Republic of the Philippines

Department of Science and Technology

PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Zamboanga Peninsula Region Campus
Dipolog Sports Complex, Brgy. Olingan, Dipolog City

Building phylogenetic tree using different species of birds,

butterfly, and flowers.
Bleaux R. Bastasa
(bleauxrbastasa@gmail.com)

Joseph R. Benitez
(josephallen.benitez1@gmail.com) Table 1 Sample Data Matrix
On the given cards of organisms, list 7 features of them on the first row on
Abstract the table. Fill in the table, recording data for each of organisms.
Six different species of flowers, birds and butterflies were
made to make a phylogenetic tree. In this paper we discuss the
construction of a Phylogenetic Tree given these set of organisms as well
as the significance and relevance between steps and why we need to go
through them. We will discuss some aspects of the data and interpret it
to reach and make conclusions to lead to further discoveries in the given
set of data.

Keywords: Phylogenetic Tree Building, Phylogenetic Tree

INTRODUCTION
Modern Taxonomy classify organisms according to their relatedness.
Earlier taxonomic systems used morphological or anatomical similarities
that did not always reflect true evolutionary relationships. Since there is
also term called convergent evolution where different species have same
characteristics through same environmental pressures. In our study, we
were given 6 species of flowers, 6 species of birds, and 6 species of
butterflies and were asked to make a phylogenetic tree using this data
given.
Table 2 Data Matrix
Now compare each pair of organisms and, in the small table, record the
total number of differences between each pair. This is the data matrix
that will be used to build the phylogenetic tree in the next step
The numbers in the data matrix can now be used to draw a phylogenetic
tree showing the relatedness of all six organisms.

Several artificial organisms are shown on the cards. ( Figure 4,5,6) How to draw a phylogenetic tree
These drawings have been prepared so that it is easy to find differences In this example, there are six beetle-like organisms, labelled A to F.
and to distinguish between the characteristics of each organism. No
numerical data are needed to distinguish between characteristics such as
long and short birds’ tails. In contrast, with real organisms a researcher
must usually collect numerical data and subjectively decide how to group
characteristics or, alternatively, use advanced mathematical tools. Such
problems do not exist when analysing molecular data. Phylogenetic trees
for even distantly-related organisms may be prepared using amino acid or
nucleotide sequence data. The differences between the sequences in
different organisms indicate evolutionary distances. Figure 1 Sample Organism

Six different species of flowers, birds and butterflies were made to make
a phylogenetic tree. In this paper we discuss the construction of a A table has been completed, listing the features of each organism:
Phylogenetic Tree given these set of organisms as well as the significance
and relevance between steps and why we need to go through them. We
will discuss some aspects of the data and interpret it to reach and make
conclusions to lead to further discoveries in the given set of data.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Table 3 Character Table
Winclada
Using the records from the first table, a data matrix, recording he number
Winclada is an automated program for creating editing and analyzing of differences between pairs of organisms, has also been produced.
systematic data sets. The program Winclada was written by Kevin Nixon
of Cornell University. It contains many data editing and tree analysis
features. We use this program to avoid as much human error when
displaying evolutionary heritage figures.

Building A Phylogenetic Tree

Procedure

Look at the organisms shown on the cards and identify

Seven features that differ between them. List those features in the first row
of the table. Fill in the table, recording data for each of organisms, A to F. Table 4 Data Matrix

BIO 1 Fundamentals of Biology 1

Third Quarter, SY 2018-2019
Currently living (extant) organisms will be placed at the top of the tree — Organisms to be used
all of the organisms analysed live in the present.

Figure 2 Sample Tree

Coming down the tree, we are moving into the past. The last common
ancestor of the organisms will be shown on the very bottom of the tree.

Figure 4 Plant Species Set A

Figure 3 Sample Tree

To create the tree, proceed as follows: Start by finding the closest relatives
— the pair or pairs of organisms that have the fewest differences between
them. In this example, beetles A and B have only one difference, so they
are the closest relatives.
Figure 5 Bird Species Set B
C and F also have just one difference so they are the closest relatives as
well. Place these pairs at the top of the tree. The last common ancestor of
A and B lived relatively recently. Mark a dot under A and B, showing the
separation of evolutionary lines leading to the contemporary forms of A
and B. Repeat this for C and F (Figure 1, top).

Next, find organisms that have more than one difference. B differs from C
by Tw0 features, so the last common ancestor of this pair lived before the
com-mon ancestor of A and B and C and F. Draw a dot to represent the
common ancestor of both of these pairs and link them together (Figure 2,
top middle).

Organisms D and E also differ by just two features, so they are closely
related to each other, but not to the other organisms. D and E are paired
up by linking them with a common.

Establish which organisms differ by three or fourcharacteristics. In this

way, we can confirm the earlier assumption of the relationship between A,
B, C and F.
Figure 6 Butterfly Species Set C
Next, look for organisms that differ by five features. These are beetles A
and D, C and E and E and F. When there groups are linked by a common
ancestor, the tree is complete (Figure 3, top right)

Data was then placed in Winclada for further data and table interpretation.
Using the matrix command we place the appropriate number of characters
and their details, after that we interpret and analyze the results using
Nona, then using a set of commands we plot and interpret data producing
an automated table.

BIO 1 Fundamentals of Biology 1

Third Quarter, SY 2018-2019
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
B C D E F

Set A A 1 5 3 3 3

B / 4 4 3 2

C / / 3 2 5

D / / / 1 5

E / / / / 4

Table 6 Set A Difference Data Table

In this table number of differences are tallied based on characters and
Figure 7 Set A Manual Tree for the flower species drawn by hand attributes of certain species, as we can see C and A have the most
differences with 5, along with F and C and F and D having 5. This portion
This tree shows the relationship or similarities of their features. The pairs is useful because it can help us draw conclusions from the data, for the
A and B have the most features in common with each other with 5 three pairs mentioned above. We can conclude that the organisms are
similarities. The pairs D and E have the most features in common with somehow very distant from each other in terms of evolutionary relatedness
each other with 5 similarities. F and B have two differences so the last since they have the most character differences compared to the other
common ancestor of these 2 lived before the common ancestor of A and pairs of organism. A and B have 1 difference so does E and D. C and E
B, which is why we connect the pair A and B to F. Same with E and C they have 2 differences along with F and B. The pairs with 3 differences include
have two differences so the last common ancestor of this pair lived before E and A, E and B, F and B, D and A, and lastly C and D. Pairs with 4
the common ancestor of D and E, which is why we connect the pair D and differences include B and C, B and D, and lastly F and E.
E to C. They are then linked up together to represent a distant common
ancestor.
Petal Petal Leaf Center Thorns Connected
Color Shape Shape Color Present Leaves
Petal Petal Leaf Cente Thorn Connected
Color Shape Shape r Color s Present Leaf A 1 1 0 0 0 1
Orientatio
n B 1 1 0 0 1 1

A Red Circula Multipl Yellow No Yes C 0 0 0 1 1 0

r e Tip
D 1 0 0 2 0 0
B Red Circula Multipl Yellow Yes Yes
r e Tip E 1 0 0 2 1 0

C Yello Square Multipl Black Yes No F 1 1 1 3 1 1

w e Tip
Table 6 Set A Data Table
D Red Square Multipl Blue No No
This table is just very similar to the first (Table 1.) only the responses are
e Tip
represented as numerical values for the Winclada input step.
E Red Square Multipl Blue Yes No
e Tip

F Red Circula Single Pink Yes Yes

r Tip

Table 5 Set A Data Table

The table shows the characteristics that the six species contain.
The data show that 5 out of 6 species have petal color in common having
5 species that have the same petal color, red. The same goes with the leaf
shape where there are also 5 species that have the same petal size,
multiple tip. Characters branch out to Petal Color having Red and Yellow,
Figure 8 Set A Winclada Tree
Petal Shape having circular and square, Leaf shape having Multiple Tip
and Single Tip, Center Color having yellow, black, blue, pink, while Thorns
and Connected leaves are just measured with presence and absence. For This Diagram was formed from the data gathered in Table 1.2 it shows a
petal shape A, B, and F had circular petal shapes whilst D and E had different kind of tree diagram formed from Winclada. A is the most distant
square petals. Center Color A and B had yellow, C had black, D and E relative of the set of species this means it has the least similarities with all
had blue and F had pink. For the presence of thorns A and E didn’t have the organisms. Species B is next, then F and E then C and D, this means
thorns and the rest B, C, E, and F had thorns present. For the leaf that D has the most similiarities among all the given organisms.
orientation A, B and F had the same connected orientation. C, D, and E
had the same non-connected orientation.
This table helps us construct -other tables and gives us detailed
information about the six flower species.
BIO 1 Fundamentals of Biology 1
Third Quarter, SY 2018-2019
 Set B

B C D E F

A 4 3 6 1 5

B / 2 5 4 6

C / / 4 2 5

D / / / 5 1

E / / / / 4

Table 8 Set B Difference Data Table

Figure 9 Set B Manual Tree for the flower species drawn by hand In this table number of differences are tallied based on characters and
attributes of certain species, as we can see D and A have the most
This tree shows the relationship or similarities of their features. The pairs differences with 6, along with F and B also having 6. This portion is useful
E and A have the most features in common with each other with 5 because it can help us draw conclusions from the data, for the pairs
similarities. The pairs D and F have the most features in common with mentioned above. We can conclude that the organisms are somehow very
each other with 5 similarities. B and C have two differences. C and E has distant from each other in terms of evolutionary relatedness since they
2 differences so the last common ancestor of these two lived before the have the most character differences compared to the other pairs of
common ancestor of E and A and B and C, which is why we connect the organism. E and A have 1 difference so does F and D. C and B have 2
pair B and C to E and A. Then we connect all the pairs into one common differences along with E and C. The pairs with 3 differences include C and
ancestor. A. Pairs with 4 differences include B and A, C and D, B and E, and lastly
F and E. The Pairs with 5 differences include D and B, E and D, F and A,
Antenna Body Eye Number Presence Presence Color
and lastly C and F.
Size Color Color of spots of line of line of This table helps us construct other pieces of data and gives us detailed
design wing spots information about the six butterfly species.
design
Presence
A Long Black Red 2 Yes Yes Red Presence Color
Antenna Body Eye Number of line
of line of
Size Color Color of spots wing
B Long Gray Light 4 Yes Yes Blue design spots
design
blue and
Yellow A 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
C Long Gray Light 2 Yes Yes Yellow B 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
blue
C 1 0 0 0 1 1 2
D Short Gray Light 2 No No Green
Blue D 0 0 0 0 0 0 3

E Long Gray Red 2 Yes Yes Red E 1 0 1 0 1 1 0

F Short Black Light 2 No No Green F 0 1 0 0 0 0 3

Blue
Table 9 Set B Automated Tree
Table 7. Set B Data This table is just very similar to the first (Table 2.) only the responses are
Table represented as numerical values for the Winclada input step.
The table shows the characteristics that the six species contain. The data
show that 5 out of 6 species have the number of spots in common having
5 species that have the same petal color, red. Characters branch out to
Antenna Size having long and short, Body color having black and gray,
Eye color having red and light blue, Number of spots having 2 and 4, Color
of spots having Red, Blue and Yellow, Yellow, and Green. While line
design is just measured with presence and absence. For Antenna size A,
B, C, E have long antenna’s while D, F have short. For Body color A and
F have a black color while B, C, D, E have gray for body color. For eye
color A and E have red while B, C, D, F have light blue for eye color.
Number of spots only B has 4 and the rest have 2 spots. For Presence of
wing design A,B,C,E have a wing design while D, and F don’t have a wing Figure 10 Set B Automated Tree
design. Color of spots A and E have red, B has Blue and Yellow, C has
Yellow while D and F have Green. This portion concerns the Winclada data interpretation it shows that the
pairs A and E and D and F are most related.
This table helps us construct other tables and gives us detailed This Diagram was formed from the data gathered in Table 2.2 it shows a
information about the six butterfly species. different kind of tree diagram formed from Winclada. A is the most distant
relative of the set of species this means it has the least similarities with all

BIO 1 Fundamentals of Biology 1

Third Quarter, SY 2018-2019
 the organisms. Species E is next, then B and C then D and F, this means B C D E F
that F has the most similiarities among all the given organisms.
A 4 6 2 3 7

Set C B / 5 5 6 6

C / / 6 7 1

D / / / 1 7

E / / / / 6

Table 11 Set C Difference Data Table

In this table number of differences is tallied, as we can see F and A have
the most differences with 7, along with F and D and C and E also having
7.This portion is useful because it can help us draw conclusions from the
data, for the two pairs mentioned above. We can conclude that the
organism are somehow very distant from each other in terms of
evolutionary relatedness since they have the most character differences
Figure 11 Set C Manual Tree compared to the other pairs of organism.
This tree shows the relationship or similarities of their features. The pairs
F and C have the most features in common with each other with 5 Length Color Length Color Length Color of Color
similarities. The pairs D and E have the most features in common with of of of of of tail feathers of
each other with 5 similarities. A and D have two differences, so the last
Beak Beak Legs legs wings
common ancestor of these two lived before the common ancestor of E and
D which is why we connect the two pairs. A and E has 3 differences. Then
A 1 1 0 1 0 2 0
we connect all the pairs into one common ancestor.
Length Color Length Color Length Color of Color B 1 0 0 1 1 0 2
of Beak of of Legs of legs of tail feathers of
Beak wings C 1 2 1 2 1 1 2

A Long Red Short Red Short Brown Blue D 1 1 0 0 0 2 1

B Long Yellow Short Red Long Yellow Brown E 0 1 0 0 0 2 1

C Long Black Long Black Long Red Brown F 0 2 1 2 1 1 2

D Long Red Short Yellow Short Brown Gray

Figure Table 12 Set C Automated Tree
E Short Red Short Yellow Short Brown Gray This table is just very similar to the first only the responses are
represented as numerical values for the Winclada input step.
F Short Black Long Black Long Red Brown

Table 10. Set C Data Table

This table shows the various characteristics present in 6 samples of birds,

7 characters are branched out and are identified Length of beak, color of
beak, length of legs, color of legs, length of tail, color of feathers, color of
wings. Each character is measured through the following Length of Beak
long and short. For Length of beak A, B, C, D have long beaks whilst E
and F have short beaks. Color of beak A, D, E have red , B has yellow
while C and F have black. Length of legs A, B, D, E have short while C, F
have long. Color of legs A,B have red C, F has black and D and E have
yellow. Length of tail A, D, E have short while B, C and F have long. Color
of Feathers A,D, E have brown. C and F have red and B has yellow. Color
of wings A has blue B, C, F has brown and D, E have gray.
Figure 12 Set C Automated Tree
This table helps us construct other pieces of data and gives us detailed
information about the six bird species. This portion concerns the Winclada data interpretation it shows that the
pairs A and E and D and F are most related.

This Diagram was formed from the data gathered in Table 2.2 it shows a
different kind of tree diagram formed from Winclada. A is the most distant
relative of the set of species this means it has the least similarities with all
the organisms. Species E is next, then B and C then D and F, this means
that F has the most similiarities among all the given organisms

BIO 1 Fundamentals of Biology 1

Third Quarter, SY 2018-2019
 CONCLUSION
A Phylogenetic tree is great way to find out organisms
similarities within a sample or population. The different steps needed to
construct one are also very important, constructing table prior to making
the tree can piece everything together without even making the tree, with
the tables alone you can already drawn conclusion as to what the tree
would look like. Winclada is a software that help with creating tree’s and
interpretation this automated system can reduce errors and can help make
data much more accurate compared to manual interpretation.

REFERENCES
Bioenv.gu.se. (2018). [online] Available at:
https://bioenv.gu.se/digitalAssets/1580/1580956_fyltreeeng.pdf Figure 1. A variety of Caminalcules, arranged in no particular order.
[Accessed 28 Nov. 2018].

A Sample Procedure

Analysis of relationship between Camincules using of phylogenetic Carefully examine the eight Caminalcules illustrated in Figure 1. These will be
trees and numerical taxonomy your Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs)--a name we use to avoid assigning
them to any particular taxonomic rank (such as species). You may think of them
as biological species, and refer to them by number.
Bleaux R. Bastasa
(bleauxrbastasa@gmail.com) The first step is to make a subjective judgement about the overall
similarity between all pair-wise combinations of the eight OTUs, using a scale of
Joseph R. Benitez 1.0 (maximum similarity) to 0 (complete disimilarity). These similarity rankings are
(josephallen.benitez1@gmail.com) then cast into a similarity matrix. An example of such a matrix (for the 8 OTUs in
Figure 1) is shown in Table 1.

Abstract here
In our paper, we have 8 species of Caminalcules that we study to find if
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
there are similarities between them. We did both manual and using a
software called winclada. The 2 methods showed different results. The 1 -
manual method showed that the last common ancestor is Species D while
the method in using a software showed that the last common ancestor is 2 0.1 -
Species A.
3 0.2 0.1 -

Keywords: Caminacules, Last common ancestor D (manual), Last 4 0.7 0.3 0.4 -
common ancestor A(software)
5 0.5 0.2 0.8 0.3 -

6 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.4 -

INTRODUCTION
Biosystematics (sometimes called simply "systematics") is that 7 0.1 0.9* 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 -
biological sub-discipline that is concerned with the theory and practice of
classifying organisms. The distinction is sometimes made between 8 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.4 -
taxonomy, which is concerned with actually naming and classifying
organisms, and systematics, a more inclusive term that subsumes Table 1. An example of similarity rankings among the eight Caminalcules
taxonomy, but also includes the philosophical, theoretical, and pictured in Figure 1. The rankings have been subjectively assigned.
methodological approaches to classification. In practice, the terms are
often used interchangeably. Find the pair of OTUs that have the highest similarity ranking. (In this example,
it happens to be OTUs 2 and 7, with a similarity ranking of 0.9 shown in boldface
and with an asterisk*). Then Combine OTUs 2 and 7, and treat them as a single
composite unit from this point on. Construct a new similarity matrix (this time it
Most biologists agree that our classifications should be "natural" will be 7 x 7), as shown in Table 2.
so that to the extent possible they reflect evolutionary relationships. We
do not, for example, place slime molds and whales in the same family.
Biosystematics, then, is a two-part endeavor. First, one must erect an
hypothesis of evolutionary relationship among the organisms under study. 2/7 1 3 4 5 6 8
Second, one must devise a classificatory scheme that faithfully reflects the
2/7 -
hypothesized relationship. We will use a series of imaginary animals to
introduce you to two rather different methods that attempt to do this. 1 0.1 -

3 0.15 0.2 -
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials we used is Winclada and Nona for the using the 4 0.3 0.7 0.4 -
software method and the Phenetics worksheet for the manual method.

BIO 1 Fundamentals of Biology 1

Third Quarter, SY 2018-2019
 5 0.2 0.5 0.8* 0.3 - 8/3/5 -

6 0.25 0.8* 0.4 0.7 0.4 - 4/1/6 0.4* -

8 0.35 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 - 2/7 0.35 0.24 -

Table 2. Reduced matrix with similarity values recomputed for all e:

OTUs with composite OTU 2/7. 4/1/6/8/3/5 2/7

Recalculate the similarity values for each OTU with the new composite 2/7 OTU.4/1/6/8/3/5 -
To do so, simply compute the average similarity of each OTU with 2 and with 7
(listed in Table 1). In our example, the similarity of OTU 4 with OTU 2 is 0.3,2/7
and 0.3* -
the similarity of OTU 4 with OTU 7 is 0.3, then the similarity of OTU 4 with OTU 2/7
will be the average of those two similarities: [(0.3 + 0.3)/2], or 0.3. The Table 3. Reduced matrices with similarity values recomputed for all
recalculated similarities for each OTU with composite OTU 2/7 are shown inOTUs with (a) new composite OTU 1/6, (b) new composite OTU 3/5(c) new
boldface in Table 2. The new highest similarity value(s) is/are marked with composite
an OTU 4/1/6, and (d) new composite OTU 8/3/5 and (e)
4/1/6/8/3/5.
asterisk*. In the new, reduced matrix with recomputed similarity values, find the Again, recalculated similarity indices are shown in
boldface,
next pair of OTUs with the highest similarity value. In this case, OTUs 1 and 6 and and the new highest similarity index in each matrix is
marked with an asterisk.
OTUs 3 and 5 are tied with a similarity value of 0.8. For simplicity, choose one
pairing at random and recalculate the similarity indices, and then do the next
pairing, as shown in Table 3(a).
Continue to construct reduced matrices, each time recalculating the simi-
a:
larity indices between your new composite OTU with all remaining OTUs,
1/6 2/7 3 4 5 8 as shown in Table 3(b - e). The last step will result in a 2 x 2 matrix with
a single, final similarity value. (In this example, composite OTU
1/6 - 4/1/6/8/3/5 has a 0.3 similarity to composite OTU 2/7).

2/7 0.18 -
Step 6. Your OTUs can now be clustered graphically in a branching diagram
3 0.3 0.15 -
called a phenogram. The result of our sample cluster analysis is shown in
4 0.7 0.3 0.4 - Figure 2. Note that the most similar OTUs from the first table (OTUs 2 and 7)
have been paired at a branch point reflecting their similarity index (0.9). The next
5 0.45 0.2 0.8* 0.3 - most similar OTU pairings (1/6 and 3/5) have been clustered at their respective
levels (0.8) in the same fashion, and each successive reduced matrix yields the
8 0.45 0.35 0.6 0.4 0.6 - appropriate branch level, shown on the similarity scale at the left side of the
diagram.
b:
Step 7. Data was then placed on Winclada for further interpretation and for table
3/5 1/6 2/7 4 8
production. Using the matrix command we place the appropriate number of
characters and their details, after that we interpret and analyze the results using
3/5 -
Nona, then using a set of commands we plot and interpret data producing an
1/6 0.38 - automated table.

2/7 0.35 0.18 - This phenogram is designed to not only indicate which of the
Caminalcules are supposedly most physically similar, but also to what degree they
4 0.35 0.7* 0.3 - are phenotypically similar.

8 0.6 0.45 0.35 0.4 - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

c:

4/1/6 3/5 2/7 8

4/1/6 -

3/5 0.37 -

2/7 0.24 0.35 -

8 0.43 0.6* 0.35 -

d:

8/3/5 4/1/6 2/7 Figure 1- This picture shows the different kind of caminalcules that are
arranged in no particular order.

BIO 1 Fundamentals of Biology 1

Third Quarter, SY 2018-2019
 Bloated Two Presence Presence Presence character is the presence of front limbs. The caminalcule that only has this
Shell eyes of eyes of of shell character is caminalcule B while the other caminalcules do not have this.
Elongated
eyes

A 1 0 1 0 1

B 0 0 0 0 1

C 0 1 1 0 1

D 0 1 1 1 0

E 0 1 1 0 1

F 0 1 1 0 1

G 0 1 1 0 1

H 1 1 1 0 1

Table 1- Caminalcule Characteristics

This table shows the data that we concluded on Figure 1. We saw 10

characteristics that we can use to compare the different kinds of
caminalcules. On the characteristic of having a bloated shell, we
concluded that only caminalcule A and H have this kind of character. On
having two eyes, caminalcule C, D, E, F, G, H have the presence of this
characteristic. On the next character, only caminalcule B do not have the
characteristic of having the presence of eyes. The same goes with
caminalcule D which is the only one that has the characteristic of having
elongated eyes while the others do not have. Lastly on the table above,
on the presence of Shells, only caminalcule D do not have that kind of
Table 2- Manual Cluster Analysis
characteristic while the others have it.

Presence Large Presence Tentacle Presence On the top most table, we inputed our own number of similarity ranking
of spots spots of lower Like of front to the different species of caminalcules ranging from 0.0 being no
limbs Limbs limbs similarity while 1.0 having the perfect similarity therefore making them
exact same species. Caminalcule F and caminalcule G have the
A 1 0 1 1 1 greatest value of similarity ranking hence F/G. In the next table,
caminalcule F/G and caminalcule C and caminalcule H have the greatest
B 0 0 1 0 0 number of similarity ranking. We only used caminalcule F/G and
caminalcule C on the next table. The table showed that caminalcule A
C 0 0 1 1 1
and caminalcule H have the greatest Similarity ranking. After that table,
caminalcule C/F/G and caminalcule E have the greatest Similarity
D 0 0 0 0 1
ranking. On the third to the last table caminalcule C/E/F/G and
E 1 1 1 0 1 caminalcule A/H have the greatest Similarity ranking. The same also
goes with caminalcule C/E/F/G and caminalcule B but we only took the
F 1 1 1 0 1 first one. On the table before the last. Caminalcule A/C/E/F/G/H and
caminalcule B have the greatest similarity ranking. On the lower most
G 1 1 1 0 1 table or the last table, the last similarity ranking is caminalcule
A/B/C/E/F/G/H and caminalcule D have the greatest similarity ranking.
H 1 0 1 1 1

Table 1- Caminalcule Characteristics cont.

This table is the continuation of the table above. On the presence of spots,
caminalcule B, C, and D only the ones that do not have this character. On
the characteristic of having a Large spot, caminalcule E, F, G are the only
ones also that have this character. On the other hand, only caminalcule D
has the character of the presence of lower limbs. On the tentacle like limb
only 3 caminalcules have this, caminalcule A, C, H. Finally, the last Tree 1-WInclada inputed

BIO 1 Fundamentals of Biology 1

Third Quarter, SY 2018-2019
The tree constructed by winclada shows that the most common
characteristics that among the group of caminalcule s are the presence
of eyes, no presence of elongated eyes and presence of shells since
there is only one of each of the characteristics that are not what is said
above (i.e one caminalcule have no presence of eyes, one caminalcule
also have presence of elongated eyes and one caminalcule that have no
shell). With this data, the software concluded that A is the last common
ancestor of the group of caminalcules while the caminalcule E and
caminalcule F are the have closest characteristics with each other.

This manual phylogenetic tree which is made by us shows that the

caminalcule D is the last common ancestor (same as the one that
showed on the software, Winclada) to the other caminalcules.
Caminalcule A and caminalcule H are very much closely related. The
same goes with caminalcule F and caminalcule G.

CONCLUSION
Therefore we concluded that that during in doing the manual
Numerical taxonomy, we got the Organism D as the last common
ancestor but in Using a software (Winclada) we got the organism
A as the last common ancestor.

REFERENCES
Webcache.googleusercontent.com. (2018). LABORATORY 2. [online]
Available at:
https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3Aqo6TI3z-
EaUJ%3Awww.bio.miami.edu%2Fdana%2F382%2Fbiosystematics.doc
%20&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ph [Accessed 28 Nov. 2018].

BIO 1 Fundamentals of Biology 1

Third Quarter, SY 2018-2019