Probability

Lecture - 3

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Sameer Chincholikar
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Discussion
Example A cone of maximum volume is inscribed inside a sphere of radius R.
If a point is chosen inside the sphere, then what is the probability
that it also lies inside the cone.
Types of
Events
 Event

It is subset of sample space.

Example

Getting an odd outcome in throwing a dice.

A = { 1, 3, 5}

S = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
1 Equally likely events:

Events are equally likely if they have same probability of

occurrence.

Example: ‘Getting odd outcome’ and ‘getting even outcome’ in

single throw of a dice.
2 Mutually exclusive or disjoint events :

Events are said to be mutually exclusive or disjoint if the

occurrence of any one of them prevents the occurrence of all the
others.

Example: ‘Getting odd outcome’ and ‘getting even outcome’ in

single throw of a dice.
3 Exhaustive set of event:

If set of events (say A, B and C) is such that their union is the

sample space of that random experiment then this set of events
is called exhaustive set of events.

Example: In a single throw of a dice

A: Getting Odd outcome
B: Getting Even outcome
C: Getting Prime outcome
4 Independent events:

Events are said to be independent if the happening (or non-

happening) of one event is not affected by the happening (or non-
happening) of others.

Example: If two dice are thrown together, then getting an even

number on first is independent to getting an odd number on the
second.
Addition Principle of Probability
Example A card is selected from a deck of playing cards then find the
probability that it is a red card or a king.
If A and B are two events of a random experiment, then,

1 P (A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B)

If A and B are two events of a random experiment, then,

2 P (A - B) = P(A) - P(A ∩ B)
If A, B and C are three events of a random experiment, then,

P (A ∪ B ∪ C) =
3 P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - P(A ∩ B) - P(B ∩ C) - P (A ∩ C) + P(A ∩ B ∩C)
If A, B and C are three events of a random experiment, then,

P( exactly two of the events A, B, C occur)

4
= P(A ∩ B) + P(B ∩ C) + P (C ∩ A) - 3P(A ∩ B ∩C)
If A, B and C are three events of a random experiment, then,

P( Exactly one of the events A, B, C occur)

5 = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - 2P(A ∩ B) - 2P(B ∩ C) - 2P(A ∩ C) + 3P(A∩B∩C)
 Mutually Exclusive Events
If A and B be mutually exclusive events, then P(A ⋃ B) = P(A) + P(B).
 Mutually Exclusive Events
If A, B and C be three mutually exclusive events, then
P(A ⋃ B ⋃ C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C)
Example A and B are events such that P(A ∪ B) = 3/4, P(A ∩ B) = 1/4,
P(Ā) = 2/3, then P(Ā ∩ B)
A. 5/12 B. 3/8

C. 5/8 D. 1/4
Example

A. 1/12 B. 1/6 C. 1/15 D. 1/9

Example For three events A, B and C,
P(Exactly one of A or B occurs) = P(Exactly one of B or C occurs)
= P(Exactly one of C or A occurs) = 1/4 and
P(All the three events occur simultaneously) = 1/16. Then the
probability that at least one of the events occurs, is :
2017 M
A. B.

C. D.

P(Exactly one of A or B occurs) =

P(Exactly one of B or C occurs) =

P(Exactly one of C or A occurs) =

P(All the three events occur simultaneously) =

Example Events A, B, C are mutually exclusive events such that

The set of possible values of x are in the interval.

A. [0, 1] B. C. D.
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