vèè;k;&r`rh;

'kks/k izfØ;k
RESEARCH PROCESS

3-1 izLrkouk
Hkkjr dh ikou laLd`fr dk mn~Hko vikSj"ks; osn ls gqvk gSA osn ds pkj
Hkkx gksus ds i'pkr~ _f"k;ksa us viuh larfr ds fgrkFkZ iqu% osnksa dh lEink dks
N% vaxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gS & f'k{kk] dYi] O;kdj.k] fu:fDr] T;ksfr"k vkSj
NUnA bUgsa osn iq#"k dk vax dgrs gSaA f'k{kk osn iq#"k dh ukfldk gS &

'kCn'kkL=a eq[ka T;ksfr"ka p{kq"kh]

Jks=eqDra fu:Dra p dYidjkSA
;k rq f'k{kkL; osnL; ukfldk]
ikn in~e};a NUn vkS|ScqZ/kS%AA
-

ik'pkR; fo}ku foV~l us fy[kk gS &

"If we wish to learn the beginning of our culture, if we wish to
understand the oldest Indo-European culture, we must go to India,
where the oldest literature of an Indo-European people is preserved."

- Winter Vites

lEiw.kZ f'k{k.k izfØ;k esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk Hkh egRoiw.kZ gksrh gS D;ksafd
f'k{kd gh og O;fDr gksrk gS tks iqLrdh; Kku dks vius dkS'kyksa] #fp;ksa o
mfpr f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa ds ek/;e ls fo|kFkhZ rd igq¡pkrk gSA f'k{kd] f'k{kk ds
y{;ksa dh iwfrZ esa lgk;d gksrk gSA f'k{kd }kjk fn;k x;k Kku fo|kFkhZ us xzg.k
fd;k ;k ugha bldk irk fo|kFkhZ dh miyfC/k dk ewY;kadu djus ij gh gksrk
gSA miyfC/k dk ekiu fdlh midj.k ds ek/;e ls fd;k tkrk gSA ;g leLr
dk;Z vuqla/kku ds }kjk gh lEHko gSA

( 110 )
 izk;% lHkh izdkj ds vuqla/kku esa Hkh uohu iznÙkksa ds ladyu gsrq dfri;
midj.kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vuqla/kku dh lQyrk mi;qDr midj.kksa ds
lgh mi;ksx ,oa x.kuk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA 'kks/kkFkhZ vius mn~ns';ksa] ifjdYiukvksa
bR;kfn ds vk/kkj ij midj.kksa dk p;u djrk gSA izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u esa
gkbZLdwy ijh{kk ifj.kke esa funkukRed d{kkvksa ds ;ksxnku lEcU/kh v/;;u gsrq
'kks/kkFkhZ us fuEukuqlkj 'kks/k fof/k o midj.k dk mi;ksx fd;k gS &

3-2 'kks/k izfof/k ,oa vfHkdYi ¼Methodology and Design½½

'kks/k v/;;u esa jhfr fo/kku ,oa vfHkdYi dk fo'ks"k egRo gSA jhfrfo/kku
¼Methodology½ vkSj vfHkdYi ¼Design½ ;g nksuksa esa gh egRoiw.kZ 'kCn gSA tc
vuqla/kkudrkZ viuh vuqla/kku leL;k ls lEcfU/kr mn~ns';ksa vkSj ifjdYiukvksa
dk fu:ij.k dj ysrk gS rc og viuh ifjdYiukvksa dk vuqHkoijd
¼Emperical½ lR;kiu djuk pkgrk gSA vuqHkoijd lR;kiu ds fy;s ifjdYiukvksa
ls lEcfU/kr rF;ksa ;k vkadM+ksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ;g rF; ;k vk¡dM+s fdl
;kstuk ¼Plan½ ;k vuqla/kku O;wguhfr ¼Research Streategy½ ds vk/kkj ij ,d=
fd;s tk;sa fd ifjdYiukvksa dh oSKkfud vkSj vuqHkoijd tk¡p dh tk lds vkSj
fo'oluh; rFkk oS/k ifj.kke izkIr fd;s tk ldsa bl mn~ns'; dks izkIr djus ds
fy;s vko';d gS fd vuqla/kkudrkZ mi;qDr jhfrfo/kku dk fu/kkZj.k djs vkSj
mi;qDr vfHkdYi dk p;u djsA
vuqla/kku ,d fo'ks"k izd`fr dh leL;k dk lek/kku izLrqr djrk gSA
leL;k ds fo'ys"k.k vkSj O;k[;k ds fy, ftu okLrfod rF;ksa dh vko';drk
gksrh gS] mUgsa ,df=r djus ds fy, ftl fØ;kfof/k dks viuk;k tkrk gS mls
vuqla/kku fof/k dgrs gSaA

( 111 )
 1
fof/k dh ifjHkk"kk1 %

,e- oekZ ds vuqlkj & ^^fof/k dsoy vewrZ izR;; gS tSls rkfdZd fpUru
esa ge fo"k; rFkk fof/k dks i`Fkd dj ldrs gSaA okLro esa ;s ,d Øfed
vo'ks"k gSa] ftlesa fo'ks"k fof/k dks mlh izdkj fu/kkZfjr djrs gSa tSls mn~ns';]
lk/ku vkSj vUrZoLrq dks fu/kkZfjr djrs gSa rFkk 'kq) lkfgR; esa ys[ku 'kSyh
,oa O;ogkj dks fu/kkZfjr djrs gSaA**

czkmMh ¼1963½ds vuqlkj & ^^fof/k dk;ksZa ds vuqØe dh fu;fer lajpuk

dks funsZ'k djrk gS tks lk/kkj.kr% fn'kk ds }kjk fufnZ"V gksrk gSA 'kCn
^^fof/k** ds vUrxZr f'k{k.k dh vkO;wg ,oa ;qfä;k¡ nksuksa vkrs gSaA D;k i<+k;k
tkuk gS \ bl pquko dks la;qä djrk gS vkSj og Øe ftlesa ;g i<+k;k
tkuk gSA**

'kks/k dk;Z esa iz;qDr izfØ;k dk foLr`r Kku vko';d gSA iznÙk lkexzh ds
Lo:i dh igpku ml lkexzh dks ,d= djus ds fy, iz;qDr lk/kuksa ls dh
tkrh gSA lkFk gh izR;sd izfØ;k ds lkFk viuk;h tkus okyh rduhdh dk Kku
gksuk vko';d gSA leL;k ds p;u djus ds i'pkr~ 'kks/kdrkZ ds fy, ;g Hkh
vko';d gksrk gS fd fuf'pr rjhds ls 'kks/k Lo:i l`tu gsrq mu lHkh izfof/k;ksa
o iz.kkfy;ksa dk ;FkklEHko foLr`r Kku izkIr djs tks mlds v/;;u ds fy,
ykHkdkjh gks ldrs gSaA

vuqla/kku ds eq[; in ¼Major steps of Research½

¼1½ vuqla/kku leL;k dk p;u ¼Selection of Research problem½
¼d½ lEcfU/kr lkfgR; dk losZ{k.k ¼Related literature survey½
¼[k½ lEcfU/kr izR;;ksa dk ifjHkk"khdj.k ¼Definition of related concepts½

1
'kekZ] MkW- vkj-,-] ^^f'k{kk vuqla/kku**] vkj- yky- cqd fMiks] esjB&2006] i`"B 178

( 112 )
 ¼x½ vuqla/kku dh lhek,¡ ¼Limitations½
¼?k½ midYiukvksa dk fuekZ.k ¼Hypothesis formation½
¼2½ izfØ;kfof/k vkSj vuqla/kku vfHkdYi ¼Methodology and Design½
¼d½ vuqla/kku ds izdkj ¼Types of Research½
¼[k½ vuqla/kku vfHkdYi ¼Research Design½
¼x½ izfrn'kZ vkSj izfrp;u ¼Sample and Sampling½
¼?k½ vuqla/kku midj.kksa dk p;u ¼Selection of study tools½
¼M+½ pjksa dk fu;U=.k ¼Control of variables½
¼p½ vk¡dM+ksa dk ladyu ¼Data collection½
¼N½ vk¡dM+ksa dk lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k ¼Statistical treatment of data½
¼3½ midYiukvksa dk lR;kiu vkSj ifj.kkeksa dh foospuk
¼Varification of hypothesis and interpretation of research½
¼d½ O;k[;k vkSj lkekU;hdj.k ¼Discussion and generalization½
¼[k½ lUnHkZ lwph ¼Reference½
¼x½ izfrosnu izLrqrhdj.k ¼Presentation of research report½
izLrqr 'kks/k esa 'kks/kkFkhZ us v/;;u gsrq ftl 'kks/k izfof/k dk fu/kkZj.k ,oa
'kks/k vfHkdYi dk p;u fd;kA mldk fcUnqokj o.kZu fuEuor~ gS&
3-2-1 fof/k ,oa izfØ;k ¼Method and procedure½
fof/k & 'kks/k dk;Z ds mn~ns'; dh iwfrZ ds fy;s fdlh rduhdh ;k fof/k dk
iz;ksx vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA fof/k gh gekjs 'kks/kdk;Z dks uohurk ,oa xfr
iznku djrh gSA fof/k ,d ,slk ek/;e gS ftlds vHkko esa 'kks/k ds mn~ns'; dks
ikuk lEHko ugha gksrk gSA
fof/k dks <ax] jhfr] iz.kkyh ,oa O;oLFkk vkfn Hkh dgk tkrk gSA orZeku esa
vuqla/kku dh vusd fof/k;k¡ gSa 'kks/kkFkhZ viuh lqfo/kkuqlkj ,oa 'kks/k dh izd`fr
vkSj vko';drk ds vuqlkj 'kks/k & v/;;u ds fy;s mi;qDr fof/k dk p;u
djrk gSA

( 113 )
3-2-2 vuqla/kku fof/k;ksa ds izdkj
¼Types of research method½½
vuqla/kku dh vusd fof/k;ka gS muesa ls dqN izeq[k izpfyr fof/k;ksa dk
o.kZu fuEu izdkj ls gS&
¼1½ ,sfrgkfld fof/k ¼Historical Method½ % bldk lEcU/k Hkwrdky ls gS
rFkk ;g Hkfo";dky dks le>kus ds fy, Hkwrdky dk fo'ys"k.k djrh gSA
¼2½ iz;ksxkRed fof/k ¼Experimental Method½ % bldk mn~ns'; oSKkfud
:Ik ls nks ;k vf/kd rRoksa ds lEcU/k dh O;k[;k djuk gksrk gSA
¼3½ losZ{k.k fof/k ¼Survey Method½ & bldk lEcU/k orZeku ls gksrk gS rFkk
blds vUrxZRk vuqla/kku ds fo"k; dk Lrj fu/kkZfjr djus dk iz;kl djrs
gSaA
izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u esa iz;ksxkRed fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS &
iz;ksxkRed vuqla/kku ¼Experimental Research½
fu'p; gh iz;ksxkRed vuqla/kku gh iw.kZ :i ls oSKkfud fof/k ekuh tkrh
gS bl fof/k ds }kjk ,d vuqla/kku fdlh lw{e leL;k dk lek/kku izLrqr djrk
gSA bl fof/k esa v/;uu fu;fU=r ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA bl dkj.k ls
bl fof/k dk iz;ksx O;ogkfjd n`f"V ls mfpr gSA
tc dksbZ 'kSf{kd vuqla/kkudrkZ iz;ksxkRed fof/k ls vuqla/kku djrk gS rks
og ek= Hkwrdkyhu ?kVukvksa vFkok fLFkfr;ksa dks ns[krk gS vkSj og u fdlh oLrq
ds Lrj dks fu/kkZfjr djds mldh ;FkkfLFkfr dk v/;;u djrk gSA cfYd og
iw.kZ fu;fU=r ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iz;ksxkRed pj esa ifjorZu ykdj ;g fuf'pr djrk
gS fd dksbZ Hkh ifjfLFkfr vFkok ?kVuk dc vkSj D;ksa vFkok fdl izdkj ?kfVr
gksrh gS\ ;gk¡ ij iz;ksxkRed vuqla/kku bl rF; dk Li"Vhdj.k djrk gS fd
tc lHkh izdkj ds lEcfU/kr pjksa ;k ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij lko/kkuhiwoZd fu;a=.k
djds iz;ksxkRed pj esa ifjorZu fd;k tk;s rks mldk D;k fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk
gSA

( 114 )
 bl fof/k dks lkekftd foKku us izkd`frd foKku ls xzg.k fd;k gS]
ftlesa ,d pj dk fu;e ¼Law of Single Laneable½ iw.kZrk ls ykxw gksrk gSA
ijUrq blesa lkekftd foKkuksa dh izd`fr dh tfVyrk ds dkj.k u rks ,d
vuqla/kkudrkZ bl izdkj dk fu'p; dj ldrk gS fd bl ?kVuk dk D;k ;gh
ifj.kke gksxk\ u ;g lksp ldrk gS fd lEcfU/kr pjksa ij fu;a=.k lEHko gSA

iz;ksx D;k gS\

What is An Experiment?

fu'p; gh ge tkurs gSa fd iz;ksxkRed fof/k ,d iw.kZ :i ls oSKkfud

fof/k gSA bl fof/k ds }kjk dk;Z dkj.k izHkko lEcU/k ¼Cause and effect
relation½ iznf'kZr gksus dh lEHkkouk jgrh gSA bl fof/k ds ek/;e ls fdlh oLrq
vFkok mn~ns'; dh O;k[;k ugha dh tk ldrh A ;g fof/k bl dkj.k ls
fooj.kkRed fof/k ls foijhr ekuh tkrh gSA bl fof/k ds fo"k; esa fofHkUu fo}kuksa
}kjk nh x;h ifjHkk"kk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gS %&
¼1½ ^^iz;ksx ifjdYiuk ds ijh{k.k dh ,d fof/k gSA** &tgksnk
"It is a method of testing hypothesis." -Jahoda

¼2½ ^^fu;af=r n'kkvksa esa fd;s x;s ijh{k.k gh iz;ksx gSaA** & ,Q-,l-pSfiu
"An experiment is an obsersation under controlled conditions."
-F.S. Chapin

bl ifjHkk"kk ds vuqlkj iz;ksx esa fu;a=.k gksuk vfr vko';d gSA

bu fu;a=.kksa dks vuqla/kkudrkZ pj jkf'k;ksa dks gVkus ls vFkok c<+kdj
izkIr dj ldrk gSA
¼3½ ^^iz;ksx izkIr lwpukvksa ds vk/kkj ij rS;kj fd;k gqvk iz'u gS] ftldk
mRrj izd`fr ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls vkSj vf/kd Kku c<+ ldsA
blfy, iz;ksx }kjk ?kVuk dk dsoy fujh{k.k gh ugha gksrk vfirq
mn~ns';iw.kZ fujh{k.k gksrk gSA** &bZ-ch- foYlu

( 115 )
 "An experiment is a question framed on the basis of what is known and
addressed to nature to elicit further knowledge. It thus transcends mere
absorvation or collection of materials, it is consciously directed, purposeful of
all observation."

¼4½ ^^iz;ksx esa cgq/kk fdlh ?kVuk dks Kkr n'kkvksa esa djk;k tkrk gS rFkk
ckgjh iz;ksx dks ;FkklEHko nwj djrs gq, fujh{k.k fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls
iziap ds lEca/k dks Hkyh izdkj iznf'kZr fd;k tk ldsA**
"An experiment usually consists in making an event occur under known
conditions, where as many extraneous influences, as far as possible, are
eliminate and close observation is possible, so that relationship between
phenemena can be revealed." - Beveridge.
The art of scientific Investigation, W.W. Morton is Co., New York
¼5½ ^^iz;ksx dk ewyk/kkj Lora= pj esa ifjorZu dk ijra= pj ij iM+us okys
izHkko dk v/;;u gSA**
"The essence of an experiment may be described as absorvation
the effect on a dependent variable of the manipulation of an
independent varible. -Festinger
¼6½ ^^f'k{kk esa iz;ksx ml izdkj ds 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku dks dgrs gSa] ftlesa
vuqla/kkudrkZ ml f'k'kq vFkok f'k'kqvksa ds lewg dh f'k{kk ls lEcfU/kr
rRoksa dk fu;a=.k dj mldh miyfC/k ij izHkko ns[krk gSA**
& MCY;w- ,l- equjks
"Experimentation is the name given to the type of educational research in
which the investigation controls the educative factors to which a child or
group of children is subjected during the period and observes the resulting
achievement." - W.S. Monroe

mijksDr ifjHkk"kkvksa esa fuEufyf[kr egRoiw.kZ 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx gqvk gS]

ftldk laf{kIr fooj.k fuEufyf[kr gS %&
¼1½ O;ogkj ¼2½ O;ogkj pj ¼3½ ijra= pj
¼4½ ckgjh pj ¼5½ fu;fU=r lewg ¼6½ iz;ksxkRed lewg

( 116 )
 iz;ksxkRed fof/k ,d oSKkfud fof/k gSA blds vUrxZr vuqla/kkudrkZ
lnSo dqN u dqN ubZ [kkst djus dks bPNqd jgrk gSA ;g igys ls gh izkIr
Kku ds Hk.Mkj esa ;ksxnku djus dh fof/k gS] blfy, 'kks/kdrkZ iz;ksx djrs le;
;g dYiuk djrk gS fd og vuqla/kku ifjfLFkfr;k¡] ftuesa og iz;ksx djuk
pkgrk gS] u igys dHkh vfLrRo esa Fkh vkSj u vc gSA ifjfLFkfr ls vfHkizk; ;gk¡
dk;ZØe] ikB~;Øe ;k fof/k ls gS] ftlesa dksbZ ijh{k.k fd;k tkrk gSA ijh{k.k ls
ifjdYiuk dh iqf"V dh tkrh gSA
vkfo"dkjksa dk mn~ns'; rF;ksa ds chp fu;fU=r n'kkvksa esa dk;Z lEcU/kh
lEcU/kksa dk irk yxkuk ;k ;g igpkuuk gS fd fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dksbZ rF;
?kfVr gks jgk gSA iz;ksxkRed fof/k] og fof/k gS ftlesa LorU= pj ij vkfJr pj
ds izHkko dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA okLro esa tks dqN Hkh ge vius okrkoj.k
ds ckjs esa tkurs gS] og dsoy fujh{k.k }kjk gh lEHko gS vkSj lHkh izdkj ds
iz;ksx] fdlh rF; ds fujh{k.k vkSj bu fujh{k.k ds lkekU;hdj.k ls lEcfU/kr gSa
vkSj mudh vkUrfjd oS/krk dh tk¡p Hkh lEHko gSA iz;ksx gesa bl ;ksX; cukrk
fd ge bu n'kkvksa esa lq/kkj djsa] ftuesa ge fujh{k.k djrs gSa rkfd ge fdlh
fuf'pr urhts ij igq¡p ldsa] ;gh oSKkfud i)fr dk lkj gSA

iz;ksx dh fo'ks"krk,¡ ¼Characteristics of experiment½

oSKkfud n`f"V ls iz;ksx dh izeq[k fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu fuEufyf[kr gS %&
1- vuqla/kkudrkZ iz;ksx ds le; fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ksa dk fujh{k.k djrk gSA
blls og ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk izR;{k :i ls voyksdu dj ysrk gSA
2- tc vuqla/kkudrkZ iz;ksx djrk gS rks lHkh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ mlds fu;a=.k esa
jgrh gSaA og ftl dkj.k ls iz;ksx djrk gS] mldks og fu;fU=r :i ls
izkIr dj ysrk gSA
3- iz;ksx esa vuqla/kkudrkZ dkj.k izHkko dk v/;;u djrk gS fd dkSu&lk
dkjd fdruk izHkko'kkyh gS\

( 117 )
4- iz;ksx ds ek/;e ls vuqla/kku viuh ifjdYiuk dh iqf"V vklkuh ls dj
ysrk gSA
5- iz;ksx ds varxZr Lora= pj esa ifjorZu dk ekun.M vFkok vfUre pj ij
iM+us okys izHkko dk iw.kZrk ds lkFk fujh{k.k fd;k tkrk gSA
6- oLrqr% iz;ksx }kjk D;k dk;Z fl) gksrk gS\ bl iz'u dk mRrj izkIr
fd;k tkrk gSA blds ek/;e ls vuqla/kkudrkZ ds Kku esa i;kZIr o`f) gks
tkrh gSA
7- 'kSf{kd iz;ksxksa ds ek/;e ls f'k{k.k fof/k ds izHkko dk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh
miyfC/k;ksa ij izHkko n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA
8- fdlh dkj.k ds izHkkoksa ds fujh{k.k dks fu;fU=r fLFkfr vFkok ifjfLFkfr esa
djuk gh iz;ksx dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk ekuk tkrk gSA
9- fdlh ifjfLFkfr dk mn~ns';iw.kZ fujh{k.k rFkk ekiu ds fy, dk;Z djuk
gh iz;ksx dgykrk gSA
10- ckgjh dkjdksa ds izHkko dk fu;U=.k djds gh ,d vuqla/kkudrkZ
iz;ksxkRed pj ds izHkko dk fujh{k.k rFkk ekiu djrk gSA
mijksDr ds vfrfjDr iz;ksx dh fuEufyf[kr rhu fo'ks"krk,¡ Hkh
ekuh tkrh gS&
¼v½ iz;ksxksa ds }kjk izHkkoksa dk 'kq) ekiu 'kq)rk ls izkIr fd;k tkrk
gSA
¼c½ iz;ksxksa esa izHkkoksa rFkk xfrfof/k dk oSKkfud fujh{k.k gksrk gSA
¼l½ iz;ksx fu;fU=r ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk mi;ksx gh djrk gSA

( 118 )
iz;ksx dh ewyHkwr vo/kkj.kk,a
(Fundemental Assumptions of Experiment)
ts-,l- fey ds vuqlkj gh iz;ksxkRed vuqla/kku dh ^,d pj fu;e*
¼Law of single faxible½ dh vo/kkj.kk fodflr gqbZ gSA bl /kkj.kk ds vuqlkj
;fn nks fLFkfr;k¡ iw.kZ :i ls leku gS rFkk ,d ifjfLFkfr esa ,d rRo dks feyk
fn;k tk; vFkok ,d rRo dks gVk fn;k tk; ijUrq ,slh fLFkfr esa nwljh fLFkfr
vifjofrZr gh jgsA ;fn ,slh fLFkfr esa dksbZ ifjorZu fodflr gksrk gS rks og
tksM+s x;s vFkok ?kVk;s x;s rRo dk izHkko gksrk gSA
vFkkZr~ ;gka ij bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd tc nks ,d leku ifjfLFkfr;ka
gksus ij] fdlh ,d ifjfLFkfr esa dksbZ pj tksMk+ tk;s vFkok fdlh pj dks ?kVk;k
tk;s rc bl fLFkfr esa tks ifjorZu vk;sxk] og ek= tksM+s x;s vFkok gVk;s x;s
pj ds izHkko ls gh gksxkA
mijksDr nksuksa mnkgj.kksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd ;fn pj dks tksM+us ls ;k
gVkus ls dksbZ ifjorZu fn[kk;h nsrk gS rks og ml pj ds dkj.k gh gksrk gSA
leku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ;g varj pj ds izHkko ls gksrk gSA
iz;ksxkRed fof/k ds bu pj.kksa dks vPNh izdkj ls le>us ds fy, bldk
foLr`r v/;;u djuk iMs+xk] tksfd fuEufyf[kr gS %&
1- leL;k
leL;k dks pquuk ¼Selection of Problem½& fdlh Hkh izdkj ds iz;ksx esa
loZizFke vuqla/kkudrkZ dks leL;k dk pquko gh djuk gksrk gSA
vuqla/kkudrkZ dks leL;k dks iz;ksxkRed :i esa iz;ksx djus ds fy, mls
fofHkUu ifjdYiukvksa esa ifjofrZr djuk gksrk gSA fu%lansg oSKkfud i)fr
dk vk/kkj ifjdYiuk gh ekuh tkrh gSA vuqla/kkudrkZ dks iz;ksxkRed
vuqla/kku esa O;ofLFkr :i ls ifjdYiukvksa dks izfrikfnr djuk gksrk gS]
ftlls fd muds oSKkfud ijh{k.k ds ek/;e ls fu"d"kZ fudkys tk ldsaA

( 119 )
2- leL;kvksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk ¼Defining the Problems½ %& blesa
ifjdYiukvksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk gksrk gS vFkkZr~ leL;kvksa dks
ifjdYiukvksa dks oSKkfud :i iznku fd;k tkrk gSA
3- lkfgR; dh leh{kk ¼Review of Literature½& iz;ksxksa ds lEiknu ds fy,
lkfgR; vfregRoiw.kZ gksrs gSaA vr% bl pj.k esa lkfgR; dk pquko rFkk
mudh leh{kk vR;Ur vko';d gksrh gSA lkfgR;ksa dk pquko rFkk mudh
leh{kk vR;ar vko';d gksrh gSA lkfgR;ksa ds vk/kkj ij Hkh vuqla/kkudrkZ
vius iz;ksxksa dh Hkwfedk rS;kj djrk gSA
4- iz;ksx dk izk:i rS;kj djuk ¼Developing Desing of Experiment½&
fu'p; gh ,d iz;ksx dk izk:i ¼Desing½ og :i js[kk iznku djrk gS]
ftlds vk/kkj ij iz;ksx dks ,d O;ofLFkr :i ls fu;fU+=r fd;k tk
ldrk gS rFkk mlds }kjk mfpr fu"d"kZ ij igq¡pk tk ldrk gSA dksbZ
iz;ksxdrkZ izk:i dk pquko djrk gS rks mls fu;a=.k] vfu;ehdj.k
¼Rendomization½ rFkk iqujko`fÙk dk fo'ks"k /;ku j[kuk gksrk gSA
5- tula[;k dh ifjHkk"kk ¼Definition of Population½& ;gk¡ ij bls
ifjHkkf"kr djuk blfy, vko';d gksrk gS fd ml tula[;k ds fo"k; esa
dksbZ lkeus u vk;s] ftlesa fd fu"d"kZ fudkys tkus gSA
6- iz;ksxksa dk lEiknu
lEiknu ¼Conducting the Experiment½& ;gk¡ ij iz;ksxksa dh
fLFkjrk dh ;kstuk dks fo'ks"k cy fn;k tkrk gS D;ksafd ;s izk;% fu;a=.k]
vfu;erhdj.k iqujko`fRr ls lEcfU/kr gksrs gSaA iz;ksx ds le; esa mu pjksa
dks tks iz;ksx esa yk;s tkrs gSa] uohu ifjorZu ds fy, vf/kd le; fn;k
tkuk pkfg,] ftlls dh ckgjh rRoksa dk lq>ko iw.kZ:i ls lekIr fd;k
tk ldsA

( 120 )
7- ekun.M dk pquko ¼Criterion½ & bldk pquko djrs le; vuqla/kkudrkZ
dks fo'ks"k lko/kkuh dh vko';drk gksrh gS D;ksafd bUgha ds vk/kkj ij
iz;ksxksa ds ifj.kkeksa rFkk fu"d"kZ dk vkadyu fd;k tkrk gSA
8- miyfC/k;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k ¼Analysis of Achievement½& ,d
vuqla/kkudrkZ dks izkIr gq, leadksa dk fo'ys"k.k rFkk vFkkZiu Hkh djuk
gksrk gSA mls ckgjh pjksa ij Hkh viuk fu;a=.k cukuk gksrk gSA ;fn
vuqla/kkudrkZ vius bl dk;Z esa lQy ugha gksrk gS rks mlds iz;ksxksa dk
mn~ns'; gh lekIr gks tk;sxkA blds lkFk gh lkFk vuqla/kkudrkZ }kjk
izkIr [kksatksa ds ifj.kke Hkh la;ksxo'k gks ldrs gSa D;ksafd og viuh ckr
dks etcwrh ds lkFk izekf.kd ugha dj ikrk gSA 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku ds
vfrfjDr fdlh vU; fo"k; esa ,slk lkaf[;dh fo'ys"k.k ugha fd;k tkrk
gS] tSlk fd iz;ksxkRed fof/k }kjk ;gka fd;k tkrk gSA
okLro esa iz;ksx fof'k"V izdkj ds iz'uksa ds gh tcko vFkok
lek/kku ns ldrs gSaA ;|fi lHkh izdkj dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa izkIr mRrj
vfUre ugha ekuk tk ldrk ijUrq iz;ksx ,d larks"ktud mRrj ds fy,
vk/kkj vo'; gh iznku djrk gSA
9- fu"d"kZ fudkyuk ¼Drawing Conclusion½& izk;% iz;ksxkRed vuqla/kku ds
vk/kkj ij izkIr fd;s x;s fu"d"kksZa dk lkekU;hdj.k rFkk mlds gh vk/kkj
ij Hkfo"; dk dFku vFkok Hkfo";ok.kh Hkh dh tkrh gS ijUrq bldh
lkFkZdrk mldh lhek rd gksrh gS] tgka budk vk/kkj oSKkfud gksrk gSA
vusdksa lhekvksa ds gksrs gq, iz;ksxkRed vuqla/kku ,d oSKkfud i)fr gh
gS] ftlds vk/kkj ij gh cM+h lhek rd fo'oluh; fu"d"kZ fudkys tk
ldrs gSA
10- ifj.kkeksa dk fy[kuk ¼Writing Results½&bu lc izfØ;kvksa ds ckn
vuqla/kkudrkZ }kjk vuqla/kku ds ifj.kkeksa dks foLr`r :i ls fy[kk tkuk
pkfg,] ftlls fd bldh ;Fks"Brk ds fo"k; esa dksbZ fu.kZ; fy;k tk ldsA

( 121 )
 pj dk vFkZ o ifjHkk"kk1
iz;ksxkRed fof/k pjksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA iz;ksxkRed fof/k dk eq[; mn~ns';
dkj.k&izHkko lEcU/kksa dks Kkr djuk gS] fofHkUu pjksa dk izHkko ns[kuk gh bl
fof/k dk eq[; mn~ns'; gksrk gSA
dfyZaxj ds vuqlkj] ^^pj og xq.k gS] ftlds fofHkUu ewY; gks ldrs
gSA**
pj fdlh ?kVuk] fØ;k ;k izfØ;k dks] ftldk v/;;u fd;k tk jgk gS]
izHkkfor djrk gSA
pjksa ds izdkj 2 % ;|fi pjksa ds vusd izdkj gSa] ij f'k{kk ds {ks= esa
vuqla/kku djrs le; fuEu pjksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSa %&
1- LorU= pj & tc fdlh iz;ksx dk vk;kstu fdlh pj dk izHkko ;k
ifj.kke tkuus gsrq fd;k tkrk gS rks og iz;ksxkRed pj dgykrk gSA
iz;ksx ds le; vf/kd /;ku] bl pj dk izHkko tkuus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA uohu vkO;wg Hkh blh izdkj dk ,d LorU= pj gSA
2- fu;af=r pj & izHkko'khyrk ,d lkis{k 'kCn gSA blhfy;s iz;ksxkRed pj
dh izHkko'khyrk fdlh nwljs pj ds lkFk rqyuk djds Kkr dh tkrh gSA
bl izdkj ds pj dks fu;fU=r pj dgrs gSaA izLrqr 'kks/k esa uohu vkO;wg
dh izHkko'khyrk dk ewY;kadu] O;k[;ku fof/k ds lkFk rqyuk djds Kkr
fd;k gSA bl izdkj O;k[;ku fof/k ,d fu;fU=r pj dgyk;sxhA
3- ekun.M pj ;k vkfJr pj & og pj ftlds vk/kkj ij fdlh
iz;ksxkRed pj dh izHkko'khyrk dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS og ekun.M
;k vkfJr pj dgykrk gSA miyfC/k] f'k{kk vkSj euksfoKku esa dlkSVh pj
gksrs gSaA ;fn ge iqucZyu dh izHkko'khyrk tkuuk pkgrs gSa] rks gesa Nk=ksa

1
'kekZ] MkW- vkj-,-] ^^f'k{kk vuqla/kku**] vkj- yky- cqd fMiks] esjB&2006] i`"B 240
2
'kekZ] MkW- vkj-,-] ^^f'k{kk vuqla/kku**] vkj- yky- cqd fMiks] esjB&2006] i`"B 240-241

( 122 )
 dh miyfC/k dks fofHkUu izdkj ds iqucyZu dh lgk;rk ls ijh{k.k djuk
gksrk gSA Nk=&miyfC/k gh ekun.M ;k vkfJr pj gSA
4- e/;orhZ ¼gLr{ksi½ pj ¼Intervening Variable½ & 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku esa
cgqr ls ,sl vewrZ pj gSa tks LorU= pj o vkfJr pj ds e/; esa
fØ;k'khy gksrs gSa tSls Nk= dh vfHko`fr] vfHkizsj.kk vkSj vf/kxe
izfØ;k&;s lc e/;orhZ pj gSA vuqla/kkudrkZ dks lnSo ,sls e/;orhZ pjksa
;k vM+pu iSnk djus okys pjksa ls] iz;ksx ds le; lko/kku jguk pkfg;sA

iz;ksx esa lewg ds :Ik ¼Types of Groups in Experiment½

iz;ksxkRed lewg ¼Experimental Group½ & dksbZ iz;ksx fdlh lewg ij fd;k
tkrk gS] og lewg ftl ij fdlh iz;ksx dk izHkko ns[kk tkrk gS] og iz;ksxkRed
lewg dgykrk gSA
fu;afU=r lewg ¼Controlled Group½ & fdlh LorU= pj dh izHkko'khyrk dks]
fdlh nwljs fu;afU=r pj lewg dh rqyuk dh tkrh gS og fu;fU=r lewg
dgykrk gSA
iz;ksxkRed fu;U=.k ¼Experimental Control½ & iz;ksx dh eq[; leL;k
iz;ksxkRed fu;U=.k gSA fuf'pr fu"d"kZ ij igqapus ds fy, vko';d gS fd
dsoy LorU= pj gh fØ;k'khy gks rFkk vU; pyjkf'k;ksa ij fu;U=.k gks rkfd
lgh og mfpr fu"d"kZ izkIr gks ldsA
^^fu;U=.k 'kCn }kjk iz;ksx&drkZ vius pjksa ds fØ;k&dkS'ky esa Hkh leFkZ
gS rkfd mfpr fu"d"kZ ij igq¡p ldsA** &eSdxqbxu

fu;U=.k dh vko';drk ¼Need of control½

v|ksfyf[kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vko';drk fu;U=.k dh gksrh gS&
¼1½ ifj.kke dh vkUrfjd oS|rk Kkr djus ds fy, rkfd fu"d"kZ dh iqf"V
lEHko o ljy gks ldsA

( 123 )
¼2½ fujh{k.k dks oSKkfud :Ik iznku djus gsrq fu;U=.k dh vko';rk gksrh gSA
dkj.k&izHkko lEcU/k LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA
¼3½ 'kks/kdrkZ fu;U=.k }kjk ifjfLFkfr;ksa eas ifjorZu djds muds izHkkoksa dk
v/;;u djrk gSA
¼4½ fu;U=.k }kjk gh Hkfo";ok.kh lEHko gksrh gSA

fu;U=.k djus ls rkRi;Z ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks bl izdkj ls vius vf/kdkj esa

djus ls gS fd bPNkuqlkj muesa ifjorZu ykdj muds izHkkoksa dks fu;fU=r fd;k
tk ldsaA
fu;U=.k djus dh izfØ;k ¼How to control?½ & vuqla/kkudrkZ dk mn~ns';
lnSo fdlh ifjfLFkfr esa fdlh ,d LorU= pj ds izHkko dk v/;;u djuk gksrk
gS ftlds fy, mls mu lHkh lEcfU/kr pjksa dks fu;fU=r djuk gksxk tks ml
?kVuk ds gksus dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA
'kks/kdrkZ dks iz;ksx dh :ijs[kk o mldks bl izdkj ls lapkfyr djuk
gksxk fd mlls iz;ksxkRed lewg ij LorU= pj dk gh izHkko iM+s vU; pjksa
izHkko u iM+sA
iz;ksxkRed fof/k dh lko/kkfu;k¡ & iz;ksxkRed fof/k dk mi;ksx djrs le;
fuEukafdr ckrksa dks /;ku j[kuk vko';d gksrk gS&

• iz;ksxkRed fof/k dk mn~ns'; Li"V :Ik esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

• iz;ksxkRed fof/k esa fu;U=.k] dlkSVh] pj vkfn Hkh Li"V gksus pkfg;s rFkk
mUgsa O;ogkfjd :Ik esa ifjHkkf"kr dj ysuk pkfg;sA

• gLr{ksi pjksa ds lEcU/k esa lcls vf/kd lko/kkuh dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
'kks/k&drkZ dks viuh lw>&cw> rFkk vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij bUgsa igpku
ysuk pkfg;sA

• U;kn'kZ dk pquko lko/kkuh ls fd;k tk;s rFkk blds pquko gsrq mi;qä
U;kn'kZ izfof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

( 124 )
• bl fof/k esa Nk=ksa dks tks funZs'ku fn;s tk;sa muesa Hkh ,d:irk gksuh
pkfg,A bUgsa izekf.kr Hkh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

• bl fof/k dk iz;ksx djrs le; 'kks/k&drkZ dks oLrqfu"B :Ik esa O;ogkj
djuk pkfg;sA

• iz;ksxkRed v/;;uksa esa ftruk vf/kd fu;a=.k fd;k tkrk gS] fu"d"kksZa dh
vkUrfjd oS/krk mruh vf/kd gksrh gSA

iz;ksxkRed fof/k dh lhek;sa %

iz;ksxkRed 'kks/k dh fuEufyf[kr lhek;sa gksrh gSa %&
• iz;ksxkRed 'kks/k ds fu"d"kksZa dh ckg~; oS/krk ugha gksrh gSA fu"d"kksZa dks
lkekU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mi;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd fu"d"kZ
fu;af=r ifjfLFkfr esa izkIr fd;s tkrs gSaA

• iz;ksxkRed 'kks/k esa fu;a=.k izfØ;k rFkk U;kn'kZ dk vkdkj nks fojks/kh
rRoksa dk leUo; djuk lEHko ugha gksrk gSA 'kks/k esa U;kn'kZ dk vkdkj
cM+k gksus ij fu;a=.k ugha gks ikrk gSA fu;a=.k vf/kd gksus ij fu"d"kksZa
dh mi;ksfxrk de gks tkrh gSA

• ckydksa ds O;ogkj ,oa ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks fu;af=r djuk U;k; laxr Hkh ugha
gSA NksVs ckydksa ij rks iz;ksx fd;s tk ldrs gSa ijUrq cM+s Nk=ksa ij
iz;ksx ugha fd;s tk ldrs gSaA

• iz;ksxkRed ifjfLFkfr esa e/;LFk pjksa dh igpku djuk dfBu gksrk gS

D;ksafd budh izd`fr euksoSKkfud rFkk vewrZ gksrh gSA

• iz;ksxkRed ifjfLFkfr ds fy;s lewgksa esa lekurk djuk Hkh lEHko ugha
gksrk gS D;ksafd dksbZ nks O;fä ,d ekun.M ij Hkh leku ugha gksrs gSA

• iz;ksxkRed vuqla/kku ds fu"d"kZ dHkh&dHkh O;ogkfjd rFkk mi;ksxh Hkh

ugha gksrs gSaA

( 125 )
 • iz;ksxkRed v/;;uksa esa ftruk vf/kd fu;a=.k fd;k tkrk gS fu"d"kksZa dh
vkUrfjd oS|rk mruh vf/kd gksrh gSA fu;a=.k dh izfØ;k dks U;kn'kZ dk
vkdkj izHkkfor djrk gSA cM+s U;kn'kZ ij fu;a=.k ugha gks ikrk gSA

izfØ;k ¼Procedure½ %
izfØ;k og O;ofLFkr Øe gS ftl ij pydj 'kks|kFkhZ 'kks/k ds y{; dks
izkIr djrk gSA 'kks/k izfØ;k ds eq[; fcUnq fuEufyf[kr gS &
rF;ksa dk ,d=hdj.k ¼Collections of data½
rF; ladyu 'kks/k izfØ;k dk ,d in ;k pj.k gSA 'kks/k v/;;u rc rd
iwjk ugha gks ldrk tc rd rF; ladyu u fd;k tk;sA

rF; dk vFkZ % 'kks/k leL;k ds lEcU/k esa rF; ladyu ds egRoiw.kZ midj.kksa
tSls & fujh{k.k] lk{kkRdkj] vuqlwph] iz'ukoyh] oLrqijd vkSj euksoSKkfud
ijh{k.kksa vkfn dh lgk;rk ls tks lwpuk,a ;k vk¡dM+as ;k rF;] lkexzh ,d= gksrh
gS mUgsa rF; ¼iznRr½ dgrs gSaA
rF;ksa ds ladyu ds nks L=ksr gSa] izkFkfed L=ksr ¼Primary Source½ rFkk
f}rh;d ¼Secondary Source½A

v½
¼v izkFkfed rF; ¼Primary Data½ mu leadksa dks izkFkfed laed dgrs gSa
tks vuqla/kkudrkZ }kjk igyh ckj vkjEHk ls vUr rd fcYdqy u;s fljs ls
,df=r fd;s tkrs gSaA izkFkfed rF; dks ekSfyd rF; ds uke ls Hkh tkuk
tkrk gSA
¼c½ f}rh;d rF; (Secondary Data) f}rh;d rF; ;k lead os gSa tks
igys gh vU; O;fDr;ksa ;k laLFkkvksa }kjk ,df=r o izdkf'kr fd;s tk
pqds gSa vkSj vuqla/kkudrkZ dsoy mudk iz;ksx djrk gSA f}rh;d lead
izdkf'kr Hkh gks ldrs gSa vkSj vizdkf'kr Hkh gks ldrs gSaA

( 126 )
 rF;ksa ds lzksr ¼Source of data½
rF;ksa ds lzksr dk vfHkizk;% ;g gS fd rF; ladyu ds ek/;e D;k&D;k gS
rFkk rF; ladyu ds eq[;r% fuEu nks lzksr gS %&
¼v½ izkFkfed lzksr % izkFkfed rF;ksa dk ladyu fuEu midj.kksa ;k ;U=ksa }kjk
fd;k tk ldrk gS &
1- iz{ks.k ¼Observation½
2- lk{kkRdkj ¼Interview½
3- vuqlwph ¼Sechedule½
4- iz'ukoyh ¼Questionnaire½
5- lektfefr ¼Sociometry½
6- oS;fDr v/;;u ¼Case Study½
7- oLrqijd ekifu;ka ¼Objective Scales½
• fu/kkZj.k ekiuh ¼Rating Scale½
• inkadu ekiuh ¼Ranking Scale½
• fpUgkadu lwph ¼Check List½
izkFkfed lk/kuksa dks fuEu nks Hkkxksa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS &
1- izR;{k lk/ku ¼Direct Source½ 2- vizR;{k lk/ku ¼Indirect Source½

1- izR;{k lk/ku ¼Direct Source½ % 'kks/kkFkhZ Lo;a v/;;u {ks= esa tkdj
vius v/;;u dh fo"k; oLrq ls lEcfU/kr ?kVukvksa vkSj O;ogkjksa dk
voyksdu djrk gS] blds fy;s og voyksdu ds lkFk lk{kkRdkj vkSj
vuqlwph dk Hkh mi;ksx djrk gSA

2- vizR;{k lk/ku ¼Indirect Source½ % blesa mRrjnkrk ls izR;{k :Ik ls

lEidZ LFkkfir ugha djrk ;k dj ugha ldrkA vizR;{k lk/kuksa esa
iz'ukoyh] nwj/ofu ij lk{kkRdkj] jsfM;ksa vkSj Vh-oh- vihy rFkk iSuy
i)fr vkfn dk lekos'k gksrk gSA

( 127 )
¼c½ f}rh;d L=ksr ¼Secondary Sources½ % f}rh;d lk/kuksa dks nks Hkkxksa
esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS&
1- lkoZtfud izys[k ¼Public Documents½
2- O;fDrxr izys[k ¼Personal Documents½
1- lkoZtfud izys[k ¼Public Documents½
lkoZtfud izys[kkas esa ,sls fjdkMZ vkrs gSa tks ljdkjh vkSj xSj ljdkjh
laLFkkvksa }kjk rS;kj fd;s tkrs gSa ;g fjdkMZ nks izdkj ds gks ldrs gSa &
izdkf'kr fjdkMZ vkSj vizdkf'kr fjdkMZA bu nksuksa izdkj ds nLrkost ;k izys[k
dk laf{kIr o.kZu fuEufyf[kr gS &

¼1½ izdkf'kr izys[k ¼Published Documents½ % fofHkUu fo'ks"kKksa ij ljdkjh

o xSj&ljdkjh laLFkk,sa rFkk vU; vuqla/kkudrkZ izkFkfed vuqla/kku }kjk
egRoiw.kZ laed ,df=r djds le;&le; ij izdkf'kr djrs jgrs gSa
ftudk fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa }kjk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA izdkf'kr leadksa ds
izeq[k lzksr fuEufyf[kr gSa %&
(i) vUrjkZ"Vªh; izdk'ku
(ii) ljdkjh izdk'ku
(iii) v)Z&ljdkjh izdk'ku
(iv) lfefr;ksa o vk;ksxksa dh fjiksVZ
(v) O;kikfjd laLFkkvksa o ifj"knksa ds izdk'ku
mi;qZDr ds vfrfjDr vuqla/kku laLFkkvksa ds izdk'ku tSls Hkkjrh;
lkaf[;dh; laLFkku] i=&if=dk,a ¼lekpkj&i= rFkk lkef;d if=dk,a½
vkfn Hkh f}rh;d leadks ds egRoiw.kZ lk/ku gSA lkoZtfud mi;ksx gsrq
izdkf'kr djk;s tkrs gSaA

( 128 )
¼2½ vizdkf'kr izys[k ¼Unpublished Document½ % ljdkjh o xSj ljdkjh
laxBuksa }kjk vusd izdkj ds rF; lwpuk,a ,sls Hkh gksrs gS] tks izdkf'kr
ugha gksrs gSaA dbZ ckj budk izdk'ku blfy;s ugha fd;k tkrk gS fd
budh xksiuh;rk cuh jgs vkSj dbZ ckj budk izdk'ku blfy;s ugha
djk;k tkrk gS fd izdk'ku dk O;; bu laLFkkvksa ds ikl ugha gksrk gS
vkSj dbZ ckj budk izdk'ku blfy;s ugha djk;k tkrk gS fd bu
laLFkkvksa ds fy;s buds izdk'ku dk egRo ugha gksrk gSA
2- O;fDrxr izys[k ¼Personal Document½ %
O;fDrxr izys[kksa ds :Ik esa lkexzh ;k lwpuk,a izdkf'kr vkSj
vizdkf'kr nksuksa :iksa esa miyC/k gks ldrh gSA O;fDrxr izys[kksa esa
lwpuknkrk Lo;a viuh fØ;kvksa] vuqHkoksa vkSj fo'oklksa ds lEcU/k esa
fooj.k izLrqr djrk gSA O;fDrxr izys[kksa ds lzksr fuEu gS&
¼1½ thouh ;k thou bfrgkl ¼Life History½
¼i½ vkRedFkk ¼Auto Biography½ ¼ii½ thou&pfj= ¼Biography½
¼2½ nSufUnuh ¼Diary½
¼3½ i= ¼Letter½
¼4½ laLej.k ¼Memory½
izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u esa izkFkfed leadksa dk fo'ks"k egRo gS] 'kks/k ds
eq[; mn~ns'; ,oa fu"d"kZ rd igqapus gsrq 'kks/kkFkhZ us LofufeZr iz'ukoyh
dk iz'kklu fun'kZu i)fr }kjk p;u fd;s x;s 'kkldh; fo|ky;ksa ds
fo|kfFkZ;ksa ij ekSfyd rF; ,df=r djus gsrq fd;k vkSj 'kks/k ls lEcfU/kr
dqN vU; xkS.k ¼dk;Z½ mn~ns'; dks izkIr djus gsrq f}rh; leadksa dk
ladyu Hkh 'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk fd;k x;k] ftlls v/;;u ds eq[; mn~ns';ksa ds
lkFk&lkFk xkS.k mn~ns';ksa dh izkfIr Hkh Hkyh Hkkafr gks lds vkSj 'kks/k
v/;;u esa iw.kZrk izfrfcafcr gks ldsA

( 129 )
2- rF;ksa dk lEiknu ¼Editing of data½ %
^^leadksa ds lEiknu dh fØ;k] fdlh Hkh n`f"V ls ,d egRoghu vkSj
jkstejkZ dh fØ;k ugha cfYd bl fØ;k ds fy, rks fof'k"V ;ksX;rk] lrdZrkiw.kZ
lko/kkuh vkSj oSKkfud fu"i{krk ds n`<+ ikyu dh vko';drk gksrh gSA^^1
& Øe] iSVu ,oa VScV

'kks/k dh oS/krk ,oa fo'oluh; gsrq izkIr laedksa dk lEiknu fd;k tkuk
vfr egRoiw.kZ dk;Z gSA
izkFkfed rFkk f}rh;d jhfr;ksa }kjk ladfyr leadksa esa izk;% vusd
v'kqf);k¡ vkSj vfu;ferrk,a ikbZ tkrh gSA blhfy;s laedksa dk fo'ys"k.k ,oa
fuopZu djus ls iwoZ ;FkklEHko mu =qfV;ksa dh tkap djuk furkUr vko';d gS
rkfd 'kq) leadksa ds vk/kkj ij lgh fu"d"kZ fudkys tk ldsaA

^^ladfyr lkaf[;dh; lkexzh esa v'kqf);ksa o =qfV;ksa dh fof/kor~ tk¡p djds

muesa vko';d la'kks/ku djus dh fØ;k dks lead&lEiknu ¼Editing of data½

dgrs gSA^^2

izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u esa 'kks/kkFkhZ us iwoZ fu;ksftr <ax ls leadksa dk ladyu
iw.kZ lko/kkuh ls fd;k gSA ftlls leadksa ds lEiknu dh de ls de vko';drk
vuqHko gksA leadksa ds ladyu esa fdlh izdkj dh dksbZ =qfV ;k ykijokgh u gks
blfy;s 'kks/kkFkhZ us fo|ky;ksa esa Lo;a lh/kk lEidZ LFkkfir fd;k vkSj izkpk;Z ls
vuqefr izkIr dj d{kk esa tkdj ijh{k.k iz'u&i= forj.k dj Lo;a ds lkeus
gy djus dks fn;k ftlls =qfV;ksa dh lEHkkouk de ls de gksA vko';d
lko/kkuh ,oa lrdZrk ds Ik'pkr~ Hkh 'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk v/;;u esa iz;qDr leadksa o
lwpukvksa dh xgu tk¡p dh xbZA

1
ukxj] dSyk'kukFk] ^lkaf[;dh ds ewyrRo* vxLr 1996 i`"B % 77
2
ukxj] dSyk'kukFk] ^lkaf[;dh ds ewyrRo* vxLr 1996 i`"B % 77

( 130 )
3- rF;ksa dk oxhZdj.k ,oa lkj.kh;u ¼Classification and Tabulation½
rF;ksa ds lEiknu ds Ik'pkr~ izkIr rF;ksa ds oxhZdj.k ,oa lkj.kh;u dk
dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA rF; ladyu ds ;U=ksa ds }kjk tks rF; izkIr gksrs gSa og ;k
rks 'kCnksa esa gksrs gSa ;k vadksa esa gksrs gSa vFkok 'kCn vkSj vadksa vFkkZr~ feys&tqys
:Ik esa gksrs gSaA ;g rF; fc[kjs gq, ,d <sj ds leku gkssrs gS vkSj vuqlU/kkudrkZ
ds fy;s bl :Ik esa vf/kd egRoiw.kZ ugha gksrs gSA bu fc[kjs gq, rF;ksa dks
O;ofLFkr djus dh izfØ;k dks vFkok lekurk vkSj fHkUurk ds vk/kkj ij rF;ksa
dks fofHkUu oxkZsa ;k Jsf.k;ksa esa tc foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS rc bls rF;ksa dk
oxhZdj.k ¼Classification of data½ dgrsa gSaA oxhZdj.k djus ds Ik'pkr~ LrEHkksa vkSj
iafDr;ksa esa rF;ksa dks tc O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gS rc bls rF;ksa dk lkj.kh;u
¼Tabulation of data½ dgrs gSaA
rF;ksa ds oxhZdj.k ,oa lkj.kh;u ls rF; vf/kd cks/kxE; gks tkrs gS vkSj
oxhZdj.k rFkk lkj.kh;u ds Ik'pkr~ lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k ds fy;s Hkh ekxZ iz'kLr
gks tkrk gSA
izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u gsrq 'kks/kkFkhZ us ftu rF;ksa dks ,df=r fd;k mUgsa nks
Hkkxksa esa oxhZd`r fd;k x;kA izFke lewg iz;ksxkRed ¼lkekU; ,oa
funkukRed@mipkjkRed f'k{k.k½ rFkk nwljk fu;af=r lewg ¼lkekU; d{kk
f'k{k.k½ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk cuk;k x;kA
oxhZdj.k ds mijkUr leadksa dks vkSj vf/kd Li"Vrk iznku djus gsrq
mudk lkj.kh;u fd;k x;kA oxhZdj.k ds ifj.kkeksa dks la[;kRed rkfydkvksa ds
:Ik esa laf{kIr djuk gh lkj.kh;u gS vkSj bldk mn~ns'; rF;ksa dh rqyuk rFkk
laaca/k Kkr djuk gksrk gSA bUgh lkjf.k;ksa ds vk/kkj ij rF;ksa dk fp=e; izn'kZu
Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u esa 'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk lkjf.k;ksa dk fuekZ.k 'kks/k ds mn~ns';
,oa p;fur ifjdYiukvksa ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k gSA

( 131 )
4- leadksa dk fo'ys"k.k ,oa fuoZpu ¼Analysis and Interpretation of data½
vk¡dM+ksa ds ladyu] oxhZdj.k ,oa lkj.kh;u ds Ik'pkr~ 'kks/k v/;;u dk
vfUre egRoiw.kZ dk;Z leadksa dk izLrqrhdj.k] fo'ys"k.k ,oa fuoZpu djuk gksrk
gSA
leadks dk izLrqrhdj.k fp=ksa ,oa js[kkfp=ksa vkfn ds ek/;e ls ljyrk ls
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
izLrqrhdj.k ds mijkUr vkadM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k izpfyr vusd lkaf[;dh;
fof/k;ksa esa ls fdlh Hkh ,d fof/k ds mi;ksx }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
tSls&dsUnzh; izo`fRr dh eki] fopj.krk dh eki] fo"kerk dh eki] lglEcU/k]
izrhixeu] lwpdkad] dky Js.kh fo'ys"k.k] Vh&ijh{k.k] dkbZ oxZ ijh{k.k] izlj.k
fo'ys"k.k ¼ANOVA½] ,Q ijh{k.k vFkok tsM ijh{k.k vkfnA
lkekU;r% 'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk lkaf[;dh; fof/k dk p;u U;kn'kZ ds vkdkj
¼NksVk U;kn'kZ ,oa cM+k U;kn'kZ½ ,oa v/;;u lewg dh la[;k ,oa vko';drk dks
/;ku esa j[k fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls 'kks/kkFkhZ ljyrk ls ifjdYiukvksa dk ijh{k.k
dj muds fu"d"kksZa dks izfrikfnr djrk gSA
vk¡dM+ksa ds fo'ys"k.k ds ckn mfpr] fu"i{k ,oa foosdiw.kZ fu"d"kZZ@fu.kZ;
ysuk fuopZu ds vUrxZr vkrk gSA
izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u ekSfyd rF;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA 'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk iznRrksa
dk lkj.kh;u dj izfr'kr ek=k ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k dj mUgsa vkd"kZd ,oa
izHkkoh <ax ls izLrqr djus gsrq xzkQh; fu:i.k fd;k x;k rFkk blh ds lkFk gh
nks lewgksa dh rqyuk djus gsrq mudk fo'ys"k.k e/;eku] izkekf.kd fopyu]
izkekf.kd =qfV ,oa Økafrd vuqikr lkaf[;dh; fof/k;ksa ds }kjk fd;k x;k gS tks
fu/kkZfjr ifjdYiukvksa ds gh vuq:i gSA
'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk rF;ksa ds fo'ys"k.k ds mijkUr Øeor~ fuoZpu dk dk;Z fd;k
x;k vkSj rF;ksa ds fo'ys"k.k ds vk/kkj ij muls rdZ 'kq) fu"d"kZ fudkys x;s tks
fd iz'kklu] f'k{kdksa] 'kks/kkfFZk;ksa ,oa vU; lEcfU/kr O;fDr;ksa rFkk laLFkkvksa gsrq
vo'; gh mi;ksxh gksxsaA

( 132 )
5- izfrosnu izLrqrhdj.k ¼Presentation of research report½ %
ladfyr rF;ksa ds oxhZdj.k o lkj.kh;u ds Ik'pkr~ mudk fo'ys"k.k fd;k
tkrk gS] vkSj bl fo'ys"k.k ds vk/kkj ij fu"d"kZ fudkyk tkrk gSA blh fu"d"kZ
dks lkekU;hdj.k ¼Generalization½ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA tc lkekU;hdj.k
dks oSKkfud fof/k ds in ,oa fu;eksa dh lgk;rk ls fy[k fn;k tkrk gS rks ;gh
izfrosnu ¼Report½ dgykrk gSA vuqla/kku izfrosnu fy[kus dks gh vuqla/kku
izfrosnu izLrqrhdj.k dgrs gSA mi;qZDr 'kks/k izfrosnu izLrqrhdj.k esa 'kks/kkFkhZ dk
ewy mn~ns'; ih-,p-Mh- mikf/k izkIr djuk gh gSA
izfronsu izLrqrhdj.k 'kks/k v/;;u dk lcls vfUre ,oa vfr egRoiw.kZ
igyw ;k vkd`fr gS ftlesa 'kks/k dh leL;k] ifjdYiukvksa] 'kks/k izfof/k;ksa dk
fooj.k ladfyr vkadM+ksa ,oa fu"d"kksZ dks laf{kIr ,oa Li"V :i ls fy[kk tkrk gSA
izfrosnu dk Øe ;k vkdj 'kks/k ij fuHkZj djrk gS ysfdu ,d vPNk
izfrosnu ogh gksrk gS ftlesa 'kks/k ds lHkh i{kksa dk C;kSjk fn;k x;k gSA tks Hkkoh
'kks/k esa Hkh lgk;d fl) gks ldsA
'kks/kkFkhZ 'kks/k fo"k; lEcU/kh egRoiw.kZ vkadM+ksa dk ladyu djrk gS rFkk
lkj.kh;u fuoZpu ds Ik'pkr~ izkIr fu"d"kksZ dks ,d Øe esa fy[krk gS vkSj bl
dk;Z dks izfrosnu izLrqrhdj.k dgrs gSaA ;g 'kks/k dk;Z dk iw.kZ laf{kIr fyf[kr
C;kSjk gksrk gSA izfrosnu izLrqfrdj.k ds vHkko esa 'kks/k fo"k; lEcU/kh vkadM+sa ,oa
fu"d"kZ egRoghu gksrs gSA
izLrqr 'kks/k izca/k ik¡p v/;k;ksa esa oxhZd`r fd;k x;k gSA 'kks/k izcU/k ds
izFke v/;k; esa izLrkouk] 'kks/k leL;k] mn~ns';] ifjdYiuk] {ks= ,oa 'kks/k izfof/k
vkfn dks ikjn'kZd fd;k x;k gSA f}rh; v/;k; esa iwoZ 'kks/k dk;ksZa dk
iqujkoyksdu fd;k x;k gSA r`rh; v/;k; esa 'kks/k izfØ;k] 'kks/k fof/k] U;kn'kZ]
p;fur midj.k] iz;qDr lkaf[;dh; fof/k;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA prqFkZ
v/;k; esa iznÙkksa dk fo'ys"k.k ,oa ifjdYiukvksa dk lR;kiu fd;k x;k gSA iape
v/;k; esa fu"d"kZ fudkydj lEcfU/kr lq>ko izLrqr fd;s x;s gSA izfrosnu ds
f}rh; Hkkx esa lUnHkZ fo"k;&oLrq dks vUrHkwZr ¼lekos'k½ fd;k x;k gSA ftlesa
midj.k }kjk izkIr iznÙkksa dh lwph] p;fur midj.k dks layXu fd;k x;k gSA

( 133 )
 1
3-3 U;kn'kZ ¼Sample½½ %
izk;% vuqla/kku dk;Z esa U;kn'kZ p;u nks fof/k;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gS &
¼i½ izkpfyd fof/k ¼Parametric Method½
¼ii½ vizkpfyd fof/k ¼Non-Parametric Method½
vuqla/kku esa izk;% izkpfyd fof/k dk iz;ksx lEHko ugha gksrk] D;ksafd bl
fof/k ds }kjk v/;;u /ku] le; o lqfo/kk ds n`f"Vdks.k ls lkisf{kdr% vR;f/kd
[kphZyk o tfVy gksrk gSA blds foijhr O;kogkfjd rFkk lS)kfUrd n`f"Vdks.k ls
vizkpfyr fof/k }kjk v/;;u Ik;kZIr ek=k esa lqxe] ljy] vYi&O;;h rFkk 'kq)
jgrk gSA vizkpfyd fof/k ds v/;;u dk vk/kkj izfrn'kZ ¼Sample½ gksrk gSA
O;ogkj&foKkuksa ds {ks= esa vusd egRoiw.kZ vuqla/kku lEiUu fd;s tkrs gSa]
tks bdkbZ;ksa ds ,d NksVs lewg ij fd;s tkrs gSa] ijUrq ml ij vk/kkfjr fu"d"kZ
bdkbZ;ksa dh o`gn lef"V ij Hkh ykxw ekus tkrs gSA 'kks/kdk;Z esa lexz dk
v/;;u djuk cgqr dfBu gksrk gS blfy;s U;kn'kZ dk mfpr :Ik ls p;u dj
'kks/k dk;Z lEiUu djuk mfpr jgrk gSA
^^og leLr lewg ftlesa ls izfrn'kZ dk p;u fd;k tkrk gS] tula[;k
¼Population½] lef"V ¼Universe½ ;k lIykbZ ¼Supply½ dgykrk gSA^^
&ih-oh- ;ax ¼1966½
tc fdlh tula[;k vFkok lef"V ¼bdkbZ] oLrqvksa ;k euq"; dk lewg½ esa
ls fdlh pj ;k fof'k"V dk eku Kkr djus ds fy, 'kks/kdrkZ }kjk mldh dqNsd
bdkbZ;ksa dks pquk tkrk gS] rks bl pquus dh izfØ;k dks ^U;kn'kZu^ ;k ^fun'kZu^
¼Sampling½ dgrs gSa rFkk pquh xbZ bdkbZ;ksa dks ^U;kn'kZ^ ;k ^izfrn'kZ^ ¼Sample½
dgrs gSA
U;kn'kZ lexz dh izR;sd bdkbZ izfrp;u bdkbZ ¼Sampling Unit½ dgykrh
gS D;ksafd bu bdkbZ;ksa esa ls gh izfrn'kZ pquk tkrk gSA vaxzsth 'kCn ^lSfEiy^
¼Sample½] ysfVu Hkk"kk ds 'kCn "Exemplum" ls mn~/k`r fd;k x;k gS ftldk vFkZ
gS ^mnkgj.k^ ¼Example½A

1
JhokLro Mh-,u- ^vuqla/kku fof/k;k¡* fouksn iqLrd eafnj] vkxjk i`"B % 449&471

( 134 )
 ih-oh- ;ax ¼1966½ ds 'kCnksa esa] ^^,d izfrn'kZ vius leLr lewg dk ,d
y?kq&fp= ¼Miniature Picture½ gksrk gSA^^

U;kn'kZ ds p;u dks izfrp;u dgk tkrk gSA izfrp;u izfrn'kZ pquus dh
fof/k gS ftlesa iwoZ fu/kkZfjr~ ;kstuk ds vuqlkj ,d lewg esa ls fuf'pr izfr'kr
dh bdkbZ;ksa dk pquko fd;k tkrk gSA
djfyaxj ¼1973½ ds vuqlkj] ^^fdlh tula[;k ;k lef"V ls mlds izfrfuf/k
Lo:Ik ,d va'k pqu ysus dks izfrp;u dgrs gSA^^

fun'kZu ds y{; ¼Aims of Sampling½

1- leLr lef"V ds LFkku ij dqN fxuh&pquh bdkbZ;ksa dk gh v/;;u
djukA
2- vYi le; esa ifj.kke tkuus dh {kerk iznku djukA
3- de [kpZ ¼Low cost½ ij vko';d lwpuk iznku djukA
4- izfrp;u izlj.k ¼Sampling Variance½ dks de djukA
5- fu"d"kksZa esa ifj'kq)rk rFkk ;FkkFkZrk ds Lrjksa dks LFkkfir djuk gksrk gSA

U;kn'kZu ds p;u dh vko';drk ¼Need of sampling½ %

U;kn'kZu dh dqN izeq[k vko';drk ¼xq.k ;k ykHk ;k egRo½ ds dkj.k bl
izdkj gS &
1- le; dh cpr ¼Economy of time½A
2- /ku dh cpr ¼Economy of money½ Hkh gksrh gS] ferO;;h izfof/k gSA
3- xgu v/;;u ¼Deeper Study½ lEHko gSA
4- vf/kd 'kq) Kku ¼True Knowledge½ ,oa ifj.kkeksa dh 'kq)rk ¼Accuracy of

results½A

5- iz'kkldh; lqfo/kk ¼Administrative convenience½ jgrh gSA

( 135 )
6- fo'oluh;rk ¼Reliability½A
7- iz;ksxkRed v/;;u ds fy;s mi;qDr ¼Appropriate for experimental studies½
jgrs gSaA
8- tc lEiw.kZ tula[;k dk v/;;u vlaHko gksrk gS rc U;kn'kZ ls v/;;u
lEHko gksrk gSA

,d vPNs U;kn'kZ dh fo'ks"krk,¡ ¼Characteristics of good sample½

vPNs izfrn'kZ dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, gh izfrp;udrkZ dks
izfrn'kZ dk p;u djuk pkfg, ftlls fd pqus x;s izfrn'kZ esa vPNs izfrn'kZ dh
lHkh fo'ks"krk,a gksaA blls izfrn'kZ ij fd;s x;s v/;;u ls 'kq) vkSj fo'oluh;
ifj.kke izkIr gksrs gSaA vPNs izfrn'kZ dh dqN izeq[k fo'ks"krk,a fuEu izdkj ls gS&
1- U;kn'kZ lexz dk lgh :Ik esa izfrfuf/kRo djrk gqvk gksuk pkfg;sA
2- ,d mRre izdkj ds izfrn'kZ dk vk/kkj ;kn`fPNd ¼Random½ gksrk gS
rkfd lexz ls izR;sd bdkbZ pqus tkus dh cjkcj lEHkkouk gksA
3- ,d vPNk izfrn'kZ vfHkur jfgr gksuk pkfg,] bdkbZ;ksa ds p;u esa
p;udrkZ dh O;fDrxr ckrksa dk izHkko v/;;u bdkbZ;ksa ij ugha iM+uk
pkfg;sA
4- izfrn'kZ dh la[;k Ik;kZIr gksuh pkfg, rFkk izfrn'kZ v/;;u mn~ns';ksa ds
vuq:Ik gSA
5- lef"V esa ftl vuqikr esa ltkrh;rk ¼Homogenity½ ;k fo"ketkrh;rk
¼Heterogeneity½ gksrh gS] Bhd mlh vuqikr esa ltkrh;rk vkSj
fo"ketkrh; pqus x;s izfrn'kZ esa Hkh gksuh pkfg;sA
6- U;kn'kZ esa bdkbZ;ksa dh la[;k dk fu/kkZj.k lk/kuksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

( 136 )
7- ,d vPNk izfrn'kZ bruk fo'oluh; gksuk pkfg, fd izfrn'kZ ds v/;;u
ls ogh ifj.kke izkIr gks tks lef"V ds v/;;u ls izkIr gksrs gSaA oSKkfud
v/;;uksa esa lkFkZdrk Lrj dk eku 0-01 ls 0-05 rd j[kk tkrk gSA
izfrn'kZ dh fo'oluh;rk dk mPp Lrj rHkh izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS tc
izfrn'kZ ds vkdy vkSj lef"V ds izkpy esa varj de ls de 0-05
lkFkZdrk Lrj ij lkFkZd gSA

U;kn'kZ p;u dh fof/k;k¡ ¼Methods of Sampling½

orZeku esa izfrp;u ;k U;kn'kZu dh vusd fof/k;ka miyC/k gS ftUgsa
'kks/kkFkhZ v/;;u dh lqfo/kkuqlkj iz;ksx essa ykrk gSA izfrp;u ds eq[;r% nks
izdkj izpfyr gSa&

¼v½ vizlEHkkO;rk fun'kZu ;k izfrp;u ¼Non-Probability Sampling½

bl izfrp;u fof/k esa bdkb;ksa dk p;u izlEHkkO;rk fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr

ugha gksrk] cfYd 'kks/kdrkZ viuh lqfo/kk] lk/ku] le;] Kku vkfn rRoksa ls
izHkkfor gksdj bdkbZ;ksa dk p;u djrk gSA tc bdkbZ;ksa ds p;u dk vk/kkj
la;ksx u gksdj lqfo/kk] volj] fu.kZ; vkfn jgrk gS] rc ,sls izfrp;u dks
vizlEHkkO;rk izfrp;u dgrs gSaA

¼c½ izlEHkkO;rk fun'kZu ;k izfrp;u ¼Probability Sampling½

izlEHkkO;rk izfrp;u esa fdlh Hkh bdkbZ dk p;u la;ksx ij vk/kkfjr

gksrk gS ftlls lef"V dh izR;sd bdkbZ dh U;kn'kZ esa p;u dh leku lEHkkouk
jgrh gS] vkSj bl izfrp;u i)fr esa i{kikr ¼Bias½ ds vkus dh lEHkkouk U;wure
jgrh gSA
mi;qZDr bu nks eq[; izdkjksa ds vU; izdkj Hkh gSa] ftudk oxhZdj.k fuEu
izdkj ls gS %&

( 137 )
 izfrp;u
¼Sampling½

vizlEHkkO;rk izfrp;u izlEHkkO;rk izfrp;u

¼Non-Probability Sampling½
1- mn~ns';iw.kZ izfrp;u
¼Purposive Sampling½
2- va'k izfrp;u
¼Quota Sampling½
3- vkdfLed izfrp;u
¼Accidental Sampling½
4- lqfo/kkuqlkj izfrp;u
¼Convenience Sampling½
5- LosPNkuqlkj izfrp;u
¼Self Selected Sampling½
6- {ks=h; izfrp;u
¼Area Sampling½
¼Probability Sampling½
1- vfu;fer ;k la;ksfxd ;k ;kn`fPNd
izfrp;u ¼Random Sampling½
2- oxZc) izfrp;u
¼Stratified Sampling½
3- xqPN izfrp;u
¼Cluster Sampling½
4- Øfer izfrp;u
¼Systematic Sampling½
5- f}&Lrj izfrp;u
¼Double Sampling½
7- cgq&Lrjh; izfrp;u
¼Multiple Sampling½

vuqla/kku dk eq[; vk/kkj lead gSA U;kn'kZ dk p;u ftruk vf/kd

O;ofLFkr] mi;qDr ,oa {ks= leL;k ds vuq:Ik gksxk ifj.kke mrus fo'kq) ,oa
fo'oluh; gksxsaA
izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u esa 'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk ;kn`fPNd ¼Random½ U;kn'kZu fof/k
dh mifof/k;ksa esa ls ykWVjh fof/k dk iz;ksx U;kn'kZ p;u gsrq fd;k x;k gSA

;kn`fPNd izfrp;u %

nSo fun'kZu dk vFkZ ;g gS fd lexz ls bdkbZ;ka bl izdkj yh tk,a fd

izR;sd bdkbZ ds p;fur gks tkus dk leku volj cuk jgsA
;g iz.kkyh bl yksdra=kRed /kkj.kk ds fudV gS fd] ^izR;sd O;fDr ds
er dk leku ewY; gSA^

( 138 )
 xqM vkSj gSV ¼1952½ ds vuqlkj] ^^lef"V dh lHkh bdkbZ;ksa dks bl izdkj
Øec) fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ftlls lef"V dh lHkh bdkbZ;ksa ds pquus dh cjkcj
lEHkkouk jgsA^^
vr% bl fof/k esa fdlh ;k dqN bdkbZ;ksa dks egRo u nsdj lHkh bdkbZ;ksa
ds pqus tkus dh lEHkkouk cjkcj gksrh gSA
la;ksfxd izfrp;u }kjk pquk x;k izfrn'kZ viuh lef"V dk izfrfuf/kRo
djrk gSA bl izfrn'kZ esa ogh fo'ks"krk,a ikbZ tkrh gSa] tks lef"V esa ikbZ tkrh
gSA bl izdkj ds izfrp;u dh dqN izeq[k mifof/k;ka fuEu izdkj ls gSa &
¼d½ ykWVjh iz.kkyh ¼Lottery Method½
¼[k½ dkMZ ;k fVdV iz.kkyh ¼Card or Ticket Method½
¼x½ fuf'pr Øe iz.kkyh ¼Sequential List Method½
¼?k½ fVIisV dh vad iz.kkyh ¼Tippett's Number Method½
¼M+½ fxzM iz.kkyh ¼Grid Method½
'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk p;fur ,oa iz;ksx esa ykbZ xbZ izfrp;u dh ykWVjh fof/k dk
o.kZu &
¼d½ ykWVjh fof/k ¼Lottery Method½ %
la;ksfxd izfrp;u dh ;g lcls ljy fof/k gSA bl fof/k }kjk izfrp;u
djrs le; loZizFke lef"V ¼Universe½ dks fuf'pr vkSj ikfjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk
gS fQj lef"V dh lHkh bdkbZ;ksa dk uke vFkok Øe la[;k vyx&vyx fpVksa
ij fy[kdj izR;sd fpV dks eksM+dj mldh vyx xksyh cuk ysrs gSa fQj mudks
fMCcs esa Mkydj fgykrs gSa fd lHkh xksfy;ka [kwc fey tk;as muesa dksbZ Øe u jg
tk,A vka[k ij iV~Vh cka/kdj ,d xksyh mBkrs gSA xksyh ij ftl O;fDr dk
uke gksrk gS mls v/;;u bdkbZ ds :Ik esa pqu ysrs gSaA blh izdkj ls fMCcs dks
fQj fgykdj nwljh xksyh mBkrs gSa fQj fMCcs dks fgykdj rhljh xksyh ;k iphZ
mBkrs gSa vkSj lkFk&lkFk uke uksV djrs tkrs gSaA ;g Øe rc rd nqgjkrs gSa
tc rd fuf'pr la[;k dh bdkbZ;k¡ bl izdkj ugha pqu ysrs gSaA bu nSo ;ksx ls
vk;h gqbZ bdkbZ;ksa dk voyksdu] lk{kkRdkj vkfn fd;k tkrk gSA

( 139 )
 'kks/k v/;;u esa 'kks/kkFkhZ us U;kn'kZ ds :Ik esa ;kn`fPNd U;kn'kZ fof/k dh
vUrxZr ykWVjh mifof/k }kjk ftyk fHk.M ds vUrxZr 25 'kgjh ,oa 25 xzkeh.k
gkbZLdwy@mPprj ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa dk p;u fd;kA iznÙk ladyu ,oa
fo'ys"k.k esa lqfo/kk ,oa 'kq)rk dh n`f"V ls izR;sd fo|ky; ls 10 Nk= ,oa 10
Nk=kvksa dks p;u fd;k x;k gS rFkk 2 fo"k; f'k{kdksa ¼foKku@xf.kr o vaxzsth½
dk p;u fd;k x;k gS bl izdkj dqy 50 fo|ky;ksa ls 1000 fo|kfFkZ;ksa ¼dqy
Nk= la[;k dk 5 izfr'kr½ ,oa 100 f'k{kdksa dk p;u U;kn'kZ ds :i esa fuEu
izdkj ls fd;k x;k gS %&
rkfydk Øekad&3-1
U;kn'kZ dk fooj.k
l-Ø- fo|ky; {ks= fo|ky; Nk= Nk=k,¡ f'k{kd
1 'kgjh gkbZLdwy 25 250 250 50
2 xzkeh.k gkbZLdwy 25 250 250 50
dqy ;ksx 50 500 500 100

3-4 'kks/k midj.k ,oa rduhd ¼Tools & Technique½

vuqla/kku esa fdlh Hkh y{; dks izkIr djus esa midj.k ,oa rduhdh dk
egRoiw.kZ LFkku gksrk gSA vuqla/kku izfØ;k esa leL;k p;u rFkk ifjdYiuk
fuekZ.k ds Ik'pkr~ 'kks/kkFkhZ dks iznRrksa ds ladyu dh leL;k vkrh gS ftldk
lek/kku vusd midj.kksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA 'kks/kdrkZ miyC/k midj.kksa ,oa
rduhdksa esa ls viuh ifjdYiukvksa ds vuq:i mi;qDr midj.kksa ,oa rduhdksa
dk pquko djrk gSA vuqla/kku izfØ;k dh ,d egRoiw.kZ dM+h iznRrksa dk ladyu
gSA 'kks/k ds mn~ns';ksa dh iwfrZ ,oa ifjdYiukvksa dk ijh{k.k midj.k ,oa
rduhdh ds vHkko esa lEHko ugha gSA

midj.k ¼Tools½ % vuqla/kku izfØ;k esa leL;k p;u rFkk ifjdYiuk ds fuekZ.k
ds i'pkr~ 'kks/kkFkhZ ds le{k ifjdYiukvksa ds ijh{k.k ds fy, vko';d iznRrksa ds
ladyu dh leL;k vkrh gS ftldk lek/kku midj.kksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

( 140 )
 f'k{kk vuqla/kku ds varxZr fofo/k izdkj dh ekiu izfof/k;ka ,d fo'ks"k
izdkj ds ladyu dk L=ksar gksrh gS bUgh ekaiu izfof/k;ksa dks vuqla/kku ds
midj.k dgrs gSaA
djfyaxj ds vuqlkj & ^^midj.k os ;a= gSa ftuds }kjk fdlh 'kks/k leL;k ds
lek/kku ds fy;s iznÙkksa dk ladyu fd;k tkrk gSA**
izR;sd midj.k 'kks/k leL;k o ifjdYiuk dh izd`fr ds vuqlkj ,d
fo'ks"k izdkj ds vk¡dM+ksa ds fy;s mi;qDr gksrk gSA dHkh&dHkh rks fdlh leL;k
ds lek/kku ds fy;s ,d ls vf/kd midj.kksa dk iz;ksx djuk iM+ tkrk gSA vr%
'kks/kkFkhZ ds fy;s vko';d ;g gS fd mls midj.kksa] fof/k;ksa ,oa ;a=ksa dk O;kid
Kku gksA mls bl ckr dk Hkh Kku gksuk pkfg;s fd bu midj.kksa ls fdl izdkj
ds vk¡dM+s izkIr gksaxs] mudh D;k fo'ks"krk,¡ o lhek,¡ gSa \ fdu vo/kkj.kkvksa ij
budk mi;ksx vk/kkfjr gS rFkk mudh fo'oluh;rk] oS/krk vkSj oLrqfu"Brk D;k
gSA blds lkFk gh 'kks/kkFkhZ midj.kksa dks cukus] iz;ksx djus rFkk mlls izkIr
vkadM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus dk dkS'ky Hkh gksuk pkfg,A

'kks/k midj.kksa dk oxhZdj.k

vuqla/kku ds fofHkUu midj.kksa dks fuEufyf[kr :Ik ls oxhZd`r fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
1- voyksdu
2- lk{kkRdkj
3- lektferh; fof/k
4- ifji`PNk vkdkj

ifji`PNk vkdkj % bldsa vUrxZr os lHkh midj.k lfEefyr fd;s tkrs gSa]
ftlls fd dksbZ lwpuk izkIr gks jgh gksaA bldk izk:i iz'u rFkk dFku dk gksrk
gSA blesa fuEufyf[kr midj.k lfEefyr fd;s tkrs gSa %&

( 141 )
 (i) iz'ukoyh
(ii) fpUgkadu ekiuh
(iii) vuqlwph
(iv) fu/kkZj.k ekiuh
(v) izkIrkad i=
5- euksoSKkfud ijh{k.k % fo|kFkhZ dh ekufld ;ksX;rk ds v/;;u ds fy,
euksoSKkfud ijh{k.kksa dh midj.k ds :i esa vko';drk gksrh gSA
euksoSKkfud rFkk 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku dh n`f"V ls fuEu euksoSKkfud
ijh{k.kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS &
v- cqf) ijh{k.k
c- miyfC/k ijh{k.k
l- :fp rkfydk
n- vfHk;ksX;rk ijh{k.k
bZ- O;fäRo rkfydk
Q- vfHko`fÙk ekiuh
'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk vius 'kks/k v/;;u gsrq LofufeZr miyfC/k ijh{k.k ¼foKku]
xf.kr ,oa vaxzsth fo"k;½ dk iz;ksx fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy;s fd;k x;k gSA
'kks/k midj.k1 %
miyfC/k ijh{k.k ¼Achievement Tests½
fo|ky; esa Nk=ksa us fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esa fdruk Kku vfZtZr fd;k gS] bldk
ekiu djus ds fy;s miyfC/k ijh{k.kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj
miyfC/k ijh{k.k dk rkRi;Z ,sls ijh{k.kksa ls gS tks ,d fuf'pr le;kof/k d
izf'k{k.k ds i'pkr~ fdlh {ks= fo'ks"k esa O;fä ds Kku dk ekiu djrs gSaA ;g
ijh{k.k fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esa Kku ds ekiu ds vfrfjä v/;kid dks ;g tkuus esa
Hkh lgk;rk nsrs gSa fd mls f'k{k.k dk;Z esa fdl lhek rd lQyrk izkIr gqbZ gSA
1
jkoy ,oa diwj] f'k{kk esa ekiu] ewY;kadu ,oa lkaf[;dh] ist ua- 163&167

( 142 )
ÝheSu 1 ¼Freeman½ ds fopkj esa] ^^miyfC/k ijh{k.k og vfHkdYi
vfHkdYi gS tks ,d
fo'ks"k fo"k; ;k ikB~;Ø; ds fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esa O;fä ds Kku] le> ,oa dkS'ky
dk ekiu djrk gSA**
A test of educational achievement is one disigned to measure knowledge,
understanding or skills in a specified subject or a group of subjects.

lqij 2 ¼Super½ ds 'kCnksa esa] ^^,d miyfC/k ;k {kerk ijh{k.k ;g Kkr djus ds
fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS fd O;fä us D;k vkSj fdruk lh[kk rFkk og dksbZ
dk;Z fdruh HkyhHkkafr dj ysrk gSA**
An achievement or proficiency test is used to ascertain what and how much
has been learnt to how well a task has been performed.

bcsy3 ¼Ebel½ ds 'kCnksa esa] ^^miyfC/k ijh{k.k og vfHkdYi gS tks fo|kFkhZ ds }kjk
xzg.k fd;s x;s Kku] dq'kyrk ;k {kerk ekiu djrk gSA**
An achievement test is one designed to measure a student's grasp of
knowledge or his proficiency in certain skills.

xSfjlu o vU; ds vuqlkj& ^^miyfC/k&ijh{kk] ckyd dh orZeku

;ksX;rk ;k fdlh fof'k"V fo"k; ds {ks= esa mlds Kku dh lhek dk ewY;kadu
djrh gSA**

bl izdkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd fo'ks"k {ks= esa f'k{k.k ds i'pkr~ ml {ks=

esa Nk= dh ;ksX;rk ;k 'kfä ds fodkl dh ek=k dk ekiu djus okys midj.kksa
dks miyfC/k ijh{k.k dgrs gSaA
funkukRed ijh{k.k % bcsy ¼Ebel½ ds 'kCnksa esa] ^^funkukRed ijh{k.k dks v/;;u
ds fdlh fo"k;] tSls i<+uk ;k vadxf.kr] ds vf/kxe djus esa vkbZ fof'k"V
detksfj;ksa ;k vlQyrkvksa dks lkeus ykus ds fy;s cuk;k tkrk gS&

1 Freeman F.S.: Theory and Practice of Psychological Testing Third Edition p.490.
2 Super Appraising Vocational Fitness, 1967.
3 Ebel R. J.: Measuring Educational Achievent, 1965.

( 143 )
 bl izdkj uSnkfud ijh{k.k ds fuEukafdr mn~ns'; gS &
1- fdlh fof'k"V fo"k; ds v/;;u esa Nk= dh dfBukbZ;ksa dk irk yxkukA
2- KkuktZu esa ck/kd rRoksa dk irk yxkdj mlesa lq/kkj ykus ds mik;
crkukA
3- f'k{k.k fof/k esa lq/kkj ds fy;s lq>ko nsukA
4- ikB~; iqLrdksa rFkk ikB~;Øe esa Nk=ksa dh fof'k"Vrkvksa vkSj detksfj;ksa dks
/;ku esa j[kdj ifjorZu ykukA
5- miyfC/k ijh{k.k ds inksa ds fu/kkZj.k esa lgk;rk djukA

miyfC/k ijh{k.kksa ds izdkj1 %

¼v½ ekudhd`r ijh{k.k ¼Standardized Tests½
,sls ijh{k.k tks f'k{kk'kkfL=;ksa] euksoSKkfudksa] vuqla/kku laLFkkvksa }kjk
vusd fo'ks"kKksa dh lgk;rk ls cuk, tkrs gSa rFkk ,d fo'kky lewg ij iz'kkflr
djds fo'oluh;rk] oS/krk ,oa ekudksa dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gS] ekudhd`r
ijh{k.k dgykrs gSaA okLro esa ijh{k.k ds ekudhdj.k esa dsoy oS/krk]
fo'oluh;rk ,oa ekudksa dks Kkr djuk gh i;kZIr ugha gSA blds lkFk&lkFk
ijh{k.k iz'kklu dh fof/k rFkk Qykadu izfØ;k dks fuf'pr djuk Hkh vko';d
gksrk gSA bl lEcU/k esa ,usLVSlh ¼Anastasi½ us fy[kk gS&^^ekudhdj.k dk
rkRi;Z ijh{k.k dh iz'kklu ,oa Qykadu fof/k esa ,d:irk ls gSA**
Standardization implies uniformity of procedure in administering and scoring
the test.

mnkgj.k ds fy;s oS'kyj cqf) ijh{k.k ,d ekudhd`r ijh{k.k gS ftldh

v)Z&foPNsn fo'luh;rk 0-90 ,oa ijh{k.k iquiZjh{k.k fo'oluh;rk 0-94 gSA
LVsuQksVZ cqf) ijh{k.k ds lkFk bldks oS/krk xq.kkad Hkh 0-80 vkSj 0-93 ds chp gS
tks fd dkQh mPp oS/krk dks n'kkZrk gSA
¼c½ v/;kid fufeZr ijh{k.k ¼Teacher made Tests½

1
jkoy ,oa diwj] f'k{kk esa ekiu] ewY;kadu ,oa lkaf[;dh] ist ua- 87

( 144 )
 v/;kid fufeZr ijh{k.k os gSa ftUgsa v/;kid vius iz;ksx ds fy;s
le;&le; ij cukrs gSaA budk iz;ksx dsoy Ldwy esa gh fd;k tk ldrk gS]
Ldwy ds ckgj ugha gSA dHkh&dHkh dqN v/;kid feydj Hkh bu ijh{k.kksa dh
jpuk djrs gSaA ekudhd`r ijh{k.kksa dh Hkkafr bu ijh{k.kksa esa Hkh oLrqfu"B inksa dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr esa budk izdk'ku Hkh fd;k tkrk gS]
ysfdu fQj Hkh v/;kid fufeZr ijh{k.k ekudhd`r ugha gks ikrs] D;ksafd os
ekudhd`r ijh{k.kksa ds leku oS/k rFkk fo'oluh; ugha gksrsA blhfy;s Ldwy ds
ckgj budh mi;ksfxrk ugha gksrhA v/;kid fufeZr ijh{k.kksa esa fucU/kkRed]
oLrqfu"B ,oa funkukRed ijh{k.kksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA

miyfC/k ijh{k.k1

ekudhd`r miyfC/k ijh{k.k v/;kid&fufeZr miyfC/k ijh{k.k

lkekU; fof'k"V fucU/kkRed oLrqfu"B funkukRed

miyfC/k ijh{k.k miyfC/k ijh{k.k

¼1½ okpu nksgjkuk igpkuuk

¼2½ funku
¼3½ n{krk ljy 'kCn&iwfrZ
¼4½ xf.kr ,d:i cgqpf;r
¼5½ Hkk"kk
¼6½ fo"k;ksa esa mUufr
ljy rqyukRed oxhZd`r iquZO;oLFkk

1 HkkxZo] MkW- egs'k] ^^vk/kqfud euksoSKkfud ijh{k.k ,oa ekiu**] ,p-ih- HkkxZo cqd gkml] vkxjk] i`"B 385

( 145 )
lk{kkRdkj ¼Interview½1
lk{kkRdkj vkadM+s] ,df=r djus dh ,d vkRefu"B fof/k gSA bl fof/k
}kjk O;fä dh fo'ks"krkvksa] xq.kksa] fopkjksa rFkk leL;kvksa dk Kku izkIr fd;k
tkrk gSA blesa fdlh mn~ns'; ls lk{kkRdkjdrkZ rFkk izR;k'kh vkeus&lkeus
cSBdj ckrphr ;k iz'uksRrj djrs gSaA
tkWu MkysZ ¼John G. Darley½ ds 'kCnksa esa] ^^lk{kkRdkj ,d mn~ns';iw.kZ
okrkZyki gSA** ¼Interview is a conversation with a purpose.½
xqM rFkk gSV ¼Good and Hatt½ ds vuqlkj] ^^fdlh mn~ns'; ls fd;k x;k
xEHkhj okrkZyki gh lk{kkRdkj gSA**

lk{kkRdkj ds izdkj ¼Types of Interview½2

lk{kkRdkj vusd izdkj ds gksrs gSaA ;gka dqN izdkj ds lk{kkRdkj dk
fooj.k fn;k tk jgk gS&
¼1 ½ fu;qfä lk{kkRdkj ¼Employment Intervies½& fdlh Hkh thfodk esa uohu
fu;qfä ds fy, O;fä dk lk{kkRdkj fd;k tkrk gSA bl lk{kkRdkj dk
izeq[k mn~ns'; thfodk ds fy, O;fä dh mi;qärk ¼Fitness½ fuf'pr
djuk gSA blesa thfodk ls lEcfU/kr iz'u iwNs tkrs gSaA ;s iz'u
lk{kkRdkj djus okys ds }kjk iwNs tkrs gSaA
¼2 ½ lwpukRed lk{kkRdkj ¼Informative Interview½& bl izdkj ds lk{kkRdkj
esa Nk= ds lkQY; rFkk fofHkUu ijh{kkvksa esa izkIr vadks dh O;k[;k
lEcU/kh lwpuk,a iznku dh tkrh gSaA Nk=ksa dks fHkUu&fHkUu ukSdfj;ksa]
thfodkvksa rFkk f'k{k.k&laLFkkvksa ds lEca/k esa lwpuk,a nsuk Hkh lwpukRed
lk{kkRdkj dk mn~ns'; gSA

1 MkW- jkeiky flag ,oa MkW- vks- ih- 'kekZ] ^^'kSf{kd vuqla/kku ,oa lkaf[;dh**] fouksn iqLrd efUnj] vkxjk] i`"B 180-81
2 MkW- jkeiky flag ,oa MkW- vks- ih- 'kekZ] ^^'kSf{kd vuqla/kku ,oa lkaf[;dh**] fouksn iqLrd efUnj] vkxjk] i`"B 181-82

( 146 )
¼3 ½ vuqla/kku lk{kkRdkj& ¼Research Interview½& lk{kkRdkj ysus okyk O;fä
lk{kkRdkj nsus okys O;fä esa :fp u j[kdj mu rF;ksa esa :fp ysrk gS
tks rF; lk{kkRdkj nsus okyk crkrk gSA bl izdkj ds rF; cgqr O;fä;ksa
ls izkIr fd;s tkrs gSaA
¼4 ½ funkukRed lk{kkRdkj ¼Diagnostic Interview½& bl lk{kkRdkj dk
mn~ns'; Nk= ds ?kj rFkk okrkoj.k vkfn ls lEcfU/kr lwpuk,a izkIr djuk
gSA rF; ladyu funku dk egRoiw.kZ vax gksrk gSA
¼5 ½ ijke'kZ lk{kkRdkj ¼Counselling Interview½ & lk{kkRdkj ijke'kZ izfØ;k
dk eq[; vk/kkj ekuk tkrk gSA bldk mn~ns'; O;fä esa lw{k mRiUu
djrk gS tks fd vkRe&cks/k izkIr djus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA
¼6 ½ mipkjkRed lk{kkRdkj ¼Treatment Interview½& mipkjkRed lk{kkRdkj esa
O;fä ls bl iydkj okrkZyki fd;k tkrk gS fd mldks viuh fpUrkvksa
,oa ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls eqfä feys] mldk lek;kstu Bhd gks ldsA og viuh
lHkh fpUrkvksa] Hkkoukvksa vkfn dks O;ä djds vius eu ds Hkkj dks nwj
djrk gSA
¼7 ½ rF;&ladyu lk{kkRdkj ¼Fact-finding Interview½& bl lk{kkRdkj esa
O;fä ;k O;fä;ksa ds leqnk; ls feydj rF; ladfyr fd;s tkrs gSaA
f'k{kd ;k funsZ'kd Hkh blh fof/k }kjk Nk=ksa ds lEca/k eas rF; ,df=r
djrs gSaA

lk{kkRdkj ds ykHk ¼Advantages of Intervies½1

lk{kkRdkj fof/k ds fuEufyf[kr ykHk gSa %&
1- bl fof/k dk iz;ksx leL;kvksa rFkk mn~ns';ksa ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA
2- lk{kkRdkj fof/k dks iz;ksx esa ykuk ljy gSA
3- Nk=ksa dh varnZ`f"V ¼Insight½ dks fodflr djus esa lgk;d gksrh gSA
1
MkW- jkeiky flag ,oa MkW- vks- ih- 'kekZ] ^^'kSf{kd vuqla/kku ,oa lkaf[;dh**] fouksn iqLrd efUnj] vkxjk] i`"B 187

( 147 )
 4- fu"ks/kkRed Hkkoukvksa ¼Negative Feelings½ dks Lohdkj djus rFkk mudks
Li"V djus dk volj lk{kkRdkj esa izkIr gksrk gSA
5- lEiw.kZ O;fä dks le>us dh ;g mRre fof/k gSA O;fä dh vfHko`fRr]
laosx] fopkj vkfn lHkh dk v/;;u gksrk gSA
6- lk{kkRdkj nsus okys dks viuh leL;k,a izdV djus dk lk{kkRdkj vPNk
volj iznku djrk gSA
7- fofHkUu n'kkvksa rFkk ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lk{kkRdkj dk iz;ksx djus ds fy,
bls ypdnkj cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
Nk= dh leL;kvksa ds dkj.k Kkr djus esa lk{kkRdkj 'kks/kdrkZ dh
lgk;rk djrk gSA

3.5 iznÙkksa dk ladyu %

'kks/k dk;Z esa ifjdYiukvksa ds fo'ys"k.k ,oa O;k[;k ds fy;s ftu
okLrfod rF;ksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS] mUgsa ,df=r djus ds fy;s ftl fØ;k
fof/k dks viuk;k tkrk gS og iznÙk ladyu fof/k dgykrh gSA

iznÙkksa ds ladyu gsrq loZizFke vk¡dM+ksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bl gsrq

'kks/kkFkhZ us fHk.M ftys ds p;fur izR;sd gkbZLdwy esa tkdj mu fo|ky;ksa ds
izkpk;ksZa ls feydj vius 'kks/k dk;Z ds ckjs esa lEiw.kZ tkudkjh iznku dh mUgsa
'kks/k dk;Z dk egRo o mn~ns'; crk;sA rRi'pkr~ muls fo|ky; esa 'kks/k dk;Z ls
lEcfU/kr vko';d dk;Zokgh djus dh vuqefr izkIr dhA
'kks/kkFkhZ us loZizFke izR;sd fo|ky; dh 10oha d{kk esa tkdj fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dks viuk ifjp; fn;k rFkk mUgsa vius 'kks/k dk;Z ls lEcfU/kr rF; crk;sA
izR;sd fo|ky; ls 20 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks U;kn'kZ ds :i esa pqudj muds nks lewg
cuk;sA izFke lewg dks fu;af=r lewg uke fn;k o f}rh; lewg dks iz;ksxkRed
lewg uke fn;kA nksuksa lewgksa esa fo|kFkhZ la[;k 10&10 j[kh xbZA

( 148 )
 fo|ky; dh lqfo/kkuqlkj 'kks/kkFkhZ us le;&le; ij nksuksa lewgksa dks
vyx&vyx f'k{k.k i)fr vFkkZr~ fu;a=.k lewg dks lkekU; rjhds ls d{kkxr
f'k{k.k o izk;ksfxd lewg dks lkekU; f'k{k.k ds lkFk funkukRed d{kkvksa }kjk
funkukRed ijh{k.k dj mipkjkRed f'k{k.k dk;Z djok;kA blds i'pkr~ 'kks/kkFkhZ
us izR;sd fo|ky; ds p;fur U;kn'kZ ¼fo|kfFkZ;ksa½ dks 10oha ds ikB~;Øe ij
vk/kkfjr LofufeZr o izek.khd`r miyfC/k ijh{k.k ¼iwoZ ijh{k.k ,oa i'p ijh{k.k½
dks gy djus ls lEcfU/kr funsZ'kksa dks le>k;kA blds ckn fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks
LofufeZr o izek.khd`r miyfC/k ijh{k.k forfjr djds muls ijh{k.k esa fn;s x;s
funsZ'kksa ds vuqlkj ijh{k.k izi= gy djus dks dgkA fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks funsZ'kksa
lEcU/kh dfBukbZ vkus ij mudh leL;k dk fujkdj.k fd;kA

fu/kkZfjr le; ds i'pkr~ mÙkj izi=ksa dks ,df=r dj fy;k x;kA muls
tks vk¡dM+s izkIr gq;s] mUgsa lkj.khc) dj fy;k x;kA bl izdkj 'kks/kkFkhZ us lHkh
p;fur fo|ky;ksa ds lHkh 1000 fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls izkIr vk¡dM+ksa dks ,df=r dj
lkj.khc) dj fy;kA

bl izdkj iznÙk ladyu ds fy;s 'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk fHk.M ftys ds p;fur

ftyksa ds 'kgjh ,oa xzkeh.k ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa ds d{kk&10 esa i<+us
okys 1000 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks v/;kiu mijkUr mudh miyfC/k dks Kkr djus gsrq
LofufeZr miyfC/k ijh{k.k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

3.6 iz;qDr lkaf[;dh; fof/k;k¡1

,d f'k{kk'kkL=h lkaf[;dh dks 'kSf{kd vkadM+ksa dks O;ofLFkr Øe esa ,d=
djus dh fof/k;ka ekurk gSA euksoSKkfud ds vuqekj lkaf[;dh foKku dh og
'kk[kk gS tks iznRrksa dh fu"d"kkZRed O;k[;k djrh gSA

1
jkoy ,oa diwj] f'k{kk esa ekiu] ewY;kadu ,oa lkaf[;dh] i`"B 177&178

( 149 )
 ykSfoV ds vuqlkj & ^^lkaf[;dh og foKku gS tks ?kVukvksa dh O;k[;k]
mudk o.kZu rFkk mudh rqyuk ds fy;s vko';d
vko';d vkafdd rF;ksa ds laxzg]
oxhZdj.k ,oa lkj.kh;u ls lEcU/k j[krk gSA**

Statistics is the science which deals with two Collection, classification

and tabulation of numerical facts as the basis for explanation description and
comparison of phenomena.

lSfyxeSu ds vuqlkj & ^^lkaf[;dh fdlh tkap {ks= ij izdk'k Mkyus ds

mn~ns'; ls leadksa ds ladyu] oxhZdj.k] izLrqrhdj.k] rqyuk o O;k[;k djus dh
fof/k;ksa ls lEcfU/kr foKku gSA**

Statistics is the science which deals with the methods of collecting,

classifying, presenting, comparing and interpreting numerical data collected to
throw some light of any sphere of inquiry.

czkmyh ds vuqlkj&^^lkaf[;dh dk vFkZ vuqla/kku ds fdlh foHkkx esa ,sls

rF;ksa dk la[;kRed dFku gS tks ,d&nwljs ls lEcfU/kr gksrs gSaA**

Statistics are numerical statement of facts in any department of enquiry

placed in relation to each other.

QjX;wlu ds vuqlkj & ^^lkaf[;dh oSKkfud fof/k;a= dh 'kk[kk gSA bldk

lEcU/k losZ{k.kksa ,oa iz;ksxksa ds vk/kkj ij izkIr vkadM+ksa ds ladyu] oxhZdj.k]
fooj.k rFkk foospuk ls gSA bldk eq[; mn~ns'; tula[;k lEcU/kh la[;kRed
fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu djuk o bl fo"k; ds lEcU/k esa vuqeku yxkuk gSA**

Statistics is the branch of scientific methodology. It deals with

collection, classification, description and interpretation of data obtained by
conduct of surveys and experiments. Its essential purpose is to describe and
draw inferences about the numerical properties of population.

( 150 )
e/;eku ¼Mean½1
xSjsV ¼Garrett½ ds vuqlkj] ^^leLr vadksa ds ;ksxQy dks mu vadksa dh
la[;k ls Hkkx nsus ij tks HkkxQy izkIr gksrk gS] mls xf.krh; ek/; ;k e/;eku
dgrs gSA**
The arithmatic mean or more simply the mean is the sum of the
seperate scores or measures divided by their number. bls ladsr fpUg ¼M½ ls
O;ä fd;k tkrk gSA
izLrqr 'kks/k esa vk¡dM+ksa dk e/;eku laf{kIr fof/k }kjk Kkr fd;k gS &
iz;qDr lw= %
 ∑ fd 
M = AM +   × C.I .
 N 
 
tcfd %&
AM = dfYir ek/;
f = vko`fÙk
Σ = ;ksx
d = dfYir ek/; ls fopyu
fd = vko`fÙk vkSj fopyu dk xq.kk
N = vko`fÙk;ksa dk ;ksx
C.I. = oxkZUrj dk vkdkj
2- izkekf.kd fopyu
fn, gq, izkIrkadksa ds e/;eku ls izkIrkadksa ds fopyuksa ds oxksaZ esa e/;eku
dk oxZewy gh izkekf.kd fopyu gSA
tsEl Mªsoj ¼1968½ 2 ds vuqlkj ^^fn;s gq;s izkIrkadksa ds e/;eku ls
izkIrkadksa ds fopyuksa ds oxksZa ds e/;eku dk oxZewy gh izkekf.kd fopyu gSA**

1
jkoy ,oa diwj] f'k{kk esa ekiu] ewY;kadu ,oa lkaf[;dh] i`"B 217&220
2
JhokLro MkW- Mh-,u ,oa JhokLro oh-,u- ^^vuqla/kku fof/k;k¡** lkfgR; izdk'ku] vkxjk] i`"B 559

( 151 )
 lEiw.kZ vad forj.k dh fopyu 'khyrk crkus okyk eki gh izkekf.kd
fopyu gSA f'k{kk vkSj euksfoKku ds vuqla/kku dk;ksZ esa cgq/kk izkekf.kd fopyu
dh gh x.kuk dh tkrh gSA fopyu 'khyrk dk ;g lcls 'kq) vkSj fo'oluh;
eki gSA bldk ladsr S.D. gSA
iz;qDr lw= %

∑ fd  ∑ fd 
2 2

S .D. = σ = −   × C.I .

N  N 
tcfd %&
SD = izkekf.kd fopyu
CI = oxkZUrj dk vkdkj
Σ = ;ksx
fd = vko`fÙk vkSj fopyu dk xq.kuQy
fd2 = vko`fÙk vkSj fopyu ds oxZ dk xq.kuQy
N = fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k
3- izkekf.kd =qfV %
e/;eku dh lkFkZdrk dh ij[k ds fy, e/;eku dh izkekf.kd =qfV dh
x.kuk dh tkrh gSA e/;eku dh izkekf.kd =qfV Kkr djus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr
lw= dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS %&
iz;qDr lw= %
σ 12 σ 22
S .E d = +
N1 N2

S.Ed (σd) = nks lewgksa ds e/;ekuksa ds vUrj dh izkekf.kd =qfV

σ1 = izFke lewg dk izkekf.kd fopyu
σ2 = f}rh; lewg dk izkekf.kd fopyu
N1 = izFke lewg esa bdkbZ;ksa dh la[;k
N2 = f}rh; lewg esa bdkbZ;ksa dh la[;k

( 152 )
4- Økafrd vuqikr %
nks cM+s lewgksa ds e/;ekuksa ds varj dh lkFkZdrk Kkr djus ds fy,
Økafrd vuqikr dh x.kuk dh tkrh gS &
M1 − M 2
iz;qDr lw= % C . R. =
S .E d
tcfd]
M1 = izFke lewg dk e/;eku
M2 = f}rh; lewg dk e/;eku
S.Ed. = nks lewgksa ds e/;ekuksa ds varj dh izkekf.kd =qfV
5- Lora=rk va'k %
nksuksa lewgksa dh la[;kvksa ¼N1½ rFkk ¼ N2½ ds vk/kkj ij mi;qä Lora=rk
ds va'kksa dks Kkr fd;k tkrk gS &
;gk¡ Lora=rk ds va'k ij df = (N1 - 1 ) + (N2 - 1)

df = (N1 + N2 - 2)
df = Lora=rk va'k
N1 = izFke lewg dh la[;k
N2 = f}rh; lewg dh la[;k
6- lkFkZdrk Lrj %
lkFkZdrk Lrj dk vFkZ gS fd 'kks/kdrkZ fdl fo'okl Lrj ds lkFk viuh
'kwU; ifjdYiuk dks lgh ;k xyr fl) djrk gSA vuqla/kku izfØ;k esa iznÙk
ladyu ls iwoZ lkFkZdrk lqfuf'pr dh tkrh gSA 'kks/k izfØ;k esa izk;% nks
lkFkZdrk Lrjksa dks iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA izFke 0-05 Lrj ,oa f}rh; 0-01
lkFkZdrk LrjA ;s Lrj 'kks/kdrkZ }kjk iwoZ ls gh viuk fy, tkrs gSaA 0-05 Lrj
ij ;fn C.R. dk eku lkj.kh;u eku ls vf/kd gS rks 'kwU; ifjdYiuk dks
vLohd`r dj fn;k tkrk gSA ;fn C.R. dk eku lkj.kh;u eku ls de gS rks
'kwU; ifjdYiuk dks Lohd`r dj fy;k tkrk gSA blh izdkj 0-01 Lrj ij ;fn
C.R. dk eku lkj.kh;u eku ls vf/kd gS rks 'kwU; ifjdYiuk dks vLohd`r dj
fn;k tkrk gSA ;fn C.R. dk eku lkj.kh;u eku ls de gS rks 'kwU; ifjdYiuk
dks Lohd`r dj fy;k tkrk gSA

( 153 )