Design of Roof Beams

DESIGN CONSIDERATION FOR 4.50 m & 5.
00 m ROOF BEAM:
d = 1.5b
fy
Rn = ρfy (1 – 0.59ρfc′)
ρmax = 0.75ρb
β1 = 0.85 since fc’ is < 28Mpa
fy = 370 Mpa
fc’= 27.6 Mpa
METHOD TO BE USED:
LRFD: Ø=0.90
DESIGN PROCEDURE:
DETERMINE AND COMPARE THE ULTIMATE MOMENT CAPACITY OF

THE SECTION TO THE ACTUAL MOMENT APPLIED ON THE BEAM
fy
 IF Mu = (0.90)( ρ fy)[1-0.59 ρ(fc′) ] bd2 > Mu (actual moment applied)
∴ SINGLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM
fy
 IF Mu = (0.90)( ρ fy)[1-0.59 ρ(fc′) ] ] bd2 < Mu (actual moment applied)
∴ DOUBLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM
DESIGN OF 4.50 & 5.00 m ROOF BEAM FOR FLEXURE
Mu = 25.28 kN-m
 DETERMINE TARGET STEEL RATIO

27.6 0.003
ρmax = (0.85)(0.85)( )( )
370 0.008
ρmax = 0.02021
 DETERMINE COEFFICIENT OF RESISTANCE (Rn)

370
Rn = (0.02021) (370) [1 – 0.59(0.02021)( 27.6)]
Rn = 6.282
 DETERMINE TRIAL SECTION
Mu = øRnbd2
25.28 X 106 = (0.9) (6.282) (b) (1.5b) 2
b = 125.72 ≈ 200 mm
d = 1.5(200) = 300 mm
Assume 16mmø RSB, 1 Layer

Use cc = 40mm
Stirrups Ø = 10mm
 DETERMINE TOTAL HEIGHT

1
h = d + cc + ds + 2db
1
h = 300 + 40 + 10 + 2(16)
h = 358 mm ≈ 400 mm
USE 200 mm x 400 mm
 DETERMINE NEW EFFECTIVE DEPTH (d)

1
d = 400 – 40 – 10 - 2(25)
d = 342 mm
DESIGN AT LEFT SUPPORT (Mu = 22.02 kN-m)

Mu 22.02 x 106
Rn = ø(bd2 ) = 0.90(200)(342)2 = 1.046
fc′ 2Rn
ρ = 0.85 ( 1 − √1 − )
fy 0.85fc′
27.6 2(1.046)
ρ = 0.85( ) ( 1 − √1 − ) = 0.002893
370 0.85(27.6)
 DETERMINE THE AREA OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT

As = ρbd
As = (0.002893) (200) (342)
As = 197.86 mm2
 DETERMINE NUMBER OF BARS NEEDED (n)
As 197.86
n = (π/4)(𝑑 = (π/4)(16)2
𝑏 )2
n = 0.98 ≈ 2 pcs.
CHECK CODE REQUIREMENTS:

 CHECK SELF WEIGHT
Assumed Self-weight = 23.6(0.3) (0.4) = 2.832 KN/m
Actual Self-weight = 23.6(0.2) (0.4) = 1.888 KN/m
Assumed Self-weight > Actual Self-weight (Adequate!)
 CHECK Hmin
L 5000
Hmin =18.5 = = 270.27 mm < 400 mm (Adequate!)
18.5
 CHECK BAR SPACING (S) :

b = (n-1) S + 2(cc) +2(ds) + n (db)
200 = S + 2(40) + 2(10) + 2(16)
S = 68 mm > 25mm (Adequate!)
 CHECK LIMITS OF REINFORCEMENT:

Solve for ρmin:
0.25√fc′ 0.25√27.6
ρmin = = =0.0035497
Fy 370
1.4 1.4
ρmin = = 370 =0.0037838 (Governs!)
Fy
Solve for ρmax:
27.6 600
ρmax = 0.75ρb = 0.75[0.85(0.85)( 370 )( 600+370)] = 0.025
Solve for ρactual:
As 2(π/4)(16)2
ρactual = bd = = 0.005879
200(342)
ρmin < ρactual < ρmax (Adequate!)
Pactual = 0.005879 < Pb = 0.033337
∴ STEEL YIELDS (UNDER REINFORCED)
 VERIFY TENSION CONTROLLED SECTION:
Mu = ϕMn
370.
Mn = 0.005879 (370) [1-0.59(0.005879) ( 27.6)] (200) (342)2
Mn = 48.52 kN-m
AsFy 402.12 (370)
a = 0.85fc′b = = 31.71 mm
0.85(27.6)200
a 31.71
c = β1 = = 37.31 mm
0.85
0.003 0.003
єs = ( )(d-c) = (37.31)(342-37.31) = 0.0245 > 0.005 (ϕ = 0.9)
c
Mu= (0.9) (48.52 KN-m)
Mu= 43.67 KN-m > 22.02 KN-m (Adequate!)
∴ SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM, USE 2-D16 REBARS @ONE LAYER AT
THE LEFT SUPPORT OF 4.50 & 5.00 m ROOF BEAM
DESIGN AT RIGHT SUPPORT (Mu = 25.28 kN-m)

Mu 25.28 x 106
Rn = ø(bd2 ) = 0.90(200)(342)2 = 1.201
fc′ 2Rn
ρ = 0.85 ( 1 − √1 − )
fy 0.85fc′
27.6 2(1.201)
ρ = 0.85( ) ( 1 − √1 − ) = 0.003334
370 0.85(27.6)

As = ρbd
As = (0.003334) (200) (342)
As = 228.02 mm2
As 228.02
n = (π/4)(𝑑 2
= (π/4)(16)2
𝑏)
n = 1.134 ≈ 2 pcs.

 CHECK Hmin
L 5000
18.5

b = (n-1) S + 2(cc) +2(ds) + n (db)
200 = S + 2(40) + 2(10) + 2(16)

Solve for ρmin:
0.25√fc′ 0.25√27.6
ρmin = = =0.0035497
Fy 370
1.4 1.4
ρmin = = 370 =0.0037838 (Governs!)
Fy
Solve for ρmax:
27.6 600
ρmax = 0.75ρb = 0.75[0.85(0.85)( 370 )( 600+370)] = 0.025
Solve for ρactual:
As 2(π/4)(16)2
ρactual = bd = = 0.005879
200(342)
Pactual = 0.005879 < Pb = 0.033337
Mu = ϕMn
370.
Mn = 0.005879 (370) [1-0.59(0.005879) ( 27.6)] (200) (342)2
Mn = 48.52 kN-m
AsFy 402.12 (370)
a = 0.85fc′b = = 31.71 mm
0.85(27.6)200
a 31.71
c = β1 = = 37.31 mm
0.85
0.003 0.003
єs = ( )(d-c) = (37.31)(342-37.31) = 0.0245 > 0.005 (ϕ = 0.9)
c
Mu= (0.9) (48.52 KN-m)
∴ SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM; USE 2-D16 REBARS @ONE LAYER

AT THE RIGHT SUPPORT OF 4.50 & 5.00 m ROOF BEAM
DESIGN AT MIDSPAN (Mu = 18.45 kN-m)

Mu 18.45 x 106
Rn = ø(bd2 ) = 0.90(200)(342)2 = 0.8763
fc′ 2Rn
ρ = 0.85 ( 1 − √1 − )
fy 0.85fc′
27.6 2(0.8763)
ρ = 0.85( ) ( 1 − √1 − ) = 0.002414
370 0.85(27.6)

As = ρbd
As = (0.002414) (200) (342)
As = 165.14 mm2
As 165.14
n = (π/4)(𝑑 = (π/4)(16)2
𝑏 )2
n = 0.821 ≈ 2 pcs.

 CHECK Hmin
L 5000
18.5

b = (n-1) S + 2(cc) +2(ds) + n (db)
200 = S + 2(40) + 2(10) + 2(16)

Solve for ρmin:
0.25√fc′ 0.25√27.6
ρmin = = =0.0035497
Fy 370
1.4 1.4
ρmin = = 370 =0.0037838 (Governs!)
Fy
Solve for ρmax:
27.6 600
ρmax = 0.75ρb = 0.75[0.85(0.85)( 370 )( 600+370)] = 0.025
Solve for ρactual:
As 2(π/4)(16)2
ρactual = bd = = 0.005879
200(342)
Pactual = 0.005879 < Pb = 0.033337
Mu = ϕMn
370.
Mn = 0.005879 (370) [1-0.59(0.005879) ( 27.6)] (200) (342)2
Mn = 48.52 kN-m
AsFy 402.12 (370)
a = 0.85fc′b = = 31.71 mm
0.85(27.6)200
a 31.71
c = β1 = = 37.31 mm
0.85
0.003 0.003
єs = ( )(d-c) = (37.31)(342-37.31) = 0.0245 > 0.005 (ϕ = 0.9)
c
Mu= (0.9) (48.52 KN-m)
∴ SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM; USE 2-D16 REBARS @ONE LAYER AT

THE MIDSPAN OF 4.50 & 5.00 m ROOF BEAM
DESIGN OF 4.50 & 5.00 m ROOF BEAM FOR SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
Vmax = 34.60 KN
Vu = 29.93 KN
 CHECK IF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT IS NEEDED
ϕVc = ϕ (0.17 λ√𝑓𝑐′ ) (bd) = 0.75(0.17(1) √27.6 ) (200) (342)
ϕVc = 45.82 KN
Vu < ϕVc ∴ NO SHEAR REINFORCEMENT IS REQUIRED
 PROVIDE MINIMUM SPACING
S=300mm
DESIGN OF 4.50 & 5.00 m ROOF BEAM FOR TORSION REINFORCEMENT
Tu = 4.151 KN-m
 CHECK IF TORSION REINFORCEMENT IS NEEDED
Acp = bh = (200) (400)

Acp = 80000 mm2
Pcp = 2 (b + h) = 2(200 + 400)

Pcp = 1200 mm
√𝑓𝑐′
𝐴𝑐𝑝2 √27.6 800002
Tcr = ϕ λ ( 12 ) ( 𝑃𝑐𝑝 ) = 0.75(1) ( 12 ) ( 1200 )
Tcr = 1.751 KN-m
Tcr < Tu
∴TORSION REINFORCEMENT IS NEEDED
 SECTION PROPERTIES
X1 = bw – 2cc – ds = 200 – 2(40) – 10
X1 = 110 mm
Y1 = h – 2cc – ds = 400 – 2(40) – 10
Y1 = 310 mm
Aoh = X1Y1 = (110) (310)
Aoh = 34100 mm2
Ao = 0.85 Aoh = 0.85 (34100)
Ao = 28985 mm2
Ph = 2 (X1 + Y1) = 2 (110 + 310)
Ph = 840 mm
Vc = (0.17 λ√𝑓𝑐′ ) (bd) = 0.17(1) √ (27.6) (200) (342)
Vc = 61.088 KN
 CHECK IF SECTION PROVIDED IS SUFFICIENT
2 2 2√𝑓𝑐′
√( 𝑉𝑢 ) + ( 𝑇𝑢𝑃ℎ
) ≤ ϕ [(𝑏𝑤𝑑) + (
𝑉𝑐
)]
𝑏𝑤𝑑 1.7𝐴𝑜ℎ2 3
3 2 6 2
√( 34.60𝑥10 ) + ((4.151𝑥10 )(840) ) = 2.493
(200)(342) 1.7(28985)2
61.088 2√27.6
0.75 [((200)(342)) + ( )] = 2.627
3
2.493 < 2.627
∴SECTION IS ADEQUATE
 DESIGN OF TORSIONAL REINFORCEMENT

 TRANSVERSE TORSIONAL MOMENT
2𝐴𝑡𝐴𝑜 𝑓𝑦𝑡
Tn = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝑠
𝐴𝑡 𝑇𝑛
=
𝑠 2𝐴𝑜𝑓𝑦𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝑇𝑢
Tn =
∅
𝐴𝑡 𝑇𝑢 4.151 𝑥106
= =
𝑠 2𝜃𝐴𝑜𝑓𝑦𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 2(0.75)(28985)(370)𝑐𝑜𝑡45
𝐴𝑡 𝑚𝑚2
= 0.2580 (for one leg of stirrup)
𝑠 𝑚𝑚
Shear Reinforcement
Vu < ϕVc ∴ NO SHEAR REINFORCEMENT IS NEEDED

Check maximum spacing
𝑃ℎ 840
Smax = =
8 8
Smax = 105 mm
Smax = 100 mm for Torsion
Try s = 100 mm
Minimum Area of Stirrups
0.062√𝑓𝑐′𝑏𝑤𝑠 0.35𝑏𝑤𝑠
Av + 2At = = ≤
fyt fyt
0.062√27.6(200)(100) 0.35(200)(100)
Av + 2At = = ≤
370 370
Av + 2At = 17.601 ≤ 18.919 ∴OKAY
 LONGITUDINAL TORSIONAL REINFORCEMENT
𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡 370
Al = ( 𝑠 )(𝑃ℎ)( 𝑓𝑦 )𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = (0.2580)(840)( 370 )𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 45
Al = 216.75 mm2
042√𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴𝑐𝑝 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡

Almin = ( ) − ( 𝑓𝑠 )(𝑃ℎ)( 𝑓𝑦 )
𝑓𝑦
0.42√27.6(80000) 370
Almin = ( ) − (0.2580)(840)(370)
370
Almin = 160.36 mm2
Al > Almin ∴OKAY
Smax = 100 mm
DESIGN CONSIDERATION FOR 7.00 m ROOF BEAM:
d = 1.5b
fy
Rn = ρfy (1 – 0.59ρfc′)
ρmax = 0.75ρb
fy = 370 Mpa
fc’= 27.6 Mpa
METHOD TO BE USED:
LRFD: Ø=0.90
DESIGN PROCEDURE:

fy
fy
DESIGN OF 7.00 m ROOF BEAM FOR FLEXURE
Mu = 105.23 kN-m

27.6 0.003
ρmax = (0.85)(0.85)( )( )
370 0.008
ρmax = 0.02021

370
Rn = (0.02021) (370) [1 – 0.59(0.02021)( 27.6)]
Rn = 6.282
Mu = øRnbd2
105.23 X 106 = (0.9) (6.282) (b) (1.5b) 2
b = 202.24 ≈ 250 mm
d = 1.5(250) = 375 mm

Use cc = 40mm
Stirrups Ø = 10mm

1
h = d + cc + ds + 2db
1
h = 375 + 40 + 10 + 2(25)
h = 437.5 mm ≈450
USE 250 mm x 450 mm

1
d = 450 – 40 – 10 - 2(25)
d = 387.5 mm

Mu 100.54 x 106
Rn = ø(bd2 ) = 0.90(250)(387.5)2 = 2.976
fc′ 2Rn
ρ = 0.85 ( 1 − √1 − )
fy 0.85fc′
27.6 2(2.976)
ρ = 0.85( ) ( 1 − √1 − ) = 0.008631
370 0.85(27.6)

As = ρbd
As = (0.008631) (250) (387.5)
As = 836.13 mm2
As 836.13
n = (π/4)(𝑑 = (π/4)(25)2
𝑏 )2
n = 1.70 ≈ 2 pcs.

 CHECK Hmin
L 5000
18.5

b = (n-1) S + 2(cc) +2(ds) + n (db)
250 = S + 2(40) + 2(10) + 2(25)

Solve for ρmin:
0.25√fc′ 0.25√27.6
ρmin = = =0.0035497
Fy 370
1.4 1.4
ρmin = = 370 =0.0037838 (Governs!)
Fy
Solve for ρmax:
27.6 600
ρmax = 0.75ρb = 0.75[0.85(0.85)( 370 )( 600+370)] = 0.025
Solve for ρactual:
As 2(π/4)(25)2
ρactual = bd = = 0.010134
250(387.5)
Pactual = 0.010134 < Pb = 0.033337
Mu = ϕMn
370.
Mn = 0.010134 (370) [1-0.59(0.010134) ( 27.6)] (250) (387.5)2
Mn = 129.47 kN-m
AsFy 981.75 (370)
a = 0.85fc′b = = 61.93 mm
0.85(27.6)250
a 61.93
c = β1 = = 72.86 mm
0.85
0.003 0.003
єs = ( )(d-c) = (72.86)(387.5-72.86) = 0.013 > 0.005 (ϕ = 0.9)
c
Mu= (0.9) (129.47 KN-m)

THE LEFT SUPPORT OF 7.00 m ROOF BEAM
Mu 105.23 x 106
Rn = ø(bd2 ) = 0.90(250)(387.5)2 = 3.115
fc′ 2Rn
ρ = 0.85 ( 1 − √1 − )
fy 0.85fc′
27.6 2(3.115)
ρ = 0.85( ) ( 1 − √1 − ) = 0.009067
370 0.85(27.6)

As = ρbd
As = (0.009067) (250) (387.5)
As = 878.37 mm2
As 878.37
n = (π/4)(𝑑 2
= (π/4)(25)2
𝑏)
n = 1.79 ≈ 2 pcs.

 Check Self-weight
 CHECK Hmin
L 5000
Hmin =18.5 = =270.27 mm < 400 mm (Adequate!)
18.5

b = (n-1) S + 2(cc) +2(ds) + n (db)
250 = S + 2(40) + 2(10) + 2(25)

Solve for ρmin:
0.25√fc′ 0.25√27.6
ρmin = = =0.0035497
Fy 370
1.4 1.4
ρmin = = 370 =0.0037838 (Governs!)
Fy
Solve for ρmax:
27.6 600
ρmax = 0.75ρb = 0.75[0.85(0.85)( 370 )( 600+370)] = 0.025
Solve for ρactual:
As 2(π/4)(25)2
ρactual = bd = = 0.010134
250(387.5)
Pactual = 0.010134 < Pb = 0.033337
Mu = ϕMn
370.
Mn = 0.010134 (370) [1-0.59(0.010134) ( 27.6)] (250) (387.5)2
Mn = 129.47 kN-m
AsFy 981.75 (370)
a = 0.85fc′b = = 61.93 mm
0.85(27.6)250
a 61.93
c = β1 = = 72.86 mm
0.85
0.003 0.003
єs = ( )(d-c) = (72.86)(387.5-72.86) = 0.013 > 0.005 (ϕ = 0.9)
c
Mu= (0.9) (129.47 KN-m)

AT THE RIGHT SUPPORT OF 7.00 m ROOF BEAM

Mu 82.60 x 106
Rn = ø(bd2 ) = 0.90(250)(387.5)2 = 2.445
fc′ 2Rn
ρ = 0.85 ( 1 − √1 − )
fy 0.85fc′
27.6 2(2.445)
ρ = 0.85( ) ( 1 − √1 − ) = 0.006994
370 0.85(27.6)

As = ρbd
As = (0.006994) (250) (387.5)
As = 677.54 mm2
As 677.54
n = (π/4)(𝑑 = (π/4)(25)2
𝑏 )2
n = 1.38 ≈ 2 pcs
 CHECK Hmin
L 5000
18.5

b = (n-1) S + 2(cc) +2(ds) + n (db)
250 = S + 2(40) + 2(10) + 2(25)

Solve for ρmin:
0.25√fc′ 0.25√27.6
ρmin = = =0.0035497
Fy 370
1.4 1.4
ρmin = = 370 =0.0037838 (Governs!)
Fy
Solve for ρmax:
27.6 600
ρmax = 0.75ρb = 0.75[0.85(0.85)( 370 )( 600+370)] = 0.025
Solve for ρactual:
As 2(π/4)(25)2
ρactual = bd = = 0.010134
250(387.5)
Pactual = 0.010134 < Pb = 0.033337
Mu = ϕMn
370.
Mn = 0.010134 (370) [1-0.59(0.012928) ( 27.6)] (250) (387.5)2
Mn = 129.47 kN-m
AsFy 981.75 (370)
a = 0.85fc′b = = 61.93 mm
0.85(27.6)250
a 61.93
c = β1 = = 72.86 mm
0.85
0.003 0.003
єs = ( )(d-c) = (72.86)(387.5-72.86) = 0.013 > 0.005 (ϕ = 0.9)
c
Mu= (0.9) (129.47 KN-m)
∴ SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM; USE 2-D25 REBARS @ONE LAYER AT

THE MIDSPAN OF 7.00 m ROOF BEAM
DESIGN OF 7.00 m GRADE BEAM FOR SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
Vmax = 106.63 KN
Vu = 96.34 KN
ϕVc = ϕ (0.17 λ√𝑓𝑐′ ) (bd) = 0.75(0.17(1) √27.6 ) (250) (387.5)
ϕVc = 64.89 KN
Vu > ϕVc ∴ SHEAR REINFORCEMENT IS NEEDED
 CHECK THE ADEQUACY OF THE SECTION
𝑉𝑢−ϕVc 96.34 −64.89

Vs = =
ϕ 0.75
Vs = 41.93 KN
Vs ≥ or ≤ 0.66√𝑓𝑐′(bd) = 0.66 √27.6 (250) (387.5)
41.93 KN < 335.90 KN ∴SECTION IS ADEQUATE
 CALCULATE THEORETICAL SPACING
𝜋
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑 2( )(10)2 (370) (387.5)
4
S= = = 537.12 mm
𝑉𝑠 41.93 𝑥 103
 CALCULATE MAXIMUM SPACING TO PROVIDE MINIMUM AV
𝜋
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 2( )(10)2 (370)
4
S1 = = = 713.73 mm
0,062√𝑓𝑐′ (𝑏𝑤) 0,062√27.6(250)
𝜋
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 2( )(10)2 (370)
4
S1 = = = 664.22 mm
0.35(𝑏𝑤) 0.35 (250)
Vs ≥ or ≤ 0.33√𝑓𝑐′(bd) = 0.33 √27.6 (250) (387.5)
Vs < 167.95 KN
𝑑 387.5
S= = = 193.75 mm
2 2
S = 150 mm
 CALCULATE Smax
@Zone 3
𝑑
Smax = min {s1, 600} = min {664.22, 150, 600}
2
Smax = 150 mm
@Zone 2 and 1
𝑑
Smax = min {s1, 600} = min {664.22, 150, 600}
2
Smax = 150 mm
 DESIGN OF STIRRUPS
ALL STIRRUPS ARE SPACED AT 150 mm

DESIGN OF 7.00 m ROOF BEAM FOR TORSION REINFORCEMENT
Tu = 0.816 KN-m
Acp = bh = (250) (450)

Acp = 112500 mm2
Pcp = 2 (b + h) = 2(250 + 450)

Pcp = 1400 mm
√𝑓𝑐′ 2
𝐴𝑐𝑝2 √27.6 112500
Tcr = ϕ λ ( 12 ) ( 𝑃𝑐𝑝 ) = 0.75(1) ( 12 ) ( 1400 )
Tcr = 2.968 KN-m
Tcr > Tu
∴TORSION REINFORCEMENT IS NOT NEEDED

DESIGN CONSIDERATION FOR 2.50 m ROOF BEAM:
d = 1.5b
fy
Rn = ρfy (1 – 0.59ρfc′)
ρmax = 0.75ρb
fy = 370 Mpa
fc’= 27.6 Mpa
METHOD TO BE USED:
LRFD: Ø=0.90
DESIGN PROCEDURE:

fy
fy
DESIGN OF 2.50 m ROOF BEAM FOR FLEXURE
Mu = 45.36 kN-m

27.6 0.003
ρmax = (0.85)(0.85)( )( )
370 0.008
ρmax = 0.02021

370
Rn = (0.02021) (370) [1 – 0.59(0.02021)( 27.6)]
Rn = 6.282
Mu = øRnbd2
45.36 X 106 = (0.9) (6.282) (b) (1.5b) 2
b = 152.77 ≈ 200 mm
d = 1.5(200) = 300 mm

Use cc = 40mm
Stirrups Ø = 10mm

1
h = d + cc + ds + 2db
1
h = 300 + 40 + 10 + 2(16)
h = 358 mm ≈ 400 mm
USE 200 mm x 400 mm

1
d = 400 – 40 – 10 - 2(16)
d = 342 mm

Mu 45.36 x 106
Rn = ø(bd2 ) = 0.90(200)(342)2 = 2.1545
fc′ 2Rn
ρ = 0.85 ( 1 − √1 − )
fy 0.85fc′
27.6 2(2.1545)
ρ = 0.85( ) ( 1 − √1 − ) = 0.006118
370 0.85(27.6)

As = ρbd
As = (0.006118) (200) (342)
As = 418.48 mm2
As 418.48
n = (π/4)(𝑑 = (π/4)(16)2
𝑏 )2
n = 2.08 ≈ 3 pcs.

 CHECK Hmin
L 2500
18.5

b = (n-1) S + 2(cc) +2(ds) + n (db)
200 = 2S + 2(40) + 2(10) + 3(16)

Solve for ρmin:
0.25√fc′ 0.25√27.6
ρmin = = =0.0035497
Fy 370
1.4 1.4
ρmin = = 370 =0.0037838 (Governs!)
Fy
Solve for ρmax:
27.6 600
ρmax = 0.75ρb = 0.75[0.85(0.85)( 370 )( 600+370)] = 0.025
Solve for ρactual:
As 3(π/4)(16)2
ρactual = bd = = 0.008819
200(342)
Pactual = 0.008819 < Pb = 0.033337
Mu = ϕMn
370.
Mn = 0.008819 (370) [1-0.59(0.008819) ( 27.6)] (200) (342)2
Mn = 71.00 kN-m
AsFy 603.19 (370)
a = 0.85fc′b = = 47.57 mm
0.85(27.6)200
a 47.57
c = β1 = = 55.96 mm
0.85
0.003 0.003
єs = ( )(d-c) = (55.96)(342-55.96) = 0.0153 > 0.005 (ϕ = 0.9)
c
Mu= (0.9) (71.00 KN-m)
THE LEFT SUPPORT OF 2.50 m ROOF BEAM

Mu 15.56 x 106
Rn = ø(bd2 ) = 0.90(200)(342)2 = 0.7391
fc′ 2Rn
ρ = 0.85 ( 1 − √1 − )
fy 0.85fc′
27.6 2(0.7391)
ρ = 0.85( ) ( 1 − √1 − ) = 0.00203
370 0.85(27.6)

As = ρbd
As = (0.00203) (200) (342)
As = 138.86 mm2
As 138.86
n = (π/4)(𝑑 2
= (π/4)(16)2
𝑏)
n = 0.69 ≈ 2 pcs.

 CHECK Hmin
L 2500
18.5

b = (n-1) S + 2(cc) +2(ds) + n (db)
200 = S + 2(40) + 2(10) + 2(16)

Solve for ρmin:
0.25√fc′ 0.25√27.6
ρmin = = =0.0035497
Fy 370
1.4 1.4
ρmin = = 370 =0.0037838 (Governs!)
Fy
Solve for ρmax:
27.6 600
ρmax = 0.75ρb = 0.75[0.85(0.85)( 370 )( 600+370)] = 0.025
Solve for ρactual:
As 2(π/4)(16)2
ρactual = bd = = 0.005879
200(342)
Pactual = 0.005879 < Pb = 0.033337
Mu = ϕMn
370.
Mn = 0.005879 (370) [1-0.59(0.005879) ( 27.6)] (200) (342)2
Mn = 48.52 kN-m
AsFy 402.12 (370)
a = 0.85fc′b = = 31.71 mm
0.85(27.6)200
a 31.71
c = β1 = = 37.31 mm
0.85
0.003 0.003
єs = ( )(d-c) = (37.31)(342-37.31) = 0.0245 > 0.005 (ϕ = 0.9)
c
Mu= (0.9) (48.52 KN-m)

AT THE RIGHT SUPPORT OF 2.50 m ROOF BEAM

Mu 28.11 x 106
Rn = ø(bd2 ) = 0.90(200)(342)2 = 1.335
fc′ 2Rn
ρ = 0.85 ( 1 − √1 − )
fy 0.85fc′
27.6 2(1.335)
ρ = 0.85( ) ( 1 − √1 − ) = 0.003717
370 0.85(27.6)

As = ρbd
As = (0.003717) (200) (342)
As = 254.25 mm2
As 254.25
n = (π/4)(𝑑 = (π/4)(16)2
𝑏 )2
n = 1.26 ≈ 2 pcs.

 CHECK Hmin
L 2500
18.5

b = (n-1) S + 2(cc) +2(ds) + n (db)
200 = S + 2(40) + 2(10) + 2(16)

Solve for ρmin:
0.25√fc′ 0.25√27.6
ρmin = = =0.0035497
Fy 370
1.4 1.4
ρmin = = 370 =0.0037838 (Governs!)
Fy
Solve for ρmax:
27.6 600
ρmax = 0.75ρb = 0.75[0.85(0.85)( 370 )( 600+370)] = 0.025
Solve for ρactual:
As 2(π/4)(16)2
ρactual = bd = = 0.005879
200(342)
Pactual = 0.005879 < Pb = 0.033337
Mu = ϕMn
370.
Mn = 0.005879 (370) [1-0.59(0.005879) ( 27.6)] (200) (342)2
Mn = 48.52 kN-m
AsFy 402.12 (370)
a = 0.85fc′b = = 31.71 mm
0.85(27.6)200
a 31.71
c = β1 = = 37.31 mm
0.85
0.003 0.003
єs = ( )(d-c) = (37.31)(342-37.31) = 0.0245 > 0.005 (ϕ = 0.9)
c
Mu= (0.9) (48.52 KN-m)

AT MIDSPAN OF 2.50 m ROOF BEAM
DESIGN OF 2.50 m ROOF BEAM FOR SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
Vmax = 41.86 KN
Vu = 33.79 KN
ϕVc = ϕ (0.17 λ√𝑓𝑐′ ) (bd) = 0.75(0.17(1) √27.6 ) (200) (342)
ϕVc = 45.82 KN
Vu < ϕVc ∴ NO SHEAR REINFORCEMENT IS REQUIRED
 PROVIDE MINIMUM SPACING
S=300mm
DESIGN OF 2.50 m ROOF BEAM FOR TORSION REINFORCEMENT
Tu = 1.130 KN-m
Acp = bh = (200) (400)

Acp = 80000 mm2
Pcp = 2 (b + h) = 2(200 + 400)
Pcp = 1200 mm
√𝑓𝑐′
𝐴𝑐𝑝2 √27.6 800002
Tcr = ϕ λ ( 12 ) ( 𝑃𝑐𝑝 ) = 0.75(1) ( 12 ) ( 1200 )
Tcr = 1.751 KN-m
Tcr > Tu
∴TORSION REINFORCEMENT IS NOT NEEDED

Design of Roof Beams

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Design of Roof Beams

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DESIGN CONSIDERATION FOR 4.50 m & 5.

fc’= 27.6 Mpa

DETERMINE AND COMPARE THE ULTIMATE MOMENT CAPACITY OF

DESIGN OF 4.50 & 5.00 m ROOF BEAM FOR FLEXURE

 DETERMINE TARGET STEEL RATIO

 DETERMINE COEFFICIENT OF RESISTANCE (Rn)

Assume 16mmø RSB, 1 Layer

 DETERMINE TOTAL HEIGHT

 DETERMINE NEW EFFECTIVE DEPTH (d)

DESIGN AT LEFT SUPPORT (Mu = 22.02 kN-m)

 DETERMINE THE AREA OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT

CHECK CODE REQUIREMENTS:

 CHECK BAR SPACING (S) :

 CHECK LIMITS OF REINFORCEMENT:

Pactual = 0.005879 < Pb = 0.033337

∴ STEEL YIELDS (UNDER REINFORCED)

 VERIFY TENSION CONTROLLED SECTION:

DESIGN AT RIGHT SUPPORT (Mu = 25.28 kN-m)

 DETERMINE THE AREA OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT

CHECK CODE REQUIREMENTS:

 CHECK BAR SPACING (S) :

 CHECK LIMITS OF REINFORCEMENT:

Pactual = 0.005879 < Pb = 0.033337

∴ STEEL YIELDS (UNDER REINFORCED)

 VERIFY TENSION CONTROLLED SECTION:

∴ SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM; USE 2-D16 REBARS @ONE LAYER

DESIGN AT MIDSPAN (Mu = 18.45 kN-m)

 DETERMINE THE AREA OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT

CHECK CODE REQUIREMENTS:

 CHECK BAR SPACING (S) :

 CHECK LIMITS OF REINFORCEMENT:

Pactual = 0.005879 < Pb = 0.033337

∴ STEEL YIELDS (UNDER REINFORCED)

 VERIFY TENSION CONTROLLED SECTION:

∴ SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM; USE 2-D16 REBARS @ONE LAYER AT

DESIGN OF 4.50 & 5.00 m ROOF BEAM FOR SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

 CHECK IF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT IS NEEDED

ϕVc = ϕ (0.17 λ√𝑓𝑐′ ) (bd) = 0.75(0.17(1) √27.6 ) (200) (342)

Vu < ϕVc ∴ NO SHEAR REINFORCEMENT IS REQUIRED

 PROVIDE MINIMUM SPACING

DESIGN OF 4.50 & 5.00 m ROOF BEAM FOR TORSION REINFORCEMENT

 CHECK IF TORSION REINFORCEMENT IS NEEDED

Acp = bh = (200) (400)

Pcp = 2 (b + h) = 2(200 + 400)

Tcr = 1.751 KN-m

∴TORSION REINFORCEMENT IS NEEDED

X1 = bw – 2cc – ds = 200 – 2(40) – 10

Y1 = h – 2cc – ds = 400 – 2(40) – 10

Aoh = X1Y1 = (110) (310)

Aoh = 34100 mm2

Ao = 0.85 Aoh = 0.85 (34100)

Ph = 2 (X1 + Y1) = 2 (110 + 310)

Vc = (0.17 λ√𝑓𝑐′ ) (bd) = 0.17(1) √ (27.6) (200) (342)

2.493 < 2.627

 DESIGN OF TORSIONAL REINFORCEMENT

Vu < ϕVc ∴ NO SHEAR REINFORCEMENT IS NEEDED

Smax = 100 mm for Torsion

Minimum Area of Stirrups

Av + 2At = 17.601 ≤ 18.919 ∴OKAY

 LONGITUDINAL TORSIONAL REINFORCEMENT

042√𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴𝑐𝑝 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡

Al > Almin ∴OKAY

fc’= 27.6 Mpa