Stack Overflow Talent 2018 Global Developer Hiring Landscape

2018
GLOBAL
DEVELOPER HIRING
LANDSCAPE
Global Developer Hiring
Landscape 2018
In today’s world, nearly every company is making the

necessary shift towards embracing technology. Those TABLE OF CONTENTS
that don’t are moving down a path towards eventual
irrelevance. Naturally, developers are essential to this
movement and therefore essential to every company’s Methodology • What to Say When Recruiting Developers
• Qualified Responses Worldwide • The Job Search Process

survival. Successful companies can embrace technology • Salary
by investing in hiring developers, ensuring they Demographics • Coding as a Hobby
are efficient and productive, and evangelizing their • Location • Connection & Competition
technology to support the company’s greater mission. • Developer Type • Committing Code
• Gender
• Age Technology
To achieve all of the above, it’s important to truly • Programming Languages
understand developers. Education • Database Environments
• Professional & Student Developers • Platforms
• Educational Attainment • Libraries, Frameworks, & Tools
As the largest, most trusted online developer community,
• Field of Study • Development Environments
more than 50 million professional and aspiring • Non-Degree Education • Operating Systems
programmers visit Stack Overflow each month. Each • Bootcamps • Methodologies
year, we survey the programming community on topics • Hackathons • Version Control
ranging from their ideal working environment to their • Years Since First Learning to Code • Knowledge-Sharing & Communication Tools
thoughts on artificial intelligence. • Correlated Technologies

Work
• Employment Status Artificial Intelligence
Over 100,000 respondents from around the world • Company Size • What Developers Think About AI
participated this year, making it the world’s largest • Industry • Responsibilities for Considering Ramifications of AI
and most comprehensive developer survey. Discover • Career & Job Satisfaction • The Future of AI
• Five-Year Plan
everything you need to know about developers with Stack Overflow
• Job-Seeking Status
The Global Developer Hiring Landscape 2018. • Last Job • Visits
• What’s Important in a New Job • Participation
• How to Contact Developers • How to Describe
• What Benefits Are Important
2
Landscape 2018
METHODOLOGY Qualified Responses Worldwide

•• The survey was fielded from January 8 to January 28.
This report is based on a survey of 101,592 software developers •• The median time spent on the survey for qualified responses was 25.8 minutes, and the median time
from 183 countries around the world. This number of responses for those who finished the entire survey was 29.4 minutes.
are what we consider “qualified” for analytical purposes based •• Respondents were recruited primarily through channels owned by Stack Overflow. The top 5 sources
of respondents were banner ads, email lists, house ads, blog posts, and Twitter. Since respondents
on completion and time spent on the survey. Approximately were recruited in this way, highly engaged users on Stack Overflow were more likely to notice the links
20,000 additional responses were started, but not included for the survey and click to begin it. Respondents who finished the survey were awarded a “Census”
in the analysis because respondents did not answer enough badge as a motivation to complete the survey.
questions. Of the qualified responses, 67,441 (66.4%) •• We treated responses as qualified for analysis if the user spent a certain amount of time relative to
how far they got into the survey. Most survey responses that spent less than 5 minutes were excluded
completed the entire survey. from the final sample.
•• We asked respondents about their salary. First, we asked what currency each respondent typically
used. Then we asked that respondent what their salary was in that currency, and whether that salary
was weekly, monthly, or yearly.
•• For a short time on the first day, there was a bug that left out the last part of the question
(weekly vs. monthly vs. yearly); those salary responses are not included here.
AFRICA •• We converted salaries from user currencies to USD using the exchange rate on 2018-01-18,
ASIA
EUROPE
24,700 2,869 and also converted to annual salaries assuming 12 working months and 50 working weeks.
39,001 •• This question, like most on the survey, was optional. There were 58,650 respondents
SOUTH AMERICA AUSTRALIA/OCEANIA (57.7% of qualified respondents) who gave us salary data.
NORTH AMERICA 4,162 2,591 •• The top approximately 1% of salaries inside and outside of the US were trimmed and
25,016 replaced with threshold values. The threshold values for inside and outside the US
were different.
•• Many questions were only shown to respondents based on their previous answers. For example,
questions about jobs and work were only shown to those who said they were working in a job.
•• The questions were organized into several blocks of questions, which were randomized in order. Also,
the answers to most questions were randomized in order.
•• Due to an error, Oracle and SQLite were excluded from the question about databases for the first day
of the survey. We carefully examined whether the results for the other databases changed from the
first day compared to the rest of the survey fielding period and they did not. The results shown here
for database use and most loved/dreaded/wanted databases only use responses from after Oracle
and SQLite were added to the possible answers.
3
Landscape 2018
DEMOGRAPHICS Developer Type

Over half of our respondents
Gender
Over 90% of our respondents are male. According to Quantcast,
identified as Back-End Developers. women account for about 10% of Stack Overflow’s US traffic—
Developers all over the world are writing the this year 9% of US survey respondents are women. Therefore,
script for the future. Here’s what they look like. Back-end developer we had survey participation at almost the rate we would expect
57.9% from our traffic.
Full-stack developer
48.2%
Front-end developer
Location 37.8% 92.7% Male 6.8% Female
Mobile developer
Developers live (and code) all over the world. This year, about 20% of our 20.4%
respondents said they are located in the United States. The next-most Desktop or enterprise applications developer
represented countries are India, Germany, the UK, and Canada. 17.2%
Non-binary,
Student genderqueer,
17.1% 0.9% 0.7% Transgender
or gender
Database administrator non-conforming
14.3%
Designer
13.1%
System administrator
11.3% Age
DevOps specialist
10.4% About three-quarters of professional developers
Data or business analyst who took our survey are younger than 35.
8.2%
United States Australia Turkey Data scientist or machine learning specialist
20.6% 2% 1% 7.7% Under
18 - 24 25 - 34
India Netherlands Israel QA or test developer 1.9% 18 years 22.4% 50.8%
years years
13.9% 1.9% 1% 6.7% old
old old
Germany Spain Iran, Islamic Republic of... Engineering manager
6.6% 1.8% 0.9% 5.7%
United Kingdom Italy Romania Embedded applications or devices developer
5.2% 35 - 44 45 - 54 55 - 64
6.3% 1.6% 0.8%
18.2% years 5.1% years 1.4% years
Canada Ukraine Austria Game or graphics developer
old old old
3.4% 1.3% 0.8% 5%
Russian Federation Sweden Czech Republic Product manager
2.9% 1.2% 0.8% 4.7%
France Pakistan Belgium Educator or academic researcher
4% 65
2.6% 1.1% 0.8%
0.2% years
Brazil China C-suite executive (CEO, CTO, etc.) or older
2.5% 1.1% 3.8%
Poland Switzerland Marketing or sales professional
2.2% 1% 1.2%
4
Landscape 2018
EDUCATION Currently Enrolled Highest Level of Education Completed

I never completed any formal education
0.6%
See how the world’s developers are Primary/elementary school
learning to code through traditional 74.2% 19.4% 6.4% 1.3%
and non-traditional forms of education. Secondary school

8.2%
No Yes, Yes, Some college/university study without earning a degree
full-time part-time 12.1%
Associate degree
3.1%
Professional & Student Developers Bachelor’s degree

47.7%
Developers in all stages of their careers come to Stack Overflow, Master’s degree
23.2%
including professionals, hobbyists, and students. About one-
quarter of this year’s respondents are currently enrolled in a full- Professional degree
1.5%
time or part-time formal college or university program.
Doctoral degree
2.2%
Computer science, computer engineering, or software engineering

64.4%
Educational Attainment
63.7%
Another engineering discipline (ex. civil, electrical, mechanical)
8.5%
8.8%
About three-quarters of professional developers worldwide have Information systems, information technology, or system administration
the equivalent of a bachelor’s degree or higher. However, it’s not 8.3%
8.2%
rare to find accomplished professional developers who haven’t A natural science (ex. biology, chemistry, physics)
3.6%
completed a degree or any type of “formal” schooling. 3.9%
Mathematics or statistics
3.5%
3.6%
Web development or web design Fields of Study of
3.1%
Professional Developers
Field of Study
3.1%
A business discipline (ex. accounting, finance, marketing)
2.3%
2.4%
Over 60% of professional developers who studied at the A humanities discipline (ex. literature, history, philosophy)
university level said they majored in computer science, computer 2%
engineering, or software engineering. Additionally, this proportion

2% Fields of Study of
A social science (ex. anthropology, psychology, political science)
is somewhat higher in currently-enrolled students (about 70%). 1.7% Student Developers
1.7%
Fine arts or performing arts (ex. graphic design, music, studio art)
1.4%
The proportion of respondents majoring in other engineering 1.4%
disciplines, like electrical and mechanical engineering, is lower I never declared a major
0.8%
among current students than among professionals. 0.9%
A health science (ex. nursing, pharmacy, radiology)
0.3%
0.3%
5
Landscape 2018
EDUCATION
Non-Degree Education Non-Traditional Ways to Learn

Developers are lifelong learners—almost 90% of all Taught yourself a new language, framework, or tool without taking a formal course Participated in online coding competitions (e.g. HackerRank, CodeChef, TopCoder)
developers say they have taught themselves a new 87% 24.5%
language, framework, or tool outside of their formal Taken an online course in programming or software development (e.g. a MOOC) Taken a part-time in-person course in programming or software development
education. Among professional developers, almost half 48.6% 17.8%
say they have taken an online course like a MOOC, and Contributed to open source software Completed an industry certification program (e.g. MCPD)
41.6% 14.1%
about a quarter have participated in a hackathon.
Received on-the-job training in software development Participated in a full-time developer training program or bootcamp
36.1% 10.5%
We also asked developers the ways that they learn new Participated in a hackathon
skills or languages. Good documentation ranked highly, 26.9%
as did Stack Overflow Q&A.
Ways Developers Learn on Their Own

The official documentation and/or standards for the technology Tapping your network of friends, family, and peers versed in the technology
83.5% 19.2%
Questions & answers on Stack Overflow A college/university computer science or software engineering book
82.8% 19.2%
A book or e-book from O’Reilly, Apress, or a similar publisher Internal Wikis, chat rooms, or documentation set up by my company for employees
50.4% 16.4%
Online developer communities other than Stack Overflow Pre-scheduled tutoring or mentoring sessions with a friend or colleague
50% 4.1%
The technology’s online help system
48.3%
Bootcamps Bootcamp Success

Bootcamps are typically perceived as a way for newcomers I already had a full-time job as a developer when I began the program Four to six months
to transition into a career as a software developer— but 45.5% 5.2%
according to our survey, many participants in coding Immediately after graduating Six months to a year
16.3% 3.6%
bootcamps were already working as developers. Almost
Less than a month Longer than a year
half of our respondents who went to a coding bootcamp 7.5% 3.2%
said they were already working as developers (these One to three months I haven’t gotten a developer job
developers are likely updating their skills and moving 10% 8.7%
to new areas of the tech industry.) Of other bootcamp
participants, the most common outcome is to find a job
immediately or soon after graduating.
6
Landscape 2018
EDUCATION
Hackathons To improve my knowledge

Because I find of a specific programming To build my To win prizes
We asked our respondents who said they have 76.3% 51.2% 27.5% 18.9%
it enjoyable language, framework, or professional network or cash awards
participated in hackathons or online coding other technology
competitions why they invest their time this way. The
number one answer is that developers find these events
To improve my general To improve my ability
enjoyable. Hackathons are also great opportunities for To help me find new
66.1% technical skills or 30% to work on a team with 20.8%
learning, both general and specific. job opportunities
programming ability other programmers
Years Since Learning to Code Years Since Professional

Developers Learned to Code
How Long Developers Have
Been Coding Professionally
Years of Experience by Developer Type
There’s a wide range of experience levels among developers. Engineering manager
One-third of professional developers say they learned to code 10.2
0-2 years
within the past five years. 9.6% DevOps specialist
30.1% 8
3-5 years Desktop or enterprise applications developer
We also asked developers how long they had been coding 24.4% 7.7
professionally. Over 57% of developers have less than five 27.4%
Embedded applications or devices developer
years of professional coding experience. 6-8 years
7.5
21.4%
14.6% Data or business analyst
Lastly, we can look at the differences in years of experience 9-11 years 7.2
by developer type. DevOps Specialists and developers who 13.5% System administrator
9.7% 7
code for desktop and enterprise applications have the most
12-14 years
experience, while Game/Graphics Developers and Mobile Database administrator
8.9%
6.9
Developers have the fewest years of experience. 5.5%
15-17 years Full-stack developer
6.8% 6.3
3.9% Back-end developer
18-20 years 6.2
5.6%
Educator or academic researcher
3.6%
6.2
21-23 years
2.9% Designer
1.8% 6
24-26 years QA or test developer
2% 5.8
1.1%
Front-end developer
27-29 years
5.5
1.2%
0.6% Data scientist or machine learning specialist
30 or more years 5.5
3.8% Mobile developer
1.7% 5.2
Game or graphics developer
4.6
7
Landscape 2018
WORK Company Size

Developers work for companies of all sizes, ranging from small
Industry
Developers work in a diverse range of industries, both
inside and outside of technology. Web development or
Nearly every company employs developers. startups to enterprise organizations.
design was the most common industry for professional
Here’s an inside look at the industries they developers to work in.
work in and the companies they work for.
Web development or design
16.3%
Fewer than 10 employees 10 to 19 employees
Other industry not listed here
10.5% 11.2%
10.8%
Employment Status Information technology

10.8%
Software as a service (SaaS) development
Over 90% of developers are employed at least part-time,
10.5%
making the developer employment rate much higher than Other software development
those of other professions. Only 16% of developers are 10%
actively looking for a job, putting additional pressure on the Financial technology or services
employers who are competing to hire tech talent. 20 to 99 employees 100 to 499 employees 8.8%
23.8% 19.6% Cloud-based solutions or services
7.2%
Data and analytics
Employed full-time
76.9% 5.8%
Consulting
Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed 5.3%
10% Media, advertising, publishing, or entertainment
5.1%
Employed part-time
Retail or eCommerce
5.1%
500 to 999 employees 1,000 to 4,999 employees 5%
Not employed, but looking for work 6.5% 10.7% Healthcare technology or services
5% 4.5%
Not employed, and not looking for work

2.8%
Retired
0.2%
5,000 to 9,999 employees 10,000 or more employees

4.2% 13.6%
8
Landscape 2018
WORK
Career & Job Satisfaction Job Satisfaction of Developers Career Satisfaction of Developers
Developers tend to be more satisfied with their career Extremely dissatisfied Extremely dissatisfied
in general than with their current job. Overall, career 3.6% 3.4%
satisfaction does not vary significantly by industry. Moderately dissatisfied Moderately dissatisfied
However, current job satisfaction is significantly lower 9.1% 6.9%
Slightly dissatisfied
for developers working in financial services and IT. Slightly dissatisfied
10.2% 8.6%
Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied
7.2% 8.3%
Slightly satisfied Slightly satisfied
14.5% 17.6%
Moderately satisfied Moderately satisfied
37.5% 36.5%
Extremely satisfied Extremely satisfied
18% 18.7%
Five-Year Plan What Developers Want to be Doing in Five Years

This year, we asked developers what they hope to be
Working in a different or more specialized technical role than the one I’m in now
doing in five years time. Developers’ career goals are 33.9%
largely focused on technical work, with just over half Working as a founder or co-founder of my own company
of respondents saying they want to be in the same 25.7%
or a different technical role in the future. About a Doing the same work
quarter of developers say they want to start their 19.4%
Working as an engineering manager or other functional manager
own company.
9.9%
Working as a product manager or project manager
6.6%
Working in a career completely unrelated to software development
2.8%
Retirement
1.7%
Job-Seeking Status
I’m not actively I am not interested in I am actively
While a full three-quarters of developers are interested 59.8% looking, but I am open 24.3% new job opportunities 15.9% looking for a job
in hearing about new job opportunities, only 16% are to new opportunities
actively looking.
9
Landscape 2018
WORK
Of the 16% of professional developers who are actively Developers Who Are Actively Looking for a Job
looking for a job, those who work at the C-level or as
Engineering Managers are looking for work the least. Educator or academic researcher QA or test developer
Mobile Developers and Game/Graphics Developers are 18.5% 15.3%
looking for work at higher proportions. Mobile developer Full-stack developer
18.1% 15.2%
Data scientist or machine learning specialist Embedded applications or devices developer

18% 14.8%
Data or business analyst System administrator

17.9% 14.5%
Game or graphics developer Desktop or enterprise applications developer

17.9% 14.4%
Designer Engineering manager

17.7% 13.6%
Front-end developer DevOps specialist

16% 13.5%
Database administrator Product manager

15.6% 13%
Back-end developer C-suite executive (CEO, CTO, etc.)

15.4% 12%
Last Job
Less than Between 1 and 2 Between 2 and 4
Frequent job changes for developers are the 34.6% a year ago 22% years ago 18.8% years ago
norm—about half of developers have taken a
new job within the past two years.
More than 4 I’ve never

18.9% years ago 5.8% had a job
10
Landscape 2018
WORK
What’s Important in a New Job How Developers Assess Highest Lowest What Men What Women What Non-Binary
Priority Priority Look For Look For Developers Look For
Potential Jobs
Developers assess potential jobs differently than their
counterparts. Overall, their top priorities in a new job The compensation and benefits offered 18.3% 2.8% 19% 14.1% 14.6%
are the compensation and benefits offered, followed
by the specific technologies that they’ll work with. The languages, frameworks, and other technologies I’d be working with 17.3% 3.2% 17.6% 16.4% 15.9%
We looked into this criteria further by gender. We Opportunities for professional development 16% 2.6% 15.7% 16.8% 10.7%
found that developers who are not men rank the
The office environment or company culture 13.6% 3% 13.5% 16.9% 22.5%
company’s culture and office environment as their
highest concern when assessing a new job. If you’re The opportunity to work from home/remotely 10.3% 12.5% 10.3% 10.2% 11.9%
looking to diversify your workforce, be sure to keep
this in mind. The industry that I’d be working in 7.4% 13.7% 7.3% 7.3% 9.3%
How widely used or impactful the product or service I’d be working on is 6.5% 9.2% 6.6% 5.4% 7%
The specific department or team I’d be working on 5.5% 8.6% 5.5% 5.9% 6.4%
The financial performance or funding status of the company or organization 3.4% 14.1% 3.3% 2.6% 1.8%
The diversity of the company or organization 1.6% 30.4% 1.3% 4.3% 13.9%
How to Contact Developers Email to

63.9% my private 13.7% Telephone call Message on
We asked developers how they would prefer to 10.9%
address a job site
be contacted about a job that is a good fit, and
by far they choose an email to their personal
address as their top option. An email to their
work address is ranked lowest.
Email to my Message on a
7.2% 4.3%
work address social media site
11
Landscape 2018
WORK
What Benefits are Important What Developers Value in Benefits What Developers Value in Benefits
and Compensation - Highest Priority and Compensation - Lowest Priority
When developers are assesing a potential job, they
care most about their salary and/or bonuses. They care
Salary and/or bonuses Childcare benefit
less about things like fitness benefits and company- 70.2% 21.7%
provided meals. Health insurance Parental leave
8.6% 14.1%
Computer/office equipment allowance Company-provided meals or snacks
4.7% 12.3%
Conference or education budget Fitness or wellness benefit (ex. gym membership, nutritionist)
3.6% 11.1%
Stock options or shares Stock options or shares
3.2% 10.3%
Retirement or pension savings matching Transportation benefit (ex. company-provided transportation, public transit allowance)
2.1% 9.5%
Parental leave Retirement or pension savings matching
2% 6.5%
Fitness or wellness benefit (ex. gym membership, nutritionist) Conference or education budget
1.5% 5%
Transportation benefit (ex. company-provided transportation, public transit allowance) Computer/office equipment allowance
1.5% 4.8%
Company-provided meals or snacks Health insurance
1.4% 4%
Childcare benefit Salary and/or bonuses
1.1% 0.7%
What to Say When An estimate of the compensation range

21.7%
Recruiting Developers Details on the company I’d be working for
21%
When we asked developers to rank what they most want Specifics of why they think I’d be a good fit for the role (ex. my prior work history, projects on GitHub)
to see in an email from a company about a prospective 19.9%
job, the top choices are specific details about Details of which technologies I’d be working with
19.7%
technologies used at the job and a salary estimate.
Details on the specific department I’d be working for or product I’d be working on
8.2%
Information on the company’s hiring process
6%
Details on the company’s product development process
3.4%
12
Landscape 2018
WORK
The Job Search Process Words Used to Describe Words Used to Describe
the Annoying Part of Job Searching the Exhausting Part of Job Searching
We asked developers what they found annoying,
exhausting, interesting, and exciting about the job interview
process of searching for a new job in separate free 19.8% 18.5%
response questions. Respondents talked about the interview job
13.3% 17.8%
new opportunities, technologies, and people that
recruiter company
a new job can offer, but expressed frustration with 12.3% 10.4%
broken processes around interviews and recruiting. company finding
9.8% 10%
time recruiter
6.6% 7%
finding time
5% 4.8%
salary waiting
4.3% 4.6%
getting getting
4.2% 3.9%
process application
3.5% 3.8%
information good
3.4% 3.7%
application letter
3.3% 3.4%
employer process
3.2% 3.3%
lack work
3.2% 3.1%
experience resume
3.1% 3.1%
work find
3.1% 3.1%
resume right
2.9% 3%
response writing
2.9% 2.9%
waiting searching
2.9% 2.8%
offer fit
2.7% 2.8%
people interviewing
2.7% 2.8%
13
Landscape 2018
WORK
Words Used to Describe Words Used to Describe

the Interesting Part of Job Searching the Exciting Part of Job Searching
new new
32.7% 42%
company opportunity
18% 16.7%
opportunity company
12.8% 9.8%
people people
9.5% 8.9%
technology job
9.4% 8.6%
seeing interview
8.7% 7.6%
learning technology
8.2% 6.6%
job getting
7.9% 6.4%
interview work
7.8% 5.9%
finding finding
6.3% 5.8%
different learning
5.8% 5.4%
work meeting
5.4% 4.5%
know know
5% 3.4%
getting seeing
4.7% 3.4%
meeting salary
4.6% 3.1%
interesting thing
3.9% 3.1%
get challenge
2.8% 2.9%
working working
2.8% 2.9%
market different
2.7% 2.8%
thing something
2.7% 2.8%
14
Landscape 2018
WORK
Salary Engineering manager

$ 89,000
Salary and Experience by Developer Type
Across the globe, Engineering Managers, DevOps
DevOps specialist
$90,000
Specialists, and Data Scientists command the $ 72,000
highest salaries.
Data scientist or machine learning specialist Engineering manager
$ 60,000
Naturally, developers with more years of
experience are paid more—but we also see that Data or business analyst
$80,000
some type of coding work is paid more highly at $ 59,000
the same level of experience. Data Scientists and Embedded applications or devices developer
DevOps Specialists are high earners for their level $ 59,000
DevOps specialist
of experience.
$70,000
Full-stack developer
Median salary (USD)

CTO/CEO/etc
$ 59,000
Desktop or enterprise applications developer

$ 57,000 Product manager
$60,000
Back-end developer Data scientist
Full-stack developer Embedded/devices developer
$ 56,000
Data or business analyst
Back-end developer Desktop or enterprise applications developer
System administrator
$ 56,000 QA or test developer System administrator
Front-end developer Database administrator
$50,000
QA or test developer
$ 55,000 Designer
Database administrator Educator or academic researcher

$ 51,000
Mobile developer
$40,000
Front-end developer Game or graphics developer
$ 51,000
6 7 8 9 10 11
Designer
$ 46,000 Average years of professional programming experience
Educator or academic researcher

$ 44,000 Number of respondents
Mobile developer 10,000 20,000
$ 43,000
Game or graphics developer

$ 40,000
15
Landscape 2018
WORK
Developers using languages that appear above the yellow Salary and Experience by Programming Language
line in this chart, such as Go, Clojure, and F#, are being paid
more even given how much experience they have. Developers
using languages below the blue line, like PHP and Visual
Basic 6, however, are paid less even given years of experience.
Clojure
The size of the circles in this chart represents how many
developers are using that language compared to the others. $80,000 F#
Go
Hack Groovy
Scala
Erlang
Rust Perl
Ruby
Ocami
$70,000 CoffeeScript
Median salary (USD)

Bash/Shell
Julia
TypeScript Objective-C
R
Python
Lua Cobol
C#
$60,000 Swift
Haskell JavaScript SQL
VBA
Kotlin
CSS HTML
C++ VB.NET
Java
$50,000 Delphi/Object Pascal
C
Visual Basic 6
Assembly
Matlab
PHP
6 8 10 12
Average years of professional programming experience
Number of respondents
10,000 20,000 30,000
Footnote
See our Methodology section for information on how we converted local
currencies used by respondents to U.S. dollars
16
Landscape 2018
WORK
Coding as a Hobby How Many Developers How Many Developers

Code Outside of Work Contribute to Open Source
Lots of developers code outside of work—in fact, over
80% of respondents said that they code as a hobby.
Additionally, 56% of respondents said that they

contribute to open source projects.
Yes No Yes No
80.8% 19.2% 56.4% 43.6%
Connection & Competition

We asked respondents how much they agree or disagree
with several statements about their place in the
developer community. Overall, 70% of developers agree
3.6 5 2.7 5 2.2 5
or strongly agree that they feel a sense of connection I feel a sense of kinship or I think of myself as I’m not as good at programming
with other developers. Developers are overall confident connection to other developers competing with my peers as most of my peers
about their own skills compared to their peers, with only
18% agreeing or strongly agreeing that they are not as
good at programming as their colleagues.
Committing Code
Multiple times A few times
The majority of developers check in code multiple 62.4% 18.5% 9.2% Once a day
per day per week
times per day, and professional developers are less
likely to check in code “never” or “rarely”.
Weekly or Less than once

6.2% 2.7% 1.1% Never
a few times per month
per month
17
Landscape 2018
WORK
Developers’ feelings on how much they belong and how they Years of Experience and Feelings of Belonging
stack up to their peers change with how much experience
they have. More experienced developers feel more connected,
more confident, and less competitive. Notice that feeling
less skilled drops quickly with experience, while feeling less
competitive drops more gradually and continues to drop into 80%
the second decade of coding experience.
60%
% who agree or strongly agree

40%
20%
0%
0 10 20 30
Years of coding experience
I feel a sense of kinship or connection to other developers
I think of myself as competing with my peers
I am not as good at programming as most of my peers
18
Landscape 2018
TECHNOLOGY Most Popular Programming Scripting and Markup Languages

JavaScript C# Assembly Kotlin
69.8% 34.4% 7.4% 4.5%
HTML PHP Go Scala

68.5% 30.7% 7.1% 4.4%
Programming Languages CSS C++ Objective-C Groovy
65.1% 25.4% 7% 4.3%
For the sixth year in a row, JavaScript is the most commonly used
programming language. Python continues to rise in the ranks, surpassing SQL C VB.NET Perl
C# this year, much like it surpassed PHP last year. As a result, Python has 57% 23% 6.7% 4.2%
a solid claim to being the fastest-growing major programming language. Java TypeScript R
45.3% 17.4% 6.1%
We see close alignment in the technology choices of professional
Bash/Shell Ruby Matlab
developers and the developer population overall.
39.8% 10.1% 5.8%
For the third year in a row, Rust is the most loved programming language Python Swift VBA
among our respondents, followed close behind by Kotlin, a language we 38.8% 8.1% 4.9%
asked about for the first time on our survey this year. This means that
proportionally, more developers want to continue working with these
than other languages.
Most Loved Programming Scripting and Markup Languages
Rust C# CSS C++
78.9% 60.4% 55.1% 46.7%
Kotlin F# Haskell Hack

75.1% 59.6% 53.6% 42.1%
Python Clojure Julia PHP

68% 59.6% 52.8% 41.6%
TypeScript Bash/Shell Java Ocaml

67% 59.1% 50.7% 41.5%
Go Scala R
65.6% 58.5% 49.4%
Swift SQL Ruby

65.1% 57.5% 47.4%
JavaScript HTML Erlang

61.9% 55.7% 47.2%
19
Landscape 2018
TECHNOLOGY
Also for the third year in a row, Visual Basic 6 ranks as the most Most Dreaded Programming Scripting and Markup Languages
dreaded programming language. “Most dreaded” means that a high
percentage of developers who are currently using the technology Visual Basic 6 Perl PHP Julia
express no interest in continuing to do so. 89.9% 71.3% 58.4% 47.2%
Cobol Objective-C Hack Haskell

Python is the most wanted language for the second year in a row, 84.1% 70.3% 57.9% 46.4%
meaning that it is the language that developers who do not yet use
it most often say they want to learn. CoffeeScript Lua C++ CSS
82.7% 68.2% 53.3% 44.9%
VB.NET Groovy Erlang HTML

80.9% 66.4% 52.8% 44.3%
VBA Delphi/Object Pascal Ruby

80% 65.1% 52.6%
Matlab C R
77.4% 62.6% 50.6%
Assembly Ocaml Java

71.4% 58.5% 49.3%
Most Wanted Programming Scripting and Markup Languages

Python Rust C Assembly
25.1% 8.3% 5.9% 3.4%
JavaScript C# Ruby Erlang

19% 8% 5.7% 3%
Go Swift Scala Clojure

16.2% 7.7% 5.6% 2.7%
Kotlin HTML Haskell Objective-C

12.4% 7.6% 5.3% 2.6%
TypeScript CSS Bash/Shell

11.9% 7.6% 4.9%
Java SQL PHP

10.5% 6.8% 4.1%
C++ R F#
10.2% 6.3% 4%
20
Landscape 2018
TECHNOLOGY
Database Environments Most Popular Databases

Much like last year, MySQL and SQL Server are the most commonly MySQL MariaDB Cassandra
used databases. 58.7% 13.4% 3.7%
SQL Server Oracle IBM Db2

For the second year in a row, Redis is the most loved database, 41.2% 11.1% 2.5%
meaning that proportionally more developers wanted to continue
working with it than any other database. IBM’s Db2 offering ranks PostgreSQL Microsoft Azure (Tables, CosmosDB, SQL, etc) Neo4j
32.9% 7.9% 2.4%
as the most dreaded database, and for the second year in a row,
MongoDB is the most wanted database. MongoDB Google Cloud Storage Amazon Redshift
25.9% 5.5% 2.2%
SQLite Memcached Apache Hive

19.7% 5.5% 2.2%
Redis Amazon DynamoDB Google BigQuery

18% 5.2% 2.1%
Elasticsearch Amazon RDS/Aurora Apache HBase

14.1% 5.1% 1.7%
Most Loved Databases
Redis MariaDB Cassandra

64.5% 53.3% 46.4%
PostgreSQL Google BigQuery Apache Hive

62% 52.4% 46.2%
Elasticsearch SQL Server Amazon Redshift

59.9% 51.6% 44.8%
Amazon RDS/Aurora Amazon DynamoDB Apache HBase

58.8% 50.9% 43.6%
Microsoft Azure (Tables, CosmosDB, SQL, etc) Neo4j Memcached

56.7% 49.7% 42.2%
Google Cloud Storage MySQL Oracle

56.5% 48.7% 36.9%
MongoDB SQLite IBM Db2

55.1% 48.1% 21.8%
21
Landscape 2018
TECHNOLOGY
Most Dreaded Databases

IBM Db2 SQLite MongoDB
78.2% 51.9% 44.9%
Oracle MySQL Google Cloud Storage

63.1% 51.3% 43.5%
Memcached Neo4j Microsoft Azure (Tables, CosmosDB, SQL, etc)

57.8% 50.3% 43.3%
Apache HBase Amazon DynamoDB Amazon RDS/Aurora

56.4% 49.1% 41.2%
Amazon Redshift SQL Server Elasticsearch
Redis
55.2% 48.4% 40.1%
Apache Hive Google BigQuery PostgreSQL

53.8% 47.6% 38%
Cassandra MariaDB Redis

most loved 53.6% 46.7% 35.5%
database
Most Wanted Databases
MongoDB Cassandra Amazon Redshift
18.6% 6.1% 3.3%
Elasticsearch Amazon DynamoDB SQLite

12.2% 5.7% 3.3%
PostgreSQL Google BigQuery Memcached

11.4% 5.6% 2.7%
Redis SQL Server Apache Hive

9.7% 4.2% 2.6%
MySQL Neo4j Apache HBase

7.5% 3.9% 2.4%
Microsoft Azure (Tables, CosmosDB, SQL, etc) Amazon RDS/Aurora Oracle

7.3% 3.5% 2.3%
Google Cloud Storage MariaDB IBM Db2

7.3% 3.4% 0.7%
22
Landscape 2018
TECHNOLOGY
Platforms Most Popular Platforms

Linux and Windows Desktop or Server are the most common choices Linux iOS Drupal IBM Cloud or Watson
that our respondents say they have done development work for this year. 48.3% 15.5% 3% 1.4%
Windows Desktop or Server Firebase Amazon Echo Google Home

Linux is once again the most loved platform for development, with 35.4% 14.5% 2.9% 1.4%
serverless infrastructure also loved this year. SharePoint is the most
Android Azure Windows Phone Gaming console
dreaded development platform for the second year in a row, and many
29% 11% 2.7% 1.3%
developers say they want to start developing for the Android platform
and the Raspberry Pi. AWS Arduino SharePoint Mainframe
24.1% 10.6% 2.7% 0.8%
Mac OS Heroku ESP8266

17.9% 10.5% 2.2%
Raspberry Pi Google Cloud Platform/App Engine Salesforce

15.9% 8% 2.2%
WordPress Serverless Apple Watch or Apple TV

15.9% 4.5% 1.9%
Most Loved Platforms

Linux Mac OS Arduino Windows Phone
76.5% 63.9% 58.1% 31.2%
Serverless Firebase Google Home Mainframe

75.2% 63.8% 57.6% 31.1%
AWS Android Amazon Echo Salesforce

68.6% 63.8% 53.2% 30.3%
Raspberry Pi Google Cloud Platform/App Engine Heroku Drupal

67.7% 62.5% 52.2% 29.6%
ESP8266 Gaming console IBM Cloud or Watson

67.4% 61.3% 43.7%
iOS Windows Desktop or Server Predix

64.6% 61.2% 39.1%
Apple Watch or Apple TV Azure WordPress

64% 61% 36.8%
23
Landscape 2018
TECHNOLOGY
Most Dreaded Platforms

SharePoint IBM Cloud or Watson Gaming console ESP8266
71.8% 56.3% 38.7% 32.6%
Drupal Heroku Google Cloud Platform/App Engine Raspberry Pi

70.4% 47.8% 37.5% 32.3%
Salesforce Amazon Echo Android AWS

69.7% 46.8% 36.2% 31.4%
Mainframe Google Home Firebase Serverless

68.9% 42.4% 36.2% 24.8%
Linux Windows Phone

68.8%
Arduino
41.9%
Mac OS
36.1%
WordPress Azure Apple Watch or Apple TV
most loved 63.2% 39% 36%
platform for Predix

60.9%
Windows Desktop or Server
38.8%
iOS
35.4%
development
Most Wanted Platforms
Android Arduino Apple Watch or Apple TV Salesforce

16% 7.7% 3.3% 1.1%
Raspberry Pi Mac OS Heroku Drupal

13.1% 6.6% 3.2% 0.9%
AWS Azure Windows Desktop or Server SharePoint

12% 6.4% 2.7% 0.7%
Linux Amazon Echo IBM Cloud or Watson Mainframe

10.9% 6.3% 2.3% 0.6%
iOS Serverless WordPress

9.6% 5.6% 2.3%
Firebase Google Home Windows Phone

8.3% 5.1% 1.2%
Google Cloud Platform/App Engine Gaming console ESP8266

8.2% 4.4% 1.1%
24
Landscape 2018
TECHNOLOGY
Libraries, Frameworks, & Tools Most Popular Libraries, Frameworks, & Tools
Node.js and AngularJS continue to be the most commonly Node.js TensorFlow
used technologies in this category, with React and .NET Core 49.6% 7.8%
also important to many developers. Angular Xamarin
36.9% 7.4%
TensorFlow, one of the fastest growing technologies on
React Spark
Stack Overflow, is most loved by developers, while Cordova
27.8% 4.8%
is most dreaded. React is the framework developers say they
most want to work with if they do not already. .NET Core Hadoop
27.2% 4.7%
Spring Torch/PyTorch
17.6% 1.7%
Django
13%
Cordova
8.5%
Most Loved Libraries, Frameworks, & Tools

TensorFlow Django
73.5% 58.3%
React Angular
69.4% 54.6%
Torch/PyTorch Hadoop
68% 53.9%
Node.js Xamarin
66.4% 49%
.NET Core Cordova

66% 40.4%
Spark
66%
Spring
60%
25
Landscape 2018
TECHNOLOGY
Most Dreaded Libraries, Frameworks, & Tools

Cordova .NET Core
59.6% 34%
Xamarin Node.js
51% 33.6%
Hadoop Torch/PyTorch
46.1% 32%
Angular React
45.4% 30.6%
Django TensorFlow
41.7% 26.5%
Spring
40%
Spark
34%
TensorFlow
Most Wanted Libraries, Frameworks, & Tools
most loved React Xamarin
by developers 21.3% 6.1%
Node.js Spark
20.9% 4.8%
TensorFlow Torch/PyTorch
15.5% 4.5%
Angular Spring
14.3% 3.7%
.NET Core Cordova

9.3% 2.6%
Django
6.7%
Hadoop
6.4%
26
Landscape 2018
TECHNOLOGY
Development Environments Visual Studio Code

34.9%
Android Studio
19.3%
NetBeans
8.2%
Coda
0.6%
Visual Studio Code just edged out Visual Studio as the most popular developer Visual Studio Eclipse IPython / Jupyter Komodo
environment across the board, but there are differences in tool choices by 34.3% 18.9% 7.4% 0.6%
developer type and role. Developers who write code for mobile apps are more
Notepad++ Atom Emacs Zend
likely to choose Android Studio and XCode, the most popular choice by DevOps 34.2% 18% 4.1% 0.4%
and Sysadmins is Vim, and Data Scientists are more likely to work in IPython/
Jupyter, PyCharm, and RStudio. Sublime Text PyCharm RStudio Light Table
28.9% 12% 3.3% 0.2%
Vim XCode RubyMine

25.8% 10.6% 1.6%
IntelliJ PHPStorm TextMate

24.9% 9% 1.1%
Operating Systems
We asked our respondents what operating systems they use for work.
About half said they mainly use Windows, and the remainder were
Windows MacOS Linux-based BSD/Unix
about evenly split between MacOS and Linux. 49.9% 26.7% 23.2% 0.2%
Methodologies Agile
85.4%
Formal standard such as ISO 9001 or IEEE 12207 (aka “waterfall” methodologies)
15.1%
Agile and Scrum are popular methodologies for developers Scrum Lean
62.7% 9.6%
to keep their projects on track.
Kanban Evidence-based software engineering
35.2% 3.5%
Pair programming Mob programming
28.4% 3.3%
Extreme programming (XP) PRINCE2
15.7% 1.5%
27
Landscape 2018
TECHNOLOGY
Version Control Git

87.2%
Copying and pasting files to network shares
7.9%
Git is the dominant choice for version control for developers today, Subversion I don’t use version control
with almost 90% of developers checking in their code via Git. 16.1% 4.8%
Team Foundation Version Control Mercurial

10.9% 3.6%
Zip file back-ups

7.9%
Knowledge-Sharing & Communication Tools

About half of professional developers use Slack,
with Jira coming in as second most used. Slack Jira Office / productivity suite Other wiki tool (Github, Google
51.8% 41.6% (Microsoft Office, Google Suite, etc.) Sites, proprietary software, etc.)
39.3% 31.4%
Confluence Google Hangouts/Chat Other chat system Trello

29.8% 21.7% (IRC, proprietary software, etc.) 17.9%
21.5%
Facebook HipChat Stack Overflow Enterprise

10% 6.2% 3.3%
28
Landscape 2018
TECHNOLOGY
CoffeeScript
Mainframe
Correlated Technologies RubyMine
% of Respondents
Technologies cluster together into related ecosystems that C++ Ruby Cobol
C 20%
tend to be used by the same developers. In this chart we use Delphi/Object Pascal
Google Cloud Storage
a large central cluster for web development (with JavaScript, 40%
HTML, and CSS) connected via SQL to one for Microsoft Assembly
Delphi RStudio 60%
technologies (with C#, Visual Studio, and .NET Core). Along the Google Cloud Platform
Google BigQuery MongoDB
bottom we see a constellation connecting Java, Android, and
iOS across to Linux, bash/shell, and Python. Other smaller Visual Studio Code
R
correlated clusters include Scala/Spark, C/C++, and other
smaller technologies that include language-specific IDEs. React TypeScript
Eclipse Scala
PHPStorm Node.js
Spring Angular Hadoop
Kotlin
JavaScript Apache HBase
IntelliJ CSS Spark
Java
Android Studio WordPress Apache Hive
PHP HTML
Firebase
MariaDB
Android
SQL Raspberry Pi
XCode MySQL
Xamarin Arduino
iOS SQL Server
Swift
Objective-C Azure C#
ESP8266
Apple Watch or Apple TV
Microsoft Azure Visual Studio
Mac OS
.NET Core VB.NET VBA
Vim
Windows Desktop or Server
Linux TensorFlow
Visual Basic 6
Torch/PyTorch Notepad++
Bash/Shell
IPython/Jupyter
Type
Python
Amazon RDS/Aurora Memcached Database
PyCharm
AWS Framework
Redis
Django IDE
Amazon DynamoDB Language
Elasticsearch
Platform
Serverless
PostgreSQL
29
Landscape 2018
ARTIFICIAL What’s Dangerous About AI What’s Exciting About AI
INTELLIGENCE Algorithms making important decisions

28.6%
Increasing automation of jobs
40.8%
Artificial intelligence surpassing human intelligence (“the singularity”) Algorithms making important decisions
What Developers Think About AI 28% 23.5%
Evolving definitions of “fairness” in algorithmic versus human decisions Artificial intelligence surpassing human intelligence (“the singularity”)
More and more developers are involved in the increasing role 23.7% 23.3%
of machine learning and artificial intelligence. When asked
about AI, there is not much consensus among developers about Increasing automation of jobs Evolving definitions of “fairness” in algorithmic versus human decisions
19.8% 12.4%
what is most dangerous—each answer was chosen roughly
equally. The top choice for what is exciting about increasing AI
is that jobs can be automated, with over 80% of developers not
considering this dangerous.
Responsibilities for Considering Who Should Be Responsible for Issues Around AI

Ramifications of AI The developers or the people creating the AI
47.8%
Developers are most likely to think that the creators and
technologists behind the machine learning and AI algorithms A governmental or other regulatory body
27.9%
are the ones who are ultimately most responsible for the
societal issues surrounding artificial intelligence. About a Prominent industry leaders
quarter of respondents think that a regulatory body should 16.6%
be primarily responsible. Nobody
7.7%
The Future of AI How Developers Feel About the Future of AI

Developers are mostly optimistic about the possibilities I’m excited about the possibilities more than worried about the dangers.
72.8%
that artificial intelligence offers our world, with almost
three-quarters of respondents saying that they are overall I’m worried about the dangers more than I’m excited about the possibilities.
more excited than worried about the AI future. 19%
I don’t care about it, or I haven’t thought about it.

8.2%
30
Landscape 2018
STACK OVERFLOW How Often Developers

Visit Stack Overflow
How Developers
Describe Stack Overflow
How developers use and describe the world’s I have never visited Stack Overflow (before today) helpful
18.7%
largest programming community. 0.5%
community
Less than once per month or monthly 12.2%
2% developer
10.2%
A few times per month or weekly
Visits 11.5% people
8.7%
A few times per week question
Developers visit Stack Overflow. A lot. Over half of our 22.4% 7.3%
respondents say they are at least daily visitors. great
Daily or almost daily 7%
32.5%
good
Multiple times per day 6.9%
Participation 31.1% help
6.7%
Developers use Stack Overflow for a variety of reasons. Some answer
programmers visit only to find answers to their questions, while 5.8%
others participate in the community by asking, answering, best
5.8%
voting for, or commenting on questions. Over 42% of developers How Often Developers knowledge
participate on Stack Overflow at least once per week. Participate in Stack Overflow 5.2%
place
4.9%
I have never participated in Q&A on Stack Overflow
17.3% awesome
How to Describe 4.2%
Less than once per month or monthly problem
Using free text responses, we asked developers how 39.2% 3.7%
they would describe Stack Overflow. Developers were sometimes
A few times per month or weekly
overwhelmingly positive about Stack Overflow, focusing 3.5%
22.6%
useful
on the helpful nature of the community.
A few times per week 3.5%
11.7% friendly
3.2%
Daily or almost daily helping
5.9% 3.2%
Multiple times per day can
3.2% 3.1%
learn
2.8%
31
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Stack Overflow Talent 2018 Global Developer Hiring Landscape

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Stack Overflow Talent 2018 Global Developer Hiring Landscape

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2018

In today’s world, nearly every company is making the

• Qualified Responses Worldwide • The Job Search Process

thoughts on artificial intelligence. • Correlated Technologies

• What’s Important in a New Job • Participation

• How to Contact Developers • How to Describe

• What Benefits Are Important

METHODOLOGY Qualified Responses Worldwide

DEMOGRAPHICS Developer Type

EDUCATION Currently Enrolled Highest Level of Education Completed

and non-traditional forms of education. Secondary school

Professional & Student Developers Bachelor’s degree

Computer science, computer engineering, or software engineering

engineering, or software engineering. Additionally, this proportion

Non-Degree Education Non-Traditional Ways to Learn

Ways Developers Learn on Their Own

Bootcamps Bootcamp Success

Hackathons To improve my knowledge

Years Since Learning to Code Years Since Professional

WORK Company Size

Employment Status Information technology

Not employed, and not looking for work

5,000 to 9,999 employees 10,000 or more employees

Five-Year Plan What Developers Want to be Doing in Five Years

Data scientist or machine learning specialist Embedded applications or devices developer

Data or business analyst System administrator

Game or graphics developer Desktop or enterprise applications developer

Designer Engineering manager

Front-end developer DevOps specialist

Database administrator Product manager

Back-end developer C-suite executive (CEO, CTO, etc.)

More than 4 I’ve never

How to Contact Developers Email to

What to Say When An estimate of the compensation range

Words Used to Describe Words Used to Describe

Salary Engineering manager

Median salary (USD)

Desktop or enterprise applications developer

Database administrator Educator or academic researcher

Educator or academic researcher

Game or graphics developer

Median salary (USD)

10,000 20,000 30,000

Coding as a Hobby How Many Developers How Many Developers

Additionally, 56% of respondents said that they

Connection & Competition

Weekly or Less than once

% who agree or strongly agree

I feel a sense of kinship or connection to other developers

I think of myself as competing with my peers

I am not as good at programming as most of my peers

TECHNOLOGY Most Popular Programming Scripting and Markup Languages

HTML PHP Go Scala

Kotlin F# Haskell Hack

Python Clojure Julia PHP

TypeScript Bash/Shell Java Ocaml

Swift SQL Ruby

JavaScript HTML Erlang

Cobol Objective-C Hack Haskell

VB.NET Groovy Erlang HTML

VBA Delphi/Object Pascal Ruby

Assembly Ocaml Java