New Benzoxazines from Renewable Resources
for Green Composite Applications
P. Thirukumaran, R. Sathiyamoorthi, A. Shakila Parveen, M. Sarojadevi
Department of Chemistry, Anna University, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
Fully bio-based composites composed of polybenzox-
azine resins obtained from renewable natural resour-
ces (such as cardanol, furfurylamine, and stearylamine)
and bio-fiber such as jute fiber were prepared. The
purity of the isolated cardanol was determined by Gas
Chromatography. The structure of cardanol and its
benzoxazine monomers were characterized by FT-IR,
1
H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and Mass spectroscopic analysis
and its polymerization process was monitored by Dif-
ferential scanning calorimetry analysis. The compo-
sites’ tensile and flexural strengths were measured by
UTM and its impact strength was measured by IZOD
impact tester respectively. The bio composite (PCF-
Bzo/Jute fiber) shows superior thermal and mechanical
(from thermogravimetric analysis and dynamic
mechanical analysis) properties when compared with
stearylamine-based composite (PCS-Bzo/Jute fiber).
The surface morphologies of the fractured composites
were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy.
POLYM. COMPOS., 00:000–000, 2014. V
C 2014 Society of Plas-
tics Engineers
INTRODUCTION
Phenol-formaldehyde resins were the first fully syn-
thetic commercial polymer resins which were first
described over 100 years ago. Because of their relatively
low cost and their dimensional stability, the resole type
resins are still largely used in the industry of polymeric
materials. More recently, the development of
benzoxazine-based family of phenolic resins has attracted
significant attention. Polybenzoxazines are a novel ther-
mosetting phenolic resin that has been developed to over-
come the shortcomings associated with traditional
phenolic resins such as releasing condensation by prod-
ucts and using strong acids as catalysts, while retaining
good thermal properties and flame retardancy of phenolic
resins. Benzoxazines are readily synthesized either in
solution or by melt-state reaction using a combination of
phenol derivatives, paraformaldehyde, and a primary
amine [1–4].
Correspondence to: M. Sarojadevi; e-mail: msrde2000@yahoo.com
DOI 10.1002/pc.23214
Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com).
C 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
V properties of these resins for composite applications. In
POLYMER COMPOSITES—2014
In Industrial applications the use of natural products is
increasing because of concerns over environmental issues,
waste disposal, and depletion of nonrenewable resources.
On the other hand, the development of new polymer espe-
cially those based on renewable organic raw materials
using alternative sustainable process deserves the atten-
tion of both academic and industrial research. Among dif-
ferent renewable resources, cashew nut shell liquid
(CNSL), an agricultural by-product abundantly available
in tropical countries such as India, is one of the major
and economical resources of naturally occurring phenols.
CNSL can be regarded as a versatile and valuable raw
material for wide applications in the form of brake lin-
ings, surface coating paints, as well as in polymer produc-
tion [5–7]. CNSL is indeed a mixture of anacardic acid,
cardanol, and traces of cardol and 2-methyl cardol. The
alkyl side chain (R) of each of them may be saturated
mono-olefinic 8 or di-olefinic 8, 11, or tri-olefinic 8, 11,
14 with a high percentage of the components having one
or two double bonds per molecule [8–10].
CNSL as well as cardanol can be considered as a sus-
tainable low cost and largely available natural resource by-
product of the cashew industry. Therefore, CNSL as well as
cardanol and its derivatives are becoming important starting
materials having possible industrial utilization such as addi-
tives for lubricants, diesel engine fuels, antioxidants, stabil-
izers, flame retardants, resins, inks, hydro-repellents as well
as fine chemicals, and intermediates [11, 12]. Furfurylamine
is synthesized from furfural which is a green platform prod-
uct derived from a variety of agricultural by-products such
as corncobs and wheat bran like other fatty amines contain-
ing a long hydrocarbon chain. Stearylamine can be pro-
duced from vegetable oils. Nowadays high quality bio-
methanol can be produced on a large industrial scale from
diverse biomass resources. The bio-methanol can be con-
verted into formaldehyde via a catalytic oxidation and fur-
ther to paraformaldehyde by a condensation reaction.
Recently, a novel cardanol-based monofunctional ben-
zoxazine monomer has been reported by the reaction of
cardanol with ammonia and formaldehyde [10], showing
a glass transition temperature (Tg) of only 36 C. And so,
there is a need to improve the thermal and mechanical

SCH. 1. Synthesis of benzoxazine monomers (CF-Bzo and CS-Bzo).
the present research a fully bio-based polybenzoxazine
with suitable properties have been synthesized using car-
danol, furfurylamine, stearylamine, and paraformaldehyde
as raw materials.
MATERIALS
CNSL was purchased from Rajkart Enterprises, India;
stearylamine was purchased from Sisco Research Labora-
tories, India; furfurylamine was purchased from Aldrich,
India; paraformaldehyde was purchased from Merck Lim-
ited, India; jute fiber was supplied by Rope Enterprises,
India. All other chemicals are of analytical grade and
were purchased from Spectrochem, India, and used with-
out further purification.
Instrumention
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of the sam-
ples were obtained using an ABB Bomem (Model MB
3000) spectrometer. The samples were ground with spec-
troscopy grade KBr and made into pellets. 1H (500 MHz)
and 13C (125 MHz) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
spectra were recorded on a Joel Spectrometer with tetra-
methylsilane as the internal standard. Solutions were pre-
pared in CDCl3. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
was performed in a TA instrument Q10 model using
5–10 mg of the sample at a heating rate of 10 C/min in
nitrogen atmosphere. Dynamic mechanical analysis
(DMA) was carried out using a Netzsch 242 DMA at a
heating rate of 10 C/min from 30 C to 250 C. Thermog-
ravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed using a TA Q
600 thermal analyzer. Cured samples were analyzed in
open silicon pan at a heating rate of 20 C/min in N2
atmosphere, up to a maximum temperature of 800 C. The
morphology of the materials was observed by scanning
electron microscope (SEM) after gold coating using
SEM-JEOL, JSM-5600 model operated at an accelerating
voltage of 20 kV. The tensile and flexural tests were car-
2 POLYMER COMPOSITES—2014
ried out on the UTM machine (Model H10K-S Tinius
Olsen) with cross head speed of 5 mm/min according to
the ASTM, D3039/D3039M-08 and ASTM, D790-10
standards. The impact test was carried out on the Izod
impact tester according to the ASTM, D256-10 standard.
Isolation of Cardanol
Cardanol was isolated from CNSL by adopting vac-
uum distillation method according to Ref. [13].
Synthesis of 3-(Furyan-2-Yl)-5-(Pentadeca-8,11-Dienyl)3,4-
Dihydro-2h-1,3-Benzoxazine [CF-Bzo]. Cardanol-furfuryl-
amine-based benzoxazine was synthesized by solvent-less
process [Scheme 1]. Freshly distilled cardanol (9 g, 0.03 mol),
furfurylamine (3 ml, 0.03 mol), and paraformaldehyde (1.5 g,
0.06 mol) were added to a round bottomed flask and placed
over a magnetic stirrer. The mixture was heated to 80–90 C,
and stirred at this temperature for half an hour until the mix-
ture becomes homogenous with dark maroon color. Then the
temperature was further raised to 120–130 C and refluxed for
another 2 h. After which, the reaction mixture was cooled to
room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure to
yield CF-Bzo as red brown oil. Yield, 92%
Synthesis of 3-Octadecyl-5-Pentadeca-8,11-Dienyl-3,4-
Dihydro-2h-1,3-Benzoxazine [CS-Bzo]. Cardanol-stear-
ylamine based benzoxazine was synthesized by solvent-less
process [Scheme 1]. Freshly distilled cardanol (9 g, 0.03
mol), stearylamine (7.1 g, 0.03 mol) and paraformaldehyde
(1.5 g, 0.06 mol) were added to a round bottomed flask and
placed over a magnetic stirrer. The mixture was heated to
80–90 C, and stirred at this temperature for half an hour
until the mixture becomes homogenous and turns dark
maroon color. Then, the temperature was further raised to
120–130 C and refluxed for another 2 h. The reaction mix-
ture was then cooled to room temperature and concentrated
under reduced pressure to yield CS-Bzo as red brown oil.
Yield, 87%
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Structure Analysis of Isolated Cardanol
The FT-IR spectrum of cardanol is shown in Fig. 1.
The phenolic moiety of cardanol gave a band at
3394 cm21 corresponding to -OH stretching vibrations
and the bands around 1200–1000 cm21 corresponds to C-
O stretching vibrations, respectively. The bands between
3009 and 2854 cm21 are because of the C-H stretching
vibrations of the aromatic ring and the branched chain
attached to it. Whereas the C5C stretching vibration of
the aromatic ring and the branch chains of cardanol
appear at 1458 and 1597 cm21, respectively [14].
The structure of the isolated cardanol was confirmed
by 1H-NMR spectroscopic analysis as shown in Fig. 2.
The phenolic -OH proton appears as singlet at 3.5 ppm,
DOI 10.1002/pc

FIG. 1. FT-IR spectrum of cardanol.
whereas the protons of the branch chain appear at 5.3,
0.8, 2.4, and 1.5 ppm because of the presence of vinyl,
methyl, and methylene groups, respectively. The aromatic
protons appear as multiplets between 6.5 and 7.5 ppm,
respectively. The aromatic carbon which is attached to
the phenolic moiety appears at 157 ppm. All the other
aromatic carbons gave peaks inbetween 110 and 150
ppm. Whereas, the carbons of the long alkyl side chain
(which is attached to the aromatic ring) gave peaks
between 10 and 40 ppm, respectively [15].
The mass spectrum of cardanol is shown in Fig. 3,
which shows the molecular ion peak at 300 for cardanol.
And the purity of cardanol is confirmed by Gas Chromatog-
raphy analysis as shown in Fig. 4 showing 96% of cardanol
and the remaining corresponds to isomers of cardanol.
FT-IR Spectroscopy of the Synthesized Monomers
The structure of the novel benzoxazine monomers were
supported by the FT-IR spectra as shown in Fig. 5. The
characteristic absorptions of benzoxazine ring structure for
FIG. 2. 1H-NMR spectrum of cardanol.
DOI 10.1002/pc
CF-Bzo and CS-Bzo appear at 1242 and 1012 cm21 which
is because of the asymmetric and symmetric stretching
modes of C-O-C, whereas the peak at 960 cm21 confirms
the presence of oxazine ring attached to a benzene ring
[16]. Moreover, the symmetric stretching vibrations of C-
N-C for two benzoxazines (CF-Bzo & CS-Bzo) gave a
characteristic absorption peak at 1150 cm21. The spectra
also gave a peak at 1466 cm21 indicating the presence of
trisubstituted benzene ring. The characteristic absorptions
at 2924 and 2854 cm21 are because of the alkyl side chain
of cardanol as well as methylene group of the oxazine
ring, respectively [17, 18]. The intensity of the peak in
CS-Bzo is more when compared with CF-Bzo indicating
the presence of long alkyl side chain of stearylamine. The
characteristic peaks that are attributed to the furan ring of
CF-Bzo are observed at 1589, 995, and 733 cm21.
NMR Spectroscopy of the Synthesized Monomers
The 1H-NMR spectra shown in Fig. 6 confirm the struc-
ture of the benzoxazine monomers, CF-Bzo, and CS-Bzo.
The oxazine ring protons (Ar-CH2-N and O-CH2-N) for
both the monomers gave resonance peaks at 3.9 and 4.8
ppm for both CF-Bzo and CS-Bzo, respectively. For CF-
Bzo, the protons of the furan ring gave peaks at 6.2, 6.3,
and 7.4 ppm; whereas the methylene group connecting the
oxazine ring and the furan ring resonate at 3.9 ppm. The
aromatic ring protons appear as multiplets between 6.5 and
7.5 ppm. The long chain alkyl protons attached with the
benzene ring (from the cardanol group) gave peaks at 5.3
ppm for vinyl protons, at 0.8 ppm for methyl protons and
at 2.4 and 1.5 ppm for methylene proton, respectively. In a
similar way, the side chain alkyl protons (arising from
both stearylamine and cardanol) gave characteristic peaks
between 2.7 and 0.8 ppm, respectively [19, 20].
The 13C-NMR spectra in Fig. 7 further confirm the
structure of the benzoxazines, CF-Bzo, and CS-Bzo. The
oxazine ring carbons (Ar-CH2-N and O-CH2-N) appear as
two singlets at 48.1 and 82.3 ppm for CF-Bzo and at 58.1
POLYMER COMPOSITES—2014 3
 FIG. 3.
and 82.4 ppm for CS-Bzo, respectively. In CF-Bzo the
carbons of the furan ring gave characteristic peaks
between 150 and 100 ppm and the methylene carbon in-
between oxazine and furan ring appeared at 49.9 ppm.
Moreover, the carbons of CS-Bzo show peaks in two
regions. The one between 110 and 160 ppm arise because
of the aromatic carbons. And the other between 10 and
35 ppm arise from the long alkyl side chain of both the
stearylamine and cardanol groups, respectively [19].
The mass spectrum of CF-Bzo and CS-Bzo is shown
in Fig. 8, which shows the molecular ion peak at
m/e 5 421.4 for CF-Bzo and at m/e 5 594.5 for CS-Bzo.
Differential Scanning Calorimetric Analysis of the
Benzoxazine Monomers
The polymerization behavior of the individual mono-
mers CF-Bzo and CS-Bzo were studied using DSC at a
heating rate of 10 C/min under nitrogen atmosphere from
30 C to 300 C. Figure 9 shows the DSC thermograms
and the data are summarized in Table 1. On heating, the
FIG. 4. Gas chromatography of cardanol.
4 POLYMER COMPOSITES—2014
Mass spectrum of cardanol.
benzoxazine ring gets opened up by the cleavage of C-O
bond in it, upon which its ring structure gets transformed
to a linear open chain structure. As a result of this trans-
formation, the trisubstituted benzene ring becomes tetra-
substituted leading to the formation of polybenzoxazine.
Both the benzoxazine monomers (CF-Bzo and CS-
Bzo) show two exothermic peaks. The first one is associ-
ated with curing of the benzoxazine monomers, which
was observed from 214 C to 265 C with a peak maxi-
mum of 237 C for CF-Bzo and from 219 C to 248 C
with a peak maximum of 274 C for CS-Bzo, respectively.
And the second one is associated with the degradation of
the aliphatic chain around 348 C for both the monomers.
These observations clearly show that the synthesized bio-
FIG. 5. FT-IR spectrum of benzoxazine monomers: (a) CF-Bzo and (b)
AQ1
CS-Bzo. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is avail-
able at wileyonlinelibrary.com.]
DOI 10.1002/pc
 FIG. 6. 1H-NMR spectrum of benzoxazine monomers: (a) CF-Bzo and (b) CS-Bzo.

based benzoxazines (CS-Bzo and CF-Bzo) exhibit curing
behavior similar to that of ring-opening polymerization of
benzoxazine in the range of 200–250 C [21, 22].
Curing Behavior of the Benzoxazine Monomers by FT-IR
Spectroscopy
The curing reaction of the monomers was further con-
firmed by FT-IR analysis [Scheme 2]. Figure 10 shows
the FT-IR spectra of the CF-Bzo and CS-Bzo monomers
after heating to 100 C, 150 C, 200 C, and 250 C for 1 h
at each temperature. For the monomers (CF-Bzo and
CS-Bzo) after curing at 250 C, the dramatic decrease of
intensity of peaks around 960 (oxazine ring), 1072 (C-O-
C), 1242 and 1350 cm21 (-CH2- of benzene ring) and
appearance of bands around 3450 cm21 (-OH) confirms
that the curing of the benzoxazine ring components pro-
ceeds via ring-opening polymerization [23]. During the

FIG. 7. 13C-NMR spectrum of benzoxazine monomers: (a) CF-Bzo and (b) CS-Bzo.

DOI 10.1002/pc POLYMER COMPOSITES—2014 5

 FIG. 8. Mass spectrum of of benzoxazine monomers: (a) CF-Bzo and (b) CS-Bzo.

curing process the benzoxazine ring is opened by the

breaking of C-O bond in it. This occurs at high tempera-
ture (i.e., 200 C) after the thermal treatment of benzoxa-
zine with the possible production of a network of cross-
linked material. Moreover, the absorption of the furan
ring at 1591 cm21 is broadened after polymerization,
indicating the formation of substituted furan ring in CF-
Pbzo [24].

TGA of the Polymers

The thermal stability of polybenzoxazines was investi-
gated by TGA under nitrogen atmosphere. Figure 11
shows the TGA thermograms and Table 2 lists the data
obtained from it. The TGA profile of the two polymers
shows that the degradation temperatures (Ti, T5%, T10%)
and the char yield of the CF-Pbzo is higher than that of FIG. 9. DSC of benzoxazine monomers: (a) CF-Bzo and (b) CS-Bzo.
CS-Pbzo. The higher thermal stability of CF-Pbzo may be [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
attributed to the fact that furan ring structure improved wileyonlinelibrary.com.]

6 POLYMER COMPOSITES—2014 DOI 10.1002/pc

 TABLE 1. DSC data of CF-Bzo and CS-Bzo polymers.

S.No. Sample Tonset ( C) Tmax ( C) TFin( C) DH J/g

1 a 214 237 265 82.52

2 b 219 248 274 65.54

the cross-linking density of the cured resin and thereby

suppressed segmental decomposition into gaseous frag-
ments, thus providing a significant enhancement in ther-
mal stability of the cured samples [25]. Similarly CF-
Pbzo has high char yield (CY 5 34%) when compared
with CS-Pbzo (CY 5 23%). This char yield enrichment is
also because of the incorporation of furan groups which
may be attributed to the higher cross-linking density
caused by the reactions of the furan moiety. SCH. 2. Structure of cured benzoxazine monomers at 250 C: (a) CF-
PBzo and (b) CS-PBzo.

Flame Retardancy of the Polymers
The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value, which is taken
as an indicator to evaluate the polymer’s flame retardancy
was measured as shown in Table 2. LOI is defined as the
minimum fraction of oxygen in a mixture of O2 and N2
that will support flaming combustion. The LOI values
were calculated from the char yield resulted from TGA
analysis by using Van Krevelan and Hofytzer equation as
shown below,
LOI517:5 1 0:4 ðCYÞ
where LOI is the Limiting oxygen index, CY the Char
yield (from TGA data).
The char yield of the CF-Pbzo and CS-Pbzo was found
to be high in the range of 23–34% indicating high flame
retardancy, which is expressed in terms of their LOI
value. In general, the LOI value of the polymer should
be above the threshold value of 26, to render them self-
extinguishing property and to qualify their requirement
in many applications requiring good flame resistance. It
was found that in the prepared polymers (CF-Pbzo and
CS-Pbzo) the LOI value increases with an increase in
char yield showing values greater than 26 as expected,
thus confirming their good flame retardant properties
[4, 26, 27].
Preparation of Jute Fiber Composite
Another part of the present work is aimed at prepara-
tion and characterization of cardanol-based benzoxazine
matrix composites reinforced by jute fibers. Fibers are an
important alternative, offering several advantages which
includes their abundance, bio-degradability, light-weight,
renewability, negligible toxicity, low cost, and properties
comparable with those of glass, carbon and aramid fibers.
In this work, plain weave jute fiber cloth was used to pre-
pare composites. The jute fiber was treated with 10%
NaOH solution and neutralized with dilute acetic acid and
dried for 1 h at 110 C prior to use. Jute fiber was placed

FIG. 10. FT-IR spectrum showing curing behavior of benzoxazine monomers: (a) CF-Bzo and (b) CS-Bzo.
[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com.]

DOI 10.1002/pc POLYMER COMPOSITES—2014 7

 FIG. 12. Storage modulus of (from DMA measurements): (a) CF-PBzo
and (b) CS-PBzo/Jute fiber composites. [Color figure can be viewed in
FIG. 11. TGA of benzoxazine monomers: (a) CF-Bzo and (b) CS-Bzo. the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com.]
[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com.]
addition, the chemically treated jute fiber is free of voids
and binds well with the resin. The data corresponding to
in an open mould and the resin was applied to it to com- tensile, flexural, and impact strengths of CF-Pbzo and
pletely wet the fiber and pressed well and then curing CS-Pbzo/Jute fiber composites are summarized in Table
was carried out for 1 h each at 100 C, 150 C, 200 C, and 3. CF-Pbzo composite shows higher tensile strength of
230 C and finally cured at 250 C for 3 h. The obtained 19.98 MPa, flexural strength of 77.80 MPa and impact
composite contains 25% of the fiber content [28]. strength of 5.51 J/mm when compared with CS-Pbzo
composite (Tensile strength, 6.25 MPa; Flexural strength,
30.35 MPa; and Impact strength, 3.42 J/mm) respectively.
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of the Polymers and their
Composites with Jute fiber
TABLE 3. Mechanical properties of CF-Pbzo and PCS-Pbzo/jute
The storage modulus E’ of a solid sample at room composites.
temperature provides a measure of material’s stiffness
under shear deformation. From Fig. 12, the initial storage Storage
modulus of the Jute fiber composites of CF-Pbzo and CS- Tensile Flexural Elonganation Impacts modulus Tg
S.No Composite (MPa) (MPa) at Max J/mm (GPa) ( C)
Pbzo was found to be 6.2 and 3.2 GPa, respectively
(Table 3). The presence of furan ring structure in CF- 1 PCF-Bzo/jute 19.98 77.80 7.17 5.51 6.2 72
Pbzo/Jute fiber composite increases its storage modulus 2 PCS-Bzo/jute 6.25 30.35 2.35 3.42 3.2 61
by improving the cross-linking density of the polymer
[29, 30]. In addition to it, the tan d plots of polybenzoxa-
zine composites (Fig. 13) shows Tg values of 72 C and
61 C, respectively.

Mechanical Properties of CF-Pbzo and CS-Pbzo/Jute

Fiber Composite
The jute fiber after chemical treatment shows better
interaction with benzoxazine resin, because of the
removal of hemicelluloses and lignin from the surface of
the fiber. This results in the formation of inter-molecular
hydrogen bonding between the fiber and the resin. In

TABLE 2. TGA data of CF-Pbzo and PCS-Pbzo–polymers.

S.No. Sample Ti% T5% T10% Char yield (%) LOI values
FIG. 13. Loss modulus of (from DMA measurements): (a)CF-PBzo
1. a 329 374 403 34 31.1
and (b) CS-PBzo/Jute fiber composites. [Color figure can be viewed in
2. b 298 342 356 23 26.7
the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com.]

8 POLYMER COMPOSITES—2014 DOI 10.1002/pc

 FIG. 14. SEM images of (a) CF-Pbzo and (b) CS-Pbzo/Jute fiber composites.
The lower value for CS-Pbzo/Jute composite may be
attributed to the fact that because of the presence of long
aliphatic chain of the stearyl group, an intermolecular
hydrogen bonding occurs in this composite, which results
in de-bonding of the resin with the fiber. Whereas, in the
case of CF-Pbzo/Jute composite, because of the presence
of the active furan ring, there is an enhancement in bond-
ing between the resin and the fiber leading to an improve-
ment in the cross-link density of the composite, showing
high modulus than that of CS-Pbzo/Jute fiber [10]. More-
over, the SEM images in Fig. 14 shows that the compati-
bility between the resin and the fiber is better (showing
minimum voids) in CF-Pbzo/Jute fiber composites when
compared with CS-Pbzo/Jute fiber composites (showing
more number of voids).
CONCLUSIONS
New bio-benzoxazines CF-Bzo and CS-Bzo were syn-
thesized from stearylamine, furfurylamine, and carda-
nol—a well-known renewable organic resources and
harmful by product of the cashew industry. The structures
of the Bzo monomers were characterized by analytical
and spectral methods. Thermoset polymer was formed by
the ring-opening polymerization of the monomers, whose
curing behavior was analyzed by FT-IR and DSC analy-
sis. TGA showed a char yield of 34% at 800 C with max-
imum decomposition temperature (T10%) of 403 C for
CF-Pbzo. Furthermore, both the polymer possesses good
flame retardancy as shown by their LOI value. DMA
analysis of the bio-based composites indicated a storage
modulus of 6.2 and 3.2 GPa for the CF-Pbzo/Jute fiber
composite and CS-Pbzo/Jute fiber, respectively. Both the
composites [CF-Pbzo/Jute fiber and CS-Pbzo/Jute fiber]
display high Tg of 72 C and 61 C which is much higher
than the reported [Ref. [10]: Tg 5 36 C]. From these
DOI 10.1002/pc
results stearylamine, furfurylamine, cardanol, and its
derivatives could be considered nowadays as a very
attractive renewable bio resources to use in eco-friendly
process.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors acknowledge the Department of Science and
Technology, New Delhi and The council of Scientific and
Industrial Research for funding this project. The authors
also acknowledge DST (FIST) and UGC (SAP) for the
financial support extended to procure instrumental facilities.
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DOI 10.1002/pc