General Psychology

GENERAL
PSYCHOLOGY
(MODULE)
Chapter 1
NATURE AND SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY
DIAGNOSTIC TEST OF PSYCHOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE
Name: ____________________________________________Score:________________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________Date:_________________
A. Multiple Choices: Choose the best answer. Circle the letter of your choice.
1. Psychology is the study of behavior because it is only aspect that is

___________.
a. actual
b. real
c. observable
d. factual
2. Psychology is a science because it___________.
a. describes behavior
b. identify factors predicting behavior
c. explains and understand behavior
d. all of the above
3. A school of thought in Psychology in which emphasizes on the structure or
composition of consciousness
a. Gestalt
b. Structuralism
c. Functionalism
d. Psychoanalysis
4. A school of thought in Psychology which emphasizes on man’s tendency
towards growth and self-actualization
a. Purposive
b. Behaviorism
c. Neurobiology
d. Humanistic
5. The approach in the study of behavior which focuses on thoughts and mental
processes
a. cognitive
b. dynamic
c. phenomenological
d. behavioral
6. A field of study in Psychology which studies the non0normal aspects of
behavior.
a. social
b. normal
c. developmental
d. clinical
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY (MODULE) Page 2

7. This research method makes use of interview and questionnaire to gather data.
a. observational
b. survey
c. experimental
d. differential
8. Behavior is determined by nature and nurture. Which are these two?
a. heredity and genetics
b. heredity and environment
c. environment and education
d. genetics and learning
9. The process of biological transmission of traits is possible through the
following organic agents.
a. germ cells and chromosomes
b. genes
c. both a and b
d. none of the above
10. A principle of heredity which says that “like begets like”.
a. Principle of Variability
b. General Inheritance Principle
c. Principle of Use and Disuse
d. Principle of Consistency
11. An inborn tendency among human beings referring to our natural style of
interacting with people.
a. intelligence
b. temperament
c. creativity
d. emotions
12. The theory of development emphasizing on the effect of culture on behavbior.
a. Social Theory
b. Psycho-sexual Theory
c. Social Cognition
d. Observational Theory
13. The study of the effects of the general physical environment on behavior and
mental process.
a. Euthenics
b. Environmental Psychology
c. eugenics
d. ecology
14. Maturation refers to the completion of growth and development. This
statement is entirely________.
a. true
b. false
c. unsure
d. vague

15. The direction of development referring to the “head to tail” direction.
a. Proximodistal trend
b. Proximo trend
c. Cephalo trend
d. Cephalo Caudal trend
16. The theory of development which says that people pass though stages in the
evolution of people’s sense of justice and kind of reasoning.
a. Cognitive Development
b. Social Learning
c. Moral Development
d. Psychoanalytic Theory
17. The system which organizes and regulates behavior by carrying messages
throughout the body and which are integrated to build up behavior.
a. integumentary
b. nervous
c. respiratory
d. excretory
18. One basic unit of the nervous system which composes the human brain to
about 12 billion.
a. synapse
b. cell body
c. nerve
d. neuron/nerve cell
19. These are chemicals that travel across synaptic gaps stimulating the next
neuron thereby carrying impulses from one neuron to another.
a. neurotransmitters
b. hormones
c. myelin sheath
d. axons
20. This includes all the nervous system that is not housed in bone. It lies outside
the body case of the skull and vertebral column.
a. central NS
b. peripheral NS
c. autonomic NS
d. somatic NS
21. The two subsystems or subdivisions of the Autonomic NS responsible for
antagonistic actions.
a. afferent and efferent neurons
b. sympathetic and parasympathetic
c. interneuron and association neurons
d. brain stem and spinal cord
22. The central NS is composed of the following main organs:
a. brain and spinal cord
b. brain stem and spinal cord
c. spinal cord and vertebral column
d. spinal cord, brain, brain stem

23. The relay center of the brain which controls sensory and visceral activity. It
also controls sleep and wakefulness as part of the reticular system
a. hypothalamus
b. thalamus
c. spinal cord
d. brain stem
24. The two halves of the brain which are often referred as the right and the left
brains.
a. cerebral cortex
b. cerebrum
c. cerebral hemispheres
d. cerebellum
25. The mesencephalon lies between the hindbrain and forebrain. It receives
information from the eyes, ears, and skin. It is also called ___________.
a. limbic system
b. substantial nigra
c. medulla oblongata
d. midbrain
26. One major system in the body which is divided into two: the exocrine and
endocrine systems.
a. glandular
b. integumentary
c. respiratory
d. circulatory
27. The ductless glands, so-called, because they don’t have ducts, canal, or tubes
where their secretions pass through.
a. exocrine glands
b. endocrine glands
c. sweat glands
d. salivary glands
28. The secretions of the glands and which activate target organs by passing
through the bloodstream
a. hormones
b. neurotransmitters
c. drugs
d. DNA
29. The “master gland” because it controls or regulates other glands
a. parathyroid
b. adrenal
c. pituitary
d. thyroid

30. Diabetes Mellitus is a condition resulting from an undersecretion of
_____________.
a. glucagon
b. parathormone
c. thyroxin
d. insulin
31. When there is an oversecretion of estrogen, a woman tends to be highly erotic.
She most likely suffers from a condition calles___________
a. nymphomania
b. sex mania
c. hypogonadism
d. sexual dysfunction
32. A principle in sensation and perception which says that there are certain
features of stimuli that lead people to group them together into a coherent and
meaningful one.
a. Principle of Figure and Group
b. Principle of Grouping
c. Perceptual Constancy
d. Depth Perception
33. An attribute of sensation referring to the different categories of sensation
according to the difference in the experience themselves: pain differs from
sound; colors are different from taste.
a. quality
b. intensity
c. modality
d. reaction time
34. The sense which is more oftentimes used as compared to the others.
a. tactile
b. olfactory
c. 6th sense
d. visual
35. When we look at reality with a distorted perception we fall into a false belief
in the understanding of reality. This is called______.
a. illusion
b. hallucination
c. delusion
d. psychosis
36. The eyes are powerful because they can perceive_______ colors/hues.
a. 1 million
b. 7 million
c. 2 million
d. 3 million

37. The sense organs possess receptions that transducer the energy into neural
impulse. This statement is entirely_____________.
a. unverifiable
b. vague
c. true
d. false
38. The “Iceberg Principle” explains the levels of consciousness. These are the
conscious, preconscious, unconscious, non conscious and _________.
a. unsubconscious
b. subconscious
c. non-subconscious
d. pre-subconscious
39. Sleep is not entirely unconscious state. This statement is _________.
a. false
b. unclear
c. lacks data
d. true
40. NON-REM sleep is needed because we need to rest and be energized. What
theory says this?
a. Restorative theory
b. Hygiene theory
c. Rapid Eye Movement Theory
d. Sleep theory
41. The Psychologist who said that dreams are more than “wish-fulfillment”.
a. Ericson
b. Freud
c. Fromm
d. Crick
42. This was derived from Anton Mesmer’s Work referring to a state
characterized by reduced planning and fantasy.
a. mesmerization
b. editation
c. hypnosis
d. yoga
43. The oldest and most widely used drug in the world.
a. marijuana
b. alcohol
c. shabu
d. opium
44. This refers to an individual’s unique judgment to his environment.
a. character
b. trait
c. mood
d. personality

45. Freud proposed a structure of personality which is composed of the following:
a. id, ego, superego
b. character, mood, temperament
c. libido, psyche, hypnos
46. Other approaches in the understanding of personality include the following:
a. dispositional
b. behavioral
c. phenomenological
d. all of the above
47. This refers to our ability to get by many barriers in life and extend our
patience.
a. frustration tolerance
b. conflict management
c. stress management
48. A type of conflict which is the most difficult to overcome.
a. approach-approach
b. approach-avoidance
c. double approach-avoidance
d. avoidance-avoidance
49. There are used by people to protect one’s self-steem and excessive anxiety.
a. compromise reaction
b. defense mechanism
c. withdrawal reactions
d. aggressive reaction
50. One of the compromise reactions where logical reasons are given to excuse
oneself for a particular behavior.
a. rationalization
b. projection
c. reaction formation
d. sublimation

UNIT 1.1 DEFINITION AND IMPORTANCE OF PSYCHOLOGY
Objectives:
1. To define Psychology in one’s own terms
2. To list down at least 5 important use of
Psychology
3. To name the objectives of Psychology
Prepare
Hearts
Set your Minds
and be excited
to Learn.
What is psychology? If you were to ask people around, some of their answer
would include the following:
1. Psychology is all about finding happiness. It teaches you how to go through
life.
2. Psychology will make one rich. It teaches people to use their intelligence and
a mass wealth.
3. Psychology will make me a beautiful person. It teaches people how to
enhance their physical appearance.
4. Psychology is all about looking at how people survive amidst their trials in
life. It teaches us how to cope with problems.
These are all popular answers people may have read from self-help magazines. In
a way, they may be true, but Psychology is more that. We shall look at the origin of the
word, its meanings, and other concepts.

ETYMOLOGICAL DEFINITION
1. The word “psychology” came from the Greek words literally translated as science,
study, or even discourse (logos) of the “mind” or “soul” (psyche). However, many
psychologists are not keen on this definition it is very difficult to come up with an
objective definition and quantification.
WORKING DEFINITION OF PSYCHOLOGY
1. Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes and how
they are affected by the organism’s physical state, mental state, and external
environment (Wade & Tavris, 2000). It is the science that seeks to understand
measure, explain, and when necessary, change the behavior of man and other
animals. This means that psychologists use the methods of science to investigate
all kinds of behavior from the activity of a single nerve cell to the conflicts in a
complex society, and from the development of language in childhood to
adjustments required in old age.
Behavior is the only aspect of a person that is observable. We can and do
make fairly trustworthy inferences about events going on within a person-his
“thought,” his “feeling”. But we always make these inferences from the way a
person behaves.
2. Table 1: Characteristics of behavior
Characteristics Description Examples

of behavior
OVERT Directly seen/observed Ways of talking, body
languages, traits
COVERT Indirectly seen/observed Mental processes
CONSCIOUS On the level of awareness, those Normal waking consciousness -

that we are aware of from everything that we are conscious
moment to moment about
UNCONSCIOUS Outside of a person’s awareness Reservoir of feelings, thoughts,
but nevertheless can be conscious urges, and memories that are
about outside of our conscious
awareness

SIMPLE Lower functions of the brain Level of reflexes
COMPLEX Requires the higher functions of Analytical point of view like

the brain problem-solving
RATIONAL Sane, normal Accepted ways of behaving
IRRATIONAL Insane, abnormal, strange Weird, crazy behaviors
VOLUNTARY Brings about voluntary muscle Walking, running, going to the

activity; under the control of the market, body positions
Somatic Nervous System; those
that we can control
INVOLUNTARY Relates to the study neurobiology; Activities of the internal organs,
under the control of the i.e. peristalsis, flow of blood in
Automatic Nervous System; those veins, pumping of oxygenated
that we can control blood
HUMAN Rational Going to school, Caring for
fellowmen
ANIMAL Instinctive behaviors Instincts, reflexes
3. THE IMPORTANCE OF PSYCHOLOGY
a. Psychology touches all aspects of our lives. As society becomes more complex,
psychology has assumed an increasingly important role in describing human
behavior. Psychologists are concerned with an increasing variety of problems-
from broad concerns like child-rearing practices, alienation and aggression, to
specific concerns like how to break a drug habit, stress and the immune system,
the ability of males to care for infants, and the like.
b. Learning can be viewed as one purpose of life and self-knowledge can be

considered as an element of learning. We may never be get a better fully
understand ourselves through self-reflection, however, we can get a better
understanding of the causes of our behaviors by learning about Psychology. In
addition, we can also learn about others. For example, we can learn about other
people’s personality traits.
4. OBJECTIVES OF PSYCHOLOGY
a. To DESCRIBE behavior – By describing behavior, psychologists can share a

particular phenomenon accurately with other scientists. As a science, its subject

matter includes the precise description of behavioral processes that are observable
such as gesture, speech, and psychological changes and processes
b. To identify factors that help PREDICT behavior – Psychologists predict

behavior based on observed cause-effect relation of factors. They also use tests
and correlation technique (a mathematical expression) for the fact that certain
variables give rise to particular results.
c. To UNDERSTAND and EXPLAIN behavior – This is interpreting why

particular causes bring about certain effects. Understanding involves assembling
the known facts about behavior, gaining insights into the relationships among
observable behaviors, and deriving principles and models that will explain
behavior.
d. CONTROL of CHANGE behavior – Control of behavior goes hand in hand

with prediction. In general, we can predict the occurrence of a phenomenon
because certain conditions exist, then we prevent (or control) its occurrence by
changing the conditions. Conversely, if we predict the occurrence of a behavior
because certain conditions exist, then we can produce the behavior by creating the
necessary conditions.
Conceived broadly, psychology therefore seeks to discover the general laws which
describe and explain the behavior of living organisms. It attempts to identify, describe,
classify and even predict and control the several types of activities of which the
organism, human or animal, is capable of.
5. SOME MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT PSYCHOLOGY
a. Psychology is not a mysterious nor superhuman way of reading others’ feelings

and thoughts. It is a hardworking science, which explores area of human behavior
using rigid methods of scientific inquiry.
b. Psychology is more that “common sense”. These are assumptions which exist
about human behavior, but a psychologist would always go through the process of
verifying these assumptions before assuming them as facts.
c. Psychology does not belong to the category of a “pseudo science” like palmistry,
astrology, numerology, and psychiognomy. It is strictly a scientific discipline and
a psychologist must assume a scientific attitude of OBJECTIVITY, i.e., making
unbiased conclusions, open-mindedness and the “ability to see things as they are
not as one wants them to be.”

UNIT 1.2 PSYCHOLOGY AND THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Objectives:
1. To identify the steps of the scientific method of
research
2. to come up with their own action research
A. SCIENCE AND ITS REQUIREMENTS:
1. VERIFIABLE DATA – data obtained under conditions such that other

qualified people can repeat the observation and obtain the same results. This task
calls for orderliness and precision in investigating relationships and in
communicating them to others. The scientific ideal is not always achieved, but as
a science becomes better established, it rests on an increasing number of
relationships that are not taken for granted because they have been validated so
often.
2. SYSTEMATIC BODY OF KNOWLEDGE – These are information

held together and made meaningful through common principles and laws.
Through a SET OF BELIEFS, science is not based upon uncontrolled
conditions, intuition, guesses, and superstition.
3. SCIENTIFIC METHOD – The difference between scientific psychology

and “popular psychology” is the difference between knowledge gained through a
systematic, step-by-step process and knowledge gained haphazardly. It studies
and analyzes behavior according to rules and procedures which require gradually
moving from the simplest aspects of the behavior to the more complex
(INDUCTIVE METHOD) using the following basic steps:
a. Selecting a relevant PROBLEM or raising a useful question.
b. Putting forth HYPOTHESIS as scientific guesses posing solutions to the
problem.
c. Selecting a RESEARCH METHODOLOGY to acquire a series of
SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATIONS in order to obtain the necessary data.
d. ORGANIZING AND INTERPRETING THE FACTS in order to solve the
problem, answer questions, brings up important new problems.
e. Making GENERALIZATIONS and CONCLUSIONS, with a review and
comparison of hypotheses and data.
f. PUBLICATION OF FINDINGS for information, feedback, and critique.

B. METHOD OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH
1. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD – This is the method of systematic
observation whereby a set of conditions are manipulated in order to determine
their effect on behavior. This procedure, called the control of relevant variables
involves the following:
a. VARIABLE – Something that can occur with different values:

(1) Experimental or Independent Variable – One of the many conditions
affecting a phenomenon which is changed or manipulated.
(2) Dependent Variable – The measured effect of the changed condition
(experimental or independent variable) that could have possible affected
the activity of the individual phenomenon under study. When a change in
the reaction of the individual occurs, these results can then be solely
attributed to the influence of the experimental variables.
(3) Control or Extraneous Variables – All other variables that are kept
constant or under control.
b. ADVANTAGES:
(1) The DEGREE OF CONTROL possible in the laboratory makes a
laboratory experiment the preferred method when it is appropriate.
Precision instruments are usually necessary to control the presentation of
stimuli and to obtain exact measures of behavior.
(2) REPEATABILITY is an important aspect of the experimental method.
An experimental research that can be performed innumerable times by
different people makes it possible for others to check out the results and
reduces the possibility of bias on the part of any single experimenter.
2. DIFFERENTIAL METHOD – In cases where the experimental method

cannot be used by the researcher for some reasons ( ethical or situational), he
has to make use of the existing differences between two types groups under
study:
a. CONTROL GROUP is the group of subjects who, other factors being
kept as equal as possible, are not exposed to the experimental variable. Their
performance in the field under study is measured.
b. EXPERIMENTAL GROUP is the group of subjects who, in addition to
the factors present in the control group, are exposed to the experimental
variable and whose performance will therefore reflect the influence, if any, of
that variable.
EXAMPLES: We want to know if left-handedness causes a quicker reaction

time. The reaction time is measured among a left-handed group of people.
Afterwards, the same procedure is applied on a group of subjects who are very
similar to the first group in as far as sex, education, profession, etc. are concerned,
with the outstanding difference that subjects of this control group are right-

handed. The eventual difference in degree of quickness in reaction time has then
to be placed on the account of the experimental variable (left-handedness).
Table 2: Differences between the Experimental Method and the Differential Method
Experimental Method Differential Method

 The researcher manipulates the  The researcher makes use of the
variables experimental existing differences.
 The SAME subjects are brought in  DIFFERENT SUBJECTS are in the
different experimental situations. control and experimental groups.
 The results are generally more  The results are more subject to
reliable and accurate since better uncontrollable conditions/factors.
control of conditions can be
realized.
3. Observational Method – In the early stages of research on a given topic,

laboratory experiments may be premature and progress can be best made by
simple observing the phenomenon of interest as it occur naturally. Observations
can be undertaken using two basic techniques.
a. NATURAL OBSERVATION- This is done when the researcher stays “from
afar” without interacting nor interfering with the subject being observed. As
such, the subjects are observed under natural conditions (e.g. “one-way”).
b. PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION – This is undertaken when the researcher
interacts with the subject being studied, with or without their knowledge that
the observation is taking place.
Some Limitations of the Observational Method:

a. Subject interpretations – In making observations of naturally occurring
behavior however, there is a risk that interpretive anecdotes may be
substituted for objective descriptions. We may be tempted to project our own
biases into the situation being observed. Investigators must be TRAINED to
observe and record accurately to avoid projecting their own wishes or biases
into what they report.
b. Time and situation constraints – The observer also has to wait for what he is
interested in to happen and the researcher may not be prepared when to
observe and record it when it happens.
c. Uncontrolled variables – The observer cannot directly control the conditions
under which the observations take place. This makes the observations less
accurate than that of the experimental or differential methods.
4. Survey Method – Some problems that are too different to study be direct
observation may be studied through the use of survey techniques. These have the
advantage of allowing the study of a large population on pertinent and genuine
problems (e.i., opinions, preferences). The basic types of survey techniques
include:

a. INTERVIEW AND INTERVIEW SCHEDULE – A schedule or list of
questions is a tool used by an interviewer or a group of interviewers from a
carefully designed sample. A sample is a group of respondents that are
representative of the population which the survey intends to study. The skill
required from the interviewer is the ability to establish rapport or trust and the
ability to conduct a directed conversation with the subject.
b. QUESTIONNAIRE – An adequate survey requires a carefully pre-tested
questionnaire to serve as the basics of data-gathering. The questionnaire
would be a list of questions written and distributed to a group of subjects on
particular issues of research interest. These are two basic formats:
(1) STRUCTURED – A ready list of answer is given to the respondents, who
will simply choose from among these answers that which applies to
his/her case. Different forms can be created by the researcher depending
on the needs of the research under consideration.
(2) UNCONSTRUCTED OR OPEN-ENDED – For more articulates
subject, they are given the freedom to elaborate and express openly their
answers to open-ended questions.
5. Psychometric Method Or Test techniques
a. A TEST presents a uniform situation to a wide variety of subjects resulting in
varied test scores. The group of subjects varies in aspects relevant to the
situation, such as intelligence, manual dexterity, anxiety and perceptual skills.
An analysis of results then relates variations in test scores to variations among
people.
b. Different types or tests are used to measure all kinds of abilities interests,
attitudes and accomplishment. They enable psychologist to obtain large
quantities of data from people with minimal disturbance of their daily routines
and without elaborate laboratory equipment. Some basic type include:
(1) INTEREST TEST – measure talents, inclination, preferences
(2) APTITUDE TEST – measures innate abilities as well as preparedness or
readiness.
(3) INTELLIGENCE TEST – measures the general intellectual abilities by
yielding IQ (Intelligence Quotient) scores.
(4) PERSONALITY TEST – measures the unique qualities and tendencies
of a person.
6. Statistical Method – This method is used to describe mathematical data and in
conjunction with testing techniques. Mathematical formulae are used so the
numerical relations between facts may be displayed clearly and freed from too
many errors due to chance factors. The results can shed light on the operation of
cause and effect between variables of behavior.
7. Case Histories
a. A “case” refers to an individual, groups of individuals, or institutions which
are studied because they possess certain characteristics being considered from
investigation by researchers. Case histories or SCIENTIFIC BIOGRAPHIES
are important sources of IN-DEPTH data for the researcher.
b. Techniques:

(1) Most case studies are prepared by reconstructing the biography of a person
on the basis of remembered events and records. This retrospective method
gives us knowledge of the past so as to understand the present. However,
it may result in distortion of events or oversight of important data.
(2) Case histories may also be based on a longitudinal study which follows an
individual or groups of individuals over an extended period of time, with
observations made at periodic intervals. Its advantage is that it does not
depend on the memories of those interviewed at a later date.
RELATION OF PSYCHOLOGY WITH OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES
A. Unity in Diversity
Psychology’s many subfields and approaches have led psychologists to a wide
variety of interests and activities. These activities include conducting research and
applying the results to solve and prevent human problems, as well as teaching and writing
about research finding and psychological knowledge. In spite of the diversity however, at
least two factors unify a psychologist’s varied interests, activities and values.
1. Because they are all interested in behavior and mental processes,

psychologists in every subfield constantly draw and contribute to knowledge
from all other subfields. For example, the biological psychologist’s findings
that chemical imbalance in the brain can produce disordered thinking may
provide clinical psychologists with clues to the cause of certain mental
disorders. Similarity research in developmental psychology may help the
cognitive psychologist better understand how the ability to use language,
solve problems, or think logically is built over time.
2. They all emphasize on empirical research, the collection and analysis on
information about topics of interest. Psychologists not only speculate about
certain phenomena but also gather information or data about it. Even
psychologists who do not conduct research depend heavily on research
discoveries to teach or write knowledgeable, provide up-to-date treatment, and
solve the endless variety of problems they confront every day. Indeed, most of
the facts, theories, and application that make up on today’s psychological
knowledge originated in or were stimulated by research.
B. THE INTERDISCIPLINARY or ECLECTIC APPROACH

“No science stands apart from other sciences”. There is always some overlap,
both in content and method. Psychology draws upon the accumulated knowledge of
several other sciences and conversely is drawn upon them. Psychology, anthropology and
sociology are known as the “behavioral sciences” because they deal primarily with the
behavior of man. Economics, political science, and history constitute the “social
sciences” as they deal with the various aspects of human social life.
1. Psychology and Physiology – Physiological psychology is closely associated
with the biological sciences (physiological, neurology, and biochemistry).
This relationship emphasizes the fact that we cannot talk about behavior as if
it takes place in a vacuum. It is often related to the individual’s biological

make-up, his heredity dispositions, his maturation level, and his bodily
conditions at the moment that he is behaving
2. Psychology and Anthropology – Anthropology is the science that
emphasizes on the origin of man and the manner in which he has developed
his civilization. The naturalistic observations of the anthropologies contribute
much to the understanding of individual behavior, for cultural variables play
important roles in every facet of human behavior. One of the most valuable
lessons anthropology has for psychologists is that there is tremendous
diversity in human behavior of man is largely dictated by the culture which he
lives, and by the interpersonal-relationships within that culture.
3. Psychology and Sociology – Because man is a “social animal” and almost
inevitably lives out his life as member of various social groups, the findings of
sociology are very valuable in understanding behavior. Data in sociological
studies in such areas such as growth and shifts of population, urban and rural
living, voting trends, delinquency and crime contribute to understanding the
behavior of the individual. In using such information, while sociologists focus
primarily on the group.
4. Psychology and History – Both attempts to reconstruct and understand
events of human behavior to clarify the development of man through time.
5. Psychology and ECONOMICS with POLITICAL SCIENCE – Here, we
see the context or background of individual behavior in the larger economic
and political contexts. Practical applications of social psychology are present
in all these areas of human behavior in groups.

Activity 1
Name: ________________________________________________ Score: __________

Course/Year/ Section: ____________________________________ Date: ___________
A. Matching Type: Match column A with column B. Write your answers on the
space provided before each number.
Column A Column B
___ 1. Psyche A. Form Psychology

____2. Structuralism B. Maslow’s Theory
____3. Functionalism C. Greek word
____4. Myths D. Introspective Psychology
____5. Francis Bacon E. Use of Learning
____6. Philosophy F. Freudian Psychology
____7. Psychoanalysis G. Parent field of Psychology
____8. Cognitive Approach H. Father of Social Psychology
____9. Hierarchy of Needs I. Analogies
____10. Gestalt Psychology J. Use of Consciousness
____11. Id K. Psychic energy
____12. Ego L. Highest need
____13. Self-actualization M. Mediator of personality
____14. Variable N. Its value changes
____15. Cultural Psychology O. Indigenous Psychology
B. Enumerative Essay: Read and follow directions.
Name 3 branches/fields/areas of Psychology and briefly describe each.

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C. Matching Type: Match column A with column B. Write your answers
on the space provided before each number.
Column A Column B
___ 1. Psychometric Method A. Archive Method

____2. General Psychology B. Use of standardized tests
____3.Marshmallow Experience C. Self-analysis/report method
____4.Dynamic Psychology D. Animal studies in research
____5.Guidance and Counseling E. Studies cultural traits (Pinoy Psychology)
____6.Indigenous Psychology F. Studies abnormal behavior & mental
____7.Educational Psychology hygiene
____8.Forensic Psychology G. Studies all fields including theories in
____9.Industrial Psychology Psychology
____10.Statistical Method H. Helps students in their adjustment
____11.Clinical Psychology group problems
____12.Introspection I. Studies the individual in the context of
____13.Genetic Psychology J. Use of laboratory in research
____14.Experimental Psychology K. Studies learning and intelligence theories
____15.Comparative Psychology L. Studies motivation
____16. Social Psychology M. Psychology in business and ads
N. Historical Method
O. Psychology in the legal, criminology
profession
P. Life span approach- from prenatal stage
to old age
Q. Use of math in Psychological research
R. Experiment on 6 year old kids
S. Religious Psychology
T. Gestalt Psychology
Enumerative Essay: Read and follow directions.
Identify 4 characteristics of behavior and give an example of each.

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CHAPTER 2
Objectives:
 To stir the curiosity of the students about Psychology
 To define Psychology in one’s own terms
 To name the contributions of pioneering psychologists in the
development of psychology as a Science
Empirical Approach- an evidence-based method that draws on observation and

experimentation
Critical Thinking- thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions.
Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses
conclusions.
Structuralism- early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used

introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind
Functionalism- early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin;

explored how mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable the organism to
adapt, survive, and flourish
Behaviorism- the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies
behavior without reference to mental processes
Humanistic psychology- historically significant perspective that emphasized human

growth potential
Cognitive psychology- the study of mental processes, such as occur when we perceive,
learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems.
Cognitive neuroscience- the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with
cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)
Psychology- the science of behavior and mental processes
Wilhelm Wundt- established the first psychology laboratory at the University of

Leipzig, Germany
Edward Bradford Titchener- used introspection to search for the mind’s structural
elements.

Margaret Floy Washburn- first female to be awarded a PhD in psychology; 2nd
president of the APA (1921)
B. F. Skinner- this leading behaviorist rejected introspection and studied how

consequences shape behavior
Sigmund Freud- The controversial ideas of this famed personality theorist and therapist
have influenced humanity’s self-understanding.
Nature-nurture issue- the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that
genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors
today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture
Natural selection- the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those
contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding
generations.
Evolutionary psychology- The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using
principles of natural selection
Behavior genetics- The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and
environmental influences on behavior
Charles Darwin- argued that natural selection shapes behaviors as well as bodies
Culture - the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a
group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
Positive Psychology- the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of
discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to
thrive
Levels of Analysis - the differing complementary views, from biological to

psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon
Biopsychosocial approach - an integrated approach that incorporates biological,

psychological and socio-cultural levels of analysis
Basic research - pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge based
Applied research - scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
Counseling psychology - a branch of psychology that assist people with problems in

living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being
Clinical psychology - a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people
with psychological disorders

Psychiatry - a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by
physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as
psychological therapy
Community psychology - A branch of psychology that studies how people interact with
their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups
Testing effect - enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading,
information
SQ3R - a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve,
Review
Let us review what you

learned from the previous
discussion.

ACTIVITY 1
Directions: Answer the following questions by writing your answer on the space
provided.
1. In 1879, in psychology’s first experiment, ____ _________and his students
measured the time lag between hearing a ball hit a platform and pressing a key.
2. William James would be considered a(n)___________. Wilhelm Wundt and
Edward Titchener would be considered_____________.
3. In the early twentieth century, _____________ redefined psychology as “the
science of observable behavior.”
4. Nature is to nurture as? _____________
5. Martin Seligman and other researchers who explore of human flourishing refer to
their field of study as ____________
6. Aristotle is known as the ___________
7. William James was a ____________
8. First APA female president? ____________
9. Who thinks that behaviors, and instincts are part of species; natural selection
(nature) _________
10. Who thinks that mind comes through senses? ___________
Essay: Read and follow directions.

1. “Nurture works on what nature endows.” Describe what this means, using your
own words.
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2. What is true regarding gender differences and similarities?
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Take a few deep breaths and then continue

CHAPTER 3
Study the following, and then answer the following questions
after the lesson.
Hindsight bias- the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have
foreseen it.
Theory- an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations

and predicts behaviors or events
Hypothesis- a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
Operational definition- a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures

(operations) used in a research study. For example, human intelligence defined as what
an intelligence test measures.
Replication- repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants
in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and
circumstances
Case study- a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth
in the hope of revealing universal principles
Naturalistic observation- a descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in

naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
Survey- a descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a

particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group
Random sample- a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has
an equal chance of inclusion
Population- all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn
Correlation- A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of
how well either factor predicts the other
Correlation coefficient- a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -
1 to +1)
Variable- anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure

Scatter plot- a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two
variables
Illusory correlation- perceiving a relationship between variables even when no such

relationship exists
Regression toward the mean- The tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back
(regress) toward their average
Experiment- A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors
to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process
Experimental group- In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that
is, to one version of the independent variable
Control group- In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment;
contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the
effect of the treatment.
Random assignment- assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by

chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different
groups
Double-blind procedure- an experimental procedure in which both the research

participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research
participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation
studies.
Placebo effect- experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior
caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient
assumes is an active agent.
Independent variable- in an experiment, the factor that is manipulated; the variable

whose effect is being studied
Confounding variable- a factor other than the independent variable that might produce
an effect in an experiment
Dependent variable- in an experiment, the outcome that is measured; the variable that
may change when the independent variable is manipulated
Informed consent- giving potential participants enough information about a study to

enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
Debriefing- the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any
deceptions, to its participants

I know that you fully
understand the lesson
prepare for the next
activity. Good luck
ACTIVITY 2
Directions: Read the following questions. Write your answer after the questions.
1. Are willing to ask questions and to reject claims that cannot be verified by
research
2. refers to our tendency to perceive events as obvious or inevitable after the fact
3. Theory-based predictions are called
4. A study finds that the more childbirth training classes women attend, the less pain
medication they require during childbirth. This finding can be stated as a
__________ correlation.
5. In a __________ correlation, the scores rise and fall together; in a __________
correlation, one score falls as the other rises.
6. Knowing that two events are correlated provides
7. To explain behaviors and clarify cause and effect, psychologists use
8. To test the effect of a new drug on depression, we randomly assign people to
control and experimental groups. Those in the control group take a pill that
contains no medication. This is a ___________.
9. A researcher wants to determine whether noise level affects workers' blood
pressure. In one group, she varies the level of noise in the environment and
records participants' blood pressure. In this experiment, the level of noise is the
_________ _______.
10. Includes a passion to explore and understand the world without misleading or
being misled
11. Examines one individual in depth, provides fruitful ideas, cannot be used to
generalize
12. Records behavior in a natural environment, describes but does not explain
behavior, can be revealing

CHAPTER 4
PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF BEHAVIOR
Objectives:
 To clarify functions of the different parts of the nervous
system.
 To discuss the divisions of the nervous system and the
structures that forms each division.
 To identify the different gland.

Biological psychology- the scientific study of the links between biological and
psychological processes
Plasticity- the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing

after damage or by building new pathways based on experience
Neuron- a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system
Cell body- The part of a neuron that contains the nucleus; a cell's life support system
Dendrites- a neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct
impulses toward the cell body
Axon- the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or
to muscles or glands
Myelin sheath- a fatty tissue layer segmental encasing the axons of some neurons;
enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the
next
Glial cells- cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons
Action potential- a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
Threshold- the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
Refractory period- in neural processing, a brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron
has fired; subsequent action potentials cannot occur until the axon returns to its resting
state
All-or-none response- a neuron's reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response)

or not firing

Synapse- the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell
body of the receiving neuron
Neurotransmitters- chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons.
Reuptake- a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron
Endorphins- "morphine within"--natural, opiate like neurotransmitters linked to pain

control and to pleasure.
Agonist- a molecule that increases a neurotransmitter's action
Antagonist- a molecule that inhibits or blocks a neurotransmitter's action
Nervous system - the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting

of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems
Central nervous system- brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system- the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central
nervous system to the rest of the body
Nerves- bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system
with muscles, glands, and sense organs
Sensory (afferent) neurons- neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory
receptors to the brain and spinal cord
Motor (efferent) neurons- neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and
spinal cord to the muscles and glands
Interneuron- neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and
intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
Somatic nervous system- the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the
body's skeletal muscles
Autonomic nervous system- the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the
glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart).Its sympathetic division
arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.
Sympathetic nervous system- the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses
the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
Parasympathetic nervous system- the division of the autonomic nervous system that
calms the body, conserving its energy

Reflex- a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk
response
Endocrine system- the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands
that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
Hormones- Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands,

that are produced in one tissue and affect another
Adrenal glands- a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete
hormones (epinephrine and nor epinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.
Pituitary gland- The endocrine system's most influential gland under the influence of the
hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
Pace yourself and

answer every
question

ACTIVITY 3
Directions: Directions: Read the following questions. Write your answer after the
questions.
1. What do psychologists mean when they say the brain is plastic?
2. The neuron fiber that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to
muscles and glands is the _______.
3. The tiny space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite or cell body of
another is called the
4. In a sending neuron, when an action potential reaches an axon terminal, the
impulse triggers the release of chemical messengers called
5. Endorphins are released in the brain as a response to
6. The autonomic nervous system controls internal functions, such as heart rate and
glandular activity. the word autonomic means
7. The sympathetic nervous system arouses us for action and the parasympathetic
nervous system calms us down. together, the two systems make up the _______
nervous system
8. The neurons of the spinal cord are part of the _____ nervous system.
9. The most influential endocrine gland known as the "master gland" is the
10. ________ secrete(s) epinephrine and nor epinephrine, helping to arouse the body
during times of stress.
11. Electrical charge inside of a cell is more ______ than outside
12. These elements have a higher concentration outside the cell
13. Higher concentration inside the cell
14. Making the inside more negative
15. Enables muscle action, learning, and memory. Example of malfunction: with
Alzheimer's disease - producing neurons deteriorate.
I hope you
learned a lot in
this module

General Psychology

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General Psychology

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GENERAL

1. Psychology is the study of behavior because it is only aspect that is

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WORKING DEFINITION OF PSYCHOLOGY

2. Table 1: Characteristics of behavior

Characteristics Description Examples

COVERT Indirectly seen/observed Mental processes

CONSCIOUS On the level of awareness, those Normal waking consciousness -

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY (MODULE) Page 10

COMPLEX Requires the higher functions of Analytical point of view like

RATIONAL Sane, normal Accepted ways of behaving

IRRATIONAL Insane, abnormal, strange Weird, crazy behaviors

VOLUNTARY Brings about voluntary muscle Walking, running, going to the

ANIMAL Instinctive behaviors Instincts, reflexes

3. THE IMPORTANCE OF PSYCHOLOGY

b. Learning can be viewed as one purpose of life and self-knowledge can be

a. To DESCRIBE behavior – By describing behavior, psychologists can share a

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY (MODULE) Page 11

b. To identify factors that help PREDICT behavior – Psychologists predict

c. To UNDERSTAND and EXPLAIN behavior – This is interpreting why

d. CONTROL of CHANGE behavior – Control of behavior goes hand in hand

5. SOME MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT PSYCHOLOGY

a. Psychology is not a mysterious nor superhuman way of reading others’ feelings

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY (MODULE) Page 12

A. SCIENCE AND ITS REQUIREMENTS:

1. VERIFIABLE DATA – data obtained under conditions such that other

2. SYSTEMATIC BODY OF KNOWLEDGE – These are information

3. SCIENTIFIC METHOD – The difference between scientific psychology

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY (MODULE) Page 13

a. VARIABLE – Something that can occur with different values:

2. DIFFERENTIAL METHOD – In cases where the experimental method

EXAMPLES: We want to know if left-handedness causes a quicker reaction

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Experimental Method Differential Method

3. Observational Method – In the early stages of research on a given topic,

Some Limitations of the Observational Method:

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RELATION OF PSYCHOLOGY WITH OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES

1. Because they are all interested in behavior and mental processes,

B. THE INTERDISCIPLINARY or ECLECTIC APPROACH

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Name: ________________________________________________ Score: __________

___ 1. Psyche A. Form Psychology

B. Enumerative Essay: Read and follow directions.

Name 3 branches/fields/areas of Psychology and briefly describe each.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY (MODULE) Page 19

___ 1. Psychometric Method A. Archive Method

Enumerative Essay: Read and follow directions.

Identify 4 characteristics of behavior and give an example of each.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY (MODULE) Page 20

Empirical Approach- an evidence-based method that draws on observation and

Structuralism- early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used

Functionalism- early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin;

Humanistic psychology- historically significant perspective that emphasized human

Name: ______________________________________ Score: