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Table 1: Key figures for the characterization of the waste situation in Kumasi
Data sources: (KMA 2010; Ofori 2011)

Parameter Unit

Population Kumasi 1.6 million

MSW generated 0.75 kg/(capita!day)
MSW generated 1200 tons/day
MSW collected 81 %
MSW collected 972 tons/day
Collection cost 6 US$/Ton
Disposal Cost 4 US$/Ton

Total cost 10 US$/Ton

Table 2 shows the waste composition in Kumasi in the year 2010. The share of organic material
(40.2%) is low when compared to the national average of over 60% (NESSAP 2010). The sec-
ond largest share is inert material. Plastics and bottles which make up 20.1% of the total are
partly recycled on a informal basis by human scavengers (Wikner 2009).
Table 2: Waste characterization of MSW in Kumasi made by Ofori (2011)

Material Type Tonnes Share

Organic Material 482 40.2%
Inert (Sand, ash, fine organics, demolition waste) 250 20.8%
Plastics 238 19.9%
Paper and Cardboard 84 7.0%
Textiles 83 6.9%
Metals 27 2.2%
Wood 20 1.7%
Glass / bottles 14 1.3%

Total 1,200 100.0%

A study on the organic waste flows has been carried out by Drechsel et al. (2004). The availab-
ility of organic waste is segmented into the major sources of waste. Furthermore the availability
of the waste recycling and compost production is considered. In this context, it is assumed that
the same numbers hold true for biogas production. Available means, it is not already used for
other purposes like animal feed and it is collected and can be transported. Manure, dung and
liquid waste (mainly night soil) is not considered as it is not appropriate to be treated in a dry

8 Background
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Table 11: Test Run Specifications

Parameter Specification
Test Site KNUST sewage plant
Substrate Material Organic fraction of MSW from Amanfrom dumpsite (8
tonnes)
Inoculant Material Sheep dung from Animal science KNUST (450 kg)
Cow Dung from cattle research KNUST (1.05 t)
Fresh sewage sludge (200 kg)
Percolation liquid added Fresh water (pH 6.5, 1100 l)
Cow dung liquid (pH 6.3, 750 l)
Percolation Cycle 250 to 500 litres daily
Retention time 23 days
Temperature No heating, ambient temperature between 25 and 38°C

4.2.2 Gas analysis and percolate pH

Throughout the test run, the gas composition and the produced volume are measured. The three
graphs in Figure 40 display the results from the gas analysis. The produced gas volume rose
constantly to a total of 15 m3.
The gas composition analysis shows a carbon dioxide content of nearly 40% within a few days
after starting up. At the same time the oxygen content dropped to less than 2%. However the
oxygen is not consumed completely but the content kept fluctuating around 2%. The methane
content rose constantly at a rate of about 1% per day. It reached a maximum of 21% after 23
days. At two occasions it can be seen, that the oxygen content rises notably. At these two points,
the methane as well as the carbon dioxide content drops. At the same points, the gas meter
counted backwards. The content of Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) varies considerably. It reached
maximum values of around 300 ppm. However, other measurements only recorded a concentra-
tion of a few ppm. The gaps in the three series are days where no measurements were taken.

48 Performance
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5.2 Results

To start, Table 13 gives an overview of the most important characteristics of the studied biogas
plants. The hypothetical full-scale plant is based on the built prototype. It is assumed that the
gas is used to power a biogas electricity generator, which feeds in the grid. The plant is operated
with the organic fraction of municipal waste. The substrate is fermented for 28 days (Lutz 2010)
and then post-composted for 6 weeks (Bütikofer 2011) to obtain organic fertilizer (compost).

Table 13: Plant specifications

Prototype Full Scale Plant

Digester size 33m3 total volume 165m2(5 * 33m2) total volume

23m3 load volume 115m3 load volume
Generator none 10 kW el, biogas generator
Capacity 6 tonnes per batch 6 tonnes per batch
(Fresh Substrate) 0.25 tonnes per day1 1.25 tonnes per day1
Substrate MSW (organic) MSW (organic)
Retention time 28 days, 6 week post composting 28 days, 6 week post composting
Life time 20 years

5.2.1 Costs

All values for the calculation of the investment costs are listed in Table 14. When possible, the
actual costs from the construction of the prototype are used. Otherwise sources of the literature
values are enclosed. For the full-scale plant, the costs are generally multiplied by the number of
additional digesters, assuming that there is no price reduction due to bulk purchases or more
effective construction work. The costs for the additional parts are added.

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Financial Assessment 57
Table 14: Investment costs

Material Prototype Full Scale Source Lifespan

[US$] [US$] [a]

Shipping Container 1,200 6,000 Prototype 20

Percolate Tank 50 250 Prototype 10
Pipes and Connections 120 600 Prototype 5
Tools 150 750 Prototype 5
Pump 100 500 Prototype 4
Filter 20 100 Prototype 1
Door Sealing 200 1,000 Assumption 5
Floor Sealing 50 250 Prototype 4
Generator(inclusive Grid Connection) 20,000 Arthur 2009 10

Workers Office 2,000 Assumption 20

Water Connection 300 Assumption 20
Electricity Connection 300 Assumption 20
Roofing for waste separation and com- 1,000 Rothenberger 20
posting et al (2006)
Contingencies (+10%) 3,305 Yescombe
(2002)

Total Material Cost 1,890 36,355

Construction work
Manager wage 750 3,750 Arthur 2009
Worker wage 300 1,500 Arthur 2009
Transport 500 1,500 Prototype
Welding 200 1,000 Prototype
Generator & Grid Connection 1,000 Assumption
Site preparation 1,000 Assumption
Other (+10%) 175 975 Assumption

Total Work Cost 1,925 10,725

Total Cost 3,815 47,080

The largest cost components are the generator and the grid connection. The next major invest-
ment is the digester, which is a second hand shipping container. The work cost amounts to one
quarter of the total investment cost of the full-scale plant. The total investment costs of the full-
scale plant sum up to 47,080 US$.

58 Performance
The column “life span” lists the expected life time of each part. Some parts such as the percolate
filter will need regular replacement. These lifetime values are used to calculate the yearly re-
placement cost according to formula 1.1 in chapter 5.1.1.
The operation and maintenance costs are further dependent on the price of the substrate material
and the required labour. The substrate price reflects the collection, transport and fuel costs and
is assumed at 17 US$ per tonne. For the operation it is assumed that the prototype needs one
part time manager (20% work load, 20US$ daily wage) and one full time worker (10 US$ daily
wage). The full-scale plant needs one manager, five workers and one part time specialist me-
chanic (20% work load, 25 US$ daily wage) to maintain the generator. The workers duties in-
clude separation of the waste, loading and unloading of the feedstock, managing the percolation
system, post-composting of the digested material and maintaining the plant. The costs are as-
sessed for one operational year.
Table 15 Operation and maintenance costs

Prototype Full Scale Source

[US$ per Year] [US$ per Year]

Substrate Cost 1,000 5,000 Prototype

Electricity, water and consumables 50 350 Prototype
Plant worker wages 3,650 18,250 Arthur 2009
Manager wage - 7,300 Arthur 2009
Technician wage - 1,825 Arthur 2009
Replacement 92 1,460 Prototype
Total 4,792 34,185

The operation and maintenance costs are 4,792 US$ for the prototype and 34,185 US$ for the
full scale plant. Apart from the difference in scale, the variation is due to the fact that a genera-
tor is maintenance intensive and is assumed to be replaced every 10 years (Gronauer and
Aschmann 2003). The separation of waste, the loading/unloading of the substrate and the com-
posting of the effluent are labour intensive.

5.2.2 Benefits

The benefits are calculated via the gas output as described in chapter 5.1.1 using the values
listed in Table 16. It is assumed that half of the fermented substrate is kept in the digester to
inoculate the new process (see share fresh feedstock). The retention time is taken from running
plants in Europe (Gronauer and Aschmann 2003; Lutz 2010). Considering the feedstock and the
retention time, a theoretical specific gas output of 100 m3 per ton of feedstock is assumed. This
value is rather conservative but agrees with literature (FNR 2006).
In a first step, the amount of fresh feedstock is calculated. The five parallel digesters have a
capacity of 0.83 tonnes per day and 301 tonnes per year. The calculated gas output is 83 m3 per

Financial Assessment 59
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