Chapter 4

McKnight's Physical Geography, 12e (Hess)
Chapter 4 Insolation and Temperature
1) "Work" is scientifically defined as ________.

A) pressure acting over time
B) wavelength times the speed of light
C) force acting over distance
D) energy transfer per unit of time
E) joules per second
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Topic/Section: 4.1 Energy, Heat, and Temperature
Learning Outcome: 4.1 Define energy and explain how it is related to work and power.
Natl. Geog Stds: GS7
Global Sci Stds: G4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
2) Of those listed below, ________ is the only country using the Fahrenheit temperature scale.
A) the U.S.A.
B) Canada
C) Germany
D) Brazil
E) Iraq
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Outcome: 4.4 Describe the scales used to measure temperature.
Global Sci Stds: G4
3) The Kelvin scale has ________.

A) electromagnetic energy
B) its lowest temperature as absolute zero
C) the freezing of water
D) latent heat
E) albedo
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Global Sci Stds: G4
1
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
4) At 0 Kelvin, ________.
A) water boils
B) ice forms
C) ice melts
D) water freezes
E) molecular motion stops
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Global Sci Stds: G4
5) The boiling point of water at sea level is 100°C, which is the same as ________ Kelvin.
A) 0
B) 32
C) 212
D) 373
E) 410
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Global Sci Stds: G4
6) The freezing point of water is ________ on the Kelvin scale.

A) 32
B) 0
C) 273
D) 60
E) -40
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Global Sci Stds: G4
2
7) A photovoltaic cell ________.
A) makes electricity by having electrons flow from a negative to a positive layer
B) is most efficiently used at high latitudes
C) cannot be used without being tied to a power grid
D) has iron making up the greatest percentage of its weight
E) comes with a high price because of the high price of its fuel
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Global Sci Stds: G2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing
8) Which of the following countries leads the world in installed photovoltaic capacity?
A) Albania
B) Germany
C) U.S.A.
D) Argentina
E) Cuba
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Global Sci Stds: G2
9) The vigorous vibration of molecules back and forth is referred to as ________.

A) latent heat
B) evaporation
C) motion
D) translational kinetic energy
E) work
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Learning Outcome: 4.2 Explain the concept of internal (or kinetic) energy.
Global Sci Stds: G2
3
10) In terms of running the Earth's atmospheric processes, significant energy comes from the Sun
and ________.
A) the Moon
B) the next closest star
C) the reflection from Venus
D) the Earth's interior
E) no other source
Answer: E
Diff: 1
Topic/Section: 4.2 Solar Energy
Learning Outcome: 4.6 Explain how shortwave radiation from the Sun differs from longwave
radiation from Earth's surface and atmosphere.
Global Sci Stds: G2
11) The energy emitted from the Sun is a product of ________.

A) fission
B) fusion
C) radioactive decay
D) geysers
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Global Sci Stds: G2
12) The Sun's radiant energy reaches the Earth across space in approximately ________.
A) 8 seconds
B) 8 minutes
C) 8 hours
D) 8 days
E) 8 months
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Global Sci Stds: G2
4
13) Only ________ of the Sun's energy reaches the Earth.
A) 2 billionths
B) 1 billionth
C) 2 millionths
D) 1 millionth
E) 1 trillionth
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Outcome: 4.5 Define electromagnetic radiation, and describe the electromagnetic
spectrum.
Global Sci Stds: G2
14) Solar energy is also known as incoming ________.

A) power
B) insolation
C) conduction
D) convection
E) longwave energy
Answer: B
Diff: 1
spectrum.
Global Sci Stds: G2
15) In a single second, the Earth receives as much energy from the Sun as ________.
A) it re-radiates in a week
B) humans could use in a century
C) humans have used since the beginning of civilization
D) all power plants generate in a week
E) Earth has produced through volcanic eruptions since the beginning of Earth's history
Answer: D
Diff: 2
spectrum.
Global Sci Stds: G2
5
16) Because of temperature differences, the most plentiful terrestrial wavelengths are 20 times
________ than solar wavelengths.
A) more powerful
B) longer
C) faster
D) slower
E) shorter
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Global Sci Stds: G2
17) Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Earth emits more energy per area than the Sun.
B) The Sun essentially functions as a blackbody.
C) The Sun is a type of black hole.
D) Earth radiates energy into space.
E) The Earth system receives more solar energy than the Earth system emits into space.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Global Sci Stds: G2
18) In Earth's energy budget, which of the following is responsible for transferring the most
energy at any one time?
A) Conduction
B) Radiation
C) Atmospheric absorption
D) Albedo
E) Surface absorption
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Global Sci Stds: G2
6
19)
In this figure, which of the sets of wavelengths carries the most energy per wavelength?
A) Top
B) Middle
C) Bottom
D) They all carry the same amount per wavelength.
E) There is no amount of energy associated with wavelengths.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
spectrum.
Global Sci Stds: G2
20) Visible light is comprised of ________ electromagnetic wavelengths

A) all
B) no
C) the shortest
D) the longest
E) a relatively small span of
Answer: E
Diff: 2
spectrum.
Global Sci Stds: G2
7
21)
The curve in the figure shows that ________.

A) Earth emits more energy than the Sun
B) Earth and the Sun emit the same amount of energy
C) both Earth and the Sun's energy are mainly visible energy
D) both Earth and the Sun's energy are mainly thermal, infrared energy
E) Earth and the Sun emit very different types of electromagnetic radiation
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Global Sci Stds: G2
8
22) Most of the solar radiation incident upon the Earth is within the ________ part of the
spectrum.
A) short wave
B) long wave
C) infrared
D) x-ray
E) radar
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Global Sci Stds: G2
23) In the electromagnetic spectrum, visible light occupies the band between 0.4 and 0.7
________.
A) millibars
B) micrometers
C) Kelvins
D) meters
E) feet
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Global Sci Stds: G2
24) The solar energy reaching Earth travels a distance of ________ million kilometers through
the vacuum of space.
A) 1
B) 8
C) 30
D) 150
E) 567
Answer: D
Diff: 1
spectrum.
Global Sci Stds: G2
9
25) Solar energy and terrestrial re-radiation are usually measured in units of length called
________.
A) langleys
B) calories
C) micrometers
D) nanometers
E) isotherms
Answer: C
Diff: 1
spectrum.
Global Sci Stds: G2
26) ________ objects radiate in shorter wavelengths than ________ objects.

A) Red, green
B) Big, small
C) Liquid, solid
D) Tall, short
E) Hot, cold
Answer: E
Diff: 2
spectrum.
Global Sci Stds: G2
27) The longest of all visible light waves are ________.

A) violet
B) red
C) green
D) yellow
E) orange
Answer: B
Diff: 2
spectrum.
Global Sci Stds: G2
10
28) Which of the following electromagnetic wavelengths are LONGEST?
A) Microwaves
B) Visible energy
C) Ultraviolet energy
D) Cosmic rays
E) Infrared energy
Answer: A
Diff: 2
spectrum.
Global Sci Stds: G2
29) The speed of light is CLOSEST to ________ kilometers per second.

A) 3,000
B) 30,000
C) 300,000
D) 3,000,000
E) 30,000,000
Answer: C
Diff: 2
spectrum.
Global Sci Stds: G2
30) Between 0.7 micrometers and 1.0 micrometers are some of the ________ wavelengths.
A) microwave
B) visible
C) infrared
D) ultraviolet
E) x-ray
Answer: C
Diff: 2
spectrum.
Global Sci Stds: G2
11
31) For atmospheric radiation, ________ micrometer(s) is considered to be the boundary
between "shortwaves" and "longwaves."
A) 1
B) 4
C) 10
D) 20
E) 50
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Global Sci Stds: G2
32) Almost all terrestrial radiation can be considered to be ________ and almost all solar
radiation can be considered to be ________.
A) shortwave, longwave
B) shortwave, shortwave
C) longwave, longwave
D) longwave, shortwave
E) heat, light
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Global Sci Stds: G2
33) The radiation coming from the Sun is most plentiful at 0.5 micrometers. The most plentiful
radiation coming from the Earth is at ________ micrometer(s).
A) 0
B) 0.5
C) 2
D) 5
E) 10
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Global Sci Stds: G2
12
34) Besides latitude, what is another important factor limiting a country's ability to develop its
photovoltaic potential?
A) Availability of glass to make solar panels
B) Longitude
C) The solar constant
D) A climate with high temperatures
E) Cloudiness
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Global Sci Stds: G2
35) The energy received on Earth decreases dramatically with distance from the sun because
________.
A) of dust and gas in space
B) of the decay of photons
C) of the inverse square law
D) Earth is not in the direction in which the Sun's emissions are strongest
E) of the first law of thermodynamics
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Global Sci Stds: G2
13
36) Albedo is the percentage of energy ________ from an object compared to the original
amount of energy that struck the object.
A) emitted
B) reflected
C) conducted
D) advected
E) convected
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Topic/Section: 4.3 Basic Warming and Cooling Processes in the Atmosphere
Learning Outcome: 4.8 Differentiate among radiation, absorption, reflection, scattering, and
transmission.
Global Sci Stds: G2
37) Emission of energy is most closely associated with ________.

A) reflection
B) scattering
C) radiation
D) latent heat
E) conduction
Answer: C
Diff: 2
transmission.
Global Sci Stds: G2
38) Which of the following refers to the speed at which the atoms in a substance are vibrating?
A) Latent heat
B) Rotation
C) Heat
D) Energy
E) Angle of incidence
Answer: C
Diff: 2
transmission.
Global Sci Stds: G2
14
39) Earth's re-radiation of energy into space consists mainly of ________.
A) long rays
B) gamma rays
C) short rays
D) ultraviolet rays
E) x-rays
Answer: A
Diff: 2
transmission.
Global Sci Stds: G2
40) About ________ percent of the total insolation is directly absorbed by the air.
A) 92
B) 62
C) 22
D) 12
E) 0.2
Answer: C
Diff: 2
transmission.
Global Sci Stds: G2
41) A body that emits the maximum amount of radiation possible, at every wavelength for its
temperature, is a(n) ________.
A) black body
B) isotherm
C) Celsius
D) albedo
E) Kelvin
Answer: A
Diff: 2
transmission.
Global Sci Stds: G2
15
42) The atmosphere is heated, for the most part, from ________.
A) above
B) below
C) the stratosphere
D) the thermosphere
E) the exosphere
Answer: B
Diff: 2
transmission.
Global Sci Stds: G2
43) The MAIN source of atmospheric heating is from the ________.

A) absorption of ultraviolet energy from the Sun
B) conduction of energy from the Earth
C) convection of energy from the Earth
D) re-radiation of energy from the Earth
E) absorption of insolation
Answer: D
Diff: 2
transmission.
Global Sci Stds: G2
44) Radiation from the Earth is mostly absorbed in the lower troposphere and is ________ back
towards Earth.
A) re-radiated
B) scattered
C) conducted
D) convected
E) reflected
Answer: A
Diff: 2
transmission.
Global Sci Stds: G2
16
45) The albedo of the Earth system has been determined to be ________ percent.
A) 2
B) 5
C) 15
D) 27
E) 31
Answer: E
Diff: 2
transmission.
Global Sci Stds: G2
46) Which two terms are NOT closely related?

A) reflection, scattering
B) reflection, albedo
C) albedo, longwaves
D) longwaves, atmospheric absorption
E) atmospheric absorption, ultraviolet energy
Answer: C
Diff: 2
transmission.
Global Sci Stds: G2
47) The reddish tint of the Sun in the late afternoon results from ________.
A) scattering
B) condition
C) advection
D) reflection
E) albedo
Answer: A
Diff: 1
transmission.
Global Sci Stds: G2
17
48) The phenomenon of atmospheric scattering is most closely associated with which visible
electromagnetic wavelengths?
A) Red
B) Green
C) Blue
D) Violet
E) X-rays
Answer: A
Diff: 1
transmission.
Global Sci Stds: G2
49) The term "diffuse radiation" is most closely associated with ________.
A) conduction
B) scattering
C) absorption
D) the greenhouse effect
E) global warming
Answer: B
Diff: 1
transmission.
Global Sci Stds: G2
50) Which of the following pairs of terms describe processes that are physically quite similar?
A) Absorption and transmission
B) Scattering and reflection
C) Transmission and convection
D) Absorption and adiabatic heating
E) Radiation and conduction
Answer: B
Diff: 3
transmission.
Global Sci Stds: G2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating/Creating
18
51) The absorption of longwave radiation in the atmosphere is popularly called ________.
A) the Coriolis effect
B) scattering
C) the Greenhouse effect
D) advection
E) the carbon dioxide effect
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Learning Outcome: 4.9 Describe how the greenhouse effect works.
Global Sci Stds: G2
52) Which substance is the best transmitter of solar energy?

A) Rock
B) Soil
C) Air
D) Murky water
E) Rock, soil, air, and murky water
Answer: C
Diff: 2
transmission.
Global Sci Stds: G2
53) Which wavelengths are most inefficiently transmitted through the atmosphere?
A) Long
B) Visible blue
C) Short
D) Solar radiation
E) Radiation with 0.5-micrometer wavelengths
Answer: A
Diff: 2
transmission.
Global Sci Stds: G2
19
54) Compared with other substances in the Earth system, air is considered to be ________
conductor of energy.
A) an excellent
B) a better than average
C) an average
D) a poorer than average
E) a very poor
Answer: E
Diff: 2
transmission.
Global Sci Stds: G2
55) Which of the following does NOT refer to the transfer of electromagnetic radiation?
A) Transmission
B) Reflection
C) Absorption
D) Scattering
E) Conduction
Answer: E
Diff: 2
transmission.
Global Sci Stds: G2
56) Heat transferred laterally in the atmosphere by horizontal wind movements is a process
called ________.
A) compression
B) reflection
C) absorption
D) advection
E) transmission
Answer: D
Diff: 1
transmission.
Global Sci Stds: G2
20
57) Cooling of air expansion is called ________.
A) conduction
B) convection
C) advection
D) the adiabatic process
E) absorption
Answer: D
Diff: 1
transmission.
Global Sci Stds: G2
58) The vertical motion of air causes the cooling of the lifted air. This phenomenon is governed
by the ________ effect.
A) Coriolis
B) albedo
C) inversion
D) adiabatic
E) latitudinal
Answer: D
Diff: 1
transmission.
Global Sci Stds: G2
59) Adiabatic processes cause cooling by ________.

A) conduction
B) convection
C) radiation
D) expansion
E) insertion
Answer: D
Diff: 1
transmission.
Global Sci Stds: G2
21
60)
The process of the metal rod heating along its length over time is called ________.
A) radiation
B) convection
C) plasma transfer
D) advection
E) conduction
Answer: E
Diff: 1
transmission.
Global Sci Stds: G2
22
61)
Sunlight is selectively scattered by atmospheric molecules, resulting in the blue color of the sky.
This process is known as ________ scattering.
A) reverse
B) Einstein
C) convective
D) Rayleigh
E) skyshine
Answer: D
Diff: 1
transmission.
Global Sci Stds: G2
23
62) During which of the following does electromagnetic radiation change its wavelengths?
A) Reflection
B) Scattering
C) Transmission
D) Convection
E) Absorption and emission occurring together
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Global Sci Stds: G2
63)
When solar and Earth emissions of radiation are put on the same curve, as in this figure, which of
the following is TRUE?
A) Solar radiation has shorter wavelengths and is more "focused" over a few wavelengths.
B) Solar radiation has longer wavelengths and is more "focused" over a few wavelengths.
C) Solar radiation has shorter wavelengths and is less "focused" over a few wavelengths.
D) Solar radiation has longer wavelengths and is less "focused" over a few wavelengths.
E) Solar radiation and Earth's radiation are very similar to each other.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Topic/Section: 4.4 Earth's solar radiation budget
Learning Outcome: 4.12 Describe Earth's long-term energy balance.
Global Sci Stds: G2
24
64) On the average, sunlight received on the Earth's surface is only ________ as strong as that
received at the edge of its atmosphere.
A) 1/100
B) 1/10
C) 1/4
D) 1/2
E) 1/8
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Global Sci Stds: G2
65) During the heating of the atmosphere, which amount of energy is SMALLEST?
A) Solar radiation received at the surface
B) The albedo of the Earth system
C) Solar radiation absorbed by ozone
D) Solar radiation entering the atmosphere
E) Solar radiation absorbed by the atmosphere
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Global Sci Stds: G2
66) Which of the following is FALSE?

A) Earth's energy budget is perfectly balanced.
B) Earth's energy budget is unbalanced by latitude.
C) Earth's energy budget is vertically unbalanced.
D) Earth's energy budget is the cause of all weather.
E) Earth's energy budget is the same at each location.
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Global Sci Stds: G2
25
67) The Earth, as a body, has a yearly net loss of energy at the top of the atmosphere north of
________ degrees north latitude.
A) 10
B) 38
C) 56
D) 66.5
E) 90
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Global Sci Stds: G2
68) As the angle of incidence becomes less, the ________.

A) Sun appears higher in the sky
B) distance from the Earth to the Sun increases
C) amount of energy coming from the Sun decreases
D) tilt of Earth's axis increases
E) less concentrated solar energy becomes
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Learning Outcome: 4.16 Describe the global distribution of average daily insolation at the
surface.
Global Sci Stds: G2
69) Although several factors are involved, the main factor controlling the distribution of annual
average temperature for Earth as a whole is ________.
A) longitude
B) latitude
C) altitude
D) land/water contrasts
E) ocean currents
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Topic/Section: 4.5 Variations in Insolation by Latitude and Season
Learning Outcome: 4.15 Explain the reasons for the variation by latitude of the amount of solar
energy received by Earth.
Global Sci Stds: G2
26
70) Where are seasonal changes in day length least important?
A) Middle latitudes
B) High latitudes
C) Tropical latitudes
D) Low altitudes
E) Near oceans
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Global Sci Stds: G2
71) The belt of maximum, solar-energy input on Earth swings back and forth ________.
A) between 0 through 90 degrees latitude
B) through the middle latitudes
C) through the area of energy deficit
D) through the Tropics
E) through a total of 5 degrees of latitude
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Global Sci Stds: G2
72) At which locations is solar energy most concentrated?

A) Where the Sun is closest to the curved surface of Earth
B) Anywhere on Earth, if it is the perihelion
C) At places where the angle of incidence is 90°
D) At places where the angle of incidence is 0°
E) Where the atmosphere has the most water vapor
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Global Sci Stds: G2
27
73) Northern Africa, southwestern Asia, and southwestern North America experience what in
common?
A) The hottest summers on Earth
B) The rainiest warm seasons on Earth
C) Many cloudy days because of the nearby equator
D) The largest winter-to-summer temperature ranges on Earth
E) The presence of warm ocean currents making the climates very mild
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Global Sci Stds: G2
74) In the Northern Hemisphere, a yearly net surplus of energy is experienced for all latitudes
SOUTH of which latitude?
A) 0°N
B) 8°N
C) 38°N
D) 58°N
E) 88°N
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Global Sci Stds: G2
75) In the Northern Hemisphere about ________ percent of the surface is land.
A) 7
B) 39
C) 56
D) 75
E) 91
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Topic/Section: 4.6 Land and Water Temperature Contrasts
Learning Outcome: 4.28 Describe the impact of land-water contrasts on global patterns of
temperature.
Global Sci Stds: G2
28
76) In the Southern Hemisphere about ________ percent of the surface is land.
A) 19
B) 25
C) 34
D) 55
E) 78
Answer: A
Diff: 1
temperature.
Global Sci Stds: G2
77) More than three-fourths of all sunshine falls on ________ as it reaches Earth's surface.
A) water
B) soil
C) continents
D) rocks
E) clouds
Answer: A
Diff: 1
temperature.
Global Sci Stds: G2
78) The specific heat of water is greater than that of land. This means that ________.
A) water is warmer than land
B) land is warmer than water
C) water cools more slowly than land
D) land cools more slowly than water
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Learning Outcome: 4.17 List the reasons that land masses warm faster than water bodies; 4.18
List the reasons that land masses cool faster than water bodies.
Global Sci Stds: G2
29
79) The extremely low surface temperatures in the Antarctic in July (the Southern Hemisphere's
winter) clearly demonstrate the principle of ________.
A) adiabatic cooling
B) latitudinal differentiation
C) greater cooling of land than water
D) lapse rates
E) aphelion
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Learning Outcome: 4.19 Explain the significance of the temperature contrasts between land
masses and water bodies.
Global Sci Stds: G2
80) Which of the following would NOT be a reason why land heats faster than water?
A) The presence of subtropical highs (STHs)
B) Lower specific heat
C) No mobility
D) Less transmissivity
E) Less evaporation
Answer: B
Diff: 3
Learning Outcome: 4.17 List the reasons that land masses warm faster than water bodies.
Global Sci Stds: G2
30
81)
The figure shows cooler water near the West Coast. This is common along many west coasts in
the world and is known as ________.
A) downwelling
B) convection
C) advection
D) fetch
E) upwelling
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Topic/Section: 4.7 Mechanisms of Global Energy Transfer
Learning Outcome: 4.17 List the reasons that land masses warm faster than water bodies.
Global Sci Stds: G2
31
82) The western portions of subtropical highs and gyres tend to be much stronger than eastern
portions. This phenomenon is known as ________.
A) upwelling
B) downwelling
C) western intensification
D) latent heating
E) cold current generation
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Learning Outcome: 4.29 Describe the impact of ocean currents on global patterns of
temperature.
Global Sci Stds: G2
83) The only ocean current in the world whose flow is unbroken by any continent is the
________.
A) North Pacific drift
B) Japan current
C) West Wind drift
D) East Australian current
E) Humboldt current
Answer: C
Diff: 2
temperature.
Global Sci Stds: G2
84) Cool currents can be found ________.

A) in the Arctic
B) on the east coasts of continents
C) on the south coasts of continents
D) on the north coasts of continents
E) on the west coasts of continents
Answer: E
Diff: 1
temperature.
Global Sci Stds: G2
32
85) A temperature inversion is an inversion of the ________.
A) isotherms
B) average lapse rate
C) Coriolis effect
D) gyres
E) topography
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Topic/Section: 4.8 Vertical Temperature Patterns
Learning Outcome: 4.23 Define temperature inversion.
Global Sci Stds: G2
86) The normal vertical temperature gradient (average lapse rate) is CLOSEST to how many
degrees Celsius per 1,000 meters?
A) 1.5
B) 3.5
C) 6.5
D) 16.5
E) 32.5
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Learning Outcome: 4.22 Describe the cause of the average lapse rate.
Global Sci Stds: G2
87) Where on Earth does one expect the greatest latitudinal displacement of isotherms between
January and July?
A) Over the middle latitude oceans
B) Over the equatorial oceans
C) Over the middle latitude continents
D) Over the equatorial continents
E) Over the high latitude oceans
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Topic/Section: 4.9 Global Temperature Patterns
temperature.
Global Sci Stds: G2
33
88) An isotherm bends towards the equator as it passes over land. One can infer ________.
A) the season is summer
B) the season is fall
C) the season is winter
D) the season is spring
E) it is warmer over the land than the ocean
Answer: C
Diff: 2
temperature.
Global Sci Stds: G2
89) Heat waves are ________.

A) abnormally hot weather
B) usually phenomena of urban areas
C) usually phenomena of rural areas
D) usually found near oceans
E) not really dangerous in terms of human deaths
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Outcome: 4.30 Explain the seasonal pattern of global temperatures.
Global Sci Stds: G2
90) Dallas, Texas is in the continental interior. San Diego, California is on the ocean. Both of
these cities are at 32 degrees north latitude. Which of the following must be TRUE?
A) San Diego's winter temperatures should be lower than Dallas'.
B) Dallas' summer temperatures should be lower than San Diego's.
C) There should not be much temperature difference because they are at the same latitude.
D) There should not be much temperature difference because they have similar longitudes.
E) Dallas should have a much larger yearly temperature range than San Diego.
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Global Sci Stds: G2
34
91)
The most intense colors show the largest amounts of average longwave radiation in watts per
square meter for May 2015. This figure confirms the fact that ________.
A) air is cooler than water
B) water is cooler than land
C) the hottest places are the cloudiest places
D) the highest monthly totals are over land
E) the ozone layer is thinning
Answer: D
Diff: 2
temperature.
Global Sci Stds: G2
35
92)
The isotherms in the figure are "packed" more closely in the Southern Hemisphere than the
Northern Hemisphere because ________.
A) it is summer in the Southern Hemisphere
B) the sun is closer to the Southern Hemisphere than the Northern Hemisphere in July
C) the incoming solar energy difference by latitude is greater in the Southern Hemisphere
D) the incoming solar energy difference by latitude is greater in the Northern Hemisphere
E) of climate change
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Learning Outcome: 4.26 Describe the impact of latitude on global patterns of temperature.
Global Sci Stds: G2
36
93)
This figure does not clearly show an effect of altitude on average global temperatures. This is
because ________.
A) there is very little effect
B) temperatures have been adjusted for altitude
C) there is more ocean surface than mountain surface on Earth
D) mountain ranges are not wide enough to show up on this small-scale world map
E) of the occurrence of inversions at high altitudes
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Learning Outcome: 4.27 Describe the impact of altitude on global patterns of temperature.
Global Sci Stds: G2
94) Satellite data confirm that Earth's "skin" temperature on land and water is ________.
A) close to 0K
B) unchanging over time
C) close to 0°C
D) almost the same everywhere
E) capable of showing El Niño
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Learning Outcome: 4.25 Compare the temperature pattern of the Northern Hemisphere with that
of the Southern Hemisphere.
Global Sci Stds: G2
37
95) The main culprit for global warming appears to be ________.
A) carbon dioxide
B) nitrous oxides
C) chlorofluorocarbons
D) methane
E) inaccurate computer models
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Topic/Section: 4.10 Climate Change and Global Warming
Learning Outcome: 4.34 Summarize the ways in which human activity is likely to be changing
global climate.
Global Sci Stds: G2
96) From climate records it is clear that ________.

A) a runaway greenhouse effect threatens to kill life on Earth
B) the scientific notion of global warming seems to be in error
C) Earth's temperatures have actually decreased substantially in the last 100 years
D) humans created the greenhouse effect
E) there has been warming in the last 100 years
Answer: E
Diff: 2
global climate.
Global Sci Stds: G2
97) The observed increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is attributable to ________.
A) human activities
B) earthquakes
C) volcanoes
D) the end of the "Ice Age"
E) grass fires set by lightning
Answer: A
Diff: 1
global climate.
Global Sci Stds: G2
38
98) In terms of long-term temperature increases in the atmosphere, which of the following is
TRUE?
A) Average global temperature has risen 5°C in the 20th century.
B) No changes have been observed in the 21st century.
C) The greenhouse effect has never been shown to be real.
D) Increases in greenhouse gases have been observed.
E) It appears that we can readily curb the carbon dioxide problem.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Learning Outcome: 4.33 Describe how temperature has changed over the last century.
Global Sci Stds: G2
39
99)
Looking at this graph alone, which of the following is TRUE about the concentrations of
atmospheric carbon dioxide?
A) They are decreasing over time.
B) They are increasing at a steady rate.
C) They are increasing at an increasing rate.
D) They are increasing at a decreasing rate.
E) They are steady over time.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
global climate.
Global Sci Stds: G4
100) Evaporation changes sensible heat into ________.

Answer: latent heat
Diff: 2
transmission.
Global Sci Stds: G2
101) A(n) ________ climate is known for lesser seasonal extremes of temperature than its land
40
counterpart.
Answer: maritime or oceanic
Diff: 1
Learning Outcome: 4.18 List the reasons that land masses cool faster than water bodies.
Global Sci Stds: G2
102) ________ is an atmospheric substance that is one of the substances causing the greenhouse
effect.
Answer: Water vapor, Carbon dioxide, Dust, and so on.
Diff: 1
Learning Outcome: 4.9 Describe how the greenhouse effect works.
Global Sci Stds: G2
103) In which season does the Northern and Southern Hemispheres have their long-term
(average) isotherms packed most closely together on maps and why is this so?
Answer: Winter, because of greater pole to equator energy differences.
Diff: 2
Global Sci Stds: G2
104) An imaginary continent extends from the equator to 50°S. It is about as wide as the
continental United States. Describe the likely pattern of isotherms showing the average annual
temperature ranges.
Answer: The main pattern would be latitudinal; but isotherms would curve both equatorward
and poleward, depending on the season, with increasing distances away from the western coast in
the middle latitudes.
Diff: 3
Global Sci Stds: G2
41
105) On long, cold winter nights with clear, calm skies, what pace of nightly cooling will occur
and why?
Answer: Radiational cooling will be maximized, due to the loss of energy, with a minimum
greenhouse effect.
Diff: 3
Learning Outcome: 4.23 Define temperature inversion.
Global Sci Stds: G2
106) "Convection" means heat is ________.

Answer: being transferred vertically
Diff: 1
Learning Outcome: 4.10 Differentiate among conduction, convection, and advection.
Global Sci Stds: G2
107) In the ________ latitudes, more energy leaves the top of the atmosphere than is received
during a year.
Answer: polar and/or upper middle
Diff: 1
Global Sci Stds: G2
108) A map of the average daily insolation received in the 48 coterminous United States, such as
in your textbook, would show the ________ to have the highest values.
A) northwest
B) northeast
C) central U.S.
D) southwest
E) southeast
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Global Sci Stds: G4
42
109) Describe the paths and transformations of solar energy as it travels through the Earth
system. In other words, describe Earth's long-term energy balance.
Answer: This answer could be quite extensive and should be the essence of Figure 4-18 in the
textbook. It is not expected that the answer provide the numbers in the figure.
Diff: 3
Global Sci Stds: G2
110) How does the concept of work differ from the concepts of power and internal energy?
Answer: Force acting over distance versus energy transferred over time versus all energy
contained by a substance.
Diff: 2
Learning Outcome: 4.1 Define energy and explain how it is related to work and power.
Global Sci Stds: G2
43

Chapter 4

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Chapter 4

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McKnight's Physical Geography, 12e (Hess)

Chapter 4 Insolation and Temperature

1) "Work" is scientifically defined as ________.

3) The Kelvin scale has ________.

6) The freezing point of water is ________ on the Kelvin scale.

9) The vigorous vibration of molecules back and forth is referred to as ________.

11) The energy emitted from the Sun is a product of ________.

14) Solar energy is also known as incoming ________.

17) Which of the following statements is TRUE?

20) Visible light is comprised of ________ electromagnetic wavelengths

The curve in the figure shows that ________.

26) ________ objects radiate in shorter wavelengths than ________ objects.

27) The longest of all visible light waves are ________.

29) The speed of light is CLOSEST to ________ kilometers per second.

37) Emission of energy is most closely associated with ________.

43) The MAIN source of atmospheric heating is from the ________.

46) Which two terms are NOT closely related?

52) Which substance is the best transmitter of solar energy?

59) Adiabatic processes cause cooling by ________.

66) Which of the following is FALSE?

68) As the angle of incidence becomes less, the ________.

72) At which locations is solar energy most concentrated?

84) Cool currents can be found ________.

89) Heat waves are ________.

96) From climate records it is clear that ________.

100) Evaporation changes sensible heat into ________.

106) "Convection" means heat is ________.

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26) objects radiate in shorter wavelengths than objects.