Trends in Protection & Automation

“Trends in Protection &
Automation”
Energy Automation from Siemens
Kuldeep Tickoo
Siemens Ltd, India
© Siemens AG 2009
Topics
• Basics of Protection Relays
• History of Siemens Protection Relays
• IEC 61850
• Smart Grids
© Siemens AG 2009
• IEC 61850
• Smart Grids
© Siemens AG 2009
The Purpose of Protection
The protection can not prevent system faults,
but it can:
 Limit the damage caused by short
circuits
while:
 Protecting people and plant from
damage
 selectively clearing faults in

milliseconds
 protecting plant from over-load

conditions
© Siemens AG 2009
Page 4 May 10 E D EA Energy Sector
System Disturbances
Short Circuits in earthed systems

Symmetrical (3 phase)
Phase to Phase (and Earth)
Phase to Earth
Overload Conditions
Under-frequency/Under-voltage
Over-voltage
Unbalance
© Siemens AG 2009
Basic Protection Requirements
Reliability
Dependability (availability)
High dependability = Low risk of failure to trip
Security
High security = Low risk of over-trip
Speed
High speed minimizes damage
High speed reduces stability problems
Selectivity
Trip the minimum number of circuit breakers
Sensivity
Notice smallest fault value
© Siemens AG 2009
Protection Concept
Circuit Breaker
CT / VT
Cabelling
DISTANCE RELAY
Protection Battery
 The system is only as strong as the weakest link!
© Siemens AG 2009
Technology Comparison For Protective Relays
Sr Subject Electro Static/Electronic Numerical

No mechanical
1 Measuring Induction disc, Discrete R,L,C, Microprocessors,

Elements/ Electromagnets, Transistors, Digital ICs,
Hardware Induction cup, Analogue ICs, Digital Signal
Balance Beam. Comparators. Processors,
2 Measuring Electrical Level detectors, Analog to Digital

Method Quantities comparison with conversion,
converted into reference value in numerical algorithms
Mechanical analog comparator techniques evaluate
force, torque trip criteria
© Siemens AG 2009

No mechanical
3 Timing Mechanical Static Timers Counters
function clock works,
Dashpot
4 Visual Flags, targets LEDs LEDs, LCD

Indication Display
5 Trip Command Additional trip Additional trip Trip duty contact

duty relay duty relay inbuilt
required required
6 Contacts Fixed Fixed Freely

assignment marshallable
© Siemens AG 2009

No mechanical
7 Sequence of Not Possible Not Possible Provided

events
8 Construction Bulky Modular, Most compact

Size Compact
9 Parameter Plug setting, Thumbwheel, Keypad for

Setting Dial setting Potentiometers, Numeric values
Dual In Line
Switches
10 Binary inputs Not Available Not Available Freely
for adaptive marshallable
relaying from 24V to 250V
© Siemens AG 2009

No mechanical
11 CT Loading/ 8-10 VA 1 VA < 0.5 VA

burden
12 CT Offset No No Yes
adjustment
13 Self monitoring No Yes Yes
 HardwarePartly  Hardware

 Power Supply 
Power supply
Output Relays
 Firmware
 CT,PT Ckts
14 Temperature Yes No Yes

stability
© Siemens AG 2009

No mechanical
15 Vibration proof No Yes Yes
16 Harmonic No Possible through Yes, digital

Immunity analog filtering. filtering
incorporated
17 Calibration Frequently Required as Not Required as
required as settings drift due settings are
settings drift due to ageing. stored in memory
to ageing. in digital format.
© Siemens AG 2009

No mechanical
18 Auxiliary supply Required. Required Required
19 Electromagnetic Immune Susceptible Immune

/ electrostatic/
high frequency
disturbance
20 Multiple Not possible Not possible Yes, possible
characteristics
21 Integrated Not possible Not possible Possible

protective
functions
© Siemens AG 2009

No mechanical
22 Range of Limited Wide Wide

settings
23 Operational Not possible Possible Possible
value indication
24 Fault Not possible Not possible Possible
disturbance
recording
25 Digital Not possible Not available Available
communication
port
© Siemens AG 2009

No mechanical
26 Commissionin No No Yes
g
Support from
relay
© Siemens AG 2009
Block diagram – Numerical Relay
© Siemens AG 2009
Mode of operation
Analog Inputs
Analog-Digital-Conversion
yes Fault detection no
Protection program Routine program
Command and information output
© Siemens AG 2009
Advantages of numerical technology
Integration of protection functions in one device
 Feeder protection device

Example: Medium voltage overhead line protection
 Overcurrent (Directional /Non directional) protection
 Earthfault (Directional /Non directional) protection
 Unbalance Protection
 Thermal Overload Protection
 Three pole auto reclose
 Sensitive earth fault detection
 Fault location
 Fault event recording
 Disturbance recording
© Siemens AG 2009
Comprehensive information supply
 clear representation of the fault sequence
Fault sequence of event and disturbance recording indicate
 What actually happened ?

 What did the current and voltage signals look like (CT saturation) ?
 When did the protection issue a trip signal ?
 How long did the circuit breaker need to operate ?
 What was the magnitude of the interrupted current ?
 How did the system behave after the circuit breaker tripped ?
© Siemens AG 2009
Self monitoring
 Increased availability
 Plausibility check of the measured values

 Monitoring of the A/D conversion
 Internal testing of the processor system (Watch-Dog)
 Monitoring of the memory modules
 Testing of the TRIP relay coils
© Siemens AG 2009
• IEC 61850
• Smart Grids
© Siemens AG 2009
Energy Automation
Product Portfolio
Energy data management Energy data management Control center Control center
• Prophet Solution • Spectrum PowerCC

• FDWH • Spectrum Power 3
• Spectrum Power 4
• Spectrum Power TG
• DEMS
Communication Communication Substation automation Substation automation
• PowerLink/SWT 3000 • SICAM PAS

• LiveLine • SICAM 230
• Broadband PLC • SICAM 1703
• PDH / SDH
• Converter
Protection Protection AMIS Power quality Power quality
• SIPROTEC • SIMEAS
• Reyrolle
Tools
AMIS
• Spectrum PowerCC IMM
• AMIS meter • SICAM PAS UI
• AMIS data concentrator • TOOLBOX II
• DIGSI
© Siemens AG 2009
SIPROTEC
More than 90 Years of Experience
SIPROTEC V4
SIPROTEC V1-V3
1910 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Control
Numerical Protection Relays
Analog Relays More than 800.000
SIPROTEC relays
Electromechanical Relays up to March 2009
© Siemens AG 2009
History of Reyrolle
Over 100 Years Experience
Installed base in 150 countries over 2.5m Relays
© Siemens AG 2009
SIPROTEC & REYROLLE
Covering the complete power chain
Transmission
Distance protection 7SA6 Distribution
Line diff.protection 7SD5 Transformer protection 7SR24
Generation Line diff. protection 7SG
Generator protection 7UM6 Feeder protection 7SJ6/J80
Feeder protection 7SR1
Customers
Transformer protection 7UT6 Busbar protection 7SS5 Feeder Protection 7SR
Feeder protection 7SR12
© Siemens AG 2009
SIPROTEC
Compact Class
USB front interface
Configurable with software

instead of jumper plugs
Almost the same functionality

as 7SJ62 V4.70
Slotable current and

voltage terminal blocks
Two interfaces for remote access
© Siemens AG 2009
SIPROTEC
Compact class - Highlights
 Pluggable current & voltage terminal blocks

 Easy pre-wiring of switchgear panels
 Simple and safe exchange of devices
 BI thresholds & secondary CT rating settable
via DIGSI4
 No need to open the device
 Safe and easy adaptation of the device
 Functionality almost equal to 7SJ62 V4.7
 More than 700.000 SIPROTEC 4 relays in service
 Highest reliability, well proven protection algorithms
 Exchangeable communication modules
 Easy adaptability to most kinds of control systems
 Future proof communication
© Siemens AG 2009
SIPROTEC
Compact class - Application
V> or V<
VA-B
Wind Farm Connection – Requirement
Protection and control of the wind farm

transformer feeder are to be carried out VA-B Protection
with a multi-function device. (e.g. V, 50/51),
As well as the currents, the phase-to-phase VC-B Measurement
voltages of the wind farm feeder are to be and
Transmission
measured and transmitted.
In addition, a phase-to-phase voltage of

the outgoing overhead line is to be detected
and is to be monitored by means of voltage
protection.
Wind farm
© Siemens AG 2009
• IEC 61850
• Smart Grids
© Siemens AG 2009
Ethernet and IEC 61850
The Initial Situation
Network Control Level  Devices communicate with one

another through wiring.
 Slow serial communications
IEC 60870-5-101, DNP, ...
protocols are used (master-slave
Station Level
technique).
 Within a switchgear system,
diverse, in part proprietary
IEC 60870-5-101 / 103, DNP, ...
communications protocols are
used.
Field Level
 Frequently, a cost-intensive data
Hardwired
binary inputs and outputs conversion is necessary.
 Redundancy can only be
Process Level achieved by doubling the
communication (two busses).
100V..120V, 1A/5A Hardwired
© Siemens AG 2009
The User’s Needs
 Integration in engineering,
communication and
documentation
 Support of modern service
concepts
 Long-term expandability
 Flexibility in the selection of
components
 Cost optimization
© Siemens AG 2009
The Solution
Network Control Level  Currently, an integrated

communication without protocol
conversion is possible up to the
Station Level.
IEC 61850 solutions

from Siemens
Station Level
 Siemens masters and
implements communication up to
the Network Control Level and
brings this experience into the
IEC 61850
continuous standardization.
Field Level
 IEC 61850 uses the standard
Ethernet.
 The standard supplies thought-
out migration concepts, even for
Process Level heterogeneous systems.
 The data model is future-
oriented, independent of
innovation advancements.
© Siemens AG 2009
“ Collect the plus points with
IEC 61850 and Ethernet.“
© Siemens AG 2009
The Plus Points at a Glance
Modular hardware
Variable system topologies

+
Parallel processing of services

Ethernet +
High interoperability
Standardized engineering
+ IEC 61850
+ +
+
Efficient service concepts
+
© Siemens AG 2009
Plus Point: Modular Hardware
Select the Ethernet interface that fits

your application!
© Siemens AG 2009
The SIPROTEC 4 Ethernet Ports
The Ethernet system interfaces for

SIPROTEC 4 enable a retroaction-free
communication, independent of
protective functions and control
functions.
You choose between optical and

electrical versions.
Optical Electrical
© Siemens AG 2009
Optical Ethernet Module
Essential Properties of the Optical

Module:
 Line operating mode:

Only one of the two interfaces is
active, the other is passively
monitored.
 Switch operating mode:

You implement connections
between SIPROTEC 4 devices
without additional external switches.
© Siemens AG 2009
Plus Point: Variable System Topologies
Design topologies to fit the local

requirements and the desired redundancy!
© Siemens AG 2009
Ring Structure with External Switches
DIGSI 4
Station Automation
Switch
Switch Switch Switch
Field 1 Field n
Device 1 Device n-1 Device n Device m
© Siemens AG 2009
Ring Structure with Integrated Switches
DIGSI 4
Station Automation
Switch
Field 1 Field n
Device 1 Device n-1 Device n Device m
© Siemens AG 2009
Ring Structure with up to 16 Rings
Station Automation
Switch Switch
Device 1 Device 2 Device 3 … Device 27
Device 1 Device 2 Device 3 Device 4 Device 5 … Device 27
© Siemens AG 2009
Plus Point: Parallel Processing of Services
Use one and the same bus connection

for different communication services!
© Siemens AG 2009
Parallel Running Communications Services
Communications Services
IEC 61850 Info Report

IEC 61850 toInfo-Report
Connection SICAM PAS
Ethernet Port on the
SIPROTEC 4 device
IEC 61850 GOOSE
IEC 61850
Generic Object OrientedGoose
Substation Event
Data Highway with 100 MBit/s
IEC 61850 SNTP

IEC 61850 SNTP
Simple Network Time Protocol
DIGSI - IP
DIGSI
Operator control - IP with DIGSI 4
/ monitoring
Web – Monitor / SNMP

Web
Operator – Monitor
control / SNMP
/ monitoring with Browser
© Siemens AG 2009
Plus Point: High Interoperability
Combine different standard-conforming

components in a system and let them
communicate with each other!
© Siemens AG 2009
Interoperability
Remote and
Wide Area Network Corporate Network
Browser Access
Home Office
SCADA Router Intranet

Maintenance Web Server
© Siemens AG 2009
Plus Point: Standardized Engineering
Replace wiring through data telegrams!
© Siemens AG 2009
Simple Wiring saves Costs
Conventional Wiring
Wiring with IEC 61850
© Siemens AG 2009
Collaborative Engineering saves Time
6 Commissioning
5 Test
4 Manufacturing
3 Wiring
2 Drawings
1 Design
Time
Traditional With IEC 61850
Time saving
© Siemens AG 2009
Re-usability Saves You Additional Effort
…  You use function modules that

Module 1 Module 2 Module 3 Module n you have designed once as often
as you like and in different
combinations.
Field A Field B … Field n
© Siemens AG 2009
Object-orientation Provides Consistency
…  You use function modules that

Module 1 Module 2 Module 3 Module n you have developed once as often
as you like and in different
combinations.
 Changes that you make later on
to a function module automatically
take affect on already used
modules.
Field A Field B … Field n
© Siemens AG 2009
Plus Point: Efficient Service Concepts
Use service resources exactly where you

need them!
© Siemens AG 2009
Fewer Resources, Faster Task Solutions
Control Centre
 The control centre detects an
error from the remote location
and evaluates it.
 The control centre decides which

employee must go to the
disturbance location and with
what material.
 The employee goes to the
location and completes his task.
Disturbance Service Employees
© Siemens AG 2009
“Profit from our solutions and our
competence.“
© Siemens AG 2009
Switchgear Interlocking with IEC 61850-GOOSE
=C01 =C02 =C03

SS1
SS2
Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2
Coupling
x x x
Q0 Q0 Q0
IEC 61850
- GOOSE
© Siemens AG 2009
We Think Beyond
Network Control Centre Harmonization

with CIM
IEC 61970* Communication
with other Switch-
gear Systems*
Process Control
Firewall System
Router
IEC 61850 Station Bus
IEC 61850 and Ethernet

Device Device Protection & Control Gateway
IEC 61850 Process Bus

Merging CB
Unit Control Unit
Digital Converter
Data Transmission according to IEC 61850-9-2
*Standardization in work
© Siemens AG 2009
Surely These Benefits:
Benefits do you expect from the use

of the IEC 61850 standard?
Reduced engineering costs

+ Reliable operation
+ High investment security
= Reduced total cost of ownership
© Siemens AG 2009
Energy Automation –
all options for developing your grid
Renewables
Communications Solutions
© Siemens AG 2009
• IEC 61850
• Smart Grids
© Siemens AG 2009
Welcome to Smart Grid
© Siemens AG 2009
The electrical grid structure will shift
towards a Smart Grid
19th Century 20th Century Early 21st Century End of 21st Century
Electrification of society Extensive generation of Shift towards SMART The SMART GRID
"Age of Coal" Electricity will be the energy source for
electrical energy GRIDS most applications in daily life.
"Age of fossil fuels" Challenges require rethinking:
 Integrated energy system
1.) Demographic change 2.) Scarce
with power grid as backbone
resources 3.) Climate change
Unsustainable energy system Unsustainable energy system Sustainable energy system
"Generation and load "Generation follows load" "Energy system shifting" "Load follows generation"
Integrated network, central
closely coordinated" generation, load stochastically
Increasingly decentralized, Central + decentralized generation,
Supply island with predictable, fluctuating generation intelligence with ICT 1),
stochastic load unidirectional energy flow "consumer" becoming "prosumer" bi-directional energy flow
Fossil energy sources, Renewable energy sources

Fossil energy source, Fossil energy sources,
hydro, nuclear, biomass, (solar, wind, hydro, biomass),
hydro hydro, nuclear "clean" coal, gas, nuclear
wind, solar
No environmental concerns Environmental awareness

1) ICT = Information and Communication Technologies
Source: e-Car project @ E D MV

© Siemens AG 2009
Vision of a Smart Grid
“Auto-balancing, self-monitoring power grid that accepts any source

of fuel (coal, sun, wind) and transforms it for the consumer’s end use (heat,
light, hot water) with minimal human intervention.”
“A system that will allow society to optimize the use of renewable energy
sources and minimize our collective environmental footprint.”
“It is a grid that has the ability to sense when a part of its system is
overloaded and re-route power to reduce that overload and prevent a
potential outage situation.”
“A grid that enables real-time communication between the consumer and

utility, allowing us to optimize a consumer’s energy usage based
on environmental and/or price preferences.”
Source: Xcel Energy’s
© Siemens AG 2009
The solution:
Pathways to a Smart Grid
From To
Transmission
Manual reaction to critical network Blackout prevention by increasing situational
situations awareness and through automated countermeasures
Primary equipment condition not well Condition monitoring for controlled overload of
known bottlenecks and reliability-centered asset management
Digital bay with optical bus systems

Parallel copper wiring in switchgears
down to the non-conventional instrument transformer
Power flow control and transmission capacity increase

Limited control of power flow
by using power electronics
Integrated IT systems for business process support

Manual utility business processes
and distribution automation
Central generation, decentralized Integration of distributed generation and storage

consumption by virtual power plants
Distribution
Unmanaged consumption that’s not
Smart metering and load management
transparent
Extension of process communication to transformers

Limited process communication
and consumer areas
© Siemens AG 2009
Energy Automation –
all options for developing your grid
Renewables
Communications Solutions
© Siemens AG 2009
Cornerstones of a future solution:
Smart Grid technologies
TSO IT
Condition monitoring and
asset management
 Sensor-based condition monitoring
 Monitoring based on protection data
Renewables
 Asset status analysis and visualization
Oil & Gas
 Asset management monitoring system
Industry
 Audit tooling
Communication
Power Generation
Power Transmission
Storage
Operation reliability and
blackout prevention Distribution
 Dynamic network analysis
Industry
 Dynamic visualization of network
status
 Wide Area Monitoring
 Dynamic network simulation and Protection and station automation
decision guidance  Modular protection concepts
 System-integrity protection  High-speed Ethernet process bus to
schemes connect primary equipment
Energy Automation Portfolio
© Siemens AG 2009
Cornerstones of a future solution:
Smart Grid technologies
DSO IT
Renewables
Oil & Gas

Smart metering
 Infrastructure and smart meters
Power Generation  System optimization measures
based on meter data
Power Transmission  Meter data management
Storage
Distribution network Distribution
Management
Industry
 Integration of DMS and OMS
systems
 Link-up of geo information (GIS)
and workforce management Distribution network automation
(WFM)
 Smart feeder automation
 Virtual power plant
 Self-configuring substation automation
Energy Automation Portfolio
© Siemens AG 2009
Segments of a Smart Grid landscape
RELIABILITY AND MANAGED OPERATIONAL

RESOURCE OPTIMIZATION
EFFICIENCY PLANNING RELIABILITY
Smart Smart
Smart Grid
Generation Consumption
Transmission Grid Distribution Grid

PLANNING & MODELING
BACKOFFICE / FRONT OFFICE
Industrial &
Offshore
Commercial
Wind Power Decision Support Advanced Distribution Meter Data
Asset Loads
System Integrity Energy Mgmt Management Management
Management
Protection System (EMS) Systems (DMS) (MDM)
Distant
Solar Power
Substation Distribution Smart
Power Condition Residential
Automation & Automation & Meters / Demand
Electronics Monitoring Loads
Distributed Protection Protection Response
Energy
Resources
E-Cars E-Cars
Common Information Models and Communications Protocols
© Siemens AG 2009
Energy Automation from Siemens
Shaping tomorrow’s
power grids –
together with you.
© Siemens AG 2009
Thank you
for your attention!
For internal use only © Siemens AG © Siemens

2009. All rightsAG 2009
reserved.

Trends in Protection &amp; Automation

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“Trends in Protection &

• Basics of Protection Relays

• History of Siemens Protection Relays

• History of Siemens Protection Relays

The protection can not prevent system faults,

 selectively clearing faults in

 protecting plant from over-load

Short Circuits in earthed systems

 The system is only as strong as the weakest link!

Sr Subject Electro Static/Electronic Numerical

1 Measuring Induction disc, Discrete R,L,C, Microprocessors,

2 Measuring Electrical Level detectors, Analog to Digital

Sr Subject Electro Static/Electronic Numerical

4 Visual Flags, targets LEDs LEDs, LCD

5 Trip Command Additional trip Additional trip Trip duty contact

6 Contacts Fixed Fixed Freely

Sr Subject Electro Static/Electronic Numerical

7 Sequence of Not Possible Not Possible Provided

8 Construction Bulky Modular, Most compact

9 Parameter Plug setting, Thumbwheel, Keypad for

Sr Subject Electro Static/Electronic Numerical

11 CT Loading/ 8-10 VA 1 VA < 0.5 VA

14 Temperature Yes No Yes

Sr Subject Electro Static/Electronic Numerical

15 Vibration proof No Yes Yes

16 Harmonic No Possible through Yes, digital

Sr Subject Electro Static/Electronic Numerical

18 Auxiliary supply Required. Required Required

19 Electromagnetic Immune Susceptible Immune

21 Integrated Not possible Not possible Possible

Sr Subject Electro Static/Electronic Numerical

22 Range of Limited Wide Wide

Sr Subject Electro Static/Electronic Numerical

yes Fault detection no

Protection program Routine program

Command and information output

Integration of protection functions in one device

 Feeder protection device

Comprehensive information supply

 clear representation of the fault sequence

Fault sequence of event and disturbance recording indicate

 What actually happened ?

 Plausibility check of the measured values

• History of Siemens Protection Relays

• Prophet Solution • Spectrum PowerCC

Communication Communication Substation automation Substation automation

• PowerLink/SWT 3000 • SICAM PAS

Protection Protection AMIS Power quality Power quality

1910 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Installed base in 150 countries over 2.5m Relays

USB front interface

Configurable with software

Almost the same functionality

Slotable current and

 Pluggable current & voltage terminal blocks

Protection and control of the wind farm

In addition, a phase-to-phase voltage of

• History of Siemens Protection Relays

Network Control Level  Devices communicate with one

100V..120V, 1A/5A Hardwired

Network Control Level  Currently, an integrated

IEC 61850 solutions

Variable system topologies

Parallel processing of services

Trends in Protection & Automation

Trends in Protection & Automation