Fluent HeatTransfer L01 Introduction PDF

Lecture 1 - Introduction
15.0 Release
Heat Transfer Modeling using

ANSYS Fluent
© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. June 3, 2014 1 Release 15
Outline
Modes of Heat Transfer
Basic Heat Transfer Phenomena

• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
• Phase Change
The Energy Equation
Boundary Conditions

Conduction
• Occurs in a medium (fluid or solid)
• Linked to atomic and molecular vibration or
electronic motion.
Qradiation
• Diffusion of heat due to temperature gradient
within the medium.
Convection
• Heat is transported by moving fluid. Qphase
change
Radiation
Qconvection
• Emission of energy by electromagnetic waves
Phase Change
Qconduction
• State of matter changes which either absorbs or
emits heat

Outline
Basic Heat Transfer Phenomena

• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
• Phase Change
The Energy Equation
Boundary Conditions

Conduction Heat Transfer
Conduction is the transfer of heat by molecular interaction.

• Gases – Molecular velocity depends on temperature. Hot, energetic molecules collide
with neighbors which increases their speed.
• Solids – Molecules and the lattice structure vibrate.
Fourier’s Law states that heat flux is proportional to temperature gradient.

Mathematically,
Q  T
 q  k T  k  xˆ 
T
yˆ 
T 
zˆ  Q  W
A  x y z 
q  W / m 2
k   W / m / K
Thermal conductivity
(not necessarily constant)

Integration of Fourier’s Law in 1D
For a simple 1D steady state conduction, the temperature profile through

a slab is linear if the thermal conductivity is constant.
T  Thot x
Temperature Profile
dT
Hot Wall
dx Cold Wall
1
T  Tcold
t
This leads to the concept of thermal resistance:

t
Thot  Tcold  R Q R
kA
Convection
Convection heat transfer results from fluid motion.

• Heat transfer rate can be closely coupled to the fluid flow solution.
• The rate of heat transfer is strongly dependent on fluid velocity and fluid properties.
• Fluid properties may vary significantly with temperature.
Example – When cold air flows past a warm body, it draws away warm
air near the body and replaces it with cold air
Flow and heat transfer past a heated block

Newton’s Law of Cooling
Newton’s law of cooling states that
q  h (Tbody  T )  h T T   K
Average heat transfer
q   W / m 2
coefficient h  W / m 2 / K
Q
T Tbody

Heat Transfer Coefficient
In general, h is not constant but is

Typical
usually a function of temperature values of h
gradient. (W/m2·K)
There are three types of convection: Thot Tcold 4 – 4,000

• Natural Convection – Fluid moves due to
buoyancy effects
Tcold
• Forced Convection – Flow is induced by
some external means.
Thot 80 – 75,000
• Boiling Convection – Body is hot enough to

cause fluid phase change
h  T 2 Tcold
300 – 900,000
Thot
Natural Convection
  (T )
Tw
• In natural convection, fluid motion occurs due to T ( y)
buoyancy effects.
T
• As the fluid is heated, its density decreases
• This density gradient causes a buoyant force to be u( y)
g
generated which induces flow opposite to gravity
• The net body force (per unit volume) can be computed by:
f B  (   ) g
• Natural convection problems are characterized using
the Rayleigh number. T , 
Rax < 108 laminar flow
 g L T3
Ra L  Rax ≈ 109 transition

Rax > 1010 turbulent flow
 ...Thermal diffusivity,  ... Thermal expansion coefficient

 ...Kinematic viscosity, g...acceleration due to gravity
Natural Convection
• In most industrial applications, free and forced convection occur

simultaneously. The relative magnitude of these effects can be determined
by using a modified Froude number, Fr.
Gr  g L T Fr << 1 Forced convection dominates

Fr  2  Fr ≈ 1 Natural and Forced convection are important
Re U2 Fr >> 1 Natural convection dominates

Boundary Layer Flow
• Analogous to the viscous boundary layer that develops, there is also a

thermal boundary layer. Thermal
Boundary
Layer
Viscous y
Boundary
Layer
T , U 
T
T ( y) 
U ( y)
Tw

Nusselt Number
• The Nusselt number (Nu) represents the relative magnitude of “real”

heat flux to conduction heat flux.
• Nusselt number derivation

• Equate the heat conducted from the wall to the same heat transfer in convective
terms:
T
k  h Tw  T 
y
• Define dimensionless quantities: ~ T T y
T  w ~
y
Tw  T L
~
• Rearrange: T h L Nusselt number
~   Nu L (dimensionless heat
y k transfer coefficient)

Heat Transfer Coefficient Correlations
• Correlations can be used in FLUENT to

set appropriate boundary conditions.
• Examples:
• Heat transfer resulting from flow around a
sphere
Nu D  2  0.6 Re1D/ 2 Pr1/ 3 Typical Prandtl Numbers
• Heat transfer from a flat plate in laminar flow Liquid metals 0.01
(thermal boundary layer) Most gases 0.7
Water at ambient conditions 6
Nu D  0.332 Re1D/ 2 Pr1/ 3

• The above correlations depend on the
Prandtl number:
Momentum Diffusivity   C p
Pr   
Thermal Diffusivity  k
Radiation Heat Transfer
• Thermal radiation is an emission of energy via electromagnetic

waves
• Intensity depends on body temperature and surface characteristics
• Important mode of heat transfer at high temperatures
• Real-world examples
• Toaster, grill, broiler
• Fireplace
• Sunshine

Radiation – Black Bodies
• A black body is a model of a perfect radiator and has specific

characteristics.
• Absorbs 100% of incident radiation (α = 1).
• Reflects and transmits no incident radiation (ρ = τ = 0)
• The energy emitted by a black body obeys the Stefan-Boltzmann Law.
Q
q  T4
A
Stefan-Boltzmann constant
5.6697×10-8 W/m2·K4
• This energy emission (q) represents the theoretical maximum at the temperature of
interest (T).

Radiation Heat Transfer – Real (Gray)
Bodies
• In general, real bodies emit less radiation than a black body
Surface area
Qrad   As  T 4
Surface emissivity (0 < ε < 1)
• Emissivity and absorptivity are equal for a gray body
• Consider radiation emitted by a small body which has Qw

temperature Tw and surface area As to its surroundingsQnet
As Q
which are at temperature T∞.
Tw
• Both the body and its container emit thermal radiation.
• The net heat transfer is from the hotter body to the colder body. T
Qnet   As  (Tw4  T4 )

When Is Radiation Important?
• Radiation heat transfer is significant in high temperature

applications such as combustion.
• Radiation properties can be strongly dependent on chemical

composition, especially CO2, H2O.
• Radiation heat transfer equations are difficult to solve explicitly

(except for simple configurations) – we must rely on computational
methods.
• Radiation should always be considered when radiation heat transfer

is large to compared to the heat transfer due to conduction or
convection
qrad    T 4

Phase Change Heat Transfer
• Heat transfer due phase change can be present in many forms.

• Condensation
• Evaporation
• Boiling
• Solidification / Melting
• In order to adequately model these phenomena, we often must rely

on multiphase models and user-defined functions (UDFs).

Phase Change Heat Transfer – Condensation
• Condensation is the transformation of a substance from

vapor to liquid resulting from energy removal from the
vapor phase.
• In condensation processes, the vapor temperature is at or

below the saturation temperature.
• Condensation occurs in various modes.

• Droplet formation in vapor
• Droplets may form on particulate matter either in vapor or
homogeneously
• Liquid droplet formation on a cooled surface
• Droplets appear on the surface.
• Droplets grow until they either run off of the surface under gravity
OR the liquid temperature reaches the saturation temperature
• Liquid film condensation on a cooled surface
• Latent heat of condensation transferred from liquid-vapor interface
to the wall by convection and conduction
• Vapor phase can consist of one or more chemical species.
Condensation Example
• CFD simulation of humid air condensation on a cooled surface

• Multiple species
• Turbulence
• UDF to compute saturation pressure and mass flux
• Computational domain
Insulated Wall, No Shear
Inlet
T = 368.83 K, Flow
V∞ = 1 m/s
wH2O = 0.768
Cooled Surface, T = 330 K
• Mass transfer rate at cooled surface controlled by diffusion

 D H O
m H O  2
H O  1 n
2
2
• This mass flux applied as a source term in cell adjacent to the wall
• No film motion calculated
Condensation Example
Comparison of FLUENT results with

analytical solution of Sparrow et al. (1967).
Predicted Temperature Distribution (331 K < T < 370 K)

Phase Change Heat Transfer – Evaporation
• Evaporation is the transformation of a substance from liquid to vapor

resulting from energy addition.
• FLUENT contains a model to account for mass transfer due to

evaporation.
• Liquid interfacial temperature must be equal to or greater than the vapor
saturation temperature at the interface.
• Mass transfer rate is proportional to the difference in partial pressure
between the interface and the bulk vapor (depends on the pressure
gradient)

Evaporation DPM Example
• The evaporation of water droplets injected into hot air stream is

modeled using the DPM vaporization law
Wall, T = 1200K
Inlet:
T = 650 K, V = 1 m/s
Water Droplets:
T = 300 K, d = 250 μm.
Total mass flow 0.04 kg/s Wall, T = 1200K
C p  Droplet heat capacity

Tp  Droplet temperature
 h Ap T  Tp  
dTp dm p h  Convection heat transfer coefficient
mp c p h fg T  Continuous phase temperature
dt dt
h fg  Latent heat
dm p
 Evaporation rate due the DPM vaporization law
dt

Evaporation DPM Example
Temperature Droplet size
Air Temperature Without Droplets Particles Not Completely Evaporated
Droplet Evaporation Causes Significant Water Vapor Evaporated from Droplets

Temperature Reduction in Air Mixes with Air in Vapor Phase
Temperature vapor mass fraction
Phase Change Heat Transfer – Boiling
• Boiling is a fluid phase change that is classified as a convection

mode of heat transfer (involves fluid motion).
• This process occurs at solid-liquid interfaces.

• Characterized by the formation of vapor bubbles at the solid surface
• Bubbles grow and detach from the surface.
• Because of the phase change, large heat flux can be achieved

with relatively small temperature differential.
• Heat transfer is given by

qs  h Te
Te  Tsurf  Tsat Te ...Exceed temperature
h  hT , g (l  v ), h fg , C p , k , , L, 

Phase Change Heat Transfer – Pool Boiling
In pool boiling the bulk of the flow is quiescent
Heat exchange is through direct transfer
from the surface to liquid motion (not
through the rising vapor bubbles)
Densely populated bubbles induces liquid

motion near the surface
Free Convection Nucleate Transition Film
107
Isolated Jets and
Bubbles Columns

qmax
106
Surface completely covered by vapor film.
Heat transfer from surface to liquid and
conduction through vapor phase.
105
qs
(W/m 2 ) q
min
104
Te, A Te, B Te,C Te, D
103
1 5 10 30 120 1000
Te  Ts  Tsat (oC)

Nucleate Boiling
• Modeling Strategy
• Euler-Euler or mixture model
qw  qE   hsp sp  hQ Q  T
w T 
Evaporation Convection Quenching
Evaporation Heat Flux d bw


qE  d bw f n v hlv
6
Quenching Heat Flux

(Boiling wall fraction)
Q   dbw
2
n Tsat
Single-Phase Heat Flux Tbulk
(convection)

Boiling Example – Nuclear Reactor
• Flow in nuclear fuel assembly

Liquid/Vapor
• Pressure = 50 atm Mixture Exits
• Reliq = 300,000
• Heat flux = 0.522 MW/m2
• Inlet sub cooling = 4.5 K
• Mesh adapted to y+ = 100
Liquid enters

Film Boiling
• Interfacial heat and mass transfer taking into account via a UDF
• Application:
• Film boiling modeling with VOF
• UDF and tutorial available on ANSYS Customer Portal
Contours of Vapor Volume

Fraction
Contours of Mass Transfer
Rate (kg/m3/s)

Solidification and Melting
• Solidification is the transformation of a substance from liquid to solid

• Temperature decrease (more frequently encountered) and change of state
occurs at the freezing point
• Pressure increase (in this case temperature remains constant)
• The solidification process starts with small solid nucleation in the liquid that
increases in number with time (until liquid is completely solidified)
• Application – Casting Process
• Melting is the transformation of a substance from solid to liquid

• Temperature increases, the change of state occurs at the melting point
• In general, the melting point is relatively insensitive to pressure
• Application – Deicing
• Freezing & melting point are often equal (certain materials can have different
values)

Solidification and Melting
Define Models Solidification and Melting…
Define Materials…

Solidification and Melting Examples
Solidification Example Melting Example
Continuous Casting Process Deicing on an Automobile Windshield
Defrost pattern
after 5 minutes (from experiment)
Mold
Solidified Defrost pattern

after 10 minutes (from experiment)
shell in blue

Outline
• Modes of Heat Transfer
• Basic Heat Transfer Phenomena

• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
• Phase Change
• The Energy Equation
• Boundary Conditions

The General Energy Transport Equation
• General energy transport equation:

  E 
t

   V E  P     keff T   j h j J j  ( τ eff  V)  S h 
Unsteady Convection Conduction Species Viscous Enthalpy
diffusion heating source
• Energy sources resulting from endothermic/exothermic chemical reactions is

included for reacting flows
• Energy source due to species diffusion included for multiple species flows
• Energy source due to viscous heating:
• Describes thermal energy created by viscous shear in the flow
• Important when the shear stress in fluid is large (e.g., lubrication) and/or in high-velocity
compressible flows
Criterion is based on the Brinkman number: Br   U  1
2
•
• Viscous heating is often negligible k T
• Not included by default for the pressure-based solver; always enabled in the density-
based solver

Outline
• Modes of Heat Transfer
• Basic Heat Transfer Phenomena

• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
• Phase Change
• The Energy Equation
• Boundary Conditions

Thermal Boundary Conditions
• Inlets and outlets

• Temperature is specified when fluid enters the computational domain.
• Heat flux includes both convective and diffusive components.
• Diffusive component can be turned off using the TUI:
define/models/energy/include diffusion at inlets? No
• Walls
• Heat Flux
• Temperature
• Convection (prescribed heat transfer coefficient)
• Radiation
• Mixed (combination of Convection and Radiation)
• Coupled (only available for zero-thickness internal walls).
• via System Coupling
• Thermal resistance
• Solid at the boundaries
• Electrical resistance
• Tips and Tricks
• Periodic conditions

Boundary Conditions
• Thermal boundary conditions generally come in three types

• Neumann
• Robin/Fourier (Mixed)
• Dirichlet
• Boundary conditions generally represent heat transfer phenomena for

the region outside the computational domain
Neumann Condition
(Specified Flux)
q  20 W/m 2
Robin / Fourier Condition

T  300 K
(Specified HTC)
Dirichlet Condition q  f (Tw , T )
(Specified Temperature)

Wall Boundary Conditions
• Heat Flux (Neumann)
boundary condition is
specified when heat flux
profile or value is known
qconv  h (Tfree  Tw )
• Temperature profile or
value can be specified
(Dirichlet BC)
qrad    (T4  Tw4 )
• Convection, Radiation and
Mixed boundary
conditions are used to
represent convection or
radiation exchange with
the exterior of the domain
qmixed  qconv  qrad

Representing Wall Boundary Conditions
• Typically the computational domain of an

industrial furnace ends at the boundary Example of glass
between gas and refractories. furnace
• Option #1: Refractory layers are meshed.

• Option #2: Thermal resistance approach is
used with a zero-thickness wall to
represent refractory layers.
Option #1 Option #2
Fluid Zone Fluid Zone
Wall Zone Wall Zone
Real thickness Virtual thickness

qcond qcond
Cells Meshed Cells Not Meshed
1-D Fourier’s Law Introduced Through Thermal
Fourier’s Law Solved in 3D Resistance (Assumed Normal Flux Only)
Wall Boundary Conditions
• Option #2 – Thermal resistance of the solid material can be applied

in FLUENT
Te
Tem Inner
Domain
Outer Tim
Domain
Ti
t
R
k A Mesh
Example – Electrical Resistance in a Furnace
• Example: How to represent electrical coils at the top and bottom of

the furnace?
Temperature contours of a continuous glass sheet

in a furnace with two heating zones.
(Courtesy PPG Industries Inc)

Periodic Heat Transfer
• Periodic boundary conditions are used when flow and heat transfer
patterns are repeated
• Types of periodic conditions

• Streamwise
• Geometry and boundary conditions repeat in the streamwise direction
• Constant temperature
• Uniform heat flux
• Zero pressure drop
• No special requirements; thermal conditions at two periods are identical
Periodic
Periodic Heat Transfer
• In streamwise periodic problems, temperature is not a periodic

function
• If the temperature is scaled properly, then the scaled temperature

does exhibit periodic behavior
T  Twall

Tbulk  Twall
inlet
Scaled temperature  T  V  dA
Tbulk  A
inlet
  V  dA
A
• Streamwise periodic
• Specified heat flux condition
• T (r  L)  T (r) T (r  2 L)  T (r  L)
Boundary matching :  
L L
Tbulk  Tbulk
Q
 
exit inlet
m C p L L

Periodic Heat Transfer Limitations
• Streamwise periodic heat transfer is subject to the following constraints:

• The pressure-based solver must be used.
• All fixed temperature walls must have the same value; however, varying heat
flux on walls is permissible.
• When constant temperature wall boundaries are used, you cannot include
viscous heating effects or any volumetric heat sources.
• In cases that involve solid regions, the regions cannot straddle the periodic
plane (because this may violate of one of the above rules).
• Only constant thermal properties
• You cannot model species or reacting flows; however they can vary spatially in a
periodic manner.
• Thermodynamic and transport properties cannot be functions of temperature.
Periodic Periodic
Solid
Appendix
15.0 Release

Tips & Tricks – Thermal Resistance
• Thermal resistance formula

e
in FLUENT is valid for very R
thin walls or planar surface. kA
• To model thick walls, typically

the effective thickness is Rtotal  R1  R2  R3
specified. 1 2 3
etotal  e1  e2  e3
• For composite walls, typically
the combined (total) thermal R1 R2 R3 e1  e2  e3
conductivity is specified. k total 
e1 e2 e3
 
k1 k 2 k3
Series Thermal Circuit

Tips & Tricks – Thermal Resistance
• For feeding into Fluent, use the formulas in this

slide in conjunction with slide 39.
k wall
• Thermal resistance for convection can be defined
as Rconv Rwall
1
Rconv 
hA
• Thermal resistance can be contained in the heat t
transfer coefficient
1 1 t
 
heq h k
• Contact thermal resistance

Order of magnitude for 2 pieces of
NOTE: For transient problems, thermal resistance treatment aluminum (10 µm surface roughness,
may not be appropriate. Shell conduction or meshed solid 105 N/m2) in air
R = 2.75 10-4 m2·K / W
may be required.

Tips & Tricks – Free Convection Heat
Losses
• Modeling external heat loss for natural convection in ambient air
• McAdams proposes the following formula (valid for air with Pr = 0.7)
• Horizontal top wall: C = 2.25–2.5
• Horizontal bottom wall: C = 1.26–1.36
• Horizontal or vertical wall (> 30 cm): C = 1.78–1.94
h  C Twall  Tfree 
1/ 4
h ~ 5–10 W/m2·K
#include "udf.h"
DEFINE_PROFILE(h_vertical,tf,nv)
{
face_t f;
real Tfree, Twall;
begin_f_loop(f,tf)
{
Tfree = F_VAR(f,tf,THREAD_VAR(tf).wall.Tinf);
Twall = fabs(WALL_TEMP_INNER(f,tf));
F_PROFILE(f,tf,nv) = 1.94*pow((Twall - Tfree),0.25);
}
end_f_loop(f,tf)
}

Tips & Tricks – Radiation Heat Losses
• Basic relationship in FLUENT is valid for qrad    (T4  Tw4 )

small convex gray wall in an infinite
surrounding.
• Radiation heat losses between a black q  Fw,surr  (Tsurr

4
 Tw4 )
wall and a finite black surrounding
surface
• External emissivity can be substituted by
 (Tsurr
4
 Tw4 )
view factor. Fw,surr is the view factor. q
1 1
• Radiation heat losses between an  1
ε w  surr
infinite plane and an infinite planar
surrounding
• Heat transfer coefficient for radiation 

hrad    T  Tw  T2  Tw2 
exchange

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Lecture 1 - Introduction

Heat Transfer Modeling using

Modes of Heat Transfer

Basic Heat Transfer Phenomena

The Energy Equation

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. June 3, 2014 2 Release 15

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. June 3, 2014 3 Release 15

Modes of Heat Transfer

Basic Heat Transfer Phenomena

The Energy Equation

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. June 3, 2014 4 Release 15

Conduction is the transfer of heat by molecular interaction.

Fourier’s Law states that heat flux is proportional to temperature gradient.

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. June 3, 2014 5 Release 15

For a simple 1D steady state conduction, the temperature profile through

This leads to the concept of thermal resistance:

Convection heat transfer results from fluid motion.

Flow and heat transfer past a heated block

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. June 3, 2014 7 Release 15

Newton’s law of cooling states that

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. June 3, 2014 8 Release 15

In general, h is not constant but is

There are three types of convection: Thot Tcold 4 – 4,000

• Boiling Convection – Body is hot enough to

 ...Thermal diffusivity,  ... Thermal expansion coefficient

• In most industrial applications, free and forced convection occur

Gr  g L T Fr << 1 Forced convection dominates

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. June 3, 2014 11 Release 15

• Analogous to the viscous boundary layer that develops, there is also a

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. June 3, 2014 12 Release 15

• The Nusselt number (Nu) represents the relative magnitude of “real”

• Nusselt number derivation

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. June 3, 2014 13 Release 15

• Correlations can be used in FLUENT to

Nu D  2  0.6 Re1D/ 2 Pr1/ 3 Typical Prandtl Numbers

Nu D  0.332 Re1D/ 2 Pr1/ 3

• Thermal radiation is an emission of energy via electromagnetic

• Intensity depends on body temperature and surface characteristics

• Important mode of heat transfer at high temperatures

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. June 3, 2014 15 Release 15

• A black body is a model of a perfect radiator and has specific

• The energy emitted by a black body obeys the Stefan-Boltzmann Law.

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. June 3, 2014 16 Release 15

• Emissivity and absorptivity are equal for a gray body

• Consider radiation emitted by a small body which has Qw

Qnet   As  (Tw4  T4 )

• Radiation heat transfer is significant in high temperature

• Radiation properties can be strongly dependent on chemical

• Radiation heat transfer equations are difficult to solve explicitly

• Radiation should always be considered when radiation heat transfer

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. June 3, 2014 18 Release 15

• Heat transfer due phase change can be present in many forms.

• In order to adequately model these phenomena, we often must rely

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. June 3, 2014 19 Release 15

• Condensation is the transformation of a substance from

• In condensation processes, the vapor temperature is at or

• Condensation occurs in various modes.

• CFD simulation of humid air condensation on a cooled surface

• Mass transfer rate at cooled surface controlled by diffusion

Comparison of FLUENT results with

Predicted Temperature Distribution (331 K < T < 370 K)

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. June 3, 2014 22 Release 15

• Evaporation is the transformation of a substance from liquid to vapor