DELTA MODULE 1 TASK 1 AND 2

accommodation
the process of squeezing together the syllables between two
stressed syllables, so that each segment of an utterance takes the
same time to produce

Accuracy
the use of language without verbal or grammatical mistakes

Acquisition Learning Hypothesis

Acquisition is rough tuned and unconscious used to communicate
messages and learning is fine tuned referring to learners knowledge
of rules

active voice
the way in which language expresses the relationship between a
verb and a noun phrase associated with it
e.g.
the wind damaged the fence
subject + verb + object

active voice
The subject of the sentence performs the action

Adjacency pairs
A sequence of two related utterances by two different speakers, the
first utterance leads to a set of expectations about the response
e.g.
fancy a coffee? i'd love one

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adjective
A word that gives more information about a noun and can transform
into a comparative or superlative
e.g.
paul is taller than john
comparative and suerlative

Adverb
a word which gives more information about adjectives, adverbs,
verbs or whole sentences and can express degree
e.g.
johns behavior was totally unacceptable
totally degree, yesterday time, quickly manner

Affective Filter Hypothesis (Krashen)

the learner will learn better if S/he feels comfortable. If the affective
filter is low more input can be absorbed and if the filter is high they
will absorb little if any

Affixation
The morphological process of adding a bound morpheme to the
stem of a word, either at the end or at the beginning. This modifies
the word
e.g.
adding ful to use

affricate
a consonant sound which the air flow is initially stopped but then is
released slowly with friction
tʃ cheese , dʒ james
Allaphone
different articulations of the same phonemes
e.g. /S/ in shoe and /S/ in she

Allophone
a phonetic variation of a single phoneme
e.g.
/p/ of pin and /p/ of spin

Anaphoric reference
A word or phrase that refers back to another word or phrase which
was used earlier in a written or spoken text
e.g.
where are my keys?
you left them on the table..

Anaphoric reference
A word or phrase that refers back to another word or phrase which
was used earlier in a written or spoken text
e.g.
where are my keys?
you left them on the table..

Antonyms
words which are opposite in meaning to other words such as
adjectives
e.g.
hot/cold

aspect
a term used to donate the activity, event or state described by a
verb
e.g.
the activity is on going ING

Assimilation
a feature of connected speech where one sound changes to
another sound due to a neighboring soung
e.g.
ten boys /n/ followed by /b/creates /m/ as temboys

auxiliary verb
a verb used in forming the tenses, moods, and voices of other
verbs.

back channeling
The verbal signals given by the listener to indicate interest,
attention, surprise etc.
e.g.
really, uh-huh, yeah

back channeling
Signals that provide information to the speaker that his/her
message is understood and listened to. Examples: Uhhuh, yeah,
right.

Backward build-up drill

when students are having trouble saying a long sentence, the
teacher will break down the sentence into parts, drilling from the
end and expanding until the whole sentence can be said correctly

Backwash
the positive or negative impact of a test on classroom teaching
bottom-up processing
the analysis of the smaller features of a text in order to build up to a
complete perception of the text
e.g.
words, phrases

bottom-up processing
the analysis of the smaller features of a text in order to build up to a
complete perception of the text
e.g.
words, phrases

bottom-up processing
the analysis of the smaller features of a text in order to build up to a
complete perception of the text
e.g.
words, phrases

bound morpheme
the smallest meaningful unit in a language which cannot stand on
its own
e.g.
prefixes such as un and de

Cataphoric reference
A word or phrase that refers forward to another part of the text.
e.g.
when I met her, Mary looked ill

CCQ
The name of a type of question designed to check and guide
learners' understanding of a new language item by isolating its core
meanings e.g. for 'She used to smoke': Does she smoke now? Did
she in the past? Did she do it once or regularly?

Cognates
a word in one language which is similar in form and meaning to
another word in a other language because both languages are
related
e.g.
English- speacial
Spanish-especial

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Cohesion
the grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that
holds a text together and gives it meaning
linkers, in addition

collocation
Two or more words that co-occur in a language more often that
would be expected by chance.
e.g. light sleeper

communicative approach
A way of teaching and practising language which is based on the
principle that learning a language successfully involves
communication rather than just memorising a series of rules.
Teachers try to focus on meaningful
communication, rather than focusing on accuracy and correcting
mistakes.
communitive competence
the intuitive knowledge and control of the priciples of language
usage

Community Language Learning (CLL)

A method that employs the use of L1 and L2 to allow student to
communicate real messages to each other. Conversations are often
recorded, replayed, revised, and rerecorded with the help of a
teacher

complement
a complement normally follows a verb phrase and can be an
adjective, a noun phrase, a pronoun or number.
e.g.
working makes me HUNGRY

Complete the dialogue

select words are erased from a dialog students have learned,
students complete the dialog by filling in the blanks with the missing
words

compound words
a (new) word created by combining 2 or more words
e.g.
memory stick

Conjunction
a word used to connect clauses or sentences and shows how they
relate to each other
e.g.
I called John and we talked for hours
but contrast, and addition, when time
Connotation
the attitudinal meaning of a word which may be culturally
determined,
e.g.
snake-eight legged aracnid
snake- lier, cheater

consonant
a speech sound where the airflow is either blicked, partially blocked
or the the opening is so narrow it creates friction, or the air-stream
can escape through the nose

consonant
a speech sound where airstream from the lungs is either blocked,
partially blocked, the opening is so narrow close the air escapes
with friction. sometimes the airstream is blocked and the air
escapes through the nose

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context and language integrated learning, or CLIL

using the medium of English to teach a subject to learners whose
first language is not English
e.g.
geography in English

coordinating conjunction
A word that connects phrases or clauses of equal importance
e.g.
the bowl of soup is hot and delicious
corpus
A database of real language samples (either spoken or written
texts) stored on a computer and which can be used for investigating
language use and structure.
E.g.
British National Corpus

criterion-referenced test
A test that measures a test taker's performance according to a
particular standard or criterion that has been agreed upon. Test
takers must reach this level to pass the test

Critical Age Hypothesis

The hypothesis that there is period of time in which language can
be acquired rapidly and perfectly, after in is no longer possible
e.g.
age 2 until puberty

curcumlocution
the use of an unnecessarily large number of words to express an
idea
e.g.
I'm trying to avoid circumlocutions in my writing

c.v. linking
a process in continuous speech which connects the final consonant
of one word to the initial vowel sound of the next
e.g.
drop it

defining relative clause

A clause which is attached to a noun phrase, which it modifies by
giving extra essential information.
e.g.
The film that we saw last week was awful.

de-lexicalised verb
A verb with little or no (dictionary) meaning on its own / must
combine with a noun or adjective to have meaning.
E.g. Take (your time) / get (married)

Determiners
a word which tells you which noun is being referred to or tells you
about the quantity
e.g.
a dog is a good pet
There are about 50 different determiners in the English language
they include: Articles - a, an, the. Demonstratives - this, that, these,
those, which etc. Possessives - my, your, our, their, his, hers,
whose, my friend's, our friends', etc. Quantifiers -few, a few, many,
much, each, every, some, any etc.

Diagnostic Test
A test that helps the teacher to determine students areas of
strengths and weaknesses. It helps to identify specific areas, skills
or knowledge that are problems for the student.

dialog memorization
student memorize a dialog through mimicking the teacher, then they
take one role and the teacher the other, once they have memorized
it they switch roles. After it had been memorized students can
demonstrate in front of the class

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Differentiation
...

Diphthong
combination of two vowels in a single syllable, in which sounds
begins as one vowel and moves to another
e.g.
no

Dipthong
a phoneme formed of two vowel monothong sounds joining together
in a glide

Direct Method
A method in which grammar rules are not taught. only the target
language is used in the classroom and translation is avoided at all
costs.
E.g Berlitz method

direct object
the noun, pronoun or noun phrase which is affected by the
action of the verb (what or who)
e.g.
terry baked a cake

direct testing
a test employing tasks which replicate real-life activities
e.g
. role-playing a job interview,

discourse competence
the ability to produce longer patterns of stretches of discourse into
meaningful wholes such as knowing how to begin and end
conversations

discrete item test

A test which assesses knowledge of individual language items to
specific skills or functions
e.g.
grammar structures and tenses

Discrimination
the ability to distinguish between two sounds when both are heard
together

Discrimination
the ability to distinguish between two sounds when both are heard
together

Discriptive Grammar
non-standard, not necessarily accurate grammar used by native
speakers.
they may be fluent but don't necessarily abide by the rules.

Dogma
A material free FL teaching approach

Elision
Omission of a sound or sounds in speech. Often because it follows
other similar sounds.
e.g.: chocOlate
Ellipsis
the omission of a word or phrase which is grammatically necessary
but can be deduced from the context
e.g.
'got an change' (have you got any change)

endophoric reference
A phenomenon where words refer to other items in the same text.
E.g. I like your dress. It's beautiful.

exclamation
an expression to show feelings
e.g.
hi! (friendly greeting)
er....(doubt)

Exophoric reference
the use of a pronoun or other word or phrase to refer to something
outside the discourse
e.g.
they're late again, can you believe it
they're refers to some people outside of the discourse, known to
both speakers

explicit knowledge
Knowing something is the case and having the ability to explain
it(declarative)

extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid
threatened punishment
false cognate
a word which has the same or similar form in two languages, but
has different meanings in each.7 e.g.
English-sensible
Spanish-sensible

Fillers
language used by speakers to avoid frequent, long or silent pauses,
to hold the floor, gain thinking time
Example: er. um, well, you know

fluency
the ability to produce and maintain speech without undue pauses

Formative test
a test given during the course of instruction to inform student and
teacher how well the student is doing

Fossilization
A process through which an error has become a permanent feature
of a learner's language use and is believed to be resistant to
correction.

free morpheme
a morpheme that can stand alone as a word
e.g.
book, cycle.

Fricatives
a consonant sound,, produced by bringing the mouth into position to
block the passage of the airstream, but not making complete
closure, so that air moving through the mouth generates audible
friction
e.g.
such as English f or v

function
the actual use of a verb in context
e.g. asking for permission or apologizing

Genre
A category or type of literature characterized by a particular form,
style, or content.
e.g.
formal letter

Genre writing
particularly L1 authentic writing where different genres are
presented
e.g
class or category of writing: narrative, expository, informational,
persuasive, etc.

Gerund
a noun created by adding ing to the verb stem
e.g.
parking is not permited

Grammar game
games designed to get student to practice a grammar point within a
context, students can express themselves but in a limited way
e.g. alphabet letter game
grammaring/grammaticisation
The process by which a sequence of words is fine-tuned in order to
reduce ambiguity and create a more complex message than just a
lexical items can express
e.g.
she work project for three month, she'll be working on the project for
three months

grammatical competence
the ability to recognize and produce the syntactic and morphological
structures of language

grammatical competence
the ability to effectively recognize and produce the syntactic and
morphological structures of a language

grammatical syllabus
a syllabus for teaching of a language which is based on a selection
of grammatical items and structures
example:
It may start with the present simple, then the present continuous,
then the past simple, and so on.

Hedging
A word or phrase used to be polite avoid overprecise commitment
e.g.
perhaps

holistic approach
an approach to listening which advocates providing learners with
lots of listening opportunities for listening , and lots of practice in the
skill, with the belief that practice makes perfect. no development of
sub-skills is encouraged
homograph
each of two or more words spelled the same but not necessarily
pronounced the same and having different meanings and origins

Homographs
words which are written in the same way put are pronounced
differently and have different meanings
e.g. lead /led/, lead /li:d/

Homonyms
words that sound alike but have different spellings and meanings
(sale/sail)

homophone
a word that is pronounced the same as another word but is different
in meaning or spelling

Hompophones
words that sound the same but have two different meanings and
spellings
e.g.
see and sea

humanistic approach
teaching methods in which; development in human values, active
learner involvement in learning and the way learning takes place is
considered

hypernims
a relationship between two words in which the meaning of one of
the words includes the meaning of the other
e.g. bus-car-van-lorry

Hypernyms
words that label categories, eg animal (this category includes for
example dog, cat and rabbit).

ICQ
the name of a type of question to check learners understanding of
instructions given without repeating the instruction
E.G. should you work in pairs or alone? pairs

idiom
fixed/ semi fixed expression/phrase/ group of words in which the
meaning is not literal
e.g.
fave the music

implicit knowledge
knowing a language without necessarily knowing the rules of that
language (procedural)

indirect object
the noun or pronoun which is affected by the verb indirectly
(to who or to whom)
e.g.
terry gave me the cake

inflection
when we put something on the end of a root of a verb
e.g. third person s
information gap activity
A classroom activity in which learners have different information and
need to exchange the information / communicate in order to
complete an activity. E.g. jigsaw reading, describing different
pictures to each other.

Input Hypothesis
students acquire language by understanding input that is just above
their current level of proficiency -- i+1

input processing
where a learner hears or reads language and makes sense of it
without worrying about linguistic form

integrative test
a form of assessment which requires the use of several skills on
order to complete
e.g.
grammar, vocabulary, listening comprehension

interactional language
language primarily used to allow social and personal relations to be
maintained

intransitive verb
a word which does not need an object to be grammatically correct
e.g.
the children danced

intransitive verb
A verb that does not have a direct object
e.g.
he arrived early

intrinsic modality
Refers to a range of meanings to do with how necessary
or desirable the speaker/writer views the situation.

intrusion
when an extra consonant is added to the end of a word to link it to a
following word starting with a vowel
e.g.
china and japan

intrusive r
when a linking sound /r/ is added to the end of a word to link it to
the following word starting with a vowel
e.g.
in the phrase china and japan

intrusive /w/
A linking sound /w/ that is inserted between a word which ends in a
vowel sound and a following one which begins with a vowel sound
. E.g.
in the phrase go out /gəʊwaʊt/

intrusive /y/
when a linking sound /y/ is added to the end of a word to link it to
the following word starting with a vowel
e.g.
three oranges
jigsaw reading
An activity where learners read different texts/parts of texts and
then exchange the information they have read
e.g.
The same news item from different newspapers which learners
compare

the lexical approach

(Michael Lewis, 1990s)
An aspect of Communicative Language Teaching, focuses on
language as lexical units rather than grammatical structures.

E.g. Ss match verbs to nouns: make a cake, have breakfast.

Lingua Franca Core

Those phonological features which are deemed to be vital in
conveying a clear, unambiguous message to other users, especially
in NNS - NNS communication.

Lingua Franca Core

the phonological features which are deemed to be vital in conveying
a clear, unambiguous message to other users, especially NNS-NNS
communication

linguistic competence
A speaker's implicit, internalized knowledge of the rules of their
native language.

The Listening Approach

A listening-based application of the ideas of Krashen to the
classroom.
meta-language
the language used to analyze or describe a language
e.g.
in English the phoneme /b/ is a voiced bilabial stop

minimal pairs
a pair of words that differ by only 1 phoneme (ship/sheep)

Modal auxiliary verb

a verb which expresses the mood of the speaker or modifies the
meaning of the main verb in a sentence.
Example: could, may, should

modal verb
a verb used with other verbs to show ideas such as ability or
obligation or possibility.

Monitor Hypothesis
by scrutinizing L2 output in order to produce accuracy
E.g.
writing a formal letter

Mood
a set of contrasts which express the speakers or writers mood
e.g.
inductive mood: she sat down

Morphology
the study or morphemes and their different forms
e.g.
allomorphs
Natural Approach
a teaching approach which emphasis; the informal acquisition of
language rules and tolerance of language errors

natural order
The order in which grammar/language items are thought to be
acquired.
e.g.
first person is acquired before third person 's'

Natural Order Hypothesis

grammatical structures are acquired in a predictable order,
independent of the order grammar is taught e.g. ING progressive,
then plurals, then to be and so on

Nominalisation
the process of forming nouns from other parts of speech, usually
verbs or adjectives
e.g.
to write: writer

non-defining relative clause

These give us extra but non-essential information about a person or
thing and follow a comma.
e.g.
'My grandfather, who is 87, goes swimming every day.'

norm-referenced tests
a test which compares test takers to each other, rather than against
external criteria
e.g.
a collage entrance exam

noticing
when a second language learner notes L2 language features in
what they hear or read

notional syllabus
A syllabus organized around (abstract) concepts/meanings/ideas
AND the exponents used to express them.
E.g. headings in this syllabus would be: duration; location; degree;
direction; the

Noun
a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea
e.g.
child

extra information
countable and proper nouns

object
the person or thing that is affected by the action of a transitive verb
in a sentence or clause e.g.
you heard me

onset syllable
The stressed syllable before the tonic syllable. Example: She LIVES
in LONDON. (LIVES is the onset syllable; LON is the tonic syllable).

paraphrase
express the meaning of (the writer or speaker or something written
or spoken) using different words, especially to achieve greater
clarity.
e.g.
She gave us a quick paraphrase of what had been said

passive voice
when the subject of the sentence is acted on by the verb
e.g.
the fence was damaged by the wind

pedagogical grammar
simplified grammar for teaching purposes

phatic language
language whose purpose is to smooth the conduct of social
relations rather than with a transnational purpose

phoneme
the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two
words
e.g.
pan begins with /p/ and ban begins with /b/

Phonology
the establishment and description of distinctive sound units of a
language
e.g.
+high ++high

phrasal verb
A construction which is a combination of a verb and one or two
particles. The particle can be an adverb or preposition or both
e.g. cut off

pitch
the level of the voice as perceived by the listener, either high, mid,
low

placement test
A test done to place a student in the correct level/class at the start
of a course

pragmatics
the practical use of language that includes the ability to adjust
language communication according to audience and context