Chapter 8

McKnight's Physical Geography, 12e (Hess)
Chapter 8 Climate and Climate Change
1)
This figure is known as a(n) ________.

A) climograph
B) climogram
C) climosketch
D) climotable
E) climogauge
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Topic/Section: 8.1 Climate Classification
Learning Outcome: 8.3 Explain how a climograph is used to show climate classification.
Natl. Geog Stds: GS3
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Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
1
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
2) The Köppen system of climatic classification ________.
A) is the most recent numerical system
B) is seldom used today
C) uses human comfort to determine climate boundaries
D) uses data difficult to obtain
E) is the most widely used classification system
Answer: E
Diff: 1
Learning Outcome: 8.1 Describe the five major climate groups and the special category used to
classify climate by the modified Köppen system.
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3) The Köppen system of climate classification is based on ________.

A) solar radiation
B) temperature and precipitation
C) evapotranspiration
D) sensible temperature indices
E) cumulative humidity indices
Answer: B
Diff: 1
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4) Of the main Köppen climate zones, ________ is the only one that does not occur in the
Southern Hemisphere.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
Answer: D
Diff: 2
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5) The lowercase letter symbolizing "moist, with no dry season" in the Köppen classification
system is ________.
A) w
B) s
C) f
D) k
E) a
Answer: C
Diff: 2
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6) ________ has the most symmetrical of the distributions of major climatic types on either side
of the Equator.
A) Australia
B) South America
C) Africa
D) Europe
E) Asia
Answer: C
Diff: 2
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Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing
7) The modified Köppen climate classification as used in the textbook includes ________ major
climatic groups.
A) 3
B) 5
C) 8
D) 10
E) 15
Answer: B
Diff: 2
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8) In what year did Köppen first publish his classification system?
A) 1492
B) 1760
C) 1850
D) 1918
E) 1971
Answer: D
Diff: 2
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9) The textbook uses many climographs. Climographs are useful in ________.

A) predicting weather
B) classifying climate
C) recording relative humidity
D) judging the strength of storms
E) calculating climatic change
Answer: B
Diff: 1
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10) Which of the following does not appear as a capital letter identifying on of the major climate
groups in the Köppen classification system?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) W
Answer: E
Diff: 2
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11) The text makes frequent use of ________, which are charts showing average monthly
temperatures and precipitation amounts.
A) rain graphs
B) climographs
C) barographs
D) weather graphs
E) isohyets
Answer: B
Diff: 2
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12) Köppen's climate classification includes ________ major climate groups designated by
capital letters.
A) two
B) four
C) six
D) eight
E) ten
Answer: C
Diff: 1
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13) On which continent is the intertropical convergence furthest from the equator in the summer
season?
A) North America
B) South America
C) Europe
D) Africa
E) Asia
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Topic/Section: 8.2 Tropical Humid Climates (Group A)
Learning Outcome: 8.8 Explain the location and characteristics of the tropical monsoonal
climate and the seasonal precipitation patterns.
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14) The world record for greatest precipitation received in a single year is in a monsoon climate
and is on the order of ________ centimeters.
A) 2.6
B) 26
C) 260
D) 2,600
E) 260,000
Answer: D
Diff: 2
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15) In Am climates, the hottest time of year is ________.

A) winter
B) summer
C) fall
D) spring
E) the rainy season
Answer: D
Diff: 1
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16) Which type of climate is usually found closest to the Equator?

A) Af
B) Am
C) BWk
D) Csa
E) Dfa
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Outcome: 8.6 Explain the location and characteristics of the tropical wet climate and
reasons for the associated weather patterns.
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17) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the tropical humid climates?
A) The shortest day lengths are not much shorter than the longest day lengths.
B) The Sun is high in the sky every day of the year.
C) The Intertropical Convergence Zone is rarely overhead.
D) Precipitation is plentiful over the year.
E) They experience warm temperatures all year long.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Learning Outcome: 8.5 Describe the major characteristics of tropical humid climates.
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18) In tropical regions, the "winter" season is merely the ________ period.
A) zodiac
B) low sun
C) intertropical convergence
D) easterly wave
E) tropical cyclone
Answer: B
Diff: 1
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19) In tropical regions, the high-sun season is the ________ period.

A) summer
B) fall
C) dry
D) equinox
E) cloudless
Answer: A
Diff: 1
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20) A small island on the Equator would most likely be classified ________.
A) Aw
B) BS
C) Cfa
D) Af
E) Dfa
Answer: D
Diff: 2
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21) There are more square kilometers of A climates in ________ than in any other region.
A) Australia
B) Asia
C) Africa
D) South America
E) Antarctica
Answer: C
Diff: 1
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22) The intertropical convergence zone is most closely associated with which of the Köppen
system's major climate types?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
Answer: A
Diff: 1
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23)
The shaded climate types of this figure are all types of ________ climates.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
Answer: A
Diff: 2
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24) Where in the world does average daily temperature exceed the annual temperature range?
A) Everywhere
B) The polar latitudes
C) The middle latitudes
D) The tropical latitudes
E) Nowhere
Answer: D
Diff: 2
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25) The single most descriptive word that can be applied to Tropical Wet climates is ________.
A) variability
B) seasonality
C) comfortable
D) invigorating
E) monotonous
Answer: E
Diff: 1
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26) In the tropical wet climate, precipitation is mainly ________.

A) frontal
B) unreliable
C) convective
D) orographic
E) drizzle
Answer: C
Diff: 1
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27) The largest amount of tropical rainforest is on the continent of ________.

A) Africa
B) Asia
C) South America
D) North America
E) Australia
Answer: C
Diff: 2
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28) "Night is winter" is best applied to the ________ climate.
A) Af
B) Am
C) BWk
D) Csa
E) Dfa
Answer: A
Diff: 2
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29)
The afternoon peaking of precipitation in the Af climate shown in the figure is caused by
________.
A) cold fronts
B) convective thunderstorms
C) large amounts of evapotranspiration
D) the hottest temperatures on Earth
E) wet air masses pushing on each other
Answer: B
Diff: 2
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30) The ________ climatic type has, by far, the smallest annual temperature range of any
climatic type.
A) ET
B) Dfa
C) BWh
D) Csa
E) Af
Answer: E
Diff: 2
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31) In an Af climate, what time of day is precipitation most likely?

A) Dawn
B) Mid-morning
C) Noon
D) Mid-afternoon
E) Midnight
Answer: D
Diff: 2
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32) The greatest one-day range of temperature was recorded in a BWh climate in ________.
A) Denver
B) Algeria
C) Australia
D) Antarctica
E) India
Answer: B
Diff: 3
Topic/Section: 8.3 Dry Climates (Group B)
Learning Outcome: 8.10 Explain the two main causes of dry climates.
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33) The hottest places on Earth are ________.
A) associated with the longest day lengths
B) hot all year round
C) also the most humid places
D) found at the Equator
E) associated with a lack of clouds
Answer: E
Diff: 3
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34) Midlatitude deserts experience a ________ maximum in precipitation.

A) winter
B) summer
C) low sun
D) steppe
E) bi-modal (two different months of)
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Learning Outcome: 8.12 Differentiate between the midlatitude desert and midlatitude steppe
climates, and explain their locations and the controls responsible for their dryness.
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35) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the midlatitude desert climate type?
A) Colder than its tropical counterpart
B) Far removed from oceanic moisture
C) Blocked from oceanic moisture by mountains
D) Found in Asia, North America, and South America
E) A winter maximum of precipitation
Answer: E
Diff: 2
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36) The driest desert in the world is the ________.
A) Sahara
B) Gobi
C) Atacama
D) Kalahari
E) Simpson
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Learning Outcome: 8.11 Differentiate between subtropical desert and subtropical steppe
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37) In midlatitude desert (BWk) climates, the ________ temperature is greater than in
subtropical desert (BWh) climates.
A) average annual
B) daily high
C) annual median
D) annual range of
E) daily low
Answer: D
Diff: 3
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38) Steppe climates can be thought of as occupying transitional positions between deserts and
________.
A) polar climates
B) northern
C) humid climates
D) tropical climates
E) coastal climates
Answer: C
Diff: 2
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39) Of the six major modified Köppen climatic types used in your textbook, only the Group
________ is associated with climates defined on the basis of moisture.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
Answer: B
Diff: 3
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40) Both great distances from oceanic moisture sources and blockage of moist flow by
topography are both associated with dryness in the ________ desert.
A) Sahara
B) Atacama
C) Sonoran
D) Central Asian
E) Arabian
Answer: D
Diff: 3
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41) The following is an example of a west coast "foggy" desert.

A) Simpson of Australia
B) Sahara of Africa
C) Mohave of North America
D) Atacama of South America
E) Gobi of Asia
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Learning Outcome: 8.10 Explain the two main causes of dry climates; 8.11 Differentiate
between subtropical desert and subtropical steppe climates, and explain their locations and the
controls responsible for their dryness.
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42) In South America there is a coastal desert because of ________.
A) rising air
B) a double rain shadow
C) the Intertropical Convergence Zone
D) a warm ocean current
E) incursions of Antarctic air masses
Answer: B
Diff: 2
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43) The B climates are dry most usually because of lack of ________.
A) uplift in the air
B) solar energy
C) moisture in the air
D) high altitude
E) occurrence near the polar front
Answer: A
Diff: 2
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44) The world's largest expanse of middle latitude dry climates is on the continent of ________.
A) Asia
B) Africa
C) Australia
D) Europe
E) North America
Answer: A
Diff: 2
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45) Which of the following climate types takes up the most land area on Earth?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) H
Answer: B
Diff: 2
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46) A Cfa climate exists on the southeastern coast of the United States. Which climate type exists
on the southwestern coast of the United States?
A) Cfa
B) Csa
C) Cfb
D) BWh
E) Dfa
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Topic/Section: 8.4 Mild Midlatitude Climates (Group C)
Learning Outcome: 8.13 Explain the locations and characteristics of the Mediterranean climate
and the reasons for the seasonal precipitation patterns.
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47) Which climate type is known for clear skies in the summertime?
A) Af
B) Cfa
C) Dfa
D) Csa
E) Am
Answer: D
Diff: 2
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48) Which of the following would be an expected average annual precipitation total in a marine
west coast climate?
A) 10 centimeters
B) 100 centimeters
C) 1,000 centimeters
D) 10,000 centimeters
Answer: B
Diff: 3
Learning Outcome: 8.15 Explain the locations and characteristics of the marine west coast
climate and the controls of the precipitation.
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49) Which of the following climates does NOT have a summer wetter than its winter?
A) Monsoon
B) Humid subtropical
C) Mediterranean
D) Humid continental
E) Subarctic
Answer: C
Diff: 3
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50) A middle latitude climate type located on the western edges of the continents is the ________
climate.
A) Cfa
B) Dfa
C) Dwa
D) Csb
E) BWh
Answer: D
Diff: 3
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51) A Cfb climate exists along the northwest coast of the United States. Which climate type
exists along the northeastern coast of the United States?
A) Cfa
B) Csa
C) Cfb
D) BWh
E) Dfa
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Topic/Section: 8.5 Severe Midlatitude Climates (Group D)
Learning Outcome: 8.16 Explain the locations and characteristics of the humid continental
climate and the controls on the precipitation and temperatures.
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52) Because of the lack of continentality, which of the following is NOT a climate type found in
South America?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) H
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Learning Outcome: 8.17 Explain the locations and characteristics of the subarctic climate and
the controls on the precipitation and temperatures.
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53) Which climatic type is dominated by the westerly winds throughout the year so there are
frequent weather changes?
A) ET
B) Dfa
C) Am
D) BWh
E) Af
Answer: B
Diff: 2
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54) In subarctic (Dfc, Dfd, Dwc, Dwd) climates, which of the following explains the presence of
a continuous, thin snow cover for many months of the year?
A) High snowfall totals
B) Long summers
C) Geothermal energy from within the Earth
D) Low evapotranspiration rates
E) Above-freezing temperatures in the winter
Answer: D
Diff: 2
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55) In the Df and Dw climates, winter precipitation mainly originates from ________.
A) midlatitude cyclones
B) orographic influences
C) large thunderstorms
D) the intertropical convergence
E) subtropical highs
Answer: A
Diff: 2
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56) The world's greatest annual average temperature range between January and July is in a Dfd
climate in ________.
A) Yakutsk, Siberia
B) Narvik, Norway
C) the Hawaiian Islands
D) Sitka, Alaska
E) Stillwater, Oklahoma
Answer: A
Diff: 2
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57) Continentality is a term most closely associated with which climatic type?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) H
Answer: D
Diff: 2
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58) In terms of general location of a climate, in what place would one expect to find a humid
continental climate in the United States?
A) The Southwest (Phoenix, Arizona)
B) The Northwest (Seattle, Washington)
C) The Southeast (Atlanta, Georgia)
D) The Great Lakes (Buffalo, New York)
E) South Central (Dallas, Texas)
Answer: D
Diff: 2
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59)
The zone lowest to sea level is called the ________.

A) Tierra fria
B) Tierra templada
C) Tierra caliente
D) Tierra helada
E) Tierra redícula
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Topic/Section: 8.6 Polar and Highland Climates (Groups E and H)
Learning Outcome: 8.21 Explain vertical zonation.
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60) Which climatic type is most closely associated with the smallest average daily ranges of
temperature?
A) ET
B) BWk
C) Cfa
D) Dfa
E) Csa
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Learning Outcome: 8.18 Explain the locations and characteristics of the tundra climate and the
controls that make it so cold and dry.
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61) At its poleward margin the ________ climate is bounded by the 0° Celsius isotherm of
average annual temperature.
A) Dfa
B) Dwa
C) ET
D) EF
E) BW
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Learning Outcome: 8.19 Explain the locations and characteristics of the ice cap climate and the
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62)
What major climate group is shown by this figure?

A) A
B) B
C) D
D) E
E) H
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Learning Outcome: 8.20 Explain the characteristics of the highland climate and the controls that
make the climate so variable.
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63)
Which major Köppen group is highlighted on this map?

A) H
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
Answer: E
Diff: 1
controls that make it so cold and dry; 8.19 Explain the locations and characteristics of the ice cap
climate and the controls that make it so cold and dry.
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64) Satellite observations show Arctic ________.
A) animals will do better as the ocean warms
B) sea ice is drifting to lower and lower latitudes
C) vegetation is getting more sparse because of warming temperatures
D) air pollution is the direct cause of warming in the region
E) glacial ice is now undergoing more extreme melting then decades ago
Answer: E
Diff: 2
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65) Throughout the ET climates, ________ is/are very prevalent.

A) tornadoes
B) radiation fogs
C) winter rain
D) easterly waves
E) heat waves
Answer: B
Diff: 2
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66) Ice cap climates often have very strong ________winds blowing off of their surfaces.
A) southerly
B) warm
C) orographic
D) frontal
E) katabatic
Answer: E
Diff: 2
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67) There are two large areas of ice cap climate in the world. They are in ________.
A) the United States and Canada
B) Greenland and Canada
C) Antarctica and the United States
D) Russia and China
E) Greenland and Antarctica
Answer: E
Diff: 1
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68) Which of the following has the LEAST average annual precipitation?
A) Af
B) Aw
C) Am
D) EF
E) BSk
Answer: D
Diff: 2
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69) Vertical zonation of vegetation is particularly prominent in which region?

A) Great Plains of the United States
B) Tropical rainforests
C) Tropical highlands
D) Mountains in tundra climates
E) Tropical forests before humans were on the planet
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Learning Outcome: 8.21 Explain vertical zonation.
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70) The area most closely associated with D climates is ________.
A) Central America
B) Australia
C) Canada
D) Southern Africa
E) the Amazon basin
Answer: C
Diff: 2
controls that make it so cold and dry; 8.20 Explain the characteristics of the highland climate and
the controls that make the climate so variable.
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71) Which of the following is FALSE of the Highland (H) climates?

A) They are usually closely related to adjacent lowland locations.
B) There is great diversity within small areas.
C) Exposure to the Sun is a critical climatic control.
D) Exposure to the wind is a critical climatic control.
E) They do not occur at tropical latitudes.
Answer: E
Diff: 2
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72) In mountainous areas, which term refers to the vertical zone of frozen land at high elevation?
A) Tierra caliente
B) Tierra templada
C) Tierra helada
D) Tierra fria
E) Tierra Pacifica
Answer: C
Diff: 3
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73) All months have average temperatures below freezing in the ________ climatic type.
A) BS
B) EF
C) ET
D) Dfa
E) Csa
Answer: B
Diff: 1
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74) Which of the following is NOT usually found in highland locations as compared to their
surrounding lowlands?
A) Altitudinal zonation of vegetation
B) Heavier precipitation
C) Lower atmospheric pressure
D) Local wind systems more prevalent
E) Higher temperatures
Answer: E
Diff: 1
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75) Which of the following average annual precipitation totals is CLOSEST to that expected in
an ice cap climate?
A) Less than 25 cm
B) 100 cm
C) 200 cm
D) 500 cm
E) Greater than 1,0000 cm
Answer: A
Diff: 1
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76) Of the following temperatures, which of the following is CLOSEST to the official low
temperature in degrees Celsius (and degrees Fahrenheit) ever recorded on Earth?
A) 0 (32)
B) -10 (14)
C) -50 (-58)
D) -100 (-148)
E) -140 (-228)
Answer: D
Diff: 2
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77) The tundra climate is bounded on its poleward side by the average annual ________°C (ºF)
isotherm.
A) 0 (32)
B) 20 (68)
C) -10 (14)
D) -40 (-40)
E) -50 (-58)
Answer: A
Diff: 2
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78) Melt ponds and moulins are closely associated with signs of climate change in ________.
A) C climates
B) coastal climates
C) Greenland
D) the Rocky Mountains
E) Europe
Answer: C
Diff: 1
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79) For the last 10,000 years AS A WHOLE, Earth temperatures can be said to be________.
A) warm and fairly steady
B) unchanged
C) warmed drastically
D) cooled drastically
E) in an Ice Age
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Topic/Section: 8.7 Global Climate Change
Learning Outcome: 8.23 Explain the importance of time scale to patterns in climate records.
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80) AS A WHOLE, over the past 70 million years there has been ________.
A) a global cooling
B) a global warming
C) a global warming and then a global cooling
D) no significant climate changes
E) no way to determine if there have been climate changes
Answer: A
Diff: 2
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81) Which of the following helps determine past climate on the basis of tree rings?
A) Dendrochronology
B) Oxygen isotope analysis
C) Pollen analysis
D) 18O/16O ratio
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Learning Outcome: 8.25 Explain the use of dendrochronology to interpret past climate.
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82) Oxygen isotope analysis is used when studying the relationship between ________ and
climate change.
A) ice cores
B) trees
C) dendrochronology
D) pollen
E) volcanoes
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Outcome: 8.25 Explain the use of dendrochronology to interpret past climate.
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83) The current rise in global sea level can be attributed to ________.
A) the tectonic lowering of continents
B) increases in rainfall
C) increases in the flow of large rivers
D) melting of glaciers
E) increases in evaporation
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Learning Outcome: 8.34 Describe the role of the ocean in climate change.
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84) A lack of sunspots has been used as an explanation for ________.

A) the Ice Age
B) Little Ice Age
C) a lack of aerosols in Earth's atmosphere
D) changes in the Earth's orbit
E) global warming
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Topic/Section: 8.8 Causes of Climate Change
Learning Outcome: 8.30 Explain the impact of fluctuation in solar output on long-term climate
change.
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85) Which of the following, taken by itself, represents a net warming effect in the atmosphere?
A) Sulfates released from burning of fossil fuel
B) Black carbon emissions from the burning of diesel fuel
C) All aerosol emissions
D) Fine volcanic ash from eruptions
E) Impacts of asteroids
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Learning Outcome: 8.29 Explain the impact of atmospheric aerosols on long-term climate
change.
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86) Which of the following is a Milankovitch Cycle which is due to the changing orientation or
Earth's axis?
A) Obliquity of Earth's axis
B) The shape of Earth's elliptical orbit
C) Precession
D) Revolution
E) Rotation
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Learning Outcome: 8.29 Explain the impact of atmospheric aerosols on long-term climate
change.
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87) Which of the following is TRUE?

A) The IPCC Climate Change found no proof of anthropogenic climate change.
B) The IPCC is certain all climate change is now caused by humans.
C) The IPCC has regulated the end of all CO2 emissions to the atmosphere.
D) The IPCC believes recent climate changes to be very likely caused by humans.
E) The IPCC recommendations are questionable because scientists were paid off.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Topic/Section: 8.9 Anthropogenic Climate Change
Learning Outcome: 8.40 Distinguish natural from anthropogenic climate change.
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88) Anthropogenic means ________ in terms of climate change.
A) "good for humans"
B) "caused by humans"
C) "fixed by humans"
D) "made by Nature"
E) "changed by the biosphere"
Answer: B
Diff: 1
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89) According to the IPCC, the warming of global climate "________."

A) hasn't started yet
B) is almost over
C) is actually quite minor
D) will never be significant
E) is unequivocal
Answer: E
Diff: 1
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90) The IPCC concludes that the largest cause of current global warming is ________.
A) natural
B) mistakes in the work done by scientists
C) the increase in atmospheric ozone
D) the decrease in atmospheric water vapor
E) anthropogenic
Answer: E
Diff: 1
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91) Observed climate change on Earth does NOT include ________.
A) the rising of sea level
B) an increase in air temperature
C) the Arctic warming more than the global average
D) the beginnings of deserts in the Af climates
E) warm days and cold nights both increasing
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Learning Outcome: 8.35 Describe the evidence for current climate change in air temperature and
the possible consequences; 8.36 Describe the evidence for current climate change in the oceans
and the possible consequences; 8.37 Describe the evidence for current climate change in polar
regions and the possible consequences.
Global Sci Stds: G2
92) Climates that are expected to appear because of climate change and that are not currently
found in the Köppen classification systems are ________ climates.
A) basic
B) extrapolated
C) novel
D) thermal
E) potential
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Topic/Section: 8.10 Future Climate Change
Learning Outcome: 8.41 Explain how climate models are used to predict future climate.
Global Sci Stds: G2
93) A matter of great concern is that many of the places where existing climates are predicted to
disappear also happen to regions currently with great ________.
A) snow cover
B) biological diversity
C) vertical zonation
D) rises in sea level
E) numbers of fossils
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Topic/Section: 8.10 Future Climate Change
Global Sci Stds: G2
36
94) The following manner of reduction of greenhouse gas emissions comes with more benefits
than costs to individuals of society.
A) No Regrets opportunities
B) The Clean Energy transition
C) Putting a price on carbon
D) Conservation
E) The burning of "clean" coal
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Topic/Section: 8.11 Addressing Climate Change
Learning Outcome: 8.45 Distinguish efforts to mitigate the effects of climate change from
methods to adapt to those effects.
Global Sci Stds: G2
95) Which international climate change agreement was adopted by 190 countries and the
European Union?
A) China-U.S. Greenhouse Agreement
B) The Rio Framework
C) The Vancouver Treaty
D) The Kyoto Protocol
E) The Washington Air Summit Agreement
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Learning Outcome: 8.43 Identify three major international conferences for addressing the threat
of global climate change.
Global Sci Stds: G2
96) The IPCC concludes that temperature increases, sea-level increases, and rainfall changes are
effectively irreversible for a period of "________" after CO2 emissions are stabilized.
A) days
B) weeks
C) months
D) years
E) centuries
Answer: E
Diff: 1
Global Sci Stds: G2
37
97) Why are scientists greatly assured that modelling of future climates must be mostly correct?
Answer: The GCMs are able to take past climate conditions and have them successfully simulate
today's climates.
Diff: 2
Global Sci Stds: G2
98) What are feedback mechanisms are how do they impact climate?
Answer: Feedback mechanisms are numerous in all sorts of places in the Earth's subsystems.
The student answer here should explain that a feedback is a natural reaction to change in the
status of a system. Most feedbacks are negative feedbacks, therefore tending to dampen the
swing of the subsystem away from equilibrium. However, some are positive. The student should
illustrate feedback mechanisms with an example (e.g., the disappearance of ice that would
decrease albedo).
Diff: 2
Global Sci Stds: G2
99) What is the Kyoto Protocol?

Answer: It was a treaty signed by all the major nations of the world except the United States. Its
purpose was to cut greenhouse gas emissions by an average of 5 percent below 1990 levels. It is
due to expire and not yet been replaced.
Diff: 3
Global Sci Stds: G2
38
100) What are some of the scientifically predicted climate changes for Earth?
Answer: The temperature will warm, but not equally everywhere. The changes should be most
pronounced in the polar regions; there will be increases and decreases in precipitation by
latitude; and biomes will shift locations and otherwise need to adapt.
Diff: 3
Global Sci Stds: G2
101) Explain the importance of ice cores from Dome C in Antarctica.

Answer: This is an 800,000-year-long of climate, including the CO2 content of the atmosphere.
The last ice age is nicely shown and it is clear that CO2 is not the cause of the ends of ice ages.
Diff: 2
Learning Outcome: 8.27 Explain the use of ice cores to interpret past climate.
Global Sci Stds: G2
102) The midlatitude desert climate of Central Asia is caused by ________.

Answer: great distance from oceans or mountains blocking the Indian monsoon
Diff: 2
Global Sci Stds: G2
103) Compare and contrast the mediterranean (Csa) climate found along the coast of southern
California and the humid subtropical (Cfa) climate found in South Carolina.
Answer: This is a matter of which side of the subtropical high these climates are on: Cfa is on
the moister, unstable side while Csa is on the less moist more stable side. Csa has a rainy winter
and rarely temperatures below freezing. Cfa has winters with snow and frequent freezes. The Csa
climate has moderate summer temperatures as compared to Cfa climates; summers are very dry
in the Csa climate.
Diff: 2
Learning Outcome: 8.14 Explain the locations and characteristics of the humid subtropical
climate and the controls of the precipitation; 8.15 Explain the locations and characteristics of the
marine west coast climate and the controls of the precipitation.
Global Sci Stds: G2
39
104) Compare and contrast the Marine west coast (Cfb) climate found along the coast of
Washington (Seattle, for instance) with the Humid continental (Dfa) climate found in Maine
(Caribou, for instance). Interestingly, these two cities are within 1 degree of latitude of each other
but have very different climates.
Answer: This is a matter of the relative continentality of the climates. The Cfb has less annual
temperature range because of the proximity of the westerlies off of the Pacific Ocean. Caribou is
not so far from the Atlantic Ocean but receives most of its air masses from the North American
continent. Caribou is usually much colder than Seattle in the winter. Both have more
precipitation than evapotranspiration but Caribou receives much more snow.
Diff: 3
climate and the controls of the precipitation, 8.16 Explain the locations and characteristics of the
humid continental climate and the controls on the precipitation and temperatures.
Global Sci Stds: G2
105) Explain the features of the marine west coast climate.

Answer: The student answer could include: upper middle latitude west coasts including western
Europe and North America as far north as southern Alaska; westerly wind belt and jet stream
year round; many front passages; moderate summers and cool winters; many days of low clouds
and drizzle.
Diff: 3
Global Sci Stds: G2
106) Explain Milankovitch cycles.

Answer: The answer should cover definitions of eccentricity of Earth's orbit, obliquity of the
rotational axis, and precession of the equinoxes. Then, the effects of the cycles should be noted.
Diff: 3
Learning Outcome: 8.31 Explain the impact of variations in Earth-Sun relations on long-term
climate change.
Global Sci Stds: G2
40
107) Compare and contrast the ice cap and tundra climates.
Answer: Ice cap climates are colder with no month averaging above freezing. Thus, ice cap
climates have no major vegetation. Ice cap climates are drier than tundra climates because its
colder air cannot contain as much water as its warmer counterpart.
Diff: 3
controls that make it so cold and dry; 8.19 Explain the locations and characteristics of the ice cap
climate and the controls that make it so cold and dry.
Global Sci Stds: G2
108) What is the most conspicuous characteristic of D climates and why?

Answer: It is continentality which produces wide seasonal swings in weather because of the
relatively wide swings in temperature and humidity which occur in places not strongly affected
by oceans. The cause is the rapid heating and cooling of land with respect to ocean water.
Diff: 2
Global Sci Stds: G2
109) ________, subarctic, and boreal are all names for the same climate; name the climate and
its characteristics.
Answer: Taiga. It has a tree cover, long, cold winters, low energy conditions, poor soil, and
found only in the Northern Hemisphere.
Diff: 2
Global Sci Stds: G2
110) Explain why the Af climate has no pronounced dry season.

Answer: The Intertropical Convergence is nearby all year with unstable air, moisture, and
thunderstorms.
Diff: 1
Global Sci Stds: G2
41
111) Explain how evidence of climate changes makes it all but certain some of it is
anthropogenic.
Answer: Greenhouse gas emissions and modeling strongly suggest that human-caused emissions
are increasing the atmosphere's greenhouse effect. When compared to the possible natural
courses like variations in solar output and Milankovitch cycles it seems probable that must of the
observed current change is related to increased greenhouse gas emissions.
Diff: 3
Global Sci Stds: G2
42

Chapter 8

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Chapter 8

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McKnight's Physical Geography, 12e (Hess)

Chapter 8 Climate and Climate Change

This figure is known as a(n) ________.

3) The Köppen system of climate classification is based on ________.

9) The textbook uses many climographs. Climographs are useful in ________.

15) In Am climates, the hottest time of year is ________.

16) Which type of climate is usually found closest to the Equator?

19) In tropical regions, the high-sun season is the ________ period.

26) In the tropical wet climate, precipitation is mainly ________.

27) The largest amount of tropical rainforest is on the continent of ________.

31) In an Af climate, what time of day is precipitation most likely?

34) Midlatitude deserts experience a ________ maximum in precipitation.

41) The following is an example of a west coast "foggy" desert.

The zone lowest to sea level is called the ________.

What major climate group is shown by this figure?

Which major Köppen group is highlighted on this map?

65) Throughout the ET climates, ________ is/are very prevalent.

69) Vertical zonation of vegetation is particularly prominent in which region?

71) Which of the following is FALSE of the Highland (H) climates?

84) A lack of sunspots has been used as an explanation for ________.

87) Which of the following is TRUE?

89) According to the IPCC, the warming of global climate "________."

99) What is the Kyoto Protocol?

101) Explain the importance of ice cores from Dome C in Antarctica.

102) The midlatitude desert climate of Central Asia is caused by ________.

105) Explain the features of the marine west coast climate.

106) Explain Milankovitch cycles.

108) What is the most conspicuous characteristic of D climates and why?

110) Explain why the Af climate has no pronounced dry season.

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