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The plea says the Act violates the right to equality under Article 14,
right to life under Article 21, and freedom to practise religion under
Article 25 of the Constitution of India
The Supreme Court has three kinds of jurisdictions: original, appellate and
advisory.
Under its advisory jurisdiction, the President has the power to seek an
opinion from the apex court under Article 143 of the Constitution.
Under its appellate jurisdiction, the Supreme Court hears appeals from
lower courts.
Original Jurisdiction
The original jurisdiction of a court means the power to hear a case for the
first time, as opposed to appellate jurisdiction, in which the court reviews the
decision of a lower court.
Unlike the original jurisdiction under Article 32 (which gives the top court
the power to issue writs, etc.), the jurisdiction in Article 131 is exclusive,
meaning it is only the Supreme Court which has this authority.
Under Article 226, the High Courts too have the power to issue writs,
direction
In its extraordinary original jurisdiction, the Supreme Court has exclusive
power to adjudicate upon disputes involving elections of the President and
the Vice President, those that involve states and the Centre, and cases
involving the violation of fundamental rights.
Article 131, therefore, allows a state to file a suit in the Supreme Court in
case of any dispute that it may have with the central government,
invoking the court’s “original jurisdiction”.
Under Article 131, the challenge is made when the rights and power of a
state or the Centre are in question.
A state government cannot move the court under this provision because
only people and citizens can claim fundamental rights.
But can the Supreme Court declare legislation unconstitutional under
Article 131?
A 2012 dispute between Bihar and Jharkhand that is currently pending for
consideration by a larger Bench of the court will answer this question.
Health Sector
WHO endorses indigenous molecular
diagnostic tool for tuberculosis diagnosis
The TrueNat TB test is a new molecular test that can diagnosis TB in one
hour as well as testing for resistance to the drug rifampicin.
The TrueNat test has been developed by the Indian firm MolBio
Diagnostics Pvt Ltd Goa. It’s development has been funded by Bigtec
Labs, India.
The test works by the rapid detection of TB bacteria using the polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) technique.
The machine looks for the DNA specific to the TB bacteria. If the
machine detects it, it then uses PCR to copy (amplify) small segments of
DNA and this DNA can then be used in many different laboratory
procedures.
Know! about ‘Spit Seq’ Test For Early Diagnosis Of Multi Drug Resistant
TB
On 26 September 2018, the United Nations (UN) held its first- ever high-
level meeting on TB, elevating discussion about the status of the TB
epidemic and how to end it to the level of heads of state and government.
It followed the first global ministerial conference on TB hosted by WHO
and the Russian government in November 2017.
The outcome was a political declaration agreed by all UN Member States,
in which existing commitments to the Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs) and WHO’s End TB Strategy were reaffirmed, and new ones
added.
SDG Target 3.3 includes ending the TB epidemic by 2030.
Environment Conservation
In its 15th Global Risks Report published, the World Economic Forum
(WEF) has said that for the first time in the report's history all of the "top
long-term risks by likelihood" are environmental.
While in the previous decade economic and financial crises were seen as
most dangerous, the report has found that risk perceptions have shifted to
extreme weather, environmental disasters, biodiversity loss, natural
catastrophes and failure to mitigate climate change.
WEF said the top five risks in terms of likelihood in the next 10 years were:
1. Extreme weather events with major damage to property, infrastructure
and loss of human life.
2. Failure of climate-change mitigation and adaptation by governments and
businesses.
3. Human-made environmental damage and disasters, including
environmental crime, such as oil spills and radioactive contamination.
4. Major biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse with irreversible
consequences for the environment, resulting in severely depleted
resources for humankind as well as industries.
5. Major natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions,
and geomagnetic storms.
The report was released ahead of the WEF’s annual meeting in Davos
next week, which will be attended by the chief executives of some of the
world’s biggest and powerful companies.
The report surveyed the opinions of more than 750 global experts and
decision-makers to rank their biggest concerns in terms of likelihood and
impact.
Among the short-term risks facing mankind already in 2020, three out of
four respondents to the survey cited economic confrontations, political
polarization, extreme heat waves, destruction of natural resource
ecosystems and cyberattacks as the most pressing ones.
Know! about WEF