Handouts (1 10) PDF

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NUEVA ECIJA
CUYAPO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Bulala, Cuyapo Nueva Ecija
Handout 1
What is Research?
What is research? Why do we engage in research? How important is research in our daily
life? These are the questions that you may ask why students like you need to take research as a
subject. Actually, as human beings, it is automatic for us to observe what is happening around
us and explain why things transpire in certain ways. However, we do it arbitrarily.
As students of social science, understanding events around us requires systematic studies

in order to generate acceptable rationalizations. Thus research is a vital component of our course
curriculum. How then do we define research?
Research is a “systematic investigation designed to extend the knowledge of what is

already known of the physical, biological, or social world”.( University of San Diego). Coryn (
2007), on the other hand underscored that research is a “truth-seeking activity which contributes
to knowledge, aimed at describing or explaining the world, conducted and governed by those with
a high level of proficiency or expertise”.
Coryn ( 2007) extracted the said definition into three parts and explained the essence of
each part.
1. Research is truth seeking , which refers to the search, or investigation, of or for a

body of real things, events, or facts, or the explanation of them;
2. Research describes, which involves representing or giving an account of and
explains which is about giving reason for or cause of, both of which contribute to
knowledge; and
3. Research is conducted and governed by those who have the requisite
proficiency or expertise; meaning research is conducted by one who is an expert in
a branch of knowledge derived from training or expertise.
Generally, research is to produce knowledge through inquiry and discovery. As a process,

research is a systematic inquiry that entails collection of data; documentation of critical
information; and analysis and interpretation of that data/information, in accordance with suitable
methodologies set by specific professional fields and academic disciplines ( Hampshire College)
On a more specific description, research has four main types which also signifies the different
purposes of a research. These types of research, as highlighted by Patton ( 1990) are:
1. Basic Research: The purpose of this research is to understand and explain. This type of
research takes the form of a theory that explains the phenomenon under investigation to
give its contribution to knowledge. This research is more descriptive in nature, exploring
what, why and how questions.
Research in Daily Life SY 2019-2020

Region III
2. Applied Research: The purpose of this research is to help people understand the nature
of human problems so that human beings can more effectively control their environment.
This type of research pursues potential solutions to human and societal problems. This
research is more prescriptive in nature, focusing on how questions.
3. Evaluation Research( summative and formative): This research studies the processes
and outcomes aimed at attempted solution.
a. Formative research: Its purpose is to improve human intervention within specific
conditions, such as activities, time and groups of people
b. Summative research: Its purpose if to judge the effectiveness of a program, policy
or product.
4. Action Research: This research aims at solving specific problems within a program,
organization, or community. The design and data collection in action research tend to be
more informal, and the people in the situation are directly involved in gathering information
and studying themselves.
(Reference: Applied Research: An Introduction to Qualitative Research. Methods and Report Writing, Melegrito
and Mendoza, Phoenix Publishing House)

Region III
Handout 2
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN OUR DAILY LIVES
1. Research is important in our daily lives because it describes what is happening around
us. Through this, we get to know what people think, what people feel and what people
do.
2. Research is importance in our daily lives because it explains why things happen in
certain ways. Through this we get to understand different situations in our lives and
helps us identify the factors that hinder or facilitate why certain things fail, for example.
3. Research is important because it predicts what will happen. Through this, we get to
caution ourselves in doing or not doing something; it warns us not to pursue an action,
and encourages us to continue a certain act, as well.
4. Research is important because it evaluates what happened in our lives. It gives you
an idea why things are not turning out the way you wanted. It provides areas that you
need to improve on in your program delivery, for example.
5. Research is important because it helps us solve our problems. It provides us relevant
data in order to determine why people are against a certain government program, for
example. Through research, we can make necessary recommendations to improve
the government’s program to suit the needs of those who are affected by the program.
Whatever your reasons are for undertaking a research, any data that you get would
definitely be of value to you and may influence you in your decisions in life. We know the
people decide on gathered information. That is why research is a valuable in endeavor,
not just for the scientists but also for ordinary people like us.

Region III
Handout 3
THE RESEARCH DESIGN
Research usually begins with a question, that is, a research question. The research
question must first and foremost be important. Some questions you must address at this stage
of the research process include the following:
• Is the research significant in relation to the current problems of the world?

• Will the research build upon the existing knowledge about the phenomenon?
• Will the research apply, test or develop theories?
Once you have posted your research question, you begin to search for the answer to the
question. Searching for the answer is like taking a journey to the unknown. Hence, your need a
plan to be able to navigate the unknown.
In the language of a scientifically-based research, the plan in called the research design.
The research design is the entire strategic plan of how to go about finding the answers to your
research question.
The plan first provides for the structure and form of the research. Then it directs or steers
the research in a particular manner and toward a particular direction, usually toward relevant
evident or data to enable you to answer your research question.
In other words, the research design is like a blueprint for the collection, processing,
measurement, and analysis of data. It specifies the type of evidence or data needed to answer
your research question as well as the procedures and techniques not only for obtaining or
accessing the data but also for analyzing and interpreting these.
Questions that are relevant to the research design include, but are not limited to, the
following:
o What types of data do you need to enable you to answer your research
questions?
o How will you collect the data? Are the data both available and accessible?
o Will there be an adequate number and suitable diversity of respondents to the
research?
o How will you analyze the data?
o Is there sufficient time and resources for data collection and analysis?
(Reference: Applied Research: An Introduction to Qualitative Research. Methods and Report Writing,
Melegrito and Mendoza, Phoenix Publishing House)

Region III
Handout 4
RESEARCH ETHICS
Ethics in research refers to the standards on what is morally right or wrong. The following
are five basic ethical principles to guide the conduct of research:
1. Beneficence or the avoidance of harm: Researchers ought to seek to do good rather

than harm.
2. Veracity or the avoidance of deception: Research ought to tell the truth and keep
promises.
3. Privacy and autonomy: Individuals have a right to limit access to information about
themselves.
4. Confidentiality: Closely related to the notion of privacy, the right to control the use of
information about themselves.
5. Consent: The notion of informed consent in often recommended as an operational
principle for the conduct of research.
What is informed consent?

• Giving information about the research which is relevant to the subjects’
decision whether to participate or not;
• Making sure that subjects understand that information;
• Ensuring that participation is voluntary;
• Where subjects are not competent to agree, obtain consent by proxy.
Ethical use of source materials
• Avoiding plagiarism. Plagiarism includes quoting directly without

acknowledging the sources, paraphrasing without acknowledging the source
and constructing a paraphrase that closely resembles the original language
and syntax.
• Quote Accurately: Quote directly from a source when the original language is
distinctive enough to enhance your agreement and rewording would lessen its
impact.
• Acknowledge Quotations Carefully: Failing to signal the presence of a
quotation skillfully can lead to confusion.
(Reference: Applied Research: An Introduction to Qualitative Research. Methods and Report
Writing, Melegrito and Mendoza, Phoenix Publishing House)

Region III
Handout 5
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
A qualitative research “ is defined as an inquiry process of understanding a social or
human problem based on building a complex, holistic picture, formed with words, reporting
detailed views of informants, and conducted in a natural setting”.
There are different approaches/types of qualitative research. Think of these approaches

like a menu of choices from which novice researcher like you can choose from. Note that there
is no single best approach to qualitative research. Instead, what exists is a wide variety of
qualitative research traditions and approaches wherein some are more appropriate and
conducive to certain types of qualitative inquiry than the others.
Deciding which approach is most relevant to your research is not a simple task. Designing
a qualitative research requires making choices and decisions relating to the many aspects of
your research, for example, the primary purpose of the study, its focus and intended audience,
objectives, and data needed, among other things.
To appreciate each of these types of qualitative research, you must first get familiar not
only with the language of qualitative research but also with its set of assumptions. These
assumptions of qualitative research include the following:
1. Qualitative researchers are concerned primarily with process, rather than outcomes or
products.
2. Qualitative researchers are interested in meaning- how people make sense of their
lives, experiences, and their structures of the world.
3. Qualitative researcher is the primary instrument for data collection and analysis. Data
are mediated through this human instrument rather than through inventories,
questionnaires or machines.
4. Qualitative research involves fieldwork. The researcher physically goes to the people,
setting, site, or institution to observe or record behavior in its natural setting.
5. Qualitative research is descriptive in that the researcher is interested in process,
meaning, and understanding gained through words or pictures.
6. The process of qualitative research is inductive in that the researcher builds
abstractions, concepts, hypothesis, and theories from details.

Region III
Handout 6
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
PHENOMENOLOGY
Phenomenology emphasizes individual experiences, beliefs and perceptions. According
to Bryman ( 2008), phenomenology is a “philosophy that is concerned with the question of how
individuals make sense of the world around them and how in particular the philosopher should
bracket our preconceptions concerning his or her grasp of that world”. It is a philosophy that
understands “lived experiences” and that experience is lived in time, space and with others and
bodily experience. It is also embedded within qualitative inquiry in general and endeavors to
appreciate the “behavioral, emotive, and social meanings” that these lived experiences have for
them.
Phenomenology is not just a philosophy but also a research method for capturing the lived
experiences of individuals.
Phenomenology is a study wherein human experience are examined through the detailed
descriptions of the people being studied.
In a nutshell, phenomenology is both the approach to, and a method of, understanding
the behavioral, emotive, and social meanings of lived experiences of individuals.
ETHNOGRAPHY
Ethnography literally means “to write about a group of people”. Its roots are grounded
in the field of anthropology where the researcher is immersed within the community he/she is
studying for extended period of time. A hallmark feature of the ethnographic approach is holistic
perspective, based on the premise that human behavior and culture are complicated phenomena
and are composed of, and influenced by, a multitude of factors. These might include historical
precedents, the physical content in which people live and work, the social structures in which
individuals are embedded, and the symbolic environment in which they act ( e.g. language, shared
meanings)
In a nutshell, ethnographic research is focused on studying shared practices and belief

systems (i.e. culture) of a group of people in their natural context over a prolonged period of time.
GROUNDED THEORY
Grounded theory is a type of inductive thematic analysis. Inductive thematic analysis is

the process” of reading through textual data, identifying themes in the data, coding those
themes, and then interpreting the structure and content of the themes”.

Region III
Grounded theory is a “set of methods that consist of systematic, yet flexible guidelines for
collecting and analyzing qualitative data to construct theories “grounded” in the data themselves.
In nutshell, grounded theory is a set of inductive data collection and analytic method with
the purpose of constructing theories grounded in the data themselves.
CASE STUDY
Case Studies represent a type of research that allows the search and deep exploration of
complex issues.
Case study method permits a researcher to closely assess the data within a specific
context. It selects a small geographical area or a very limited number of individuals as the subjects
of the study. Case studies, in their true essence, explore and investigate contemporary real-life
phenomenon through detailed contextual analysis of a limited number of events or conditions,
and their relationships.
In a nutshell, a case study allows the in-depth investigation of complex issues within a
specific context, based on a small geographical area or a very limited number of individuals as
the subjects of the study.
DISCOURSE AND CONVERSATION ANALYSIS
Discourse and conversation analysis focuses on text as “object of analysis”.

Nonetheless, the text as object of analysis of discourse and conversation analysis is different from
the text that results from formal interviews. Instead, discourse and conversation analysis
examines recorded naturally occurring language, usually of conversations between individuals
within the study population. Both discourse and conversation analysis look at the discourse and
interaction between two or more speakers to understand how shared meanings are socially
constructed.
Discourse analysis (DA) is a type of research that “emphasizes the way version of the
world, of society, events and inner psychological worlds are produced in discourse. Hence, the
“language” is not just a way to appreciate the world but illustrated as making the social world.
In a nutshell, discourse analysis and conversation analysis study naturally occurring and
extract shared meanings from such discourse.
NARRATIVE ANALYSIS
Narrative analysis is an approach to the collection and examination of data that is sensitive
to the sense of historical arrangement that people as tellers of stories about their lives or events
around them, discover in their lives and surrounding occurrences and add into their accounts.

Region III
The emphasis of attention moves from “what actually happened?” to “how do people make
sense of what happened?”. It is the gathering of important historical details of what people
perceive about their lives in terms of continuity and process.
In narrative analysis, there is a possibility that you unearth the stories of the person you
are interviewing. Statements such as “tell me what happened” and “then what happened next”
will certainly arouse the person to share more. In other words, narrative analysis provide two
important possibilities; “ an approach to analyzing different kinds of data and approach that seeks
to stimulate telling of stories”
In a nutshell, narrative analysis focuses on the narratives ( storytelling) used as source of

data.

Region III
Handout 7
RESEARCH TOPIC/PROBLEM
Sources of Topics
1. Observations
2. Different subjects taken and from them identify a problem
3. Existing problems/needs in the classroom/school/community
Guidelines in Selecting a Research Topic
1. It should be something new or different

2. It must be original
3. It should be significant
4. It must necessarily arouse intellectual curiosity
5. It should be clear and specific
6. It should consider the availability of data, financial capacity and time of the researcher
RESEARCH TITLE
1. The title must contain the following elements:

a. The subject matter or research problem
b. The setting or locale of the study
c. The respondents or participants involved in the study
d. The time or period when the study was conducted
2. If the title contains more than one line, it should be written in inverted pyramid.
3. The title should not be longer than 15 substantive words, all in capital letter and no
underline and no punctuation marks.

Region III
Handout 8
WRITING THE INTRODUCTION
A fundamental question is: How long should the Introduction be?

Guidance from qualitative researchers varies quite widely on the issue of length.
For example, Silverman (2000: 224) took the view that “there is no reason why your
introduction should be any longer than two or three pages, particularly if your ‘methods’
chapter covers the natural history of your research”. The length will depend on precisely
what an Introduction covers. You should ask your supervisors’ advice on the specific
requirements of your Introduction.
The point of the introduction is to answer the question: What is this thesis about?
Stage 1: ORIENTATION
1. General statements (especially on the importance of the topic).

• Why you have chosen this topic rather than any other, e.g. because it has been
neglected or because it is much discussed but not properly or fully
• Why this topic interests you?
2. Background information
• Key terminologies about the research topic
• Key concepts about the research topic
3. Reference to previous studies
• Studies similar/related to the present study
Stage 2: JUSTIFICATION
1. Indicating a gap
• Explanation of the areas on the research topic that is not yet researched on
2. Questions/problems
• What are the questions/problems that may be seen on the “research gap”
3. Value of further investigation (by you) of the topic
• Explain the importance of finding the answers for the research
problems/questions.

Region III
Stage 3: FOCUS ON YOUR RESEARCH

1. Content: aims/thesis
• Explain/Discuss the aim and purpose of your study that may contribute to the
society.
2. Structure
• Discuss the research approach you are going to use.
3. Limitations
• Discuss the possible boundaries and limitations of your study.
4. Means (method)
• Discuss how will you go about finding the answers of the research
problems/questions.
5. Evaluation
• Discuss how will you go about in the analysis of data gathered.

Region III
Handout 9
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Objectives of the research

• Indicate what the research will do, for instance, discover ( grounded theory),
explain or seek to understand ( ethnography), explore a process ( case study), and
describe the experiences ( phenomenology).
• Since you are doing a qualitative research, avoid verbs or action words that
suggest or infer a quantitative study, for instance, verbs that connote or imply a
directional orientation, such as, affect, influence, impact, determine, cause and
relate.
General Research Question/Problem
• Write an opening sentence that entices the reader and stimulates his or her interest
to read about your research problem.
• State the general research question/problem.
• Indicate why the problem and research questions are important.
Specific Research Questions
• Specify the research questions.
Guidelines in Evaluating Research Questions

1. They should be clear, in the sense of being intelligible.
2. They should be researchable, that is they should allow your to do research in
relation to them. This means that they should not be formulated in terms that are
so abstract that they cannot be converted into researchable terms.
3. They should have some connections with established theory and research. This
means that there should be a literature on which you can draw to help illuminate
how your research questions should be approached.
4. Your research questions should be linked to each other. Unrelated research
questions are unlikely to be acceptable, since you should be developing argument
in your research.
5. They should at the very least hold out the prospect of being able to make an
original contribution, however small, to the topic.
6. The research questions should be neither too broad or to narrow.

Region III
Handout 10
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Estolas, et. al. (1995, p. 178) emphasized the importance of the study as thepart
of the research which justifies the launching of the research project. It is in this section
where the researcher expresses his persuasion about the value of the study so as to get
the approval of the screening and approving committee. The importance of the study
should contain the following:
1. Contribution to the accumulation of knowledge or to filling up a knowledge gap;
2. Contribution to building, validating or refining theories;
3. Finding a solution to a problem of a specific group or improving certain conditions;
4. Contribution to improve education, income, health, inter-relations, and the like.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Scope and delimitations comprise one important section of a research paper.
Scope. The scope defines the coverage or boundaries of the study in terms of the
area or locality and subjects, population covered the duration or period of the study. The
nature of variables treated, their number, and treatments they received, and instruments
or research design should be so stated.
Delimitation. Delimitations are those conditions beyond the control of the

researcher that may place restriction on the conclusions of the study and their application
to other situations. Administrative policies that preclude using more than one class in an
experiment, a data-gathering instrument that has not been validated, or the inability to
randomly select and assign subjects to experimental and control groups are examples of
limitations.
Stating the study limitations not only provides extra credence to the study but also
provides the reader caution not to expect beyond what the study can and promises to
deliver.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Many terms are subject to a variety of interpretations. The definition of terms
serves two essential functions. First, it establishes the rules and procedures the

Region III
investigator will use to measure variables. Second, it provides unambiguous meaning to

terms that otherwise can be interpreted in different ways.
There are two major types of definition of terms used in the study- the conceptual
and the operational. The conceptual definition is the dictionary, which is the reference
book of everyday language. The operational definition is the meaning of the concept or
term as used in a particular study.
The clearer definition includes conceptual and operational or working definition;
e.g., middle class is conceptually defined as a category of persons within a society.
Operationally, it is a group of persons whose average annual income is P10,000-P24,000,
and a minimum educational attainment of high school level.

Handouts (1 10) PDF

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Handouts (1 10) PDF

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Republic of the Philippines

As students of social science, understanding events around us requires systematic studies

Research is a “systematic investigation designed to extend the knowledge of what is

1. Research is truth seeking , which refers to the search, or investigation, of or for a

Generally, research is to produce knowledge through inquiry and discovery. As a process,

Research in Daily Life SY 2019-2020

Research in Daily Life SY 2019-2020

IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN OUR DAILY LIVES

Research in Daily Life SY 2019-2020

THE RESEARCH DESIGN

• Is the research significant in relation to the current problems of the world?

Research in Daily Life SY 2019-2020

1. Beneficence or the avoidance of harm: Researchers ought to seek to do good rather

What is informed consent?

Ethical use of source materials

• Avoiding plagiarism. Plagiarism includes quoting directly without

Research in Daily Life SY 2019-2020

There are different approaches/types of qualitative research. Think of these approaches

Research in Daily Life SY 2019-2020

In a nutshell, ethnographic research is focused on studying shared practices and belief

Grounded theory is a type of inductive thematic analysis. Inductive thematic analysis is

Research in Daily Life SY 2019-2020

DISCOURSE AND CONVERSATION ANALYSIS

Discourse and conversation analysis focuses on text as “object of analysis”.

Research in Daily Life SY 2019-2020

In a nutshell, narrative analysis focuses on the narratives ( storytelling) used as source of

Research in Daily Life SY 2019-2020

Guidelines in Selecting a Research Topic

1. It should be something new or different

1. The title must contain the following elements:

Research in Daily Life SY 2019-2020

WRITING THE INTRODUCTION

A fundamental question is: How long should the Introduction be?

1. General statements (especially on the importance of the topic).

Research in Daily Life SY 2019-2020

Stage 3: FOCUS ON YOUR RESEARCH

• Discuss how will you go about in the analysis of data gathered.

Research in Daily Life SY 2019-2020

Objectives of the research

Guidelines in Evaluating Research Questions

Research in Daily Life SY 2019-2020

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Scope and delimitations comprise one important section of a research paper.

Delimitation. Delimitations are those conditions beyond the control of the

Research in Daily Life SY 2019-2020

investigator will use to measure variables. Second, it provides unambiguous meaning to

Research in Daily Life SY 2019-2020

Вам также может понравиться