Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Kanazawa University
Microelectronics Research Lab.
Akio Kitagawa
0.1 Introduction
2
Books of reference
• For students who wants to learn the practical CMOS
analog circuit design Note 1
– R. Jacob Baker, CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation,
3rd Edition, ISBN 978-0-470-88132-3, Wiley-IEEE Press (2010)
– R. Jacob Baker, CMOS: Mixed-Signal Circuit Design, 2nd Edition,
ISBN 978-0-470-29026-2, Wiley-IEEE Press (2009)
• Course wares
– http://jaco.ec.t.kanazawa-u.ac.jp/edu/
– http://cmosedu.com/
Note 1:
These books does not cover the RF (Radio-frequency) circuits.
Book of reference for RF circuit design:
- RF Microelectronics, B. Razavi, ISBN 0-13-887571-5, Prentice Hall (1998)
- High-linearity CMOS RF Front-end Circuits, Yongwang Ding, ISBN
0387238018 , Springer (2004) 3
Growing information technology toward
a real world and an daily life
Keywords: Wireless communication, Energy Harvesting, Sensor integration
An analog mixed signal (AMS) LSI is fundamental to advanced electronic systems.
Regional Information
Disaster
prevention
Distribution
Intelligent system
transport systems
Maintenance of Nursing-care
infrastructure
Cultivation
Conventional cyberspace
Environment
conservation
Medical services
Home safety and
automation Health care
4
The Internet of Everything
Example of Mixed-Signal LSI
(RF signal generation) PLL DSM (Frequency control)
value DSM
(Pulse width, Delay time)
(Pulse density, bits)
6
DSM: Delta-Sigma Modulation
A/D partition in mixed-signal LSI
Name of circuit block Function Analog/Digital Remarks
AAF (Anti-Aliasing Filter) Band-limitation Analog feasible only in analog
SF (Smoothing Filter) Transformation from discrete time to Analog feasible only in analog
continuous time
LNA (Low Noise Amp.) Impedance matching Analog feasible only in analog
Mixer Down-conversion and Up-conversion Analog for RF signal
Digital for IF signal
Power supply circuits (e.g. Voltage regulation, DC-DC conversion, Analog
Regulator, Reference Voltage) Voltage/Current reference
ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) Analog-to-Digital conversion Analog + Digital
DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter) Digital-to-Analog conversion Analog + Digital
PLL (Phase Locked Loop) RF frequency synthesis Analog or Digital
DSM (Delta-Sigma Modulator) Digital frequency control of PLL Digital
Memory(Sens-Amplifier, Memory Memory of digital data Analog + Digital
Cell, DLL)
Processor(DSP, MCU) Signal processing, system control Digital
8
Analog design flow
Block diagram of system architecture Specification sheet for analog block
PHS PHS 規格値 設計値
DAC Wave DBP 項目 条件 単位
RFU IFU Min. Typ. Max. Min. Typ. Max.
Form I/F 電源電圧 1.8 3.3 3.5 1.8 2.1 3.3 V
GEN 消費電流 ― ― 2.2 mA
User 利得 ― 15 ― dB
Quad DSP
Mode ADC 周波数 300 426 475
Damed I/F 雑音指数(NF) ― 2 ― dB
IFU
1dBコンプレッションレベル ― 0 ― dBm
GPS GPS CLK GPS インタセプトポイント(IIP3) ― 9.6 ― dB
ADC 入力インピーダンス ― 50 ― Ω
RFU IFU GEN I/F
出力インピーダンス ― 500 ― Ω
端子間アイソレーション(OUT→IN) 20 dB
ETC ETC GPS PHS
RFU IFU Correrator I/F
Circuit schematic with behavior models Signal flow and transfer function
M15
5/2
M14
M5 M6
5/2 M8 M9
5/2 5/2
5/2 Vbias 5/2
M3 M4
10.24/2 10.24/2
3.5kΩ 0.5pF 0.5pF
Vout- Vin+ M1 M2 Vin- Vout+
8.56/2 8.56/2
M16
8/2 M10 M7 M11
8/2 8/2 8/2
9
5/2 5/2 5/2 5/2
Vcm
gnd
CAD software
Analog Circuits Digital Circuits
Schematic Editor Schematic Entry HDL Coding Text Editor
Mixed-signal integration
10
Structure of MOSFET and Bipolar Tr.
MOSFET Bipolar Tr.
contact L Weff
tOX WB
n-Si n-Si
p-Si
SiO2 p-Si n-Si
n-Si substrate
Bipolar
180nm
250nm
CMOS Amp., Mixer (20dB)
10
350nm
WLAN 802.11a
CMOS ADC, Small Digital
CDMA
1
Cellular Peak Transition Frequency:
The frequency for the current gain h21 = 1 (0dB)
of the transistor.
0.1
1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020
1G
Sampling Frequency (Hz)
HDD DVD
Digital TV
100M Digital IF
VDSL
Flash Digital Camera
10M LAN
ADC Pipeline ADC
ADSL
1M
Motor Servo GSM, PDC
100k
SAR ADC Σ-Δ ADC
10k CD/MD
Celluar Phone
1k
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Resolution (bit) 13
Advantages and disadvantages of
technology scaling
1/Power consumption 1
Integration 2
L
1
Performance (Log)
Signal Swing
Dynamic Range L2
Noise Mismatch
Scaling (Shrink)
1/(Design Rule) (Log)
14
Figure of merit (FOM) of analog
circuits
• Before ITRS2004 edition: G IIP3 f
FOM LNA
FOM was defined for each ( NF 1) P
2
category of circuits. f0 1
FOM VCO
– LNA: Low noise amplifier f L{f } P
– VCO: Voltage controlled
oscillator FOMPA Pout Gp PAE f 2
– PA: Power amplifier
(2 ENOB0 ) f S
– ADC: Analog-to-Digital FOM ADC
converter P
– SerDes(SERializer/DESerializer) RB RMuxDeMux
FOM SerDes
P
P : Power consumption
IIP3: Third Order Input Intercept Point ENOB0: Effective number of bits
NF : Noise figure fS : Sampling frequency
L: Spurious power RB: Data Rate
RMuxDeMux: Bit count of parallel data 15
PAE: Power efficiency
Quiz
Which circuit is better for a sensitivity and a signal-to-noise ratio?
12dB 16bit
Sensor Digital output
0dB 18bit
Sensor Digital output
16
Suggested answer
12dB 16bit
=
0dB 18bit
17
Suggested answer
Maximum number of N-bit binary code = 2N -1
Dynamic range of N-bit binary code system = (2N -1)/1
Maximum number of (N+1)-bit binary code = 2N+1 -1
Dynamic range of (N+1)-bit binary code system = (2N+1 -1)/1