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(Jasminum Sambac) was accorded as the Philippines’ national flower back in the year
1934. These white, dainty, and soothing fresh flowers are strung together into
garlands being used as religious and decorative ornaments in homes and churches,
In the process of picking out the sampaguita flower, the person assigned to perform
the task is usually chosen by the farmer wherein the picker are usually children. It is
said that these children go to the farm early in the morning with a plastic container
tied around their waists. It is said that sampaguita flowers’ peak season are on the
The raw materials usually used for sampaguita garland making include abaca fibers
and these other flowers namely: ilang-ilang, camia, or champaca which are used as
In the article, it is said that the garland makers or in local terms, tagatuhog, string
together the sampaguita buds to form a garland or leis. Garlands are classified
according to the number of floral buds per abaca string. The terms used are “de dos”
for two buds of sampaguita flower, “de cuatro” for four buds, “de dies” for 10 buds
and so on.
part of the country’s national identity. The skills of garland making are passed on
Receptacle - This is the part where the other parts of the flower are attached and is
Sepal - This surrounds the developing bud and located on the outer parts of the flower.
Stamen - The part that usually has a narrow filament which supports the anther and
Anther - It is the portion where the pollen is produced and is a part of the stamen.
Pistil - The part of the flower where ovule producing happens. The stigma usually
topped the ovary that supports a long style. The mature ovary and ovule is dissimilar,
Ovary - The portion of the pistil where ovules are produced. It is an enlarged basal
portion.
that lived around it. Further, it was created by cultures that resider the tropical areas
where this grows and the most symbolic meaning love, divine hope, dedication, and
devotion.
Love - Sampaguita flower, show love to someone. The beauty and tropical
appeal are going to the person who received the special bouquet with love.
Divine hope - Where the color white of petals symbolic the meaning of
perfectly alignment to its presence that is going to filled the future with divine
Devotion - Desire to spend a lifetime with a person and offer endless love to
Purity - This symbolized innocence, purity, and divine forces, which is the
reason where often use in baptism and religious ceremonies. However, the
baptisms.
The sampaguita is a tropical flower, pure white, star-shaped blossoms that belong to
the broad variety of jasmines who has a scientific name, jasminum sambac. It serves
as a natural culture symbol for two countries - Philippines and Indonesia. Many
countries have adopted flowers as their natural culture symbol, the Sampaguita
Flower is the Philippine’s National Flower since 1934, it is also well known in Asia
for its different uses such as in teas and religious offerings. It commonly grows on a
woody vine, which reaches 1.2 meters in height and leaves are rounded which
bundles or singly at the top of branches, because both leaves and flowers grow on
short stalks. The flowers open at night and easily less than a day wilt, cuttings are
necessary for the flowers because it does not bear seeds. The 2 stamens on the
sampaguita are included with a 2-celled ovary. Centuries ago the sampaguita flower
was imported in the Philippines from around the Himalayan areas, originally from
2.3.1 Local
Threats
(UA) in the Philippines. Such government’s initiative helped raised awareness in our
urban agriculture, which started this practice through conducting studies within Metro
Manila and also in a pre-urban livelihood system based on the jasmine species known
as sampaguita, flower that used to make garlands in San Pedro, Laguna, near Metro
Manila. By studying this, it has shown a positive impact in employment and income
generation and helped as well in promoting a positive social values. Still, the
government did not plot a policy regarding this matter, which contributed a lot hence,
they have developed a flower knitting machine composed of three important elements,
a conveyor belt, a robotic arm, and a sewing machine. The conveyor belt is the main
transport system used to carry the flower from one point to another. The conveyor belt
that they are using is made up of a fiber material and the vibration is lessened so that
the flower cannot be damaged in the process. Two DC motors are used to power the
said conveyor belt. As stated, both DC motors can be driven concurrently moving in
both in a frontward and reverse direction. The robotic arm used in their design is fully
automated and is used to take the flower off the conveyor belt and place it in the
sewing machine. The sewing machine’s process is that first the needle descends to the
bottom of its stroke, and concurrently the shuttle slides, vibrates, or oscillates as far as
the end of its diffident movement. Enduring the movement of the balance wheel, the
needle begins to ascend, and the shuttle instantaneously after begins to move forward.
As the needle rises the material through which it is passing holds the needle flower
long enough to cause it to loop out behind the eye of the needle under the needle-plate.
The shuttle, still moving forward, enters this loop and passes through it, the necessary
amount of flower being supplied either by the “time" of the needle-bar or by then
check or take-up lever, according to the style of the machine. As the machine makes
the loop then the robotic arm places the flower in the sewing machine and hence it
tied.
2.5 Skewer
This is used to hold pieces of food together, it can be a metal or wood stick. It is
commonly used in culinary application such as grilling or roasting meats and fish.
Based on the article of the Kong Shiang Engineering, skewering by hand takes up a
lot of time and because of that they designed a machine to reduce time and as well as
labour. The product meats are loaded onto the conveyor for skewering, there are
mould trayset provided which the meats are loaded manually, the mould tray set is
The process in this system is repeated after every cycle. The cycle starts in skewering
6 pieces and stop, then the skewered tray set will be removed by the operator, after
this they will place an un-skewered set onto the conveyor and repeat again the process.
Each whole cycle of this process: covering, loading, skewering and unloading is
of the high rental cost. It is compact which means it can fit into any small space and
can be used at any location because it run on a single phase electrical supply.
It is a temporary magnet when the current through the coil switch off, the
the electric.
Increase in the number of turns of the coil, also increase the amount of the
2.6.1 Electromagnets
For David Smith, Physicist (2016), Electromagnets can be created by passing electric
current through a looped wire. The loop allows the magnetic field to generate by the
current, if the current switch it off then obviously there is no electric current and no
A.) Bar magnet which the iron piece was in the form of a bar.
2.7 DC Motor
DC Motor is a device which transforms the electrical energy into mechanical energy.
The working principle is the interaction between magnetic field and the current to
produce a force within the motor. The motor principle is basically based on Faraday's
Used to create field flux. This type of DC motor provides starting torque and
good speed regulation, but the torque is limited so they are found on low
Falls under the category of self-excited DC motors, and the fact that the field
Another interesting fact about DC series motor is that the field flux of any
other DC motor is proportional to field current. Also, the DC series motor has
connected in parallel to the armature windings of motor. The fact about the
the load to the shaft of the rotor terminals. Meanwhile, this special ability of
the shunt wound DC motor is to regulate the speed by itself on loading thus
According to Eloise Augustine (2016), DC motors are used widely in Smart Home,
Smart Home - such as intelligent electric curtains, escort robot, oil fume wood,
Medical device - such as eye massage, insulin pump, smart medical injection
Electronic Product - such as full screen mobile phone camera, smart phone
motion is defined to be as the motion of a rigid body which takes place in such a
manner that its particles move in a circular motion over an axis consisting of a
about a fixed point in space. In analyzing rotational motion, imagine a rigid body that
is rotating about a fixed axis. This axis is at rest in some inertial frame and this axis
Figure 9.1 shows a rigid body (the indicator needle of a speedometer is being shown)
rotating about a fixed axis. The axis passes through point O and is perpendicular to
the plane of the diagram. The plane is called as the xy-plane. One manner to describe
the rotation of this rigid body would be to select a select point “P” on the body and to
oversee the x- and y-coordinates of this point. This method isn’t a terribly convenient
to perform, since it takes two numbers (the two coordinates x and y) to specify the
rotational position of the body. Instead, we notice that the line OP is fixed in the body
and rotates with it. The angle that this line makes with describes the rotational
position of the body; we will use this single quantity as a coordinate for rotation. The
angular coordinate of a rigid body rotating around a fixed axis can either be classified
from the positive x-axis, then the angle in Fig. 9.1 is then deemed positive. If we
instead choose the positive rotation direction to be clockwise, then in Fig. 9.1 is then
deemed negative. When we considered the motion of a particle along a straight line, it
was essential to specify the direction of positive displacement along that line; when
we discuss rotation around a fixed axis, it’s just as essential to specify the direction of
positive rotation.
In describing rotational motion, the most natural way to determine the angle ϴ should
be in terms of radians, not in degrees. As shown in Fig. 9.2a, one radian (1 rad) is the
angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc with a length equal to the radius of
the full arc length of a circle is said to be 2π times the radius. Therefore, it is said that
in one revolution:
The coordinate shown in Fig. 9.1 specifies the rotational position of a rigid body at a
given instant. We can describe the rotational motion of such a rigid body in terms of
the rate of change of ϴ. We refer this change in ϴ with respect to time simply as
angular velocity. Angular velocity is the instantaneous angular velocity not its average.
This angular velocity can either be positive or negative which depends on the
direction of the rotation of the rigid body. Angular velocity is the first derivative of an
angular coordinate with respect to time. Equation 9.3 shows the definition of angular
velocity.
When the angular velocity of a rigid body changes, this rigid body is said to undergo
spatial dimension. As stated in Newton’s First Law or the Law of Inertia, a body with
no net force acting on it will either remain at rest or continue to move with uniform
speed in a straight line, according to its initial condition of motion. In addition to this,
Newtonian Mechanics states that there is no essential difference between the state of
rest and uniform motion in a straight line as they can be defined as the same state of
motion observed differently as on is moving at the same velocity of the particle, and
the other moving at constant velocity with respect to the particle. In understanding
linear motion, one must first understand the concept of displacement, time and
It is said that determining the average velocity of a particle is not enough to fully
define its linear motion and that one must solve for the instantaneous velocity of the
particle or body. Instantaneous velocity is defined as the velocity of a body or particle
at an instant of time along or specific point of the particle’s path. It is the limit of the
average velocity as the time interval approaches zero. It can be defined by the
equation:
Acceleration is defined as the change of velocity with respect to time. The average
divided by the time interval. It is defined through the equation expressed through a
Instantaneous acceleration on the other hand, is defined to be the limit of the average
to the derivative of velocity with respect to time. It can be shown through the
equation:
linear or straight-line motion or vice versa. Some concrete examples that uses this
The figure above depicts the basic nature of a slider-crank mechanism. The lightly
shaded elements in the figure are said to be moving parts of the mechanism. The fixed
frame or the block of the mechanism is the darkly shaded element of part 1. Part 1 of
the figure also contains a cylinder which is shown in cross section by its walls
assigned as DE and FG, wherein the piston, in part 4 of the mechanism, slides back
and forth. The small circle at point A represents the main crankshaft bearing of the
extending to the wristpin bearing at point C, which then joins it to the piston, assigned
as part 4 of the figure, represented as a rectangle. The three circles at points A, B, and
C are bearings that allows the joined members to freely rotate with respect to one
another. The path of point B is defined to be a radius AB; when point B is going to be
at point h, point B will then be at position H, and when point B will be at point j,
common examples of machine that uses this mechanism are internal combustion
engines wherein the process of combustion involves a cylinder that creates pressure
that drives a piston in the said engine. It is said that the use of slider-crank
mechanisms for power generation go way back to the 18th century as it was integrated
with the steam engine. The connecting rod is the mutual link of the mechanism that
converts the rotational motion at the crank. Shaking forces, by product of the
conversion process of motion, are said to impede the operation of the engine as these
forces are applied to the crank’s housing. In analysing the slider-crank mechanisms, it
is said that the factors one must consider are the position, velocity, acceleration, and
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