Department of Chemical Engineering

School of Engineering and Architecture

Saint Louis University

PROPOSED WASTEWATER TREATMENT FOR SUGAR INDUSTRIES

A Project Presented to the

Faculty of Department of Chemical Engineering
School of Engineering and Architecture
Saint Louis University

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering

by
LIIS, Nemuel Cyzar F.
SARIO, Glen G.
CERVANTES, Kishi C.
DE GUZMAN, Trisha Nicole DL.
LEONARDO, Jessirene Ira R.
NASTOR, Kate Clarence A.
PATAGAN, Erylle Jane B.

December 2019

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Proposed Wastewater Treatment for Sugar IndustryError! Bookmark not defined.

TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

LIST OF TABLES .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Chapter 2: Waste Characterization ...................................................................... 8

Chapter 3: Water Treatment Process ................................................................. 10

Chapter 4: Conclusion ........................................................................................ 10

References ......................................................................................................... 22

ii
 LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 DAO 2016-08 Effluent Standards Concentration .................................. 5

iii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Characterization of Wastewater from a Typical Sugar Plant ............... 3

Figure 2.1 Schematic Diagram for Wastewater Treatment................................... 6

iv
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Sugar is a collective term to a large number of carbohydrates present in many plants.

Sugar occurs as a mixture not readily separable in plants. Juices of sugarcane

(Saccharum officinarum) and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) are rich in pure sucrose, and to

which are the main sources of commercial sucrose or the manufactured sugar.

There are various stages involved in the production of sugar which are as

follows: 1) Procurement of sugarcane, 2) milling of sugarcane, 3) juice preparation, 4)

juice concentration, 5) syrup processing and crystallization, 6) sugar crystal separation,

and lastly 7) bagasse utilization.

The sugar industry is seasonal in nature and operates only about 120-200 days a

year. In the Philippines, the sugar industry uses sugar cane as the raw material for

production along with various chemicals to increase the value of the final product. The

industry generates a large amount of wastewater since it uses a huge amount of water

during its processes. The sugar industry is one of the larger water consuming industries.

It requires water as a feed in a boiler, as a cooling agent for condenser, and as a

process water for maceration, lime preparation, dilution for control of brix, dilution in

evaporators and massecuite dilution, filter mud, fly ash handling, and cane wastewater.

Oil and grease are the usual contaminant in the wastewater from the mill house.

Spillages of oil and grease on the floor of the mill house during floor washing are

washed away. The process and mill house wastewater are highly contaminated with

process chemicals, which are being used at different processing stages. Sugar cane

1
entering the industry is usually 70-80 % moisture, thus, even with water reuse the

industry needs to dispose of the excess water. For each ton of cane crushed 0.73 m 3 of

water which is completely separated from the sugar is produced. Mostly water is

required in the sugar mills as mill floor.

Sugar industry wastewater is produced typically via cleaning operations.

Washing of milling house floor, various division of boiling house like evaporators,

clarifiers, vacuum pans, centrifugation, etc. generates huge volume of wastewater. Also,

wash water used for filter cloth of rotary vacuum filter and periodical cleaning of lime

water and SO2 producing house becomes a part of wastewater. Periodical cleaning of

heat exchangers and evaporators with NaOH and HCl to remove the scales on the tube

surface contributes organic and inorganic pollutant loadings to wastewater. Leakages

from pumps, pipelines, centrifuging house also contribute to wastewater produced.

Sugar industry wastewater contains wash water with lost cane juice in various

operations, detergents, bagasse particles, oil and grease used for lubrication, and lost

sugar solids in process. The sugar industry waste water is characterized by its color,

temperature of water, low pH, ash, and dissolved organic and inorganic matter of which

50% may present as reducing sugars. In addition to sugar mill waste water carry the

constituents such as Biochemical Oxygen demand, Chemical Oxygen demand and oil

and grease. The effluents amounts can be seen in the table on the next page.

2
 Figure 1.1 Characterization of Wastewater from a Typical Sugar Plant from
http://www.environmentalpollution.in/waste-management/sugar-industry-process-description-and-wastewater-
treatment/2846?fbclid=IwAR2G1rqP01GEeyR50dcXcavm_kyBKSmHaYvnULAl303-hZWNolhjzsUqV1A

3
 CHAPTER 2

WASTE CHARACTERIZATION

The sugar industry waste water is characterized by its color, temperature of

water, low pH, ash, and dissolved organic and inorganic matter of which 50% may

present as reducing sugar6. Due to the presence of some sugar residues in the

wastewater, the color of the wastewater was observed as dark brownish having a

fishery and cane-like odor because of the gases produced by the anaerobic

decomposition of organic matter. The observed temperature of the wastewater ranged

from 43- 46C which was above the standard value of Central Pollution Control Board.

Sugar wastewaters are produced predominantly by cleaning operations. The

usage of NaOH and HCl for the cleaning of evaporators and heat exchangers

subsidizes organic and inorganic pollutants to the wastewater. Wastewater from sugar

industries usually contains nutrients, oil and grease, chlorides, sulfates, carbohydrates

and heavy metals.

The general practice followed for the disposal of effluent from a sugar industry is

to let the wastewater into rivers or sea either without treatment or with partial treatment.

In some places it is being treated and disposed of along with domestic wastewater. In

other facilities, they reduce their pollution load by recycling some of the waters used for

various processes.

4
Table 2.1 DAO 2016-08 Effluent Standards Concentration
Water pollutant Effluent standard concentration, mg/l
Suspended solids 100
Oil and grease 5
Iron 7.5
Phenol 0.5
Sulfate 550
Chloride 450
Cyanide 0.2

The above shows the standard concentration of the industrial wastewater

effluent. To meet the standard imposed by Department of Environment and Natural

Resources, the researchers aimed to design a wastewater treatment plant that would

reduce and also eliminate the toxic substances and pollutants that a sugar industry

produces.

5
 CHAPTER 3

WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS

Sugar industry’s fresh effluent may threaten the health of its surrounding

community if not treated properly. The decomposition of the fresh effluent may only take

a few hours after being stagnant. It can cause damages if the wastewater reaches the

clean sources of water. The wastewater may also cause pungent odor, black color, and

fish mortality due to biological oxidation and anaerobic stabilization. Because of this, the

effluent of this industry is treated using the following methods.

Figure 3.1 Schematic Diagram for Wastewater Treatment

6
Primary Treatment/Physical Treatment

1. Screening – This process is used to remove large floating objects like rags and

paper. This is done to prevent choking the pipes, clogging the pumps, and

damaging the other equipment. The bar screen used was 10 mm wide and 50

mm deep, arranged with spacing of 20 mm between two adjacent bars.

2. Oil and grease removal – The influent containing oil and grease can damage the

biological treatments and the pumping units so oil and grease are removed in this

process. Adsorption is used to remove oil and grease as well as TDS and TSS.

Adsorption is defined as the adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules to a surface

which creates a film of the adsorbate on the surface of the adsorbent. Adsorption

is commonly used in wastewater treatment including the effluent from sugar

industry. Activated charcoal, fly ash, Mgo, Bentonite, and Lignite are adsorbents

that can be used in treating the effluent of the sugar industry. The adsorbents

mentioned above can be very helpful in effluent treatment due to its 80%

efficiency in the removal of TDS, TSS, and oil and grease. They can also lower

COD, BOD, color, and smell. According to the study of Sunitha and Rafeeq in

2009, activated carbon is the most effective among them. Though activated

carbon is very effective in its purpose, it is ten times more expensive than

Bentonite and Lignite. Even though activated carbon is a little more effective than

Bentonite and Lignite, the latter adsorbents will be used in this study because

they are less expensive but are still highly effective (Sunitha & Rafeeq, 2009).

The spent adsorbents can be easily disposed together with wood and coal in the

7
 boiler which could increase calfornic values due to the adsorbed substances that

was converted into carbon dioxide and water.

3. Grit removal – This process is needed to remove 95% of grit and stones. These

materials may block the pipe works, and may cause abrasion and wear to the

machines.

4. Equalizer – This process controls and minimizes sudden changes in the

wastewater properties and flowrate. It prevents shock loading of biological

systems by dampening the organic fluctuations. It controls pH and minimizes flow

surges. It also provides the biological system a continuous feed. Equalization

tanks temporarily store influent during plant maintenance and it is a way to dilute

and distribute toxic waste discharges which may inhibit biological secondary

treatment.

5. Mixing tank – This is used to mix the influent held in the equalization tank.

Mechanical stirrers are used for mixing.

6. Rapid mixing – In this process, the mixer will rapidly disperse the coagulant in the

wastewater to increase the collision opportunities and coagulation efficiency

before the influent undergo flocculation.

7. Flocculation – Due to rapid mixing, the fine particulates have greater chances to

clump together into a floc. The flocs formed may float on top of the liquid or settle

to the bottom of the wastewater.

8
Secondary Treatment/ Biological Treatment

1. Anaerobic process: UASB reactor – This process is used to treat the pollutants in

the wastewater. It is the most widely used in the industries including sugar

industry. Compared to aerobic process, anaerobic treatment method requires

less energy due to the production of methane from organic matter degradation. It

also produces less sludge which makes the industry save more in sludge

treatment and disposal. Anaerobic fixed-bed reactors (AFR), up-flow anaerobic

fixed bed (UAFB) reactor, UASB reactor, and anaerobic batch reactor are

generally used for anaerobic treatment of sugar industry wastewater. Using AFR,

90% of COD can be removed after a retention time of 4 days. But in this

wastewater treatment facility, UASB reactor will be used.

2. Aerobic process: Aeration Tank – It is the process where air is circulated through

to induce degradation of organic materials with the aid of oxygen.

3. Activated sludge – It is the production of an active mass of microorganisms that

stabilizes organic materials using dissolved oxygen. Bacteria are one of those

microorganisms which are responsible for the flocculation of the activated sludge.

4. Trickling filter – It is a bed of coarse materials like stones, slats, or plastics

wherein wastewater is discharged from fixed nozzles. The medium is stationary

and wastewater is passed over a biofilm at intermittent doses. In order to

increase the treatment efficiency and to meet the secondary effluent standards,

multistage and high rate filters are designed.

5. Clarifiers – These are settling tanks that is responsible for the continuous

removal of solids that are deposited through sedimentation. These are generally

9
 used for solid particulate removal of wastewater. The concentrated impurities

called sludge are discharged from the bottom of the clarifier. In this wastewater

treatment facility, a primary and a secondary clarifier is included.

Tertiary Treatment/Advanced Treatment Processes

1. Disinfection – After a long procedure on a certain industry, another process

needs to be done for a wastewater to be completely harmless as an effluent.

Bacteria and viruses are some of the dangers that should be observed in

releasing a wastewater. These pathogenic organisms can cause a host illnesses

like salmonella, typhoid fever, cholera, polio, etc. Disinfection is one way to

remove unwanted pathogens in a wastewater, designed to inactivate or kill

pathogenic microorganisms. It is important in the treatment since the

wastewater discharge goes to bodies of water that can be used in another area

that could be in contact with human.

Disinfection is most commonly accomplished by chemical, physical agents

or by radiation. Chemical agents are more likely used because of the easily

available types of chemicals used like chlorine, chlorine dioxide and ozone.

According to a study from Wastewater Treatment Facility of HIDECO

Sugar Milling Company in Kananga, Leyte, Philippines, the wastewater coming

from a sugar manufacturing industry contains a lot of suspended solids and high

BOD which when treated with microbial activity can decrease the strength of

these wastes.Comparing their obtained effluent parameters compared DENR,this

sugar manufacturing company has passed the standards with plant efficiency of

98.5 % by using activated sludge in treating their organic wastewater.

10
 As discussed from the study above, the process of disinfection is a second

option for this certain sugar manufacturer. Activated sludge is already efficient as

wastewater treatment but with proper maintenance like desludging for every five

years. Ineffeiciency could be obtained when the systems’ capacity is overloaded

with wastewater. This is only the time where it is recommended to add chlorine or

hydrogen peroxide to control the excess organisms that cannot be further

removed by the activated sludge. But in this wastewater treatment facility,

chlorine dosing is included to ensure that the pathogens won’t contaminate the

effluent.

2. Ion Exchange – Hardness, suspended particles, and pathogenic microorganisms

should not be present in the water. In the sugar industry, hard water causes

difficulties in the crystallization of sugar from molasses (Ambasta, 2008). For the

reduction of scaling in evaporators and other heat exchange equipment, ion

exchange processes are a considerable method to be used (Pollio & McGarvey).

Ion exchange is a reversible chemical reaction where dissolved ions are

removed from solution and replaced with other ions of the same or similar

electrical charge. The resin itself is composed of organic polymers that form a

network of hydrocarbons. Throughout the polymer’s matrix are ion exchange

sites, where so-called “functional groups” of either positively-charged ions

(cations) or negatively-charged ions (anions) are affixed to the polymer network.

These functional groups readily attract ions of an opposing charge (What Is Ion

Exchange Resin and How Does It Work?, 2017).

11
 In the sugar industry, ion exchange resins have a problem with

regeneration waste disposal since the regeneration effluent contains a high

concentration of sodium chloride and colored organics.

3. Nanofiltration – Wastewater from the sugar industry should be properly cleaned

before it is discharge to the environment because of a high level of organic

compounds expressed as COD and BOD. It is then characterized as 10 times

higher compared to municipal waste.

The goal of the sugar industry is to make sure the removal of almost total

organic mass and compounds through the applied methods of wastewater

treatment. Since most of the industries in highly developed countries makes used

of closed water circuits and heat recovery therefore the most commonly used

method for water treatment in a closed cycle is the physiochemical methods such

as chemical precipitation, sorption, and membrane filtration. Nanofiltration or

reverse osmosis, however, is more expensive yet more modern technology for

treating wastewater and more effective purification. This effectiveness in

purification gains an advantage because of no impurities such as semi-finished

products of pollutant decomposition as a result after the treatment process. The

efficiency of the nanofiltration process for all membranes was adequate for

deionized water filtration. The wastewater after nanofiltration process can be

reused for agricultural purpose like irrigations and for cleaning the machines in

the industry.

12
Design Parameters:

Flash Mixing:
T= 40C
Q= 2736.29 m3/ day
µ= 0.653 x10-3 Pa-s (Mackenzie)

 Assume cylindrical mixing basin

 Assuming G= 1000 /s

t= 10 seconds (for flash mixing)

1 day 1 hr
V= 2736.29 m3/ day ( ) (3600 s) (10 s) = 0.3167 m3
24 hrs

 Assume radial impellers (Np= 5.7, Mackenzie): D= 0.2 m, 0.3 m, 0.4 m

H= T

π
0.3167= (T)2 (T)
4

T= H= 0.7387 m

D= 0.7387 m

1
B= (0.7387 m)
3

B= 0.2462 m

13
Ion Exchange:
The following data were obtained from Bhoramdev Sugar Industry Ltd Kavardha.

The resin Information was obtained from FILTERWATER using their CQ WSR
1000 premium grade resin

The final hardness was obtained using table 7.1 and the design parameters were
obtained from Table 8.2 of the textbook (Water and Wastewater Engineering by
Mackenzie L. Davis)

BP = 2736.29 m3/day
Ca2+= 180 mg/L

Mg2+= 80 mg/L

Resin:

Shipping Weight = 850 g/L

Moisture = 48%

SG = 1.29

TEC = 2.0 eq/L-min = 4.5 eq/L-min

CB = 100 mg/L

𝑚𝑔 50 𝑚𝑔 50 𝑚𝑔
𝑇𝐻 = 180 𝐶𝑎2+ (20) + 80 𝑀𝑔2+ (12) = 783.3333 𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 =
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
15.6667 𝑚𝑒𝑞 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
𝑚3
2763.29 = 𝑄𝑇 + 𝑄𝐵
𝑑

2736.29(100) = 𝑄𝑇 (𝐶𝑇 ) + 𝑄𝐵 (783.3333) ; 𝑄𝑇 𝐶𝑇 = 0

𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑄𝑇 = 2386.9764 ; 𝑄𝐵 = 349.3136
𝑑 𝑑

Assume SLR = 800 m3/d-m2

14
 𝑄 2386.98
𝐴𝑐 = 𝑆𝐿𝑅 = = 2.98𝑚2
800

𝜋
𝐴𝑐 = 4 𝐷𝐶 2 = 2.98𝑚2

𝐷𝐶 = 1.95𝑚 ; 3𝐷𝐶 = 𝐻𝐶 ; 𝐻𝐶 = 5.85𝑚

𝜋 𝐻
𝑉𝑅 = 4 𝐷𝐶 2 𝐻𝑅 ; 𝐻𝑅 = 1.5𝐶

𝑉𝑅 = 11.65𝑚3
𝑉𝑅
𝐸𝐵𝐶𝑇 = = 7.0281 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑄

𝑄 𝑚3
𝑆𝐹𝑅 = 𝑉 = 204.8907
𝑅 𝑑∗𝑚2

𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑅 = 11.65𝑚3 ∗ 1290 𝑚3 (1 − 0.48) = 7814.82 𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑛

In one day:
𝑚3 𝑚𝑒𝑞 1000𝐿
𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 = 2386.9764 (15.6667 ) ( 1𝑚3 ) = 3.7396 × 107 𝑚𝑒𝑞
𝑑 𝐿

1 𝑒𝑞 1 𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑚𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 3.7396 × 107 (1000 𝑚𝑒𝑞) ( ) = 8310.2318 𝑘𝑔
4.5 𝑒𝑞

1
𝑚𝑤𝑒𝑡 = 8310.2318 𝑘𝑔 (1−0.48) = 𝟏𝟓𝟗𝟖𝟏. 𝟐𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟑 𝒌𝒈

15
Nanofiltration:

Jmax = 30 L/m2-h = 0.03 m3/m2-h

TMP = 20 – 100 kPa

Area Membrane/Module = 30 m2/ module

Backwash = 1 min

Backwash Interval = 90 min/cycle time

Q = 2736.29 m3/d

Solution:
3
2736.29𝑚 ⁄𝑑
𝐴= 𝑚3 24 ℎ𝑟𝑠
= 3800.4028 𝑚2
0.03 2 ×
𝑚 −ℎ 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦

3800.4028𝑚2 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 2 = 126.6801 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
30𝑚 ⁄𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒

90𝑚𝑖𝑛⁄𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑠 = = 90 𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑠⁄𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
1𝑚𝑖𝑛⁄𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑠 = 90(1 − 0.25) = 68 𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑠

Therefore, 68 racks plus 1 back up

126.6801𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠⁄𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘 = = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟔𝟐𝟗 𝒎𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒔⁄𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒌
68 𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑠⁄𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

Check:
3
2736.29 𝑚 ⁄𝑑
= 0.03
𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 3 ℎ𝑟𝑠
1.8629 × 68 𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑠 × 30𝑚 × 24
𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑑

16
Adsorption:

Freundlich Parameters are taken from table 3 of the journal Modified activated carbon
and bentonite used to adsorb petroleum hydrocarbons emulsified in aqueous solution
by Emam, E.A

Influent Concentration of Oil and Grease = 60 mg/L

Adsorbent: Bentonite; ρ = 2.2 g/cm3 = 2200 g/L

EBCT = 10 min

Q = 2736.29 m3/d

Freundlich Capacity Factor K = 0.801

Freundlich intensity parameter 1/n = 1.138

𝑚𝑔 1.138
0.801 (60 𝐿 ) 𝑳𝑯𝟐𝑶 𝑻𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅
𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚𝑔 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟎𝟗𝟑
60 𝐿 𝒈 𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆

1 𝒈 𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑈𝑅 = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟗𝟓
𝐿𝐻2𝑂 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑳𝑯𝟐𝑶 𝑻𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅
1.4093 𝑔 𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒

𝑚3 1𝑑 𝑔 1000 𝐿 1 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 = 10 𝑚𝑖𝑛 (2736.29 )( ) (2200 ) ( 3
)( )
𝑑 1440 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝐿 1𝑚 1000 𝑔
= 𝟒𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟓 𝒌𝒈 𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒆

1000𝑔
41805 𝑘𝑔( )
1 𝑘𝑔
𝑄𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = = 𝟓𝟖𝟗𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝟑 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝑔 𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 1000 𝐿
0.7095 𝐿 ( )
𝐻2𝑂 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 1 𝑚3

58922 𝑚3
𝐵𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑒 = = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟓𝟑𝟑𝟓 𝒅𝒂𝒚𝒔
𝑚3
2736.29
𝑑

17
 The following data were obtained from Bhoramdev Sugar Industry Ltd Kavardha.

1. Influent Flowrate = 2736 m3/day

2. BOD5 = 200 mg/L

3. TKN = 35 mg/L – 60 mg/L (40 mg/L)

4. Temp = 20 C

5. pH = 7.2

6. DO to maintained = 2.5 mg/L

7. μm = 0.5 d-1

8. Safety Factor = 2.5

9. Concentration of Microorganisms = 2000 mg/L

10. Concentration of growth limiting substrate = 20 mg/L

11. Fraction of Nitrifiers = 0.08

A. Maximum Growth Rate

2.5
𝜇 = 0.5𝑒 0.098(40−15) [ ] [1 − 0.833(7.2 − 7.2)] = 3.8120 𝑑 −1
1.3 + 2.5

B. Maximum Rate of Substrate

Let Y = 0.2

3.8120
𝑘′ = = 19.06𝑑 −1
0.2

C. 𝜃𝑐𝑀

1
= 0.2(10.06) − 0.05
𝜃𝑐𝑀

18
 𝜃𝑐𝑀 = 0.2658 𝑑

𝜃𝑐 = 2.5(0.2658) = 0.6645 𝑑

D. Design Substrate

Utilization Factor for NH3 oxidation

1
= 0.2(𝑈𝑁𝐻3 ) − 0.05
0.6645

𝑈𝑁𝐻3 = 7.7745

E. Solve for NH3 concentration in the effluent

𝑘′𝑁
𝑈=
𝑘𝑛 + 𝑁

𝑘𝑛 = 100.051(40)−1.158 = 7.6208

𝑚𝑔
𝑁 = 5.2499 ⁄𝐿

F. BOD Removal

1
= 0.5(𝑈𝐵𝑂𝐷 ) − 0.06
0.6645

𝑈𝐵𝑂𝐷 = 3.1298 /𝑑

G. Hydraulic Detention Time

200 − 20
3.1298 =
2000(𝜃𝐵𝑂𝐷 )

𝜃𝐵𝑂𝐷 = 0.0288 𝑑𝑎𝑦

40 − 5.2499
7.7745 =
2000(0.08)(𝜃𝑁𝐻3 )

𝜃𝑁𝐻3 = 0.0279 𝑑𝑎𝑦

Since 𝜃𝑁𝐻3 < 𝜃𝐵𝑂𝐷

BOD will determine aeration tank value

19
 𝑚3
𝑉𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 0.0279 𝑑𝑎𝑦 (2736 ) = 76.3344 𝑚3
𝑑𝑎𝑦

@ 𝑘 = 1.25

𝑂2 = 8.34(2.5)(0.7228)[(1.25(200) − 4.57(40)] = 1012.7295 𝑙𝑏⁄𝑑𝑎𝑦

20
 CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Sugar industry is among those industries with the largest water demand. However,

the wastewater generated from these industries bear a high degree of pollution load.

Untreated wastewater from sugar industries can cause water and land pollution. Since

the sugar industry operates seasonally, the production of wastewater is also seasonal.

There is a large variation in the quality and quantity of wastewater produced in different

sugar mills. Since the wastewaters usually has a high COD, BOD, suspended solids

and also has an acidic pH, equalization and lime treatment should be done before

further treatment. The treated effluents of sugar industries may be utilized for industrial

processing again.

21
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