DESIGN OF VESSEL’S COLD STORAGE SYSTEM POWERED BY RENEWABLE ENERGY

Lim, Marlon Gabriel C.

Musni, Mariz E.
Rodenas, Jerome C.
Valle, Chester C.

August 2019
 Approval Sheet

This design project entitled “DESIGN OF VESSEL’S COLD STORAGE SYSTEM POWERED BY
RENEWABLE ENERGY” and prepared by Marlon Gabriel C. Lim, Mariz E. Musni, Jerome C. Rodenas, and
Chester C. Valle of the Computer Engineering Department was examined and evaluated by the members of
the Student Design Evaluation Panel and is hereby recommended for approval.

ENGR. PERFECTO M. SACLUTI

Adviser

Panel Members:

ENGR. RYAN S. MORALES ENGR. ARTURO O. SUDLON

Member Member

ENGR. MARIA CECILIA A. VENAL

Chair

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 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
Quezon City

Major (Capstone) Design Experience Information

CPE 505 DESIGN PROJECT 2
1st Semester, SY 2019-2020

Marlon Gabriel C. Lim

Mariz E. Musni
Student/Team Jerome C. Rodenas
Chester C. Valle
Design of Vessels’ Cold Storage System Powered by Renewable
Project Title
Energy
Program Concentration Area Embedded Systems
General Objective
The general objective of the project in accordance with codes and
engineering standards in consideration of trade-offs based on multiple
constraints, such as economic (materials cost), performance (on-state
charging time), and sustainability (off-state charging time), is to design
a cold storage system powered by a renewable energy source for
Design Project Objectives fishing vessel.
Specific Objectives
 To design a prototype that can capture renewable energy
source to power the cold storage system;
 To develop an application that displays the status of the cold
storage in real-time; and
 To test and evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the project.
Constraints
The economic constraint pertains to a financial aspect in which the
design should be considered. It is how a design should be carried out
from a financial perspective considering the materials cost,
manufacturing cost, and services cost. In line with this, the cost of the
Economic (Cost) design that affects the total expenses of the project was taken into
consideration and selected the design, which costs the lowest. Hence,
the design that has the lowest cost is considered to be the most
economical among the other designs.
The performance constraint in this project is defined by how fast the
design can charge the battery where the cold storage will get its power
Performance (On-state source. Datasheets were used to evaluate each of ranging capability.
Charging Time) It was also concluded that the design which can fully charge the battery
first in the least time would be the highest in performance.
Sustainability is considered as a constraint in this project in terms of its
Sustainability (Off-state ability to continuously operate. The cold storage system is self-
Charging Time) sufficient and uses a renewable energy source to power up. Therefore,
it is important to consider the rate in which how fast the system could

ii

Engineering Standards
ISO 5725-1:1994 - Accuracy
(trueness and precision) of
measurement methods and
results -- Part 1: General
principles and definitions
BFAR Republic Act No. 8850;
Fisheries Administrative
Order No. 195, series of
1999;
Fisheries Memorandum
Order No.001 series of 2000
PEP 0008 – Style Guide for
Python Code
be used again for continuous usage. Datasheets were also used to
evaluate each of the design. To sum it all up, the design which has the
fastest time to recover after using is the most sustainable in the design.
The purpose of this standard is to outline the general principles to be
understood when assessing accuracy (trueness and precision) of
measurement methods and results, and in applications, and to
establish practical estimations of the various measures by experiment.
It is concerned exclusively with measurement methods which yield
measurements on a continuous scale and give a single value as the
test result. May be applied to a very wide range of materials, including
liquids, powders and solid objects, manufactured or naturally occurring,
provided that due consideration is given to any heterogeneity of the
material.
Fish and fishery/aquatic products, during storage and transport, shall
be stored at temperature requirement for specific products. According
to the standard and policy set by BFAR, chilled fresh fish and fishery
products shall be stored and maintained at 0 to 4°C.
This standard was used in writing and implementing python codes. The
naming convention, indention, formatting and the like were based on
this standard.
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 List of Tables
Table 1-1: Client Requirements ..................................................................................................................... 1
Table 2-1: Design 1 Materials Cost.............................................................................................................. 12
Table 2-2: Design 2 Materials Cost.............................................................................................................. 15
Table 2-3: Design 3 Materials Cost.............................................................................................................. 18
Table 3-1: Summary of Constraints ............................................................................................................. 20
Table 3-2: Final Trade-off Table .................................................................................................................. 21
Table 3-3: 6 Iteration Sensitivity Analysis .................................................................................................... 23

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 List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Engineering Design Process ....................................................................................................... 4
Figure 2.1: IPO Model of the System ............................................................................................................. 7
Figure 2.2: System Flowchart ........................................................................................................................ 7
Figure 2.3: Physical Appearance of the Design ............................................................................................. 8
Figure 2.4: Schematic Diagram of the System............................................................................................... 9
Figure 2.5: Photovoltaic technology ............................................................................................................. 10
Figure 2.6: Photovoltaic Technology Circuit Diagram .................................................................................. 11
Figure 2.7: Vertical-axis Wind Turbine ......................................................................................................... 14
Figure 2.8: VAWT Circuit Diagram............................................................................................................... 14
Figure 2.9: How Micro Hydro Turbine Works ............................................................................................... 17
Figure 2.10: Micro Hydro Turbine Circuit Diagram....................................................................................... 17
Figure 3.1: Radar Graph of the Sensitivity Analysis..................................................................................... 23

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 Table of Contents

Approval Sheet ............................................................................................................................................... i

Major (Capstone) Design Experience Information ......................................................................................... ii
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ iv
List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................ v
Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................... vi
CHAPTER 1: THE PROJECT AND ITS BACKGROUND ..................................................................... 1
The Client ...................................................................................................................................... 1
The Problem .................................................................................................................................. 2
The Project .................................................................................................................................... 2
Project Objectives .......................................................................................................................... 2
Scope and Delimitation .................................................................................................................. 3
Design Constraints ........................................................................................................................ 3
Engineering Standards .................................................................................................................. 3
Engineering Design Process ......................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESIGN ........................................................................................................ 6
System Design .............................................................................................................................. 6
2.1.1 IPO Model .............................................................................................................................. 6
2.1.2 System Flowchart .................................................................................................................. 7
2.1.3 Hardware Design ................................................................................................................... 8
Design Alternatives ...................................................................................................................... 10
2.2.1 Design 1: Using Photovoltaic Technology ........................................................................... 10
2.2.2 Design 2: Using VAWT Technology ..................................................................................... 13
2.2.3 Design 3: Using Micro Hydro Turbine Technology ............................................................... 17
CHAPTER 3: DESIGN TRADEOFFS ................................................................................................. 20
Summary of Constraints .............................................................................................................. 20
Trade-Offs ................................................................................................................................... 20
Influence of Design Trade-offs ..................................................................................................... 21
Sensitivity Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 23

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 CHAPTER 1: THE PROJECT AND ITS BACKGROUND
Fish is an essential food all over the world. The Philippines’ archipelagic geography makes it a huge factor
to align its industry to fishing industry. However, despite this fact, progress and innovation within this industry
is elusive. This chapter further elaborates the problem with the fishing industry along with the client that wants
to specifically solve the said challenges. It also tackles the scope and delimitation of the project, the design
constraints and its standards, and the design process undertaken by the project.
The Client
The Navotas City Fisheries Aquatic Resources Management Council (FARMC) is an organization of
fishermen under the Municipal Agricultural Office. Under the framework of RA 8550, the Philippines had
shifted to the system of co-management, where both governments and the communities/resource users
share certain responsibilities in the decision-making and other functions of management. This was based on
Sec. 68 of RA 8550 which provides that the development of fisheries and aquatic resources in municipal
waters and bays shall be by the fisherfolk and their organizations residing within the geographical jurisdiction
of the barangays, municipalities or cities together with the concerned local government units. (Diaz &
Banares, 2008).
This council was formed by the fisherfolk organizations or cooperatives and NGOs in the locality. They are
assisted by the local government units and other government entities. Program interventions that will make
the fisheries sustainable to support livelihood and food security have also been implemented by the
government to alleviate poverty among the small-scale fisherfolk.
FARMC seeks to continually improve methods in fishing by constantly conducting researches and strive for
innovations. One innovation that they want to pursue is to improve method of storing caught fish by small
fishing vessels. Their objective is to diminish the use of ice for temporary storage as it could lead to numerous
complications on fishes. Therefore, there is a need for an alternative and innovative solution that will eliminate
the use of ice for storing the caught fish. The following are the specified requirements by the FARMC:
 The prototype of the system must be cost-effective and profitable;
 The system must be self-sufficient in power source that utilizes renewable energy; and
 The system must be able to withstand long periods of usage efficiently.

Table 1-1: Client Requirements

Client Requirements Engineering Requirement Metric Constraint

The system prototype should be Material Cost
Should only be in the range ₱30,000 to ₱70,000 Economic
cost-effective (Pesos)
The system must be self- Can charge the battery while using for not longer On-state Charging
Performance
sufficient with renewable energy than 10 hours Time (Hours)
The system’s power source
Can fully charge the battery after using for not Off-state Charging
should be fast enough to Sustainability
longer than 10 hours Time (Hours)
recover/charge after using

1
 The Problem
In 2012, the Philippines ranked among the major fish producing countries in the world with a total production
of 3.1 million tons of fish, crustaceans, mollusks and other aquatic animals (Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, 2014). Aquaculture contributed more than 25% to the total fish production.
Most of this production is consumed locally with per caput fish consumption amounting to 32.7 kg in 2011.
This production implements the common fishing practice that uses municipal fishing vessel, commercial
fishing vessel, and the common fishing gears.
All species of fish, when properly chilled, will stay fresh for longer periods of time. The traditional method of
using ice as a chilling method makes it possible to increase the catch with higher economic benefits and will
generate higher prices. However, there are many limitations in using this method. First, on the smallest types
of vessels, there is not enough space to keep the ice until it is needed. Second, due to the decreasing number
of fish near the shores, fishermen tend to go further and will take longer periods for transportation. This will
increase the chance of ice melting and will lead to either fish spoilage or there will not be enough ice left for
the caught fish (Shawyer and Pizzali, 2003). Lastly, there are newly designed small fishing boats called ‘fish-
holds’ where the storage for caught fish is built in. It is filled with ice where the ratio is 1:1. It means that 10
kilos of fish needs 10 kilos if ice (Dr. Alma Dickson, Consultant BFAR, 2019). So instead of filling the fish-
hold with fish, the fish that will be caught must be controlled due the fish-hold space constraints.
With these problems, it can be deduced that an alternative method of storing fish for fishing vessel is highly
needed. Therefore, having a self-sufficient cold storage system that utilizes energy that are readily available
will tremendously aid the common problems that the Philippines’ fishing industry is facing.
The Project
The project is to design a cold storage system for fishing vessel that is powered by a renewable energy
source that makes it self-sufficient and independent of fuel. The renewable energy will be converted to electric
energy to cool the storage for a long period of time. It automatically sets the optimal temperature for storing
fish. The said optimal temperature will be based on the standards set by the BFAR. Due to its self-sufficient
feature, it will get its power through a renewable energy that are readily available. It can either get its power
through the use of solar panels, wind turbines, or micro hydro turbines. This will economically help the
fishermen as they will no longer be spending more money for powering up the cold storage.
The developed device is portable and can be easily installed to a fishing vessel for it to be replicated easily
and become user-friendly. The implementation of an Android application also provides an additional benefit
for the users as they can easily track and monitor the temperature of the cold storage.
The device will also implement the use of charge controller that will control the charge that will come from
the renewable energy source into the secondary batteries. This will now power up the radiator and cooling
fan that utilizes the use of thermoelectric cooler.
Project Objectives
The general objective of the project in accordance with codes and engineering standards in consideration of
trade-offs based on multiple constraints, such as economic (materials cost), performance (charging time),
and sustainability (life span), is to design a cold storage system powered by a renewable energy source for
fishing vessel. Specifically, it aims:

2
 To design a prototype that can capture renewable energy source to power the cold storage system;
 To develop an application that displays the status of the cold storage in real-time; and
 To test and evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the project.

Scope and Delimitation

The general intent of this project is to design a cold storage system that eliminates the use of ice in the fishing
process. It also focuses in measuring and manipulating the temperature of the cold storage. With this, any
other parameters inside and outside the storage will not be monitored and controlled.
The project also emphasizes the main beneficiary of the project that is limited to small fishing vessels. It will
not include and consider the huge commercial fishing vessels. The type of fish that can be caught using this
device are limited to thread fin salmon, talakitok, aggressive fish, asohos, alakaak, bisugo, bangus, bakoko,
agoot, alamang and tilapia. These are based on the standard commercial limitation of the fishermen on the
said area. The standard used was for the general fishery aquatic products set by the BFAR. In addition, the
system uses sensor for reading temperatures in Celsius (°) and a display to monitor the temperature.
Design Constraints
Design constraints are the aspect of the design that limits and challenges the project. It also determines the
project’s feasibility. Several types of constraints were considered in determining the final design of the project.
This includes economic in terms of the materials cost, performance in terms of the charging time, and
sustainability constraint under the aspect of life span.
The economic constraint pertains to a financial aspect in which the design should be considered. It is how a
design should be carried out from a financial perspective considering the materials cost, manufacturing cost,
and services cost. In line with this, the cost of the design that affects the total expenses of the project was
taken into consideration and selected the design, which costs the lowest. Hence, the design that has the
lowest cost is considered to be the most economical among the other designs.
The performance constraint in this project is defined by how fast the design can charge the battery where the
cold storage will get its power source. Datasheets were used to evaluate each of ranging capability. It was
also concluded that the design which can fully charge the battery first while in use in the least time would be
the highest in performance.
Sustainability is considered as a constraint in this project in terms of its ability to continuously operate. The
cold storage system is self-sufficient and uses a renewable energy source to power up. Therefore, it is
important to consider the rate in which how fast the system could be used again for continuous usage.
Datasheets were also used to evaluate each of the design. To sum it all up, the design which has the fastest
time to recover after using is the most sustainable in the design.
Engineering Standards
Implementing standards on the design is a vital part of the project as it provides basis and reference.
Standards approved and published by a recognized organization are used as reference for it contains codes,
rules, and guidelines in developing the project. With this, the project conforms with the following standards:
ISO 5725-1:1994 - Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results -- Part 1:
The purpose of this standard is to outline the general principles to be understood when assessing accuracy

3
(trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results, and in applications, and to establish practical
estimations of the various measures by experiment. It is concerned exclusively with measurement methods
which yield measurements on a continuous scale and give a single value as the test result. May be applied
to a very wide range of materials, including liquids, powders and solid objects, manufactured or naturally
occurring, provided that due consideration is given to any heterogeneity of the material.
BFAR Republic Act No. 8850: This standard is for the fish and fishery/aquatic products, during storage and
transport, that shall be stored at temperature requirement for specific products. According to the standard
and policy set by BFAR, chilled fresh fish and fishery products shall be stored and maintained at 0 to 4°C.
PEP 0008 – Style Guide for Python Code: This standard was used in writing and implementing python
codes. The naming convention, indention, formatting and the like were based on this standard.
Engineering Design Process
Engineering design process is a sequence of phases that needs to follow in order to come up with a solution
to a problem. The solution highly comprises of designing, inventing, or remaking of a certain product or
invention that meets certain criteria and accomplishes a certain task. The steps are repeated as many times
as needed, making improvements along the way.

Figure 1.1: Engineering Design Process

Image source: www.teachengineering.org
ASK: Identify the need
The first phase in the engineering design process is initiated by identifying the client’s problem, project
requirements, limitations, and objective. During the visit and interview with one of the representatives at
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) – Capture Fisheries Division, they briefly discussed
about their operations and methods in fishing. With regards to fish storage, some of their boats, especially
the new ones, has a built-in storage, but all of it still uses ice for the preservation of newly catch fish. They

4
also brought up “Payaw” – an artificial fish sanctuary or fish aggregating device, usually made of piled and
tied bamboo pole to catch fish. It is an alternative fishing method even during the “no fishing season”. They
stated their need for a system which allows fishermen to lessen the use of ice and to keep up the freshness
of newly catch fish.
Research the problem
To fully understand and initiate a concrete solution based on the client’s problem statement, researches were
conducted. Papers published by the previous researchers on this field were also assessed to broaden the
basis in formulating the solution. While evaluating the statements of the client, it has been identified that there
is a need for a cooling system for their fish storage.
IMAGINE: Develop possible solutions
The proposed solution was to develop a fish storage cooling system that can prolong and keep the freshness
of the fish with an Android application to easily monitor the status of the system. There are three proposed
designs to develop the possible solutions. The three designs are as follows; (1) Using Photovoltaic
Technology, (2) Using Wind Energy Technology, and (3) Sea Current Energy Technology.
PLAN: Select a promising solution.
Upon gathering the necessary information and developing possible solution, trade-offs and engineering
standards were applied to select the most promising solution in the ideas - considering the different
constraints such as economic, functionality and sustainability.
CREATE: Build a prototype
The prototype is integrated with both hardware and software. The hardware requirement used were
comprised of major components such as sensors, and renewable energy source, and all controlled by an
Arduino microcontroller. The software requirement used for designing the Android application for the control
and monitoring of temperature, device location and energy source battery life was Android studio.
Test and evaluate the prototype
Testing is the next step after creating the implemented solution into a prototype. In this phase, testing
procedure was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the project. In order to conclude, the accuracy was
tested in accordance with the standards and constraints.
Furthermore, series of tests were conducted to evaluate if the set objectives are met. The tests will be
conducted to identify malfunctions, errors and to gather client's feedback.
IMPROVE: Redesign as needed
The last step in engineering design process is identifying the need for improvement of the prototype based
on the testing and evaluation conducted.
This step is intended for improving the system based on the faults, errors, or problems found. Thus, the
project would be redesigned as needed based on the client’s views and opinions during the testing and
evaluation procedure to guarantee their satisfactions to the system. The design will be ready for presentation
and implementation after the project achieved the objectives.

5
 CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESIGN
After identifying the problem statement and thoroughly weighing the method to generate the appropriate
solution, designing the solution can now be laid down. The main factors of the client’s problem pointed out
that there is a need for an innovative and self-sufficient cold storage powered by a renewable energy that
automatically controls its inside temperature and eliminates the use of ice. Hence, in this chapter, 3 designs
were made and methodically compared considering the client’s economic, performance, and sustainability
constraint. The system’s configuration alongside with its integration to the Android application were also
elaborated.
System Design
System design is the process of defining its elements that is meant to satisfy specific needs and requirements
of the client. It comprises of components and features integrated to form a functionality. In this project, the
system focuses on the ability of the storage to manipulate temperature without the need of an AC power
supply. It utilizes readily available renewable energy to boost its capability of being self-sufficient.
The system uses a charge controller that regulates the rate at which electric current is added to secondary
batteries from the renewable energy source. It also protects and prevents the secondary battery from
overcharging. Moreover, overcharging can reduce the secondary battery’s lifespan and may pose safety risk.
After regulating the charge from the energy source, it can now power up the radiator that will be used as a
heat exchanger used for cooling. The radiator is now the feature that is directly responsible for cooling the
storage.
Temperature sensors are placed inside the storage for the temperature measurement and manipulation. Data
gathered by the sensor will be sent to the microcontroller and will be displayed on the Android application for
user’s easy access to the status of the cold storage.
2.1.1 IPO Model
Input-Process-Output or the IPO model is commonly used in design for describing the structure of an
information that are being processed inside the system. The input refers to the requirement that comes from
the environment. The process is the series of steps that the information will have to take in order to comply
with the required output. In this segment, the inputs are the temperature and the renewable energy. The
renewable energy will be captured and processed by the system to power the cold storage. On the other
hand, the cold storage will start cooling depending on the temperature input. The output of these processes
is now the automated cold storage system that is being powered by the renewable energy. The illustration is
shown in the figure below.

6
 Figure 2.1: IPO Model of the System
2.1.2 System Flowchart
The system flowchart used in this chapter graphically represents the flow of the data in the system. It shows
how the decisions are made to control the event. It also depicts how the data are processed from the
temperature sensors down to the Android application, and the renewable energy captured to power the cold
storage system.

Is
Equal
?

Figure 2.2: System Flowchart

7
The Figure 2-2 shown above displays the system flowchart of the system design. It starts from getting the
data parameter from the temperature sensors. It is to be identified by the microcontroller whether the
temperature is within the optimal range set by the BFAR. If the measured temperature is within the optimal
range, it will not start the cooling and will just continue to measure the temperature. When the gathered
temperature parameter is not within the optimal range, it will now start to cool the storage until it reaches the
optimal range. The optimal temperature range of 0-4° is based on a standard set by the Bureau.
2.1.3 Hardware Design
The hardware design comprises the elaboration of the physical design and the schematic diagram of the cold
storage system powered by a renewable energy.
A. Physical Design
The physical design shows the physical appearance of the system design. It displays how the components
are placed physically and how the entire design should look like.

Dimension: 500 mm x 500 mm x 473.5 mm (see Appendix B: Dimensions)

Figure 2.3: Physical Appearance of the Design
The figure above depicts the physical appearance of the design. It further describes how each component
are connected to each other. The cooling fan is linking to the radiator which are the main factor and
component for the cooling feature. The secondary battery, such as lead-acid battery, is located at the bottom
of the prototype to avoid giving weight stress to the prototype. The container is also insulated to prevent any
safety risk not only on the user but on the fish caught that will be put inside the container. The temperature
sensors are located inside the insulated container. It is also near the controller for a faster connection and
accessibility.

8
B. Schematic Diagram

Cooler

Controller
s
Figure 2.4: Schematic Diagram of the System
The schematic diagram can be compared to illustrative diagram. However, the schematic represents the
elements of a system with abstract, graphing symbols instead of realistic pictures that the illustrative diagram
has. In addition, the schematic diagram focuses more on comprehending and spreading information rather
than doing physical operations.
The figure above shows an example of schematic diagram representing the process that the design takes. It
shows the specific component that the system will utilize in order to perform the needed action. The project
has three designs that revolve in the renewable energy that will be used. The first one is utilizing the solar
energy, second is using wind energy, and last is using the sea current energy. The schematic shown above
is an example of the schematic that will be used and utilized.
Data gathered will be thrown wirelessly by the controller on the Android application. This feature will boost
the cold storage system’s accessibility. Data gathered can also be stored for research purposes and future
references which will greatly contribute to the studies of the Bureau.

9
 Design Alternatives
In order to fully comply with the client’s requirements, three designs were made in accordance with the
standards given and their environmental availability. The use of solar, wind, and hydropower energy were
considered as these energies are among the common and efficient to use (U.S. Energy Information
Administration, 2019). The three designs were also based on the constraints set by the client. Specifically,
the client wants that the solution must be within the budget, must be able to utilize the feature of being self-
sufficient to power supply, and must operate continuously on the timescale given.
2.2.1 Design 1: Using Photovoltaic Technology
A. Design Description
Solar energy refers to capturing the energy coming from the Sun and subsequently converting it to electricity.
The two widely recognized classes of technologies from converting solar energy into electricity are the
photovoltaics (PV) and the concentrated solar power (CSP). The first design focuses more on the
photovoltaics.
Solar energy is the least tapped of all the renewable energy in the Philippines. However, solar remains the
most viable renewable energy source in the country. Mainly because the use of solar photovoltaic systems
in off-grid communities is more appropriate due to the fact that the Philippines is near the equator, between
5°N and 20°N latitude, and the country receives an annual average of between 4.5-5.5 kWh/m2/day of solar
energy (Macabebe et. al, 2016).

Figure 2.5: Photovoltaic technology

Image source: https://news.energysage.com/how-solar-photovoltaic-cells-work/
Solar panel works by allowing photons, or particles of light, to knock electrons free from atoms, generating a
flow of electricity. It is usually made up of silicon solar cell as shown above that gives it the ability to convert
sunlight into electricity, and a metal frame which allow the solar cell’s electrons to escape and supply useful
power. It also comprises of small units called photovoltaic cells. These cells are linked together to make up
a solar panel. Each photovoltaic cell is made up of two slices of semiconducting material that is usually a
silicon.

10
B. Hardware Configuration

Figure 2.6: Photovoltaic Technology Circuit Diagram

The Figure above shows the PV technology circuit diagram. It has function to enable the maximum power
point tracking (MPPT) capability of the controller to maximize the power conversion and energy transfer for
the system. It also regulates the power generated by the PV cell to sustain the requirements of the loads and
the secondary battery of the system.
The first design utilizes solar energy to power up the device. It uses the photovoltaic technology to capture
the Sun’s energy and eventually convert it to electricity. Converted electricity will enter the charger controller
to be stored on the secondary battery which is the lead-acid battery. The electricity stored will be used to
power up the entire cooling system.
System Components
PV Cell – serves as the renewable energy, it powers the system while exposed to sunlight and charges the
battery when the system is not in use.
Controller – it controls the charge of the renewable energy to be distributed on the load and the battery of the
system.
Battery – it powers the whole system and serves as the storage for excess energy generated by the
renewable energy.

11
Insulated Container – it maintains the temperature inside the storage while minimizing the absorption of heat
from the environment.
Radiator – it pumps out the heat from the system thereby reducing the temperature inside the storage.
Cooling Fan – it helps the radiator in cooling the system. The fan blows away hot air from the radiator to
increase the efficiency of cooling cycle.
C. Constraints
Constraints are the basis in selecting the best solution to the client’s problem. In this project, the economic,
performance, and the sustainability constraints are considered.
Economic (Materials Cost)
The economic constraint refers to how much cost the design would take and if it is within the budget set by
the client. The cost of the entire system focuses on the materials cost. The cost of the design using the PV
technology is shown in the table below.
Table 2-1: Design 1 Materials Cost

Solar Panel (300W)

Renewable Source Cost 5900 2 11800
Shipping Cost 2150 2 4300
Battery Cost 10420 1 10420
26520
Charge Controller Cost 1950 1 1950
Resistor 0.5 9 4.5
Capacitor 2 2 4
Diodes 0.99 3 2.97
Potentiometer 15 1 15
Transistor 7.5 4 30
Regulator 25 0
Op-Amplifier 30 0
LED 5.45 2 10.9
2017.37
Cooling System Cost
Thermoelectric Couple 185 12 2220
Cooling Fan 385 8 3080
Controller 250 1 250
Display 350 1 350
Keypad 230 1 230
Regulator 25 1 25
Transistor 110 3 330
Aluminum Sheet 2500 3 7500
Polyurethane Foam 1700 2 3400

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 Aluminum Plate 105 38 3990
21375
Miscellaneous Cost 450 1 450
450
Total Cost 50362.37

Performance (On-state Charging Time)

The performance constraint pertains to how fast the design can store the energy from the renewable source
to the secondary battery. Hence, the charging time was considered. Therefore, the design utilizing
photovoltaic can charge the battery while being used in a span of 8 hours as shown below. (See Appendix
A, pp. 27)
1000 𝑊
𝑇𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 = (0.8 × 4.8 𝑘𝑊ℎ × ) ÷ [(3 × 0.85 × 300 𝑊) − 285.39 𝑊]
1 𝑘𝑊
𝑻𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟖 𝒉𝒓𝒔

Sustainability (Off-state Charging Time)

The sustainability constraint talks about how long does the design can survive with the continuous operation.
Particularly, it pertains to how fast can the system recover or recharge after being used. Thus, it was called
off-state charging time. As shown in the computation below, the design that implements the use of
photovoltaic technology can recover the system’s power for as fast as 5.02 hours. (See Appendix A, pp. 27)
1000 𝑊
𝑇𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 = (0.8 × 4.8 𝑘𝑊ℎ × ) ÷ [3 × 0.85 × 300 𝑊]
1 𝑘𝑊
𝑻𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟐 𝒉𝒓𝒔

2.2.2 Design 2: Using VAWT Technology

A. Design Description
Wind turbines are typically a wind energy converter. It is a device that converts the wind’s kinetic energy into
electrical energy. Wind turbines can rotate about either a horizontal or a vertical axis. Horizontal-axis wind
turbines (HAWT) with three-blade produce the overwhelming majority of wind power in the world today. These
turbines have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator at the top of a tower, and must be pointed into the
wind. Small turbines are pointed by a simple wind vane, while large turbines generally use a wind sensor
coupled with a yaw system. Most have a gearbox, which turns the slow rotation of the blades into a quicker
rotation that is more suitable to drive an electrical generator (DWIA, 2003).
On the other hand, vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) that the second design will use have the main rotor
shaft arranged vertically. One advantage of this arrangement is that the turbine does not need to be pointed
into the wind to be effective, which is an advantage on a site where the wind direction is highly variable (Paul
Michael, 2014).

13
 Figure 2.7: Vertical-axis Wind Turbine
B. Hardware Configuration

VAWT

Figure 2.8: VAWT Circuit Diagram

14
Figure 2-9 explains the process of the second design that harnesses wind energy. The wind energy that the
VAWT gets will be converted to electrical energy which then will be stored on the secondary battery. The
stored electrical energy on the secondary battery will be the one responsible to power up the cold storage.
System Components
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine – serves as the renewable energy, it powers the system while charging the battery
if wind is available in any direction.
Controller – it controls the charge of the renewable energy to be distributed on the load and the battery of the
system.
Battery – it powers the whole system and serves as the storage for excess energy generated by the
renewable energy.
Insulated Container – it maintains the temperature inside the storage while minimizing the absorption of heat
from the environment.
Radiator – it pumps out the heat from the system thereby reducing the temperature inside the storage.
Cooling Fan – it helps the radiator in cooling the system. The fan blows away hot air from the radiator to
increase the efficiency of cooling cycle.

C. Constraints
Economic (Materials Cost)
The economic constraint denotes how much rate the design would take and if it is within the budget set by
the client. The cost of the entire system focuses on the materials cost. The cost of the design using the VAWT
technology is shown in the table below.
Table 2-2: Design 2 Materials Cost

Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

Renewable Source Cost 21840 1 21840
Shipping Cost 2150 2 4300
Battery Cost 10420 1 10420
36560
Charge Controller Cost 1950 1 1950
Resistor 0.5 13 6.5
Capacitor 2 3 6
Diodes 0.99 3 2.97
Potentiometer 15 2 30
Transistor 7.5 1 7.5
Regulator 25 1 25
Op-Amplifier 30 4 120
LED 5.45 2 10.9
2158.87

15
 Cooling System Cost
Thermoelectric Couple 185 12 2220
Cooling Fan 385 8 3080
Controller 250 1 250
Display 350 1 350
Keypad 230 1 230
Regulator 25 1 25
Transistor 110 3 330
Aluminum Sheet 2500 3 7500
Polyurethane Foam 1700 2 3400
Aluminum Plate 105 38 3990
21375
Miscellaneous Cost 450 1 450
450
Total Cost 60543.87
Performance (On-state Charging Time)
The performance of the design 2 focuses on how fast it can fully charge the secondary battery while being
used. Datasheet was used in assessing its capability of charging a battery. (See Appendix A, pp. 27)
1000 𝑊
𝑇𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 = (0.8 × 2.4 𝑘𝑊ℎ × ) ÷ [(2 × 0.95 × 300 𝑊) − 285.39 𝑊]
1 𝑘𝑊
𝑻𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟓 𝒉𝒓𝒔

With the computation shown above, the design that uses VAWT can charge the battery, on-state, in a span
of 6.75 hours.
Sustainability (Off-state Charging Time)
The components’ capability for continuous usage is a vital part of a device. This is where the reliability of the
design will depend. It is also important if the client requires that the solution should be able to continuously
operate. The computation shown below is the second design’s recovery time after fully discharging. (See
Appendix A, pp. 27)
1000 𝑊
𝑇𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 = (0.8 × 2.4 𝑘𝑊ℎ × ) ÷ [2 × 0.95 × 300 𝑊]
1 𝑘𝑊
𝑻𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟒 𝒉𝒓𝒔

16
2.2.3 Design 3: Using Micro Hydro Turbine Technology
A. Design Description
Micro hydro is a type of hydroelectric power that typically produces from 5kW to 100kW of electricity using
the natural flow of water. The mechanical energy developed could be transformed into a versatile electrical
energy through appropriate electrical equipment. The falling water spins the blades of the turbines connected
to generators. Hydropower, therefore, is influenced by both the quantity of water flowing at a certain rate
(discharge Q in cubic meter per second) and the difference in elevations at the head start and tail end of the
flow (head h in meters) (P. L. Lopez).

Figure 2.9: How Micro Hydro Turbine Works

B. Hardware Configuration

Figure 2.10: Micro Hydro Turbine Circuit Diagram

17
The micro hydro turbine depends on the flow of the water. Fishing vessel has tons of flowing water
underneath. It will be utilized to generate electricity that will be stored on the lead-acid battery for the use of
the coolant.
System Components
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine – serves as the renewable energy, it powers the system while charging the
battery if wind is available in the position where the blade is directed.
Controller – it controls the charge of the renewable energy to be distributed on the load and the battery of the
system.
Battery – it powers the whole system and serves as the storage for excess energy generated by the
renewable energy.
Insulated Container – it maintains the temperature inside the storage while minimizing the absorption of heat
from the environment.
Radiator – it pumps out the heat from the system thereby reducing the temperature inside the storage.
Cooling Fan – it helps the radiator in cooling the system. The fan blows away hot air from the radiator to
increase the efficiency of cooling cycle.

C. Constraints
Economic (Materials Cost)
The economic constraint is the main constraint that the client emphasizes. BFAR specifically pointed out that
the project should be within the budget. The table below specifies the components that will be needed to
make the design.
Table 2-3: Design 3 Materials Cost

Micro Hydro Turbine

Renewable Source Cost 25000 1 25000
Shipping Cost 2150 2 4300
Battery Cost 10420 1 10420
39720
Charge Controller Cost 1950 1 1950
Resistor 0.5 13 6.5
Capacitor 2 3 6
Diodes 0.99 3 2.97
Potentiometer 15 2 30
Transistor 7.5 1 7.5
Regulator 25 1 25
Op-Amplifier 30 4 120
LED 5.45 2 10.9
2158.87

18
 Cooling System Cost
Thermoelectric Couple 185 12 2220
Cooling Fan 385 8 3080
Controller 250 1 250
Display 350 1 350
Keypad 230 1 230
Regulator 25 1 25
Transistor 110 3 330
Aluminum Sheet 2500 3 7500
Polyurethane Foam 1700 2 3400
Aluminum Plate 105 38 3990
21375
Miscellaneous Cost 450 1 450
450
Total Cost 63703.87

Performance (On-state Charging Time)

BFAR specified that the system should be able to support itself in terms of electricity. Hence, the system
should be self-sufficient enough that it can charge itself in the least time possible. The design that implements
that uses micro hydro turbine can fully charge lead-acid battery in just 7.54 hours based on the computation
below. (See Appendix A, pp. 27)
1000 𝑊
𝑇𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 = (0.8 × 2.4 𝑘𝑊ℎ × ) ÷ [(2 × 0.9 × 300 𝑊) − 285.39 𝑊]
1 𝑘𝑊
𝑻𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝟒 𝒉𝒓𝒔

Sustainability (Off-state Charging Time)

Sustainability is the aspect of the design that last for longest time that it can. According to the client, the
design should be able to withstand continuous operation for the least recovery time. This is to aid their
researches and studies. The calculations below show the third design’s recovery time or off-state charging
time where it pertains to how fast can the design recover/recharge. (See Appendix A, pp. 27)
1000 𝑊
𝑇𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 = (0.8 × 2.4 𝑘𝑊ℎ × ) ÷ [2 × 0.9 × 300 𝑊]
1 𝑘𝑊
𝑻𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟔 𝒉𝒓𝒔

19
 CHAPTER 3: DESIGN TRADEOFFS
Summary of Constraints
Several constraints that the client requires were reflected to decide the best solution possible. The designs
were thoroughly weighted to determine which among the three has the lowest cost, fastest in terms of
charging, and the most sustainable in doing all the operations.
Table 3-1: Summary of Constraints

Economic Constraint Performance Constraint Sustainability Constraint

(Materials Cost) (On-state Charging Time) (Off-state Charging Time)
Design 1:
Using Photovoltaic ₱ 50,362.37 8.00 hours 5.02 hours
Technology
Design 2:
Using VAWT ₱ 60,543.87 6.75 hours 6.74 hours
Technology
Design 3:
Using Micro Hydro ₱ 63,703.87 7.54 hours 3.56 hours
Turbine Technology
Table 3-1 describes that the design 1 that implements the use of Photovoltaic technology has materials cost
roughly around ₱ 50362.37. It costs less compared to the design 2 and 3. On the other hand, design 2 got
the least amount of required charging time while in use that bested the designs 1 and 3. Furthermore, in the
field of sustainability and how long can the design last in continuous operation by determining how fast it can
recharge, design 3 bested the designs 1 and 2 for having the least amount of time to fully recharge the system
without using. In the constraints shown above, it can be observed that different designs won over the different
constraints. In order to thoroughly weight the best design, trade-offs were used.
Trade-Offs
To determine which among the designs will be implemented, MCDM or Pareto Multiple-Criteria Decision-
Making was used. MCDM is a sub-discipline of operations research that explicitly evaluates multiple
conflicting criteria in decision making. Economic, performance, and sustainability constraints served as the
basis in deciding the best design among the three. The most applicable design would base on the criterion
of the least costly, fastest to charge the battery, and the design, which lasts for the longest time.
In order to determine the final design for the project, a process wherein the selection used MCDM is directed.
Computation of the normalized values of the raw characteristic were as follows:
Maximization Case
𝑃𝐶𝑟𝑎𝑤 − 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑟𝑎𝑤 Equation 3.1
𝑃𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚 =9 × +1
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑟𝑎𝑤 − 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑟𝑎𝑤
Minimization
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑟𝑎𝑤 − 𝑃𝐶𝑟𝑎𝑤
𝑃𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚 =9 × +1 Equation 3.2
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑟𝑎𝑤 − 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑟𝑎𝑤

Where:
𝑃𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚 = 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎
𝑃𝐶𝑟𝑎𝑤 = 𝑅𝑎𝑤 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑟𝑎𝑤 = 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑠
20
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑟𝑎𝑤 = 𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑠
Where the PCnorm is the normalized value of the criteria. The PCraw is the raw value of the criteria to be
normalized. The Minraw is the smallest possible value of the criteria among all the design that was set by the
client. Lastly, the Maxraw is the largest possible value of the criteria among all the designs that was also set
by the client. For the maximization case among all the design, the Equation 3.1 was used. While for the
minimization case, the Equation 3.2 was used.
After considering the design constraints, the designs to be used were given their initial rankings. The
explanations and discussion of the raw ranking values for each design are shown and computed below.
Influence of Design Trade-offs
In choosing the best design, different standard and constraints that the client provided were considered. The
final design must satisfy the three constraints, which are the economic, performance, and sustainability
constraints. Computations were done to determine the ranking and differences of each design through trade-
offs. The table below shows the comparison of three designs based on the calculations using constraints as
criteria for trade-offs.
Table 3-2: Final Trade-off Table

Design Raw Percentage Design 1 Design 2 Design 3

Economic 10 0.370 5.418 3.128 2.417
Performance 9 0.333 2.800 3.925 3.214
Sustainability 8 0.296 5.482 3.934 6.796
27 1 4.564 3.632 3.980
The value of the three designs on the final trade-off table are based on the normalized value of each criterion
the are computed below. As shown in the computation and on the table above, the design 1 that implements
the photovoltaic technology won.
Minimization of the Economic Constraint for Design 1
In computing for the normalized value of the design 1 under the economic constraint, the minimization case
was used as shown in the equation 3.2.
70,000 − 50,362.37
9( ) + 1 = 5.418
70,000 − 30,000
Hence, the normalized value of design 1 in the economic constraint is 5.418.
Minimization of the Economic Constraint for Design 2
In computing for the normalized value of the design 2 under the economic constraint, the minimization case
was also used.
70,000 − 60,543.87
9( ) + 1 = 3.128
70,000 − 30,000
Therefore, the normalized value of design 2 in the economic constraint is 3.128.
Minimization of the Economic Constraint for Design 3
Lastly, for the computation of the normalized value of design 3 for the economic constraint, the equation 3.2
was also used.
21
 70,000 − 63,703.87
9( ) + 1 = 2.417
70,000 − 30,000
Therefore, the normalized value of design 3 in the economic constraint is 2.417.
Minimization of the Performance Constraint for Design 1
In computing for the normalized value of the design 1 under the performance constraint, the minimization
case was used as shown in the equation 3.2.
10 − 8.00
9( ) + 1 = 2.800
10 − 0
Hence, the normalized value of design 1 in the performance constraint is 2.800.
Minimization of the Performance Constraint for Design 2
In computing for the normalized value of the design 2 under the performance constraint, the minimization
case was also used.
10 − 6.75
9( ) + 1 = 3.925
10 − 0
Therefore, the normalized value of design 2 in the performance constraint is 3.925.
Minimization of the Performance Constraint for Design 3
Lastly, for the computation of the normalized value of design 3 for the performance constraint, the equation
3.2 was also used.
10 − 7.54
9( ) + 1 = 3.214
10 − 0
Therefore, the normalized value of design 3 in the performance constraint is 3.214.
Minimization of the Sustainability Constraint for Design 1
In computing for the normalized value of the design 1 under the sustainability constraint, the minimization
case was used as shown in the equation 3.2.
10 − 5.02
9( ) + 1 = 5.482
10 − 0
Hence, the normalized value of design 1 in the sustainability constraint is 5.482.
Minimization of the Sustainability Constraint for Design 2
In computing for the normalized value of the design 2 under the sustainability constraint, the minimization
case was also used.
10 − 6.74
9( ) + 1 = 3.934
10 − 0
Therefore, the normalized value of design 2 in the sustainability constraint is 3.934.

22
 Minimization of the Sustainability Constraint for Design 3
Lastly, for the computation of the normalized value of design 3 for the sustainability constraint, the equation
3.2 was also used.
10 − 3.56
9( ) + 1 = 6.796
10 − 0
Therefore, the normalized value of design 3 in the sustainability constraint is 6.796.
Sensitivity Analysis
Sensitivity analysis (SA) is the investigation that all the potential changes and errors may impact the overall
results of trade-offs. (Sensitivity analysis: strategies, methods, concepts, examples, 2015)

Table 3-3: 6 Iteration Sensitivity Analysis

Preference
D1 D2 D3
Iteration Raw % Best
E P S E P S E P S D1 E P S D2 E P S D3
1 10 8 6 0.42 0.33 0.25 8.06 8.20 2.5 6.72 2.48 7.08 2.5 4.01 1.91 7.79 5 4.64 D1
2 6 10 8 0.25 0.42 0.33 8.06 8.20 2.5 6.26 2.48 7.08 2.5 4.40 1.91 7.79 5 5.39 D1
3 8 6 10 0.33 0.25 0.42 8.06 8.20 2.5 5.78 2.48 7.08 2.5 3.64 1.91 7.79 5 4.67 D1
4 8 10 6 0.33 0.42 0.25 8.06 8.20 2.5 6.73 2.48 7.08 2.5 4.40 1.91 7.79 5 5.13 D1
5 6 8 10 0.25 0.33 0.42 8.06 8.20 2.5 5.79 2.48 7.08 2.5 4.02 1.91 7.79 5 5.16 D1
6 10 6 8 0.42 0.25 0.33 8.06 8.20 2.5 6.24 2.48 7.08 2.5 3.63 1.91 7.79 5 4.41 D1
The table above displays the 6 iteration that was made in order to thoroughly weight the winning design. In
the 6 iterations, the design 1 won.

Sensitivity Analysis
D1 D2 D3

1
8
6
6 4 2
2
0

5 3

Figure 3.1: Radar Graph of the Sensitivity Analysis

Another way of illustrating the sensitivity analysis is by using a radar graph. The graph above is a radar graph
that depicts the 6 combinations of sensitivity in weighing the winning design. It can be clearly observed that
the design 1 won the 6 iterations of the sensitivity analysis.

23
APPENDICES

24
Appendix A
System Power:
𝑃𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 1.05 × [12𝑃𝑖𝑛(𝑇𝐸𝐶) + 6𝑃𝑖𝑛(𝐹𝐴𝑁) + 𝑃𝑖𝑛(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟) + 𝑃𝑖𝑛(𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑦) + 𝑃𝑖𝑛(𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑟) ]
𝑃𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 1.05 × [(12)(18.5W) + (6)(1.08W) + 0.75W + 0.25 + 0.2W]
𝑷𝒔𝒚𝒔 = 𝟐𝟖𝟓. 𝟑𝟗 𝑾
Battery Capacity:
𝑄𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡 = 100𝐴ℎ/𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
Design 1:
𝑄𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡 = (100𝐴ℎ/𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙) × (4 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠) × (12𝑉)
𝑸𝒃𝒂𝒕𝒕 = 𝟒. 𝟖 𝒌𝑾𝒉
Design 2:
𝑄𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡 = (100𝐴ℎ/𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙) × (2 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠) × (12𝑉)
𝑸𝒃𝒂𝒕𝒕 = 𝟐. 𝟒 𝒌𝑾𝒉
Design 3:
𝑄𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡 = (100𝐴ℎ/𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙) × (2 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠) × (12𝑉)
𝑸𝒃𝒂𝒕𝒕 = 𝟐. 𝟒 𝒌𝑾𝒉

Discharge Time in Battery Mode (up to 20% charge):

Design 1:
1𝑘𝑊
𝑇𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = (0.8 × 4.8𝑘𝑊ℎ) ÷ [(285.39𝑊) × ( )]
1000𝑊
𝑻𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟓 𝒉𝒓𝒔
Design 2:
1𝑘𝑊
𝑇𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = (0.8 × 2.4𝑘𝑊ℎ) ÷ [(285.39𝑊) × ( )]
1000𝑊
𝑻𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 = 𝟔. 𝟖 𝒉𝒓𝒔
Design 3:
1𝑘𝑊
𝑇𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = (0.8 × 2.4𝑘𝑊ℎ) ÷ [(285.39𝑊) × ( )]
1000𝑊
𝑻𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 = 𝟔. 𝟖 𝒉𝒓𝒔
On-state Charging Time:
Design 1:

25
 1000 𝑊
𝑇𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 = (0.8 × 4.8 𝑘𝑊ℎ × ) ÷ [(3 × 0.85 × 300 𝑊) − 285.39 𝑊]
1 𝑘𝑊
𝑻𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟖 𝒉𝒓𝒔
Design 2:
1000 𝑊
𝑇𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 = (0.8 × 2.4 𝑘𝑊ℎ × ) ÷ [(2 × 0.95 × 300 𝑊) − 285.39 𝑊]
1 𝑘𝑊
𝑻𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟓 𝒉𝒓𝒔
Design 3:
1000 𝑊
𝑇𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 = (0.8 × 2.4 𝑘𝑊ℎ × ) ÷ [(2 × 0.9 × 300 𝑊) − 285.39 𝑊]
1 𝑘𝑊
𝑻𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝟒 𝒉𝒓𝒔

Off-state Charging Time:

Design 1:
1000 𝑊
𝑇𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 = (0.8 × 4.8 𝑘𝑊ℎ × ) ÷ [3 × 0.85 × 300 𝑊]
1 𝑘𝑊
𝑻𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟐 𝒉𝒓𝒔
Design 2:
1000 𝑊
𝑇𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 = (0.8 × 2.4 𝑘𝑊ℎ × ) ÷ [2 × 0.95 × 300 𝑊]
1 𝑘𝑊
𝑻𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟒 𝒉𝒓𝒔
Design 3:
1000 𝑊
𝑇𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 = (0.8 × 2.4 𝑘𝑊ℎ × ) ÷ [2 × 0.9 × 300 𝑊]
1 𝑘𝑊
𝑻𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟔 𝒉𝒓𝒔

26
Appendix B
HARDWARE DESIGN:

Isometric View

27
Front View

Top View

Side View

28