Chapter 5: Number Properties

Number Line

A number line is a line with a scale for locating numbers. The scale is
determined when two numbers have their location indicated on the line. The
origin of a number line is the location of zero on that number line. The
coordinate of a point on a number line is the number associated with that point.

Base 10

The number system that we use is based upon the base 10 method. The reason is
because it uses 10 different digits for counting (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.)

Place Value

It uses different number places to represent the different size groups we use to count. The digits
in those numbers places tells us how many groups we have.

Every next place value is exactly 10 times bigger than the previous place value. 10 is 10 times
bigger than 1. 100 is ten times bigger than 10.

One, Tens, Hundreds, Thousands, Ten-thousands, Hundred-Thousands,

Millions..Billions...Trillions..Quadrillion..Sextillion….Septillion..Octillion..Nonillion..Decillion.

The place value uses groups to count. 16 is 1 group of ten and 6 groups of 1.

Decimal Place Value

The decimal system was created as a way to represent numbers that are less than whole
numbers. In other words, the numbers to the right of the decimal place represent fractions or
parts of a whole number.

Every place value that is to the right of the decimal is 10 times smaller(/10.) The first place value
represents one 10th of one. It can be represented as 1/10. The denominator is how many parts
the number is divided into. The numerator tells you the whole number.

1/10th of 1/10th is 1/100.

Types of Numbers

Real Numbers: Any point on the number line

Rational Numbers: A rational number is a number that can be written as a fraction

where the numerator and the denominator are whole numbers. The number 8 is a
rational number because it can be written as the fraction 8/1.
Thus, you have rational numbers that yield finite or terminating decimals and
rational numbers that yield infinite repeating decimals. Every rational number can
be written in decimal form.

Irrational Numbers: is a real number that cannot be expressed as a ratio of

integers, i.e. as a fraction. Therefore, irrational numbers, when written as decimal
numbers, do not terminate, nor do they repeat. Irrational numbers can be written
as infinite, nonrepeating decimals.

Integers: are made up of the counting numbers, zero, and the negatives of the
counting numbers.

Rational Numbers that are Not Integers: Rational numbers that can not be written
without a fraction or decimal representation

Negative Integers: All negative numbers that are not fractions or decimals
Whole Numbers: All counting numbers plus 0.
Natural Numbers(Counting Numbers): All positive numbers except 0, that are
evenly spaced on the number line by a value of 1 unit.
Zero: 0

Rounding Numbers

When numbers are approximated, the results need to be rounded to maintain

the accuracy of the data. For example, frequently, when you work on problems
with money, you get results that contain a fractional part of a cent.

To round a number, first locate the digit that has the accuracy wanted; then
examine the digit to the right. If the digit to the right is 5 or more, round up by
increasing the accuracy digit by 1 and dropping all digits to the right of it. If the
digit to the right of the accuracy digit is 4 or less, round down by leaving the
accuracy digit the same and dropping all digits to the right of it. If the digits
dropped are to the left of the decimal point, they are replaced with zeros.

Quick Divisibility Tests

• A counting number is divisible by 2 if its units digit is an even number. Thus, if
the rightmost digit of a counting number is 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8, the number is
divisible by 2.
• A counting number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
• A counting number is divisible by 4 if the two-digit number formed by the tens
and units digits is divisible by 4.
• A counting number is divisible by 5 if its units digit is 0 or 5.
• A counting number is divisible by 6 if it is divisible by 2 and also by 3. Thus, if
the units digit is even and the sum of all digits is divisible by 3, then the
number is divisible by 6.
• A counting number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.
• A counting number is divisible by 10 if the units digit is 0.

Chapter 6: Arithmetic Computations

Order of Operations

Where there is more than one operation in an expression, use the order of
operations to determine which operation to do first.

You can sum the order of operation up in the acronym “P.E.M.D.A.S.”

PEMDAS = Parenthesis(and brackets), Exponents, Multiplication, Division,

Addition, Subtraction.

1. Parenthesis and Brackets - A fraction bar means that the numerator and
denominator are worked separately as though each were enclosed by
parentheses. The work inside parentheses follows these rules also.
2. Exponents - Simple all powers and roots.
3. Multiplication and Division - These operations are done in the order in
which they occur from left to right in the problem because multiplication
and division are of equal rank.
4. Addition and Subtraction - These operation are done in the order in which
they occur from left to right.

Properties of Operations
Commutative Property

This law applies to addition and multiplication only.

The order in which two or more variables are added or multiplied does not affect
the answer (sum or product.) Commuting is moving from one place to another.

Addition: a+b=b+a
Multiplication: ab=ba

Associative Property

This law applies to addition and multiplication only.

If you add or multiply three or more variables, you will get the same
answer(sum or product) despite how you associate the variables.

Addition: a+(b+c)=(a+b)+c
Multiplication: a(bc)=(ab)c

Distributive Property

The distributive property allows you to change the order of operations by

distributing the multiplication over all of the members of a group that are being
added and or subtracted only.

a(b-c)=ab-ac=a*[b+(-c)]=a*b+a*(-c)

You can use the distributive property to quickly answer multiplication problems
by using expanded form.

Ex: 5x47 = 5x40 +5x7=235

Identity Property

Addition: Any number plus zero is the original number. a+0=a

Multiplication: Any number multiplied by 1 is that original number. a*1=a
Inverse Properties of Addition and Multiplication

Additive Inverse: What you add to a number to get zero. a + (−a) = (−a) + a = 0.
Multiplicative Inverse: The reciprocal or opposite of a number on the number line. b× 1/b =
1/b ×b = 1. For 6, the opposite is −6, and the reciprocal is 1/6.

Fractions

The numerator tells you how many parts you are considering and the denominator
tells you how many parts you have divided the whole into. The numerator can also
state that you have more parts than are needed for one whole.5/4 means that you
have all 4 parts of the one whole, plus 1 part of another whole that is divided into 4
equal parts.

Ways To Think About Fractions

Fractions can be thought of as division problems, a/b. They can also be thought of
as ratios, a:b.

Proper, Improper Fractions

Proper Fractions: are those fractions where the numerator is smaller than the
denominator.

Improper Fractions: are those fractions where the numerator is equal to or greater
than the denominator. The result of an improper fraction is a mixed number.

Mixed Numbers

Mixed Numbers: A mixed number is a whole number plus a fraction.

The whole number tells you how many whole units you have.
The numerator tells you how many parts of the next unit you have.
The denominator tells you how many parts are needed to make the whole.

Least Common Multiple(LCM)

A multiple is when you multiply one number by an integer (not by a fraction).

The least common multiple is the smallest positive number that is a multiple of two
or more numbers.

Least Common Denominator(LCD)

The least common denominator is the smallest whole number that is divisible by
each of the denominators.

Complex Fractions

A complex fraction has fractions in the numerator, the denominator, or both.

Calculating Complex Fractions (2 ways)

One way to simplify complex fractions is to find the least common multiple of all the
fractions in the numerator and denominator and then multiply the numerator and
denominator by this number.

The second way to solve complex fractions is to simplify the numerator and
denominator separately(until you have one term in both) and then treat the result
like a division problem.

Equivalent Fractions

Fractions which represent the same number are called equivalent, and we use the
equal sign to indicate this. Thus, for example, 1/2 = 50/100

Testing for Equivalence

You can test to see if two fractions are equivalent by cross multiplying.

a/b = c/d if (and only if) a · d = b · c

Numerator = a · d
Denominator = b · c

Canceling to Lowest Terms Through A Common Factor

If both numerator and denominator have a common factor – a whole number

greater than 1 which divides them both with zero remainder – we can “cancel” it by
division.

For example, the numerator and denominator of 18/24 have the common factor 6.
The new fraction in lowest terms is 3/4.

Comparing Fractions
Comparing fractions allows you to determine whether the two fractions are equal or
whether one of the fractions is greater than the other.

When comparing fractions with equal denominators, the fraction with the greater
numerator is the greater fraction.

Compare 11/25 and 15/25: 15 is > than 11 so 15/25 is the bigger fraction.

When comparing fractions with equal numerators, the fraction with the smallest
denominator will be the greater fraction.

Compare 11/7 and 11/5: 5 is < than 7 so 11/5 is the bigger fraction.

The cross-multiplication procedure is a relatively easy method to use. To compare

a/b and c/d , cross-multiply to get ad and bc. If ad > bc, then a/b > c/d . If ad =
bc, then a/b = c/d , and if ad < bc, then a/b < c/d .

Adding Fractions

To add fractions, you must have a common denominator.

If the fraction already has a common denominator, simply add the numerators,
while keeping the denominator fixed.

If the fractions do not have a common denominator, you can create one by finding
the least common multiple of the denominators.

Subtracting Fractions

To subtract fractions, you must have a common denominator.

If the fraction already has a common denominator, simply subtract the numerators,
while keeping the denominator fixed.

If the fractions do not have a common denominator, you can create one by finding
the least common multiple of the denominators.

Multiplying Fractions

Multiplication of fractions does not require that the fractions have common
denominators.
Multiply the numerators together and place the product over the product of the
denominators. The next step is to reduce the fraction to lowest terms.

Or you can reduce the fractions to lowest terms and then multiply the numerators
together and place the product over the product of the denominators.

When you multiply or divide fractions and whole numbers, write the whole number
over 1 before you do the computation, so that, for example, 2 becomes 2/1.

Dividing Fractions

Dividing fractions does not require that the fractions have common denominators.

To divide fractions, turn the problem into a multiplication problem. To do this, turn
one fraction into its reciprocal and then multiply. As in all other division, the divisor
fraction cannot be zero.

When you multiply or divide fractions and whole numbers, write the whole number
over 1 before you do the computation, so that, for example, 2 becomes 2/1.

Multiplying and Dividing Mixed Numbers

When you perform multiplication or division with mixed numbers, first replace each
mixed number with the equivalent improper fraction, then do the computation.

Decimals

A decimal is made up of a whole number part (which can be zero), a decimal point,
and a decimal fraction.

Place Value Revisited

Comparing Fractions

When you compare decimal fractions, start at the decimal and compare the digits
one by one until you find a difference in the digits. The one with the greater
number in this place is the greater number.

Converting Decimals to Fractions (Finite)

Note that you write the digits in the decimal over a 1 followed by zeros. The
number of zeros is equal to the number of digits in the decimal.

Converting Decimals to Fractions (Infinite)

When a decimal has all its digits in repeating groups, you can write it as a fraction
by writing one repeating group over the same number of 9s as there are digits in
the repeating group.

Example 1: 0.333··· has one digit that repeats, 3. You write this repeating value
over a 9 since only one digit repeats. So 0.333 ···= 3/9 = 1/3 .

Example 2: 0.252525··· has two digits that repeat, 25. You write the repeating
value over two 9s, since two digits repeat. So 0.252525 ···= 25/99

If a decimal has some digits between the decimal point and the start of the first
repeating group, you have to modify the procedure above. In this case, you write
the nonrepeating digits and one repeating group minus the non repeating digits
over a group of 9s followed by a group of 0s. The number of 9s is the same as the
number of digits in the repeating group, and the number of 0s is equal to the
number of digits that do not repeat.

Thus, 0.12453453453 ···= 12,453 − 12/99,900 = 12,441/99,900 = 4,147/33,300.

Changing Fractions To Decimals