Design for Torsion and Shear

in Prestressed Concrete
Flexural Members
Paul Zia, Ph.D., FPCI
Distinguished University Professor
Emeritus
Department of Civil Engineering
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina
This paper presents a unified method for the torsion and shear
design of prestressed and non-prestressed concrete flexural
members, and provides an alternative method to the provisions of
the ACI Building Code. The method applies to rectangular, box and
flanged sections such as L-beams. The approach depends on
subdividing the given section into component rectangles. Equations
are given for the shear and torsion web reinforcement of beams as
well as expressions for the minimum reinforcement and required
amount of longitudinal steel. The design method is illustrated with a
fully worked numerical example of a spandrel beam. The shear and
torsion provisions in the Sixth Edition of the PCI Design Handbook
are based on the principles outlined in this paper, which will also be
referenced in ACI 318-05. The design method has been shown to be
reliable, accurate and easy to use.

or the past 30 years, a slightly Prior to the publication of the Zia-

F modified form of the Zia-McGee

Thomas T. C. Hsu, Ph.D.
Moores Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Houston
Houston, Texas
method1 has been a widely used
method for the shear and torsion de-
sign of prestressed and non-pre-
stressed concrete flexural members.
The design equations in the original
Zia-McGee paper1 were derived from
a comprehensive set of test data and
correlated with existing design prac-
tice. Over the years, the design
method has proven to be reliable, ac-
curate and easy to use.
Note: This paper is being published through the cour-
tesy of the American Society of Civil Engineers.
McGee paper in 1974,1 the only guid-
ance design engineers had for torsion
were the recommendations on torsion
design of reinforced concrete mem-
bers, developed by former ACI Com-
mittee 438 in 1969.2 These recommen-
dations formed the basis for the first
comprehensive torsion provisions to
be included in the 1971 ACI Building
Code (ACI 318-71).3 However, these
code provisions were confined only to
reinforced concrete members. There-
fore, a prime motivation for the Zia-
McGee study was to extend the ACI
Code provisions on torsion to pre-

34 PCI JOURNAL
stressed concrete. It should also be
mentioned that in 1971, the ACI Code
equations were expressed in terms of
nominal stresses.
For the 1977 ACI Code,4 a major
shift occurred whereby all the equa-
tions in the code were now expressed
in terms of forces and moments in-
stead of in nominal stresses. To ad-
dress this change, on October 18,
1978, Paul Zia and Thomas T. C. Hsu
presented a paper on “Design for Tor-
sion and Shear in Prestressed Con-
crete” at an ASCE Convention in
Chicago, Illinois. This oral presenta-
tion (which was also distributed as a
preprint but was never published) es-
sentially updated the original Zia-
McGee paper to the 1977 ACI Code
while also adding a few refinements.
The major reason this paper is now
being published is that it forms the
basis for the shear and torsion provi-
sions in the Sixth Edition of the PCI
Design Handbook, 5 and, therefore,
serves as an important background ref-
erence. The paper also serves as an al-
ternative design method to the current
ACI Code (ACI 318-02).6
The design method presented in this
paper essentially follows the Zia-
McGee procedure except for the fol-
lowing modifications or refinements:
1. All the design equations are ex-
pressed in terms of forces and mo-
ments instead of nominal stresses,
which is in conformance with the cur-
rent ACI Code (ACI 318-02).
2. For the sake of simplicity, the tor-
sion coefficient in the basic torsional
stress equation is taken as one-third
instead of a variable depending on the
aspect ratio as was proposed by Zia
and McGee.
3. New equations for minimum tor-
sional and shear web reinforcement
are presented based on research data.7
4. The torsion-shear interaction
curve is based on the “concrete contri-
bution curve” rather than on the
“cracking curve,” as implied in the
original Zia-McGee method.
5. The expression for maximum tor-
sional strength as originally proposed
by Zia and McGee is revised.
The original ASCE preprint was the
first attempt to provide a method that
unifies the shear and torsion design for
both prestressed and non-prestressed
May-June 2004
P
Vu
P
Tu
Fig. 1. Typical member subject to shear, torsion, and applied load.
concrete flexural members.
To illustrate the application of the
design method, a fully worked numer-
ical example is included in Appendix
B at the end of the paper.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
The design method applies to both
symmetric and unsymmetric sections.
Typical symmetric sections are mem-
bers with rectangular, box, I or T
shapes, whereas unsymmetric (flanged)
sections are members with L (ledger or
spandrel beams) or step shapes (sta-
dium seats). Implicit in the method is
that the section area can be divided into
component rectangles.
Fig. 1 shows a typical member sub-
ject to shear, torsion and applied load.
Such beams are frequently used in
buildings, parking structures, and
other types of structures.
When the torsional moment:
(
Tu > φγ 0.5 fc′ ∑ x 2 y ) (1)
the torsional effect must be considered
in design.
The notation in Eq. (1) is:
φ = strength reduction factor
γ = a prestress factor =
1 +10σ / fc′
σ = average prestress in a mem-
ber after losses
Vu′
P Tu′
x
y
y′
fc′ = specified compressive
strength of concrete
x, x′ = shorter dimension of rectan-
gular component of cross
section
y, y′ = longer dimension of rectan-
gular component of cross
section
In computing the sum Σ x 2y for a
flanged section, the section must be
divided into component rectangles
such that the quantity Σx2y is a maxi-
mum. However, the overhanging
flange width used in design shall not
be greater than three times the flange
thickness.
When torsion design is required, the
member cross section must be propor-
tioned such that the factored torsional
moment:
Tu ≤ φTn (2)
where Tn is the nominal torsional mo-
ment strength of the member com-
posed of the strength provided by the
concrete, Tc, and the strength provided
by the torsion reinforcement, Ts. Thus:
Tn = Tc + Ts (3)
Torsion-Shear Interaction
The torsional moment strength of a
member contributed by concrete is af-
fected by the presence of shear and
35

Fig. 2. Comparison of Eqs. (4) and (5) with Zia and McGee equations (Ref. 1).
similarly shear is affected by the pres- Tc′ = nominal torsional moment
ence of torsion. The interaction be- strength provided by concrete
tween torsion and shear may be repre- under pure torsion
sented by a circular curve. Thus, the Vc′ = nominal shear strength pro-
nominal torsional moment strength vided by concrete without tor-
provided by the concrete in combined sion
loading is: Tu = factored torsional moment at
section
Tc′ Vu = factored shear force at section
Tc = (4)
2 inforcement in direction paral-
 T′ V 
1 + c u  Note that the torsional moment, Tc′,
 Vc′ Tu  can be obtained from:
and the nominal shear strength pro- Tc′ = 0.8 fc′ ∑ x 2 y(2.5γ − 1.5) (6)
vided by the concrete in combined
loading is: Also, the shear strength, Vc′, is the
lesser of V ci and V cw (the nominal
Vc′ shear strength provided by the con-
Vc = (5) crete when diagonal cracking results
2
V ′ T  from combined shear and moment,
1+  c u 
 Tc′ Vu  and from excessive principal tensile
stress in the web, respectively), as
where given by Eqs. (11-10) and (11-12), re-
36
spectively, in ACI 318-02.
For the special case of a non-pre-
stressed concrete member (i.e., when
γ = 1), Vc′ = 2 fc′ bwd, in which bw is
the web width and d is the effective
depth of the member (see Notation in
Appendix A for a more complete defi-
nition of d).
A comparison of Eqs. (4) and (5)
with the corresponding equations pre-
viously suggested by Zia and McGee1
is shown in Fig. 2. It is clear that Eqs.
(4) and (5) postulate that, under tor-
sion-shear interaction, concrete would
contribute more to the torsional
strength but less to the shear strength
than what is implied by the Zia-
McGee equations.
Torsion Reinforcement
When the factored torsional mo-
ment, Tu, exceeds the torsional mo-
ment strength, φTc, torsion reinforce-
ment in the form of closed stirrups
must be provided to satisfy Eqs. (2)
and (3), where the torsional strength
contributed by the reinforcement is:
At α t x 1y1 fy
Ts = (7)
s
in which
At = area of one leg of a closed
stirrup resisting torsion within
a distance s
fy = specified yield strength of
mild steel reinforcement
x1 = shorter center-to-center di-
mension of closed rectangular
stirrup
y1 = longer center-to-center dimen-
sion of closed rectangular stir-
rup
s = spacing of shear or torsion re-
lel to longitudinal reinforce-
ment
αt = torsion coefficient as a func-
tion of y1/x1
Note that the torsion coefficient
must be:
α t = 0.66 + 0.33(y1/ x1 ) ≤ 1.5 (8)
To avoid brittle failure, a minimum
amount of web reinforcement must be
provided to resist both shear and tor-
sion. For lack of sufficient research
PCI JOURNAL
data, Zia and McGee1 had suggested
that a beam should be reinforced for
no less than its cracking torque. How-
ever, a subsequent study made by Hsu
and Myers 7 indicated that the mini-
mum area of closed stirrups for shear
and torsion may be determined from:
(9)
Av + 2At =
bw s  σ b s
50  1 +12  ≤ 200 w
fy  fc′ fy
(9)

where
Av = area of shear reinforcement in
section
At = area of torsion reinforcement
in section
Fig. 3 shows the comparison of Eq. Fig. 3. Comparison of Eq. (9) with test data (Ref. 1).
(9) with the experimental data.7 Note
that the web reinforcement index r in
Fig. 3 is (Av + 2At)/bws.
Longitudinal bars distributed around
the perimeter of the closed stirrups, At,
must be provided to resist the longitu-
dinal component of the diagonal ten-
sion induced by torsion. This longitu-
dinal reinforcement, A l , should be
approximately of equal volume as that
of stirrups for torsion.
Therefore:

 x + y1 
Al = 2At  1 (10)
 s 

or

Al =
   
 400xs  Tu   x + y 
   − 2At 
1 1 Fig. 4.
 fy  Tu + Vu    s  Comparison of
  3Ct   Eq. (15) with
experimental
(11)
data (Ref. 1).

whichever is greater. In Eq. (11):

It should be emphasized that pre-
b d stressed concrete beams without longi- Maximum Torsional Moment
Ct = w 2 (12)
∑x y tudinal mild steel reinforcement would In proportioning a member to resist
fail abruptly under high torsion. torsion, consideration should be given
Therefore, it is essential that a reason- to the possible danger of over-rein-
The values of Al computed by Eq.
able amount of longitudinal mild rein- forcing the beam so that a compres-
(11) need not exceed that obtained by
forcing steel be provided even if there sive failure of the concrete might
substituting:
is an excess of prestressing steel (i.e., occur before the reinforcement yields.
50bw s  σ bws more than what is required for flex- To avoid this type of failure, a maxi-
1 +12  ≤ 200 for 2At ure). This reinforcement must be prop- mum limit of factored torsional mo-
fy  fc′  fy
erly distributed around the perimeter ment to be carried by a member must
(13) of the closed stirrups. be established.

May-June 2004 37
 Based on the study by Zia and
McGee,1 and incorporating the torsion
coefficient of one-third rather than α
in the basic torsion stress equation,1 it
can be shown that:
(1/3)Cγ fc′ ∑ x 2 y
Tu ≤ (14)
2
 C γVu 
1+   are similar to the shear and torsion de-
 30Ct Tu 
in which the coefficient, C, is:
C = 12 – 10(σ /fc′) (15)
A comparison of Eq. (15) with the
experimental data is shown in Fig. 4.
It can be seen that the data points rep-
resenting those members which devel-
oped compression failure all lie well
above the line for Eq. (15). Thus, the
equation represents a fairly conserva-
tive limit.
Note that σ and fpc (average com-
pressive stress in concrete after pre-
stress losses) are interchangeable as
shown in the design example of Ap-
pendix B.
Torsional Strength of Box Sections
The torsional strength of a rectangu-
lar box section may be taken as a solid
section provided its wall thickness, h,
is at least x/4. A box section with wall
thickness less than x/4 but greater than
x/10 may be taken as a solid section
except that the quantity Σx2y shall be
multiplied by 4h/x. Similarly, the mul-
tiplying factor, 4h/x, shall be applied
to Eq. (7).
DESIGN PROCEDURE
The following design procedure
may be used to determine the shear
and torsional reinforcement in pre-
stressed concrete flexural flanged
members:
1. Determine the deck load to be
supported by the beam.
2. Calculate the factored shear force
and factored torsional moment.
3. Divide the section of the member
into separate rectangular sections.
4. Calculate the required sectional
properties of the member.
5. Calculate the shear and torsional
constant Ct shown in Eq. (12).
6. Perform the design for the right
(or left) support of the member.
7. Check minimum torsion.
8. Check maximum torsion.
9. Calculate nominal shear strength
provided by concrete.
10. Calculate nominal torsional
strength provided by concrete.
11. Compute web reinforcement for
torsion.
12. Compute web reinforcement for
shear.
13. Check minimum reinforcement.
14. Determine longitudinal steel re-
inforcement.
15. Repeat the same design procedure
for the other support of the member.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
The equations presented in this
paper provide a unified approach for
the design of shear and torsion in both
prestressed and non-prestressed con-
crete flexural members. Expressed in
terms of forces and moments rather
than nominal stresses, these equations
sign provisions in the current ACI
Code (ACI 318-02).
While the general design approach
follows that of the Zia-McGee
method, new expressions are proposed
for torsion-shear interaction and mini-
mum torsion reinforcement and longi-
tudinal steel. Application of these
equations is illustrated by a fully
worked numerical design example.
Experience has shown that the
method outlined in this paper is accu-
rate, safe and easy to use.
The shear and torsion provisions in
the Sixth Edition of the PCI Design
Handbook are based on the principles
outlined in this article, which will also
be referenced in the next edition of the
ACI Building Code (ACI 318-05).
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to express
their gratitude to George Nasser, edi-
tor emeritus, PCI JOURNAL, for his
helpful comments and assistance in
modifying the original preprint.

REFERENCES
1. Zia, Paul, and McGee, W. Denis, “Torsion Design of Pre-
stressed Concrete,” PCI JOURNAL, V. 19, No. 2, March-April
1974, pp. 46-65.
2. ACI Committee 438, “Tentative Recommendations for the De-
sign of Reinforced Concrete Members to Resist Torsion,” ACI
Journal, V 66, No. 1, January 1969, pp. 1-8.
3. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Rein-
forced Concrete (ACI 318-71),” American Concrete Institute,
Detroit, MI, 1971, 144 pp.
4. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Rein-
forced Concrete (ACI 318-77),” American Concrete Institute,
Detroit, MI, 1977, 102 pp.
5. PCI Design Handbook – Precast and Prestressed Concrete,
Sixth Edition, Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, Chicago,
IL, 2004.
6. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Struc-
tural Concrete (ACI 318-02),” American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, MI, 2002.
7. Myers, G., “Minimum Torsional Web Reinforcement for Pre-
stressed Concrete,” M.S. Thesis under the supervision of
Thomas T. C. Hsu, Department of Civil Engineering, Univer-
sity of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 1978.

38 PCI JOURNAL
 APPENDIX A – NOTATION
Ag = gross area of section, sq in.
Al = total area of longitudinal reinforcement to resist
torsion, sq in.
Aps = area of prestressed reinforcement in tension zone,
sq in.
As = area of non-prestressed tension reinforcement, sq in.
Av = area of shear reinforcement in section
At = area of one leg of torsion reinforcement in sec-
tion, sq in.
b = width of compression face of member, in.
bw = width of web, in.
C = a coefficient defined in Eq. (15) = 12 – 10(σ /fc′)
Ct = a factor relating shear and torsional stress proper-
ties = bwd/Σx2y
d = distance from extreme compression fiber to cen-
troid of longitudinal tension reinforcement, but
need not be less than 0.80h for prestressed con-
crete members, in.
e = eccentricity of prestressing force
F = effective prestress force, kips
fc′ = specified compressive strength of concrete, psi
fd = stress due to unfactored dead load at extreme
fiber of section where tensile stress is caused by
externally applied loads, psi
fpc = average compressive stress in concrete due to ef-
fective prestress force only, psi (same as σ)
fpe = compressive stress in concrete due to effective
prestress force (after allowance for prestress
losses) at extreme fiber of section where tensile
stress is caused by applied loads, psi
fy = specified yield strength of non-prestressed rein-
forcement, psi
h = wall thickness of box section, in., or height of
beam
I = moment of inertia of section, in.4
Mcr = moment causing flexural cracking at section due
to externally applied loads, in.-lb
MD = service dead load moment, in.-lb
Mmax = maximum factored moment at section due to ex-
ternally applied loads, in.-lb
P = applied load on member, kips
s = spacing of shear or torsion reinforcement in direc-
tion parallel to longitudinal reinforcement, in.
Tc = nominal torsional moment strength provided by
concrete in combined loading, in.-kips
Tc′ = nominal torsional moment strength provided by
concrete under pure torsion, in.-kips
Tn = nominal torsional moment strength, in.-kips
Ts = nominal torsional moment strength provided by
May-June 2004
torsion reinforcement, in.-kips
Tu = factored torsional moment at section, in.-kips
Tmax = maximum torsional moment, in.-kips
Tmin = minimum torsional moment, in.-kips
Vc = nominal shear strength provided by concrete in
combined loading, kips
Vc′ = nominal shear strength provided by concrete
without torsion, kips
Vci = nominal shear strength provided by concrete
when diagonal cracking results from combined
shear and moment, kips
Vcw = nominal shear strength provided by concrete
when diagonal cracking results from excessive
principal tensile stress in web, kips
Vd = shear force at section due to unfactored dead load,
lb
Vi = factored shear force at section due to externally
applied loads occurring simultaneously with
Mmax, lb
Vn = nominal shear strength, kips
Vp = vertical component of effective prestress force at
section, lb
Vs = nominal shear strength provided by shear rein-
forcement, kips
Vu = factored shear force at section, kips
wd = dead load, lb per ft
x, x′ = shorter dimension of rectangular component of
cross section, in.
y, y′ = longer dimension of rectangular component of
cross section, in.
Σ x2
y = torsional section properties, in.3
yb = distance form neutral axis to bottom fiber of
member, in.
yt = distance from neutral axis to top fiber of member,
in.
x1 = shorter center-to-center dimension of closed rect-
angular stirrup
y1 = longer center-to-center dimension of closed rect-
angular stirrup
α = torsion coefficient in original Zia-McGee equa-
tion1
αt = coefficient as a function of y1/x1
φ = strength reduction factor
γ = a prestress factor = 1 +10σ / fc′
λ = correction factor related to unit weight of con-
crete
σ = average prestress in member after losses, psi
(same as fpc)
Σ = summation symbol
39
 APPENDIX B – DESIGN EXAMPLE
Given: A prestressed concrete spandrel beam with dimen- Left support torque:
sions shown in Fig. B1. The beam is loaded (transmitted
Tu = (12.9 + 9.6) 
7(16) 
through the deck) with concentrated loads, P, as shown in −1(8)
 30 
Fig. B2. The span is 30 ft (9.14 m) long with a 12 in. (305
mm) wide bearing at each end. = 492 in.-kips (55.6 kN-m)
Ag = 696 sq in. (449,031 mm2)
yb = 33.15 in. (842 mm) 2. Calculate Ct (see Fig. B3)
yt = 41.85 in. (1063 mm)
I = 360,400 in.4 (1.5 × 1011 mm4) Σx2y Area x y x2y
A 8 63 4032
Six 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) diameter 270 ksi (1862 MPa) strands
B 12 16 2304
Aps = 0.918 sq in. (592 mm2)
d = 69 in. (1753 mm) throughout Σx2y = 6336 in.3
e = 69 – 41.85 = 27.15 in. (690 mm)
bwd = 8 × 69 = 552 sq in. (356,128 mm2)
fc′ = 5000 psi (normal weight concrete)
Ct = bwd/ Σx2y = 552/6336 = 0.0871 per in.
fy = 60,000 psi
Note that λ = 1 for normal weight concrete.
wD = 725 lb per ft (1080 kg/m)
Torsion arm (assumed) = 8 in. (203 mm) DESIGN OF RIGHT SUPPORT
Deck to be supported by spandrel beam: 3. Check Minimum Torsional Moment
Span = 60 ft (18.3 m)
Spacing between stems = 4 ft (1.22 m) Effective prestress (assume a 22 percent loss)
Dead load = 89.5 psf (4.29 kPa) F = 0.918(0.7 × 270)(0.78)
Live load = 50.0 psf (2.39 kPa) = 135.33 kips (602 kN)
Find: Required shear and torsional reinforcement of
σ = fpc = F/Ag
spandrel beam.
= 135.33/696
= 0.194 ksi (1.34 MPa)
1. Calculate Factored Shear Force and Torsional Moment
Dead load of beam = 1.2 × 0.725 σ/fc′ = 0.194/5 = 0.04
= 0.87 kips per ft (12.70 kN/m)
γ = 1+ 10σ / fc′ = 1.18
Dead load of deck = 1.2 × 0.0895 × 30 × 4
= 12.90 kips per stem (57.33 kN/stem)
Live load = 1.6 × 0.050 × 30 × 4 (
Tmin = φ 0.5 fc′γ ∑ x 2 y )
= 9.60 kips per stem (42.70 kN/stem)
= 0.75(0.5) 5000(1.18)(6336) / 1000
Vu at right support
7(14) = 198 in.-kips (22.4 kN-m)
= 0.87 × 15+ (12.9 + 9.6)
30 198 in.-kips (22.4 kN-m) < 588 in.-kips (66.4 kN-m)
= 86.55 kips (385 kN)
Therefore, torsion design is required.
h/2 from edge of bearing
= (75/2 + 6)/12 4. Check Maximum Torsional Moment
= 3.62 ft (1.10 m)
C = 12 – 10(σ/fc′ ) = 11.6
Vu at h/2 = 86.55 – 3.62 × 0.87
= 83.4 kips (371 kN) (1/ 3)C γ fc′ ∑ x 2 y
Vu at left support Tmax =
2
7(16)  C γVu 
= 0.87 × 15+ (12.9 + 9.6) 1+  
30  30Ct Tu 
= 97.05 kips (432 kN) 5000
(1/ 3)(11.6)(1.18) (6336)
Vu at h/2 = 97.05 – 0.87 × 3.62 – (12.9 + 9.6) = 1000
2
= 71.4 kips (318 kN)  (11.6)(1.18)(83.4) 
1+  
Right support torque:  (30)(0.0871)(588) 
Tu = (12.9 + 9.6)
7(14) 
(8) = 1640.84 in.-kips (185.4 kN-m)
 30 
= 588 in.-kips (66.4 kN-m) Therefore, 1640.84 in.-kips is greater than 588 in.-kips.

40 PCI JOURNAL
 Fig. B3. Subdivision
of beam section into
rectangles.
Fig. B2. Loads and reaction forces acting on spandrel beam.

Mmax = Vi (3.62)(12)
= 3193 in.-kips (360.8 kN-m)
Fig. B1. Spandrel beam section. Vd = 0.725(15 − 3.62)
= 8.25 kips (36.7 kN)
5. Calculate Nominal Shear Strength and
Torsional Moment Strength Provided From Eq. (11-10), ACI 318-02:
by Concrete M cr
Vci = 0.6bw d fc′ + Vd + Vi
From Eq. (11-12), ACI 318-02: Mmax
Vcw = (3.5 fc′ + 0.3fpc)bwd + Vp = (0.6)(0.552) 5000 + 8.25 + 73.5(9983/ 3193)
= [3.5 5000 + 0.3(194)](8)(69)/1000 = 261.5 kips (1163 kN)
= 168.74 kips (750.6 kN)
Now, 1.7bwd fc′ = 66.35 kips (295.1 kN) < 261.5 kips
Note that Vp is zero. Since 261.5 kips is greater than 168.74 kips, Vcw governs.
F Fey b
fpe = +
Ag I Vc′ = 168.74 kips (750.6 kN)
= 0.194 + 135.33(27.15)(33.15)/360,400 Tc′ = 0.8 fc′ ∑ x 2 y(2.5γ −1.5) / 1000
= 0.532 ksi (3.67 MPa) = 519.71 in.-kips (58.72 kN-m)
2
MD = 0.725(15)(3.62) – 0.725(3.62) /2 Tc ′
Tc =
= 34.62 ft-kips (46.9 kN-m) 2
 T′ V 
M D yb 1+  c u 
fd =  Vc′ Tu 
I
(34.62)(33.15)(12) 519.71
= = 2
360, 400  (519.71)(83.4) 
1+ 
= 0.038 ksi (0.262 MPa)  (168.74)(588) 
= 476.25 in.-kips (53.82 kN-m)
From Eq. (11-11), ACI 318-02:
Vc′
Mcr =
I
yb
( )
6 fc′ + fpe − fd Vc =
V ′ T 
2

1+  c u 
=
360, 400
33.15
( )
6 5000 + 532 − 38 / 1000  Tc′ Vu 
168.74
= 9983 in.-kips (1128 kN-m) = 2
7(14)  (168.74)(588) 
Vi = (12.9 + 9.6) 1+ 
30  (519.71)(83.4) 
= 73.5 kips (326.9 kN) = 67.55 kips (300.5 kN)

May-June 2004 41
6. Calculate Web Reinforcement for Torsion
x1 + y1
Assume 11/4 in. (32 mm) cover and No. 4 reinforcing bars. smin =
4
y1 = 75 – 2(1.5) = 72 in. (1829 mm)
5 + 72
x1 = 8.0 – 2(1.5) = 5 in. (127 mm) =
Ts = Tu /φ – Tc 4
= 588/0.75 – 476.25 = 19.25 in. (489 mm)
= 307.8 in.-kips (34.77 kN-m)
αt = 0.66 + 0.33(y1/x1) Since 19.25 in. is greater than 12 in., use bars with 12 in.
= 0.66 + 0.33(72/5) (305 mm) maximum spacing.
= 5.41 > 1.5 (Use 1.5)
At Av
At Ts + = 0.0095+ 0.0053 = 0.0148
= s 2s
s α t x1 y1 f y
Use No. 4 bars at 12 in. (305 mm) spacing.
307.8
= x + y1
(1.5)(5.0)(72.0)(60) Al = 2At 1
s
= 0.0095 sq in. per in. (0.24 mm 2 / mm)
= (2)(0.0095)(5 + 72)
= 1.46 sq in. (942 mm 2 )
7. Calculate Web Reinforcement for Shear
   
 400xs  Tu  x +y
Av Vu /φ − Vc Al =    − 2A  1 1
=  y  Tu +
f Vu 
t
 s
s d fy  
 3C t 
(83.4/0.75) − 67.55
=    
(69)(60)  (400)(8)(12)   5 + 72
588 
= 0.0105 sq in. per in. (0.27 mm 2 / mm) =   − (2)(0.20) 
83.4
 60,000  588 +   12
  (3)(0.0871)  

8. Check Minimum Reinforcement and = 0.1 sq in. (64.5 mm 2 )

Design Longitudinal Steel
Equal volume governs. Therefore, Al = 1.46 sq in. (942
Av 2At mm 2). Use sixteen No. 4 bars (at each end of member)
+ = 0.0105 + 2(0.0095) spaced around stirrups at 12 in. maximum spacing.
s s
= 0.030 sq in. per in. (0.76 mm 2 / mm)
9. Repeat the Same Design Procedure for Left Support
 Av 2At   σb A similar analysis for the left support shows that the same
+ = 50 1+ 12  w
 s s  min  fc′  fy web reinforcement for torsion and shear as well as longitu-
dinal torsion reinforcement should be used even though the
= 50 1+ 12
194  8
 factored shear and factored torsion at the left support are
 5000  60, 000
less than those at the right support.
= 0.010
Since 0.010 is less than 0.030, minimum reinforcement 10. Repeat the same design at other sections, especially
does not govern. at the load points where Vci may govern.

42 PCI JOURNAL