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A 3. Ethanol and citric acid are produced by the cellular respiration of carbohydrates, especially
a. glucose b. sucrose c. fructose d. xylose e. lactose
B 4. Because mannitol is absorbed from the GIT and parenterally is not metabolized, then it is used as:
a. digestant b. osmotic diuretic c. acidulant d. cathartic e. laxative
B 5. This gum has pseudo-plastic property to enable ointments to hold their shape and spread readily.
a. Karaya b. xanthan c. locust bean d. guar e. Indian gum
D 6. The following are general steps in the preparation of the crude drug for commercial market, except:
a. harvesting b. garbling c. storage and drying d. none of the above
C 10. The red-colored product formed when tannins are treated with hydrolytic agents known as:
a. amolonin b. diosgenin c. phlobephenes d. catechin e. leucocyanidin
D 12. Tannins have the ability to precipitate ______ which is utilized in vegetable tanning which converts animal
hides to leather:
a. fats b. carbohydrates c. alkaloids d. proteins e. glycosides
E 13. Among the anthraquinone glycosides, this is not employed as cathartic because it is too irritating to use:
a. aloe b. frangula c. rhubarb d. senna e. chrysarobin
E 14. Ethiodized oil is an iodine addition product of ethyl ester of the fatty acid of:
a. corn b. peanut c. almond d. soybean e. poppy seed
D 17. One of the following does not belong to the group; the volatile oils present in Vick’s vaporub:
a. methol b. camphor c. thymol d. eugenol e. cineole
B 21. The alkaloid in the form of syrup is used in the treatment of drug overdose in certain poisonings
a. hydrates b. ipecac c. quinine d. ergotamine e. morphine
C 22. The product formed by the action of nitric acid on rectified turpentine oil in the presence of alcohol is:
a. cineole b. eugenol c. terpinol d. borneol e. linalool
E 25. Sodium morrhuate is the sodium salt of the fatty acid of:
a. shark b. whale c. cow d. pig e. cod
D 28. Lemon oil that has a _____ odor must not be used or dispensed:
a. rancid b. resinified c. calcified d. terebenthinate e. foul
D 29. These are lipid metabolites formed in the body of animals from unsaturated fatty acids of the diet:
a. carnauba b. bayberry c. copaiba balsam d. prostaglandin e. lanolin
A 30. Mercuric Iodide, Potassium Iodide and water are the composition of:
a. Mayer’s Reagent c. Wagner’s Reagent e. none of these
b. Dragendorff’s Reagent d. all of these
B 32. These are antigenic substances capable of sensitizing the body in such a way that unusual responses
occur in hypersensitive individuals:
a. antibodies b. allergens c. allergy d. all of these e. none of these
C 33. This test is used to determine the presence of proteins and involves the reaction of the benzene nucleus
in the protein molecules yielding a deep yellow ppt as positive result.
a. Biuret test c. Xanthoproteic test e. none of these
b. Ninhydrin testrfgv4 d. Millon’s test
A 39. The terpenes found in volatile oils, as well as other plant products, like steroids, carotenoids, amyrins
and rubber are collectively known as:
a. isoprenoids c. sesquiterpenes e. none of these
b. unoxygenated terpenes d. all of these
B 40. This refers to the evaluation by means of the organs of sense and includes macroscopic appearance of
drugs
a. microscopic b. organoleptic c. macroscopic d. all of these e. none of these
B 41. The process of removing sufficient moisture to ensure good keeping qualities.
a. harvesting b. drying c. collection d. garbling e. none of these
A 47. Ascaridol, a volatile oil constituent obtained from the chenopodium oil is a/an:
a. oxide b. furan derivative c. alcohol d. phenol
A 49. This does not possess narcotic properties and is therefore sometimes called anarcotine
a. noscapine c. papaverine HCl e. none of these
b. hydrocodone d. hydromorphone
B 50. It is a uterine stimulating fraction and it is relatively free from action on other smooth muscle
a. liotrix c. sodium dextrothyroxine e. none of these
b. oxytocin d. vasopressin
D 51. This regulates the threshold for resorption of water by the epithelium of the renal tubules
a. liotrix b. oxytocin c. sodium dextrothyroxine d. vasopressin e. none of these
A 52. These are resinous mixtures that contain cinnamic acid, benzoic acid or both or esters of these acids:
a. balsams b. rosin c. resins d. resenes e. none of these
B 53. A mixture of protein-digesting and milk clotting enzymes obtained from the juice of the pineapple plant
a. chymotrypsin b. bromelain c. lactase d. sutilains e. none of these
C 54. The blue color of the oil of chamomile, an inherent property of the oil when freshly distilled, is due to:
a. chamazulene b. C15H18 c. a and b d. none of the above
D 55. The following employs expression as a method of volatile oil extraction except:
a. sponge process b. ecuelle method c. machine process d. enfleurage
C 56. In percolation with volatile solvents as a method of volatile oil extraction, the volatile solvent is
removed by vacuum distillation and the resulting product is known as:
a. absolutes b. terpenes c. concretes d. pomade
A 57. After separating the waxes from the volatile oil, the resulting product is known as:
a. absolutes b. terpenes c. concretes d. pomade
A 58. A class of proteins which are characterized by solubility in water and in diluted aqueous salt solutions
a. albumins b. globulins c. glutelins d. all of these e. none of these
A 59. The following is/are the properties of the hydrolysable tannins except:
a. they give a dark green color with ferric chloride TS
b. gallic acid when heated result to formation or pyrogallol
c. they yield no precipitate with bromine water TS
d. pyrogallol give soluble compounds with lead acetate
A 63. This is the solvent most commonly used for the extraction of chlorophyll from leaves:
a. acetone b. ethanol c. dimethylformamide d. dimethylsulfoxide
A 66. To convert an alkaloid salt into a free base, the following should be added:
a. sodium carbonate b. tartaric acid solution c. pet ether d. none of the above
Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Page 4 of 14
C 67. These are the common red to blue pigments of flower petals:
a. flavonoids b. anthracene c. anthocyanins d. benzoquinone
C 68. Which of the following glycosides yield allyl isothiocyanate as one of the products of hydrolysis:
a. amyglandin b. prunasin c. sinigrin d. sinalbin
C 70. Most of the glycosides are subject to hydrolysis, resulting in the cleavage of glycosidic linkages, by:
a. acid or enzyme b. alkali c. a and b d. none of the above
B 71. Which of the following glycosides represent the group of bound poisons?
a. glucosinolates b. cyanophore c. a and b d. none of the above
A 72. Which of the following glycosides yield HCN as one of the products of hydrolysis:
a. amyglandin b. sinigrin c. sinalbin d. none of the above
A 74. Which of the following yield a phenolic compound as one of its products of hydrolysis:
a. arbutin b. salicin c. glucovanillin d. none of the above
D 77. Each of the following volatile oils has a hydrocarbon as major constituent except:
a. turpentine oil b. lemon oil c. pepper oil d. rose oil
C 79. Each of the following volatile oils has an aldehyde as a major constituent except:
a. Ceylon cinnamon oil b. lemon oil c. camphor oil d. cassia cinnamon oil
A 80. These are natural or induced solid or semisolid exudations from plants or from insects feeding on
plants:
a. resins b. oleoresins c. gum resins d. balsams
A 84. These are esters of high molecular, monohydric alcohols and high molecular fatty acid:
a. waxes b. phospholipids c. glycolipids d. sphingomyelins
A 85. The plant material is treated with ammonium hydroxide in order to:
a. convert alkaloidal salts into free base c. a and b
b. convert free bases into alkaloidal salts d. none of the above
A 90. Glycoside found in garlic which possesses anti-platelet, anti-microbial and anti-rheumatic properties:
a. allicin b. berberine c. cantharmin d. sanguinarine
Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Page 5 of 14
A 91. These are esters consisting of glycerol in combination with fatty acids, phosphoric acid and certain
nitrogenous compounds:
a. phospholipids b. waxes c. glycolipids d. sterols
C 92. Glycosidic principle obtained from fish berries, Cocculus indicus formerly used as an analeptic:
a. quassin b. humulin c. picrotoxin d. gentisin
A 93. A French pharmacist collaborated with Pelletier in the discovery of Quinine which has become a
worldwide treatment of malaria:
a. Joseph Caventou b. Pierre Robiquet c. Frederick Serturner d. Rudolf Brandes
D 94. Drugs classified according to the natural relationship among plants and animals:
a. zoological arrangement c. morphological classification
b. chemical classification d. taxonomic classification
D 100. The paste forming properties of starch are due to this constituent:
a. inulin b. starches c. amylose d. amylopectin
C 101. Plant acid isolated in crystal form from lemon by Scheele in 1784:
a. tartaric acid b. lactic acid c. citric acid d. nitric acid
A 104. Animal used in the biological assay of digitalis for its potency:
a. pigeon b. horse c. rabbit d. cat
A 105. A phytochemist who made a number of significant discoveries including codeine in 1832 and the isolation
of narcotine:
a. Pierre Robiquet b. Frederick Serturner c. Joseph Caventou d. Emil von Behring
A 106. A German pharmacist who isolated hyoscyamine in 1819 and with fellow pharmacist, Philip Geiger,
collaborated in research to discover atropine in 1835:
a. Rudolf Brandes b. Emil von Behring c. Frederick Serturner d. Pelletier
B 112. A type of distillation applied to plant material that is dried and not subject to injury by boiling:
a. direct steam b. water distillation c. steam distillation d. water and stem distillation
Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Page 6 of 14
A 113. Known as alligator pear, its pulverized seeds can be used to treat rheumatism and neuralgia:
a. Persea americana b. Arcangelista flava c. Nerium oleander d. none
A 114. The purified fatlike substance obtained from the wool of sheep:
a. lanolin b. cetyl esters wax c. cysteine d. spermaceti
B 121. It is a purified carbohydrate product obtained from the inner rind of citrus fruits:
a. lactic acid b. pectin c. tartaric acid d. citric acid
B 126. It contains the alkaloid called ditamine and is known as Australian quinine bark:
a. dilaw b. dita c. dawag d. none
A 129. The official test animal employed in the standardization of mydriatic drugs such as atropine:
a. cat b. dog c. horses d. rabbit
A 130. It is used in the treatment of asthma by using the leaves and flowers as cigarettes:
a. talumpunay b. tanglad c. mais d. none
B 131. The element responsible for the basic pharmacological properties of alkaloids:
a. sulfur b. nitrogen c. oxygen d. phosphorus
B 132. The botanical origin of motherwort or damong maria which can be used as insect repellant:
a. Alstonia macrophylla b. Artemisia vulgaris c. Citrus aurantium d. none
C 135. Takip-kuhol contains bitter principle vellarin used as counter-irritant. Its scientific name is:
a. Datura metel b. hyptis suaveolens c. Centella asiatica d. none
A 139. It is known as Ringworm bush or shrub, used to treat ringworm by using its leaves:
a. akapulko b. abutra c. ambal d. none
A 144. The official test animal employed to assay Curare alkaloids, since these animal manifest the head drop,
indicative of muscle relaxation:
a. rabbit b. cat c. monkey d. dog
C 146. It contains ocimene, eugenol and pinene and a decoction of this herb is for treatment of cough:
a. foeniculum vulgare b. bixa orellana c. ocimum basilicum d. none
C 147. Is a flavor used to disguise the bitterness of certain preparation, such as those containing quinine:
a. eridictyon b. podophyllum c. jalap d. kava
B 150. The study of the used of chemical agents which are more selectively toxic to the invading organism than to
host is known as:
a. physiology b. chemotherapy c. immunology d. pharmacology
A 152. When the powder of this alkaloid is burned, the resultant vapor is inhaled for the relief of asthma:
a. stramonium b. caffeine c. cinchona d. cocaine
C 155. The most notable property of tannins utilized in the leather industry:
a. denature proteins b. precipitate protein c. denature proteins and ppt protein d. none of these
A 156. A test for carbohydrates containing protein producing a red-blue or purple ring between the two layers:
a. molisch test b. xanthoproteic test c. ninhydrin test d. biuret test
B 158. Although the prostaglandins are hormone-like, they more closely resemble which of the following
chemically:
a. prophyrins b. lipids c. carbohydrates d. enzymes
C 159. It is known as lemon grass under the family Poaceae, used as diuretic, aromatic bath and scent for
perfume:
a. tangan-tangan b. dayap c. tanglad d. none
Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Page 8 of 14
B 162. Component of volatile oil which is responsible for its antiseptic and germicidal action:
a. ethers b. phenols c. hydrocarbons d. esters
D 165. Codeine which is used as an analgesic and depressant to the cough reflex is a derivative of:
a. benzoic acid b. cocaine c. salicylic acid d. morphine
B 166. The polyglucan used as a plasma expander and is formed from sucrose by the action of the enzyme
transglucosylase:
a. inulin b. dextran c. gelatin d. hetastarch
D 173. End product of acid formation in the plant and occurs as insoluble calcium salt or raphides:
a. calcium acetate b. calcium citrate c. calcium tartrate d. calcium oxalate
D 175. Plastid pigments are commonly extracted by which of the following solvents?
a. alcohol b. acetone c. chloroform d. ether
A 177. A test to distinguish tartrates from citrates makes use of this reagent:
a. deniges reagent b. bromine water c. mayer’s reagent d. dragendorff’s reagent
D 178. USP official alkaloid(s) with oncolytic action is/are the following:
a. leucristine b. vinblastine c. vinca luekoblastin d. all three
A 179. Method of extracting volatile oils with the use of cold fat:
a. enfleurage b. digestion c. percolation d. maceration
B 180. Which vitamin is formed in the body by exposure to ultraviolet irradiation or sunlight?
a. vitamin E b. vitamin D c. vitamin A d. vitamin C
B 182. Active constituent of the volatile oil of tanglad which is a very good source of vitamin A:
a. geraniol b. citral c. citronellal d. citronellol
C 183. The alkaloid obtained from ergot which is used to relieve or treat migraine is:
a. ergometrine b. vinblastine c. ergotamine d. solanine
Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Page 9 of 14
B 184. Condensed tannins give the specific colored precipitates with FeCl3 test:
a. blue-black ppt b. green-black ppt c. blue-green ppt d. blue ppt
A 186. A drug which disguises the bitter taste of quinine by paralyzing the taste buds is:
a. glycyrrhiza b. yerba soldado c. buchu d. yerba santa
D 188. Free vitamin A does not occur in plants, but in its place are compounds that are converted into vitamin
A in the small animal body. These precursors of vitamin A are called:
a. provitamin B b. neovitamin A c. B-carotene d. b and c
C 191. The purified mixture of simple protein principles obtained from the sperm or testes of suitable species of
fish, usually those belonging to the genera Oncorhyncus Suckley:
a. penicillamine c. protamine sulfate
b. heparin sodium d. none of the above
D 192. An alkaloid which does not react with or form precipitate with alkaloidal reagent is:
a. hyoscyamine b. quinine c. atropine d. caffeine
A 194. Animals used to determine the phenol coefficient or antiseptic value of certain drug:
a. mice b. rabbits c. pigeons d. guinea pigs
B 195. A structural polysaccharide found I primary cell walls and functions as intercellular cement:
a. cellulose b. pectins c. lichen starch d. starch e. alginic acid
D 196. The step in the preparation of crude drug which consists of the removal of the extraneous matter prior
to packaging:
a. selection b. all of these c. collection d. garbling
C 198. The primary function of plants not present in animals but on which animal and man depend greatly:
a. respiration b. glycolysis c. photosynthesis d. metabolism
B 200. Colloidal substance obtained from Gelidium cartilagineum also known as:
a. gelatin b. glandular cells c. tragacanth d. alginic acid
C 201. Oil tubes found in plants under Apiaceae family that contain the volatile oil:
a. parenchyma cells b. glandular cells c. vittae d. schizogenous passages
C 202. The enzyme in black mustard seed that hydrolyzes the glycoside:
a. emulsin b. amygdalase c. myrosin d. papain
A 204. Citrus volatile oils whose aroma is injuriously affected by heat is best obtained by:
a. expression b. maceration c. enfleurage d. percolation
B 205. The following are differences of hydrolyzable from non-hydrolyzable tannins except:
a. hydrolyzable tannins form blue-black precipitates with ferric chloride
b. non-hydrolyzable tannins decolorize potassium permanganate
c. hydrolyzable tannins show no visible result with bromine water
d. none of the above choices
Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Page 10 of 14
A 207. Purified carbohydrate product obtained from the dilute acid extract of the inner portion of the rind of citrus
fruits or from apple pomace:
a. pectin b. dextran c. xanthan gum d. agar
D 208. The following fixed oils are used as solvent for IM injections, except:
a. sesame oil b. peanut oil c. corn oil d. olive oil
D 210. An amorphous mixture of glucosides obtained from the leaf of Digitalis purpurea:
a. digitoxin b. digitonin c. digitalis d. gitalin
C 211. Contain about a dozen cardioactive glycosides, the principal of which is scillaren A:
a. red squill b. ouabain c. squill d. deslanoside
C 212. Forms colloidal solutions in water that foam upon shaking, and destroys the RBC by hemolysis:
a. tannins b. alkaloiuds c. saponins d. fats
B 213. Also known as Vitamin H which acts as a carboxyl-carrying cofactor in several carboxylase enzyme system:
a. choline b. biotin c. yeast d. PABA
A 216. The organism used in the parasitic method of producing Ergot alkaloids:
a. Claviceps purpurea b. Claviceps paspali c. both a and b d. none of the given
B 220. The alkaloid used as a means of doubling chromosomes in the study of plant genetics:
a. ephedrine b. colchicines c. atropine d. eserine
D 223. This is also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzaldehyde popularly used as flavoring agent:
a. eugenol b. glycyrrhizin c. coumarin d. vanillin
C 224. The plant part from where the refined corn oil is obtained:
a. fruit b. seed c. embryo d. hairy portion
A 226. Unicellular organisms that are well-known for their ability to metabolize sugar into alcohol and CO2:
a. yeast b. bacteria c. molds d. fungus
B 231. The undissolved portion of the drug that remains after extraction:
a. solute b. marc c. solvent d. active drug
A 233. Fixed oils are frequently extracted from their sources by:
a. expression b. steam distillation c. filtration d. none of these
C 234. A purified carbohydrate product extracted from the brown seaweeds Macrosystic pyrifera by the use
of dilute alkali:
a. Karaya gum b. gelatin c. algin d. carrageenan
C 236. Class of natural products with potent and diverse biological activities involved in platelet aggregation,
pain and inflammation:
a. enzyme b. hormones c. prostaglandins d. tubocurarine
C 237. The first immunoglobulin to appear when a newly born infant begins its own antibody production:
a. IgD b. IgA c. IgM d. IgE
D 238. The general test for carbohydrate based on the dehydration of sugar to furfural derivatives when the
sugar is treated with concentrated, sulfuric acid producing a violet ring between two layers:
a. Fehling’s test b. Hainse’s test c. Benedict test d. Molisch
B 242. Fermenting enzymes that converts monosaccharides to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide:
a. rennin b. zymase c. urease d. sutilains
B 244. The alkaloid which continues to be the drug of choice against malaria:
a. cincholine b. quinine c. papaverine d. argonovine
D 251. The alkaloid reagent composed of iodine, in potassium iodine solution is known as:
a. Hager’s reagent b. Mayer’s reagent c. Dragendroff’s reagent d. Wagner’s reagent
A 256. These are official tests done on living animals as well as on intact or excised organs and which often
indicate the strength of a particular drug or its preparation:
a. bioassays c. microscopic test e. chemical assay
b. histochemical test d. microbiological test
D 257. A specially prepared gelatin product used in neurosurgery and in thoracic and ocular surgery:
a. heparin sodium b. gelatin c. absorbable gelatin sponge d. absorbable gelatin film
C 258. An opium alkaloid known as narcotine isolated by Robiquet is now officially called as:
a. morphine b. codeines c. noscapine d. thebaine
B 262. Which of these lipids are used to control the consistency of creams and ointments?
a. cholesterol b. waxes c. stearic acid d. lecithin
A 265. Which of the following terms best describes a cofactor that is firmly bound to an apoenzyme:
a. holoenzymes b. nucleosides c. monosaccharides d. heteropolysaccharides e. transferase
B 268. It is incorporated in tablets and lozenges that intended to aid in breaking tobacco habit
a. Quinine SO4 b. Lobeline SO4 c. Atropine SO4 d. Hyoscine HBr e. Cocaine HCl
C 269. This is the most widely used opium alkaloid which are narcotic analgesics and antitussives and are used as
sedatives, especially in allaying coughs.
a. Morphine b. Papaverine c. Codeine d. Heroine e. None
A 270. This term is used to designate simple organic compounds containing not more than 6 carbon atoms and
2 or 3 carboxyl groups:
a. Plant acids b. Succinic acid c. Isocitric acid d. all of these e. none
A 271. Expensive substance used in perfumery which is a pathological product found in intestines of sperm whales
or cast by them into the sea as a response to injury by squid beaks on which the sperm whale feeds:
a. ambergris b. ichthyocolla c. muskone d. acipenser
A 274. The residue left after distilling the volatile oil from the oleoresin obtained from the various species of Pinus
a. colophony b. jalap c. mastic d. pinene
Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Page 13 of 14
C 275. Dried stalks of seaweed which is used in dilating the cavities such as cervix in labor or abortion induction
due to its swelling chracteristic:
a. Kelp b. Agar c. Laminaria d. Lappa
C 276. The chief component of Melissa officinalis, is commonly known as lemon balm:
a. geraniol b. decanal c. citral d. limonene
C 277. A muccopolysaccahride obtained from saliva which is active against Gram (+) bacteria, by transforming
the insoluble polysaccharides
a. muramidase b. lysozyme c. a and b d. none
C 278. Oleandrin, the active component present in Rose bay, Nerium oleander, is classified as:
a. phenolic b. alkaloid c. glycoside d. peptide
D 279. Aromatic water prepared from its flowers has been used as vehicles for eye and skin lotions:
a. sage b. thyme c. oregano d. elder flower
A 280. Alkaloid obtained from Sarothammus scorparius which was formerly used fro cardiac arrythmias:
a. sparteine b. connine c. thebaine d. levuline
C 282. Odorous principle found in tonka beans which is used as a fixative in perfumery, flavor and as precursor of
anti- coagulants:
a. psoralens b. monobenzone c. coumarine d. phenytioin
C 284. An acid present in apples and pears which is used as a sialogogue and combines with salicylic acid and
benzoic acid for desloughening effects:
a. lqctic acid b. pyruvic acid c. malic acid d. oxalic acid
B 286. High molecular weight polysaccharide gum produced by a pure culture fermentation of a carbohydrate with
Xanthamonas campestriesI, then purified by recovery with isopropyl alcohol, dried and milled:
a. dextran b. keltrol c. goat’s thorn d. gum Arabic
B 287. Milky white viscid secretion from the salivary glands of the worker hive bee, Apis mellifera, and is used as
a general tonic, toward the effects of old age:
a. lac b. royal jelly c. ginseng d. propolis
A 288. When nonhydolyzable tannins were boiled with hydrochloric acid, an insoluble compound known as______
is formed.
a. Phlobaphenes b. Cathecol c. Gallic acid d. Ellagic acid
B 293. These are usually hard, transparent, or translucent and when heated, they soften and finally melt
a. Alkaloids b. Resins c. Gums d. Tannins
D 295. All of these are volatile oils that are used as condiments except:
a. anise b. clove oil c. nutmeg d. eucalyptus oil
Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Page 14 of 14
A 296. A process of extraction which involve by macerating the drugs for a short period of time with
either hot or cold water.
a. infusion b. decoction c. maceration d. percolation
D 300. These are acetal in which the hydroxyl of the sugar is condensed with a hydroxyl group of the
non sugar component:
a. tannins b. carbohydrates c. resins d. glycosides
D 302. These are colorless but yields intense red or violet color when tested with boiled acid
a. flavanoids b. flavone c. cathechin d. leukan thocyanins
B 304. A phytochemical screening for saponin glycosides which measures the rate of fluidity of the extract:
a. viscosity method b. capillary method c. Liebermann Burchard method d. all of these
C 306. These are esters of long chain fatty acids and alcohol
a. fixed oils b. fats c. lipids d. waxes
A 307. Gotu Kola obtained from the leaves and stems of Centella asiatica used as diuretic, blood purifier, treats
leprosy , body strengthener and revilaizer is locally known as:
a. takip-kuhol b. sulasi c. lagundi d. mahogany
A 308. An alkaloid which does not react with or precipitate with alkaloidal reagent is:
a. caffeine b. quinine c. hyoscyamine d. emitine
A 309. Are unicellular organisms that are well known for their ability to metabolize sugar into alcohol and
carbon dioxide:
a. yeast b. dried yeast c. baker’s yeast d. brewer’s yeast