Quantum Computing and Artificial Intelligence: A Brief Analysis

Naomi Moses Waskar

UG Student, Department of Computer Science, Pratibha College of Commerce & Computer Studies, Maharashtra,
India

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Abstract - In recent years, there has been an emergence
of quantum computing (QC) and artificial intelligence (AI).
Despite having their own independent challenges and
researches, it is apparent that these fields often collide as
they are interrelated through natural computing. Quantum
algorithms are applied in machine learning (ML) to
expedite computational tasks. On the other hand, AI’s are
developing quantum processors to solve ML problems. This
paper provides a brief introduction to how Artificial
Intelligence and Quantum Computing can benefit from each
other.
Fig -1: Representation of a qubit, The Bloch Sphere
Key Words: Quantum Computing, Artificial
Intelligence, Machine Learning, Entanglement
In general, n qubits are represented in a 2n-dimensional
Hilbert space as,
1. INTRODUCTION

Quantum computing is the study of developing computer

technology by the application of quantum theory. [1] Nobel
Laureate Feynman first claimed that quantum computers
could offer simulation that was beyond conventional
computers. It mainly uses phenomena such as quantum
bits, superposition and entanglement to provide efficient
ways for computation.
Quantum computers have the potential to solve complex
problems that are beyond the classical computers, though
they are highly unstable and need quantum error
correction. [2] Researchers discovered that neural networks
can help to develop error correction learning of quantum
computers.
Artificial intelligence simulates human-like intelligence
through machine learning using neural networks. Big data
analytics and deep learning are integral tools that AI uses
to collect information for active learning. [3] It has been
estimated that almost 2.5 exabytes of data (1018 bytes = 1
exabyte) is generated every day. While deep learning
extracts relevant information from the raw and unsorted
Big Data, traditional computers are inept of processing
such unsurmountable data. [4] In 1996, L.K Grover
proposed a quantum algorithm that takes square root of
time of a traditional computer to search for a single item in
an un-categorized data.
This article emphases the inter-relation between Quantum
Computing and Artificial Intelligence. Various researches
and investigations have already conceived how the aspects
of each field are correlated.
2. Quantum Computation Basics
[5]
Much like its counterpart, the binary bit, a quantum
bit or qubit is the basic data unit of QC. A qubit can be
physically realized by a two-state quantum mechanical
Where 0| and 1| are basis states and α and β are probability
amplitudes that, in general, are complex numbers. [6] The
Dirac notations (the ⟨ ⟩ and | symbols) are used to express
the quantum states.
A quantum system is capable to be in numerous “quantum
states” at once. This is called superposition of the states. A
quantum system in superposition or entangled state is said
to be coherent. [7] Though it can be disturbed by interaction
with the environment since every system is loosely
coupled. Such disturbance is called decoherence and
results in losing information to the environment.
2.1. Entanglement Paradox
In 1926, Schrodinger introduced an equation that could
describe atomic, subatomic systems and even the entire
universe. Schrodinger’s equation is considered the central
of the quantum domain.
Despite being the one to first introduce entanglement,
Schrodinger was dissatisfied with the concept and
considered it existing only theoretically. Particles in
superposition in a quantum system can be correlated to
other particles in a superposition state, this can lead to
“super-correlation” referred as entanglement. This
proposes that particles can be in a decayed and non-
decayed state simultaneously. However, in practice, this
phenomenon is unfamiliar and infeasible to perceive. This
made Schrodinger compare the phenomenon to the cat in a
box paradox.
2.2. EPR Situation
In 1935, Einstein along with Podolsky and Rosen
[8]

system. deduced that entanglement is not impossible but an

incomplete theory by mathematically presenting that wave
function does not possess complete data about physical and unsupervised. In brief, supervised data is a set with
reality. This came to be known as the EPR Paradox. data points and certain labels that the machine can learn
Assume that a source emits electron–positron pairs, with from and use as reference for precise statistics and
the electron sent to destination A, where an observer Alice outcomes. Unsupervised data offers only data points and
is present, and the positron is sent to destination B, where no labels.
an observer named Bob is present. According to quantum
mechanics, we can arrange the source so that each emitted
pair occupies a quantum state called a spin singlet. The
particles are thus said to be entangled.

Fig – 3: Supervised and unsupervised learning illustrated

Fig – 2: Graphical representation of EPR situation 2.2 AlphaGo

It’s been proposed that AI could help quantum computers

with error correction learning. [9] In 2016, AlphaGo, a
3. Quantum Structure in Human Mind
program developed by DeepMind that combines neural
networks and advanced search beat the best human player.
There’s no absolute definition that could completely
Go is a game that originated from China over 3000 years
explain what consciousness is. [12] According to Velmans
ago. Two players, using black and white stones, take turns
and Schneider “anything that we are aware of at a given
to place them on board. On the surface, it may seem like a
moment forms part of our consciousness, making
simple board game but it has over 10170 possible
conscious experience at once the most familiar and most
configurations, hence it needed powerful processing that
mysterious aspect of our lives.”
traditional computer fails to offer and take more time.
Certain conditions in quantum mechanics are
Hence, [10] Erlangen researchers at Max Planck Institute are
indeterministic and cannot be explained due to lack of
trying to develop a program like Go implementing qubits
knowledge. When reasoning is applied to decision
and use neural networks for quantum error correction.
processes, we observe that human decision models are
essentially quantum, as opinions are not always
determined. [13] Quantum mind is still a hypothesis which
2.
speculates that classical mechanics cannot explain what
consciousness really is, and that with the help of quantum
mechanics phenomena like entanglement and QAI is an exponentially growing field that can flip the
superposition, consciousness can be explained. computation technology as we know it today. Google is
Another aspect of human brain is the energy it takes to currently using AI to develop quantum processors and
pass information from one neuron to other. It is apparent algorithms for faster computation. The notion of quantum
that transmission speed of electronic networks is much algorithms for AI is still a theoretical concept, though not
greater. However, the biological brain is a parallel network; entirely feasible at present. Based on the academic
thousands of neurons are connected to other neurons investigations, practical implementations are possible but
which the classical circuits cannot replicate as they work under suitable conditions. [11] Hartmut Neven led the QAI
in 2-dimensional state. Lab at Google with NASA’s Ames Research hosting the lab.

4. Quantum computing and AI

Table -1: Sample Table format
Application of quantum computing in AI will no doubt, be
revolutionary. Researchers keep finding ways to speed up
Preparation of Manuscript
the processing of classical computers and believe that QC
Bottom 0.5”
has the potential to make it possible and solve the
obstinate problems. Though the quantum computing Margins : Top 0.5”
technology is still in its premature phase, QCs are
inevitably going to replace the binary computers that we Left 0.5” Right 0.5”
are familiar with today.
Font Cambria / 10 pt
4.1. Machine Learning Margin : Narrow

ML is one of the key ways that could lead to unification of

quantum computing and AI. Modern machine learning Title of paper : 16 Heading 13 Point
approaches different scenarios like learning from data or Point
through interaction (reinforcement learning).
Traditionally, ML deals with two types of data, supervised

Sub Heading :12 Spacing Single line
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3. CONCLUSIONS
This paper summarizes prospects for researchers on the
interrelated quantum computation and AI:
 To formulate quantum algorithms to solve
problems in AI more efficiently
 To develop effective methods for enacting
problems in AI by applying concepts from
quantum computing
 To create new AI techniques that will deal with
complications in the quantum domain.
REFERENCES
[1] R.P. Feynman, Simulating physics with computers,
International Journal of Theoretical Physics 21 (1982)
467–488
[2] Thomas F¨osel, Petru Tighineanu, and Talitha Weiss
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr.
2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
[3] https://www.domo.com/learn/data-never-sleeps-7
[4] L.K. Grover, A fast quantum mechanical algorithm for
database search, in: Proceedings of 28th Annual ACM
Symposium on the Theory of Computing, 1996, p. 212.
[5] Benjamin Schumacher, “Quantum coding,” Physical
Review A 51, 2738–2747 (1995)
[6] Dirac, P. A. M. (1939). "A new notation for quantum
mechanics". Mathematical Proceedings of the
Cambridge Philosophical Society. 35 (3): 416–418.
[7] Schlosshauer, Maximilian (2007). Decoherence and
the Quantum-to-Classical Transition (1st ed.).
Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer.
[8] Einstein, A; B Podolsky; N Rosen (1935-05-15). "Can
Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality
be Considered Complete? Physical Review. 47 (10):
777–780. Bibcode:1935PhRv...47..777E. do
i:10.1103/PhysRev.47.777.
[9] https://deepmind.com/research/case-
studies/alphago-the-story-so-far
[10] Thomas Foö sel et al, Reinforcement Learning with
Neural Networks for Quantum Feedback, Physical
Review X (2018). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevX.8.031084
[11] Neven, Hartmut (May 16, 2013). "Launching the
Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab". Google Research.
Retrieved February 11, 2014.
[12] Susan Schneider and Max Velmans (2008).
"Introduction". In: Max Velmans, Susan Schneider. The
Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. Wiley.
[13] "Quantum Approaches to Consciousness". Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. May 19, 2011 [First
published Tue Nov 30, 2004].