Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
(1998)
By Peter N. Stearns
Studying history is important because it allows us to understand our past, which in turn allows us
to understand our present. If we want to know how and why our world is the way it is today, we have
to look to history for answers. People often say that “history repeats itself,” but if we study the successes
and failures of the past, we may, ideally, be able to learn from our mistakes and avoid repeating them
in the future. Studying history can provide us with insight into our cultures of origin as well as cultures
with which we might be less familiar, thereby increasing cross-cultural awareness and understanding.
2. History Helps Us Understand Change and How the Society We Live in Came to Be
The second reason history is inescapable as a subject of serious study follows closely on
the first. The past causes the present, and so the future. Any time we try to know why something
happened—whether a shift in political party dominance in the American Congress, a major
change in the teenage suicide rate, or a war in the Balkans or the Middle East—we have to look
for factors that took shape earlier. Sometimes fairly recent history will suffice to explain a major
development, but often we need to look further back to identify the causes of change. Only
through studying history can we grasp how things change; only through history can we begin
to comprehend the factors that cause change; and only through history can we understand
what elements of an institution or a society persist despite change.
Were either created during the time period being studied or were created at a later date by a
participant in the event being studied.
Primary sources are the historical documents used by historians as evidence.
Example:
1. Diaries
2. Personal Journals
3. Government Records
4. Newspaper Article
5. Military Reports
SECONDARY SOURCES
Example:
1. Scholarly
2. Popular Books
3. Articles
4. Textbooks
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
The key to determining whether an item may be considered to be a primary source is to ask
how soon after the event was the information recorded
This can be a problem with an autobiography, memior, reminiscence, etc.
If the author is working several years with only the memory of what happen, your history professor
will disallow most or all of these as primary sources
The home of about 60 million documents from the centuries of Spanish rule in the Philippines, the
American and Japanese occupations, as well as the years of the Republic. It is also the final
repository for the voluminous notarized documents of the country.
The national library of the Philippines. It is under the jurisdiction of the National Commission for
Culture and the Arts (NCCA). The library is notable for being the home of the original copies of
the defining works of José Rizal: Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo and Mi último adiós.
is a government institution in the Philippines and serves as an educational, scientific and cultural
institution in preserving the various permanent national collections featuring the ethnographic,
anthropological, archaeological and visual artistry of the Philippines. Since 1998, the National
museum has been the regulatory and enforcement agency of the National Government.
• It is a preliminary & preparatory step, providing data to be used in the second phase known as
internal criticism.
• External criticism primarily deals with relating to form & appearances rather than meaning of
contents.
According to Mouly
‘’ the purpose of external criticism is not so much,, negative (the detection of fraud) as it is the ,,
establishment of historical truth’’.
Internal criticism
Positive criticism
When the researchers seeks to discover the literal and the real meaning of the text.
Negative criticism
When the researcher tries to seek every possible reason for disbelieving the statement made,
questioning critically the competence, truthfulness or accuracy and honesty of the author.
Both are essential in historical research but the researcher should not go so far as to be cynical and
hypercritical.
Maps and Atlases, Census Information, Statistics, Photographs, City Directories, The
Local Library or Historical Society.