Since the machine can reduce

the time consumption in the manufacturing process, the garland manufacturers will have

more time to sell their products. After computing for the market price of the machine and

after conducting a cost-benefit analysis for the garland manufacturers, the proponents have

determined that it is possible for the garland manufacturers to invest in the sampaguita

garland machine. To sum up, the proponents have been able to fabricate an affordable

device that can minimize fifty percent of the time consumed on manufacturing sampaguita

garlands.

5.2 Recommendation

The proponents recommend the future researchers of this study to focus on modifying the

design of the abaca holder since the faultiness of the design can be found on this

component. The process of inserting the abaca string in the abaca holder is time-

84
consuming. If possible, design a more automatic device that can lessen the manual

operations in the manufacturing process, for example, an automatic sorter for the flowers

that can lessen the time consumed in placing the flowers on the bed. Also, try to design a

bed that can contain multiple sampaguita garland designs; this will lessen the fabricating

costs of different designs of bed. Lastly, design an affordable automatic tying machine

suitable for abaca strings. The garland manufacturers, who are experts in tying the garlands,

didn’t encounter the problem of tying the abaca strings, but the proponents, who are non-

experts when it comes to garland manufacturing, had encountered this problem. In able for

the machine to be used by non-experts and still produce positive results, the proponents

recommend the future researchers to design an automatic tying machine that will

automatically tie the abaca strings.

85
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