Eud RCD New

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: PROJECT BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................... 4

1.1 The Project .................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Project Location ............................................................................................................................. 5
1.3 Project Objectives .......................................................................................................................... 5
1.4 The Client ....................................................................................................................................... 5
1.5 Project Scope and Limitations ....................................................................................................... 6
1.6 Project Development ..................................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER 2: DESIGN INPUT ....................................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Description of the Structure ................................................................................................................. 8
Figure 2.1 STAAD Pro V8i Geometric Model of the Structure ............................................................... 8
2.2 Classification of the Structure .............................................................................................................. 9
2.3 Design Loads ...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4 Architectural Plans ............................................................................................................................ 12
2.4.1 Floor Plans ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4.2 Elevations .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.5 Related Literature .............................................................................................................................. 18
CHAPTER 3: CONSTRAINTS, TRADE-OFFS AND STANDARDS............................................................. 22
3.1 Design Constraints ............................................................................................................................ 22
3.2 Trade-offs .......................................................................................................................................... 23
3.2.1 Constant Column Dimension ..................................................................................................... 23
3.2.2 Reduction Column ..................................................................................................................... 24
3.2.3 Raw Designer’s Ranking ............................................................................................................ 25
3.2.4 Tradeoffs Assessment ............................................................................................................... 26
3.2.5 Initial Cost Estimate ................................................................................................................... 27
3.3 Design Standards .............................................................................................................................. 29
CHAPTER 4: DESIGN OF THE STRUCTURE ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1 Design Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 4.1 Design Stage Process ....................................................................................................... 30
4.2 Structural Modeling and Analysis ...................................................................................................... 31
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4.2.1 Design of Constant Column Dimension ................................................................................... 32
4.2.2 Design of Reduction Column ..................................................................................................... 32
4.3 Structural Design Procedure ............................................................................................................. 33
4.4 Validation of Multiple Constraints, Trade-Offs and Standards ........................................................... 37
4.4.1 Final Estimate of Trade-offs ....................................................................................................... 38
4.4.2 Designer’s Final Ranking and Assessment ................................................................................ 40
4.5 Influence of Multiple Constraints, Trade-offs and Standards in the final design ................................ 40
4.5.1 Economic Alternatives................................................................................................................ 41
4.5.2 Constructability Alternatives ....................................................................................................... 42
4.5.3 Service comparison.................................................................................................................... 43
4.5.4 Environmental Comparison ........................................................................................................ 44
CHAPTER 5: FINAL DESIGN ...................................................................................................................... 45
APPENDIX A: CODES AND STANDARDS ................................................................................................. 47
APPENDIX B: DESIGN OF CONSTANT COLUMN DESIGN (REINFORCED CONCRETE) ...................... 57
A. Computation of Slabs ...................................................................................................................... 58
B. Computation of Beams .................................................................................................................... 64
C. Computation of Columns ................................................................................................................. 69
D. Cost Estimate Computation ............................................................................................................. 73
E. Manhour Estimate............................................................................................................................ 78
APPENDIX C: DESIGN OF REDUCTION COLUMN (REINFORCED CONCRETE) ................................... 84
A. Computation of Slabs ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
B. Computation of Beams .................................................................................................................... 89
C. Computation of Columns ................................................................................................................. 92
D. Computation of Shearwall................................................................................................................ 95
E. Cost Estimate Computation ............................................................................................................. 97
F. Manhour Estimate............................................................................................................................ 99
G. Seismic Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 102
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CHAPTER I: PROJECT DESCRIPTION
1.1 The Project
This project is about a proposed structural plan of a four -storey commercial building that will be
built along Sitio Parugan, Barangay Dalig, Antipolo City. Considering as an urbanized portion of the Rizal,
this project will offer assistance individuals to have employments close the area. These too give a
establishments near to the individuals on this area.
This commercial building comprises of 4 floors with a floor dimension of 13.4 meters by 13.4
meters. The ground floor comprises of the admin’s office, lobby, storage room & mechanical room, canteen
and a men’s & women’s comfort room. The moment up to the fourth floor has 3 units/spaces which is for
lease. This commercial building has an get to stairs on the correct side of the building. The stairs is for
open utilize and for emergency purposes. The spaces for lease have a measurement of 5 meters by 5
meters. This commercial building includes a add up to floor range of 718.24 meters2. This five-storey
commercial building will be a reinforced concrete building which will be made up of concrete reinforced
materials like concrete reinforced with steel bars for beams, slabs and columns.
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Figure 1.1 Perspective view
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Figure 1.2 Site Location Map
1.2 Project Objectives
A. To design a five-storey building by Reinforced Concrete Design that will satisfy the client.
B. To produce a structural plan that will include the dimensions of beams, slabs, and columns, by using
the design methods used in Reinforced Concrete Design based on the National Structural Code of the
Philippines.
C. To have an accurate, safe and economical structure by evaluating the influence of multiple
constraints, trade-offs and standards in the final design.
1.3 The Client
The client of this project is Engr. Edwin Salendrez which is an engineer and businessman who wants to
invest on having a commercial building that he could manage.
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1.4 Project Scope and Limitations
Scopes:
● This project is based to the National Building Code of the Philippines and National Structural Code of
the Philippines 2010
● The analyzation structural member design using STAAD Pro v8i (Software Application)
● Provide design drawings of the Reinforced Concrete structural framing system
Limitations:
● Based on the tradeoffs, the comparison that the designers considered in economic criterion was the
costs estimates only for columns
● Interior design of the structure was not considered
● Plumbing, mechanical and electrical plans are not included on this project
1.5 Project Development
This project was developed first by the conceptualization of the client for this five-storey building. The
place which the structure will be built should be considered next. The design standards are used to come
up with a better floor plan, these standards could be based from the location of the structure and the design
constraint. After the design standards are considered, the floor plan could be generated. The designers
started making up the floor plan then worked on their geometric design computation.
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Figure 1.3 Stages of Design Project
LOCATION & DESIGN ARCHITECTURAL GEOMETRIC DESIGN

CONCEPTUALIZATION DESIGN STANDARDS
CONSTRAINTS PLANS COMPUTATION
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CHAPTER II: DESIGN INPUTS
2.1 Description of the Structure
The structure was based from the design standards of the National building Code of the Philippines
with based to the National Structural Code of the Philippines. The building consists of 15 spaces for rent
(2nd floor to 5th floor) which has a dimension of 5 meters by 5 meters, with comfort rooms that measure 5
meters by 3.7 meters. The 13.4 meters by 13.4 meters building has a stairs and elevator located at the
portion of the entrance. Since the building is a 5-storey, it is required to have an elevator for easy access
from floor to floor.
Figure 2.1 STAAD Pro V8i Geometric Model of the Structure
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2.2 Classification of the Structure
The designers classified the occupancy of the structure based on the codes provided by National
Structural Code of the Philippines. It is significant for the structure to be categorized according to its
occupancy for it will be the basis for the parameters necessary for seismic and earthquake analysis.
Table 2.1 Rooms Classifications with Corresponding Area
FUNCTION AREA (m2) TOTAL AREA (m2)
Storage and Mechanical Room 15 15
Comfort Rooms 18.5 92.5
Canteen 15 15
Admin’s Office 25 25
Lobby 25 25
Waiting Area 15 60
Space for Rent 25 300
Total Floor Area 532.5
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Table 2.2 Rooms Function and Corresponding Quantity
FUNCTION QUANTITY
Storage and Mechanical Room 1
Comfort Rooms 5
Canteen 1
Admin’s Office 1
Lobby 1
Waiting Area 4
Space for Rent 12
Total 25
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2.3 Architectural Plans
Figure 2.2 Ground Floor Plan
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Figure 2.3 2nd to 5th Floor Plan
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Figure 2.4 Roof Deck Floor Plan
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Figure 2.5 Front Elevation
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Figure 2.6 Rear Elevation
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Figure 2.7 Right side Elevation
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Figure 2.8 Left side Elevation
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2.4 Related Literature
● According to Jack P. Moehle, John D. Hooper, and Chris D. Lubke, authors of the “Seismic Design of
Reinforced Concrete Special Moment Frames”, Moment frames are generally selected as the seismic
forceresisting system when architectural space planning flexibility is desired. When concrete moment
frames are selected for buildings assigned to Seismic Design Categories D, E, or F, they are required to be
detailed as special reinforced concrete moment frames. Proportioning and detailing requirements for a
special moment frame will enable the frame to safely undergo extensive inelastic deformations that are
anticipated in these seismic design categories. Special moment frames may be used in Seismic Design
Categories A, B, and C, though this may not lead to the most economical design. If special moment frames
are selected as the seismic force-resisting system, ALL requirements for the frames must be satisfied to
help ensure ductile behavior.
Reference: http://www.nehrp.gov/pdf/nistgcr8-917-1.pdf
● Semi analytical procedure is presented for the axial buckling of elastic columns with step‐varying profiles.
Profiles with continuous variations can be approximated, to any desired degree of accuracy, by a series of
step variations. The formulation leads to a general procedure that can be applied to any continuous or
discontinuous profile regardless of the number of steps. Since the step changes of the profile are
represented by distributions, the differential equation cannot be solved in the ordinary sense. The
differential equation is therefore converted to an integral equation. The solution of the integral equation is
obtained by polynomial functions. The formulation involves a significant amount of algebraic manipulations.
This problem is alleviated by using a symbolic manipulation system to carry out the algebraic
manipulations. The integral kernels are obtained for the different boundary conditions. Formulas for
buckling loads for members with variable profiles and different boundary conditions can be obtained in
terms of the section and profile parameters. The example problems present the solution of some common
columns with variable cross sections. The procedure can be used to derive the elastic and geometric
stiffness matrices for beam columns with variable cross sections as well as for other elements.
Reference: http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1991)117%3A8(2426)
Page 18 of 105
● Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but significantly lower tensile strength, and as such is
usually reinforced with materials that are strong in tension (often steel). The elasticity of concrete is
relatively constant at low stress levels but starts decreasing at higher stress levels as matrix cracking
develop. Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, and as it matures concrete shrinks. All
concrete structures will crack to some extent, due to shrinkage and tension. Concrete which is subjected to
long-duration forces is prone to creep.
Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties_of_concrete
● Column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits,
through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. In other words,
a column is a compression member. The term column applies especially to a large round support
(the shaft of the column) with a capital and a base or pedestal and made of stone, or appearing to be so. A
small wooden or metal support is typically called a post, and supports with a rectangular or other non-round
section are usually called piers.
Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column
● Structural engineering is a specialty within the field of civil engineering focuses on the framework of
structures, and on designing those structures to withstand the stresses and pressures of their environment
and remain safe, stable and secure throughout their use. In other words, structural engineers make sure
that buildings don't fall down and bridges don't collapse.
Reference: http://www.livescience.com/47816-structural-engineering.html
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● According to Hi Sun Choi, Goman Ho, Leonard Joseph, and Neville Mathias, authors of “Outrigger
Design for High-Rise Buildings”, A building with a central core braced frame or shear walls, an outrigger
system engages perimeter columns to efficiently reduce building deformations from overturning moments at
upper floors. A tall building structure which incorporates an outrigger system can experience a reduction in
core overturning moment up to 40% compared to a free cantilever, as well as a significant reduction in drift
depending on the relative rigidities of the core and the outrigger system.
Reference: https://store.ctbuh.org/PDF_Previews/Books/2012_CTBUHOutriggerGuide_Preview.pdf
● Column loads accumulate from the top of the building to the bottom. If columns in all building are sized
purely on the basis of the loads they carry, they will be larger at the bottom than at the top. Column is more
resistant to buckling in the direction of its larger dimension.
Reference:
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=IGIWtYc5NO0C&pg=PA520&lpg=PA520&dq=columns+that+have+l
arger+dimension+on+bottom&source=bl&ots=BYItRJsBRJ&sig=b25uw2nyuKuIZm-
agApUIP__ISw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi7xsPj1sHLAhXD2aYKHeJiB4YQ6AEIHzAB#v=onepage&q=c
olumns%20that%20have%20larger%20dimension%20on%20bottom&f=false
● Slender columns loaded in compression are at risk of buckling, in other words the more slender the
column is, the lower is its permissible load (buckling load). The length of the column is therefore governed
by its relationship to its smallest dimension. The buckling length depends on each type of support at each
end, and may be shorter (=high buckling load) or shorter (=low buckling load) than the actual length of the
column. Normally, however columns with pinned ends are met with superstructure works.
Reference:
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=Dmw92fsSbPgC&pg=PA73&lpg=PA73&dq=columns+with+largest+
dimension+at+bottom+and+smallest+dimension+at+top&source=bl&ots=sllVcqqBZt&sig=023hxGDwPEqph
JH7F1ejuAa0ZYc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi0h5if5r_LAhWIX5QKHTsmBwAQ6AEIQjAH#v=onepage&
q=columns%20with%20largest%20dimension%20at%20bottom%20and%20smallest%20dimension%20at
%20top&f=false
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● Columns have smallest dimension at the top and largest at the bottom. Due to this reason, the ratio of
rigidity of the beam to that of the column is larger at the upper floors than in the lower floors. The positive
bending moment in the beam increase in the rigidity of columns, while the negative B.M. in them increase
with the increase of rigidity of the columns. Due to this, the positive B.M. are largest in the upper storeys
where the columns are least rigid and the negative bending moments are maximum in the lower storeys
where the columns are rigid.
Reference:
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=oHc7_L4fDIwC&pg=PA565&lpg=PA565&dq=decreasing+column+di
mension+on+structures&source=bl&ots=IQ82NCWYSY&sig=uf6wHC_3CRs9M4x3nW95H7x_WOU&hl=en
&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwingPvM5b_LAhVEGZQKHbaRCQkQ6AEIPTAI#v=onepage&q=decreasing%20colu
mn%20dimension%20on%20structures&f=false
● Structural engineering helps predict safety and assess capacity and stability of a structure against static
and dynamic loading. Structural engineers check internal and external forces, including fracture, materials
used, earthquake, vibration, creep, structure fatigue, temperature, wind, and dynamics, which have bearing
on the structure. It also delineates structural ability to show warning signs before collapsing of pre–stressed
and post–tensioned structures and requirements for their serviceability long after the construction is
completed. This helps plan the design and construct the structure keeping in view the safety and security of
workers, visitors, and customers and avoiding potential dangers.
Reference: https://www.indiacadworks.com/article/structural-engineering.php
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CHAPTER III: CONSTRAINTS, TRADEOFFS AND STANDARDS
3.1 Design Constraints
Design Constraints are limitations considered in building a structure which affects the performance
in order to achieve a desired outcome. These constraints affect other constraints even though they are not
related but there are also constraints that are of the same type of constraint as the others.
On a design of a Reinforced Concrete Structure, it is relevant to discuss about the possible design
constraints that are applicable to the project. Constraint is a constraining condition, agency, or force that
limits the systems’ performance in a given environment but it has to be managed since it is a relevant factor
to the main design. Practically, in all cases the constraints’ limiting impact can be reduced or eliminated.
The following were considered to have an important effect on the design of the Commercial Building:
● Constructability: The Constant Column Dimension and the Reduction Column will also be evaluated
based on the no. of man-hours they will be constructed. By adjusting the Constant Column Dimension, the
process was done by adjusting the largest column dimension that was computed and applied it for all the
columns in the structure. As for the Reduction Column, the size of the columns will be decreased in the
upper floors because the load that it carries is lesser. The Construction Duration is significant since there
was allotted time that the structure must be done. The design that would only accumulate a short range of
time will be favourable to use.
● Economic Constraints: A comparison between the two was analysed so that whichever will result as
cost effective. Thus, the effect of these two to the strength of the structure is also taken into considerations.
Once the two are finalized and evaluated, the best option will be the one that the designer will consider.
● Serviceability: The trade-offs, Constant Column Dimension and Reduction Column, will be assessed
according to the capability to carry the loads which can be examined naturally through the member’s
deflection and stiffness. The project which appears to be firmer than the other will be considered to have a
superior serviceability.
.
● Environmental: Cement is produced largely affects the air. It produces high amount of carbon
monoxide. It will be assessed according to how many cement will be used for the project. By using less
cement, it makes the project more environmental friendly.
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In considering design constraints, trade-offs were provided by the designers that have a significant
effect on the structural design of the educational building (particularly the columns). As a trade-off, the
designer will have to evaluate whether to use the constant column dimension or reduction column in terms
of economic and constructability constraints.
The designer will have to choose between the constant column dimension and reduction column
considering economic, constructability and serviceability constraints. Both type of column design will have
the difference on the effect to the educational building, but the designer had to choose whether which is
cheaper, more capable of carrying the loads and will compromise with the constructability limitation of the
design.
3.2 Tradeoffs
As for the trade-offs, the designers considered the column designs, the constant column dimension
and the reduction column. A consideration will be done to determine which is the effective column design
that will comply the listed multiple constraints.
Figure 3.1 Constant Column Dimension
Reference: http://www.engineeringcivil.com/presentation-on-reinforcing-detailing-of-r-c-c-members.html
The constant column dimension is a design where all columns in a structure have the same
dimensions.
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Figure 3.2 Reduction Column
Reference: http://www.engineeringcivil.com/presentation-on-reinforcing-detailing-of-r-c-c-members.html
Reduction column are one cost - effective and can also called as traditional column design.
The Trade Offs is based on the constraints stated on the Chapter 3.1 Design Constraints, two
column designs were considered to satisfy the multiple constraints. These are listed in Table 3.1. By giving
the client an option into which one of the interchange design that will be chosen, the designer used the
model on trade-off strategies in engineering design by Otto and Antonsson (1991), scaled the criterion’s
importance from 0 to 5, 5 being the highest and likewise, to satisfy the ability of the criterion it was scaled
also from 0 to 5, and 5 being the highest
Computation of ranking for ability to satisfy criterion of materials:

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
% 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = × 100
𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Equation 3.1
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 − (%𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒) × 100
Equation 3.2
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The governing rank is the subjective value set by the designers. It depends on the designers own
discrepancy on ranking the importance of each constraint. The subordinate rank in Equation 3.2 is a
variable that corresponds to its percentage distance from the governing rank along the ranking scale.
Figure 3.3 Ranking Scale
3.2.1 Raw Designer’s Ranking

After considering the design constraints, the designers came up with the raw rankings on the
constant column dimension and the reduction column. The discussion on how the designers came up with
the raw rankings values are shown and computed below.
Ability to satisfy the criterion

Criterion’s Importance
Decision Criteria (on a scale of 0 to 5) (on a scale from -5 to 5)
Constant Column
Reduction Column
Dimension
Economic 5 3 5
Constructability 4 5 3
Serviceability 3 4 2
Environmental 3 3 4
Over-all Rank 56 55
Table 3.1 Raw Designer's Ranking
Reference: Otto, K. N. and Antonsson, E. K., (1991). Trade-off strategies in engineering design. Research
in Engineering Design, volume 3, number 2, pages 87-104.
Retrieved from http://www.design.caltech.edu/Research/Publications/90e.pdf on March 11, 2011
Page 25 of 105
3.2.2 Tradeoffs Assessment
Based on the table, the criterion’s importance is subjective; its value will then depend on the
client’s and designer’s choice. Consequently, the design of column is subject for pondering, thus it is
important to study on how to make the expense as cheaper as possible. In this case, economic constraint
was given an importance of five (5). The constructability constraint is given an importance of four (4) since
its significance will be based on the after construction of the columns while serviceability is given
importance of three (3) and it is based on the capacity of the column to carry the loads subjected to it.
3.2.2.1 Economic Assessment
The computed difference of the two column designs is based on the economic constraint. From on
the initial cost formulated by the designers, the reduction column is cheaper than the constant column
dimension considering the volume of concrete that will be used.
3.2.2.2 Constructability Assessment
For the constructability constraint, it turned out that the labour for the construction of reduction
column will need more workers compared to the constant column dimension.
3.2.2.3 Serviceability Assessment
When it comes to the serviceability constraint, it turned out that the capability to carry the loads is
to be examined. The designer compared the member’s deflection and stiffness for the two trade-offs. Then
through that, the designer assess the approximate time of failure at which the constant dimension and
reduction column dimension will yield.
3.2.2.4 Environmental
Based on the environmental constraint, the constant column dimension will use more bags of
cement than the reduction column. Therefore more carbon monoxide will be released which is more
harmful to our environment.
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3.2.3 Initial Cost Estimate
The designers provided cost estimates for the both Column Designs. Through this estimates, the
designers can be able to come up with which of the following type of column design will win for economic
and constructability constraint. The initial cost estimates were elaborated in Appendix B of this paper. The
designers consider the cost provided in the Philippine Market.
Constant Column
Constraint Reduction Column
Dimension
Economic PHP 85,550.00 PHP 66,750.00
Constructability 8 Man hours 10 Man hours
Serviceability 12 years 8 years
Table 3.2 Summary of Initial Cost Estimate
Computation of ranking for Economic Constraint
ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
85,550.00 − 66,750.00
85,550.00
%𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 2.20 = 3
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 − %𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 5 − 3
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟐
Figure 3.4 Economic Constraint Difference
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Computation of ranking for Constructability Constraint

10 − 8
10
%𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 2
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟑
Figure 3.5 Constructability Constraint Difference
Computation of ranking for Serviceability Constraint

12 − 8
12
%𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 3
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟐
Page 28 of 105
Figure 3.6 Serviceability Constraint Difference
3.3 Design Standards

The designers some come up with the design of the Commercial building with accordance to the
following codes and standards:
1. National Building Code of the Philippines

2. National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) vol. 1-2010 edition (PD1096)
The National Building Code of the Philippines (PD 1096).The National Building Code of the
Philippines, also known as Presidential Decree No. 1096 was formulated and adopted as a uniform
building code to embody up-to-date and modern technical knowledge on building design, construction,
use, occupancy and maintenance. The Code provides for all buildings and structures, a framework of
minimum standards and requirements to regulate and control location, site, design, and quality of
materials, construction, use, occupancy, and maintenance.
The National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010.This code provides minimum standards to
safeguard life or limb, property and public welfare by regulating and controlling the design,
construction, quality of materials pertaining to the structural aspects of all buildings and structures
within its jurisdiction. The provision of this code shall apply to the construction, alteration, moving,
demolition, repair, maintenance and use of any building or structure within its jurisdiction, except work
located primarily in a public way, public utility towers and poles, hydraulic flood control structures, and
indigenous family dwellings.
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CHAPTER IV: DESIGN OF STRUCTURE
4.1 Design Methodology
The Engineering design of the structure was done with based to the various codes and standards.
For this structure, Reinforced Concrete Design has been used. The codes and standards that have
been considered were stated on the Chapter 3 of this project.
FIVE STOREY COMMERCIAL BUILDING
GEOMETRIC MODELLING
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
STRUCTURE MODELS
LOAD MODEL
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Figure 4.1 Design Stage Process
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The lay-out plans were conceptualized with the use of the National Building Code of the
Philippines. The consideration of the particular design specifications and the material properties that will be
used were also specified. The design methodology used was based on the rules of the current standards
and codes in the 2010 National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP).
Using STAAD Pro, the designer comes up with engineered structure models. Then the structural
analysis was done to calculate necessary structural data. Then the structural members were designed.
4.2 Geometric Modelling
Figure 4.2 Geometric Model of the Structure
Page 31 of 105
4.3 Framing Plans
Figure 4.3 Framing Plan
Page 32 of 105
4.4 Load Diagrams
Figure 4.4 Shear Diagram
Page 33 of 105
Figure 4.5 Moment Diagram
Page 34 of 105
Figure 4.6 Earthquake Load Diagram
Page 35 of 105
Figure 4.7 Wind Load Diagram
Page 36 of 105
4.5 Load Combinations
● 1.4DL
● 1.2DL +1.6LL
● 1.2DL + W + LL
● 1.2DL + E + LL
● 0.9DL + W
● 0.9DL +E
4.6 Validation of Multiple Constraints, Tradeoffs and Standards
In order to confirm the results of Designer’s Raw Ranking in Chapter 3, the designers had this
validation of tradeoffs. This validation will show the conviction of the expectations done through the initial
estimates presented in Chapter 3 and compared it to the final cost estimates.
The result shows that the one that governs among the tradeoff is the Constant Column
Dimension. Based on the raw designer’s ranking presented in chapter 3 of this paper, the drafted tradeoffs
(particularly, the constant column dimension and the reduction column) were compared through initial
estimates.
MATERIAL COSTS COMPARISON (COLUMN ONLY)
Constant Column Reduction

Material Description Difference () % Savings
Dimension (PHP) Column (PHP)
Ready Mix Concrete 246,876.60 196,976.07 PHP 49,900.53 -20.21
Column Wood
16,543.12 41,876.48 PHP 25,333.36 60.495
Formworks
Table 4.1 Material Cost Comparison of Roofing Materials
Page 37 of 105
The table above shows the consumption of materials and cost savings. The following are the
certain differences between the two column designs:
 -20.21% means having constant column dimension in the building will cost you more
compared to the reduction column dimension design.
 60.495% of Savings for Column wood formworks to constant column dimension.
4.6.1 Final Estimates of Tradeoffs
Since we are also considering the price of the reinforcement bars, we should add its cost estimate.
As per written to the Cost Estimate of the two engineered column design methodology.
Estimate
Constraint
Constant Column Dimension Reduction Column
Economic (Cost) PHP431,386.60 PHP356,356.63
Constructability 392 man hours 526 man hours
Serviceability(of the whole 12.3 years 10.2 years

structure)
Economical 384 bags of cement 290.5 bags of cement
Table 4.2 Final Estimate
4.6.2 Computation for Final Designer’s Ranking
Computation of Ranking for Economic Constraint

431,386.60 − 356,356.63
431,386.60
%𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 1.739
Page 38 of 105
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 5 − 1.739
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟔
Computation of Ranking for Constructability Constraint

526 − 392
526
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟓
Computation of Ranking for serviceability Constraint

12.3 − 10.2
12.3
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟗𝟑
Page 39 of 105
Criterion’s Importance Ability to satisfy the criterion
(on a scale of 0 to 5) (on a scale from -5 to 5)
Decision Criteria
Constant Column
Reduction Column
Dimension
1. Economic (Cost) 5 𝟑. 𝟐𝟔 5
2. Constructability 4 5 2.547
3. Serviceability 3 𝟏. 𝟐𝟗𝟑 3
4. Economical 3 3 4
Over-all Rank 49.179 56.188
Table 4.3 Final Designer's Ranking
4.6.2.1 Designer’s Final Ranking Assessment
By looking on the result on the Designer’s Final Ranking, the leading tradeoff is still the Constant
Column Dimension in connection with the raw designer’s ranking. In terms of Economic Constraints, the
Reduction column got the rank of 5 considering that its price cost in the market as well as the volume of
concrete that will be used is cheaper rather than the constant column dimension. As for the constructability
constraints, the number of man hours needed to construct the reduction column is larger rather than
constant column dimension and gets the rank of 5. For the serviceability constraint, the constant column
dimension will be able to withstand more years as it is more ductile and capable of carrying more loads
than the other tradeoff. And lastly, the constant column requires more cement than the reduction column
design therefore constant column is lesser economical.
4.7 Influence of Multiple Constraints, Tradeoffs, and Standards in the Final Design
The engineering standards provided for the design of the columns of the five-storey commercial
building directed and assisted the designer to design a safe and efficient design. The designers assure that
every single part that he had comprised in the design conforms to the codes and standards with genuine
data. The tradeoff is very significant in the design for it will solve the problem regarding the concern of
client’s expenses.
Page 40 of 105
4.7.1 Economic Alternatives
500,000.00
450,000.00 431,386.60
400,000.00
356,356.63
350,000.00
300,000.00
250,000.00
200,000.00
150,000.00
100,000.00
50,000.00
0.00
Cost (In Peso)
Figure 4.8 Economic Comparison
The figure shows that the reduction column is higher compared to constant column dimension.
Page 41 of 105
4.7.2 Constructability Alternatives
Chart Title
1000
800
526
600
Reduction Column
400 Constant Column Dimension
200 392
Man-Hours
Figure 4.9 Constructability Comparison
In terms of man hours, the constant column dimension is to be made faster than the reduction
column considering the time needed to make the formworks for the column as well as the laying of
reinforcements and pouring of concrete.
Page 42 of 105
14.00
12.30
12.00
10.20
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
Figure 4.10 Serviceability Comparison
In terms of serviceability, the constant column dimension is to provide serviceability more years
than the reduction column considering the stiffness and the capability to carry load over a period of time.
Page 43 of 105
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
No. Of Cement No. of Cement
bags to be used on bags to be used on
Constant Column Reduction column
Figure 4.11 Environmental Comparison
This figure shows that the constant column needs more bags of cement compared to the reduction
column therefore the reduction column is more environmental than constant column.
Page 44 of 105
CHAPTER V: FINAL DESIGN
Based on the National Building Code of the Philippines and the National Structural Code of the
Philippines, the designers have come up to a design. The structural parts of the design were able to pass
the necessary test for adequacy needed for the design. In this paper the details of the structural members
were specified and the cost estimates were also provided for the client.
Concluding up the design of the commercial building, the designers considered the use of constant
column dimension design in column for it will help the client save at least 41 % of the estimated cost for
column construction.
5.1 Design Schedules
Design Details
Thickness Spacing
SLAB Bar Diameter
(m)
SLAB 1 0.125 12 150mm
SLAB 2 0.125 12 150mm
Table 5.1 Design Schedule for Slab
LEFT END MIDSPAN RIGHT END

BEAM DIMENSION
TOP BARS BOTTOM BARS TOP BARS
B-1 300mm x 500mm 3 - 20 mm Ø 2 - 20 mm Ø 3 - 20 mm Ø
B-2 300mm x 500mm 3 - 16 mm Ø 2 - 16 mm Ø 3 - 16 mm Ø
RB-1 300mm x 400mm 2 - 16 mm Ø 3 - 16 mm Ø 2 - 16 mm Ø
Table 5.2 Design Schedule for Beams
Page 45 of 105
GROUND FLOOR TO 5TH FLOOR
COLUMN DIMENSION NO. OF BARS
C-1 500mm x 500mm 8-25mm Ø
Table 5.3 Design Schedule for Columns
Page 46 of 105
APPENDIX A: CODES AND STANDARDS
National Building Code of the Philippines (NBC)
The following are the sections and codes that are followed in conceptualizing and designing the structural
plan of the apartment building:
 Section 401. Types of Construction

Type I. The structural elements may be any of the materials permitted by this Code.
 Section 701. Occupancy Classified.

Group B. Residentials, Hotels and Apartments
 Section 805. Ceiling Heights.

Habitable rooms provided with artificial ventilation have ceiling heights not less than 2.40
meters measured from the floor to the ceiling; Provided that for buildings of more than one-storey,
the minimum ceiling height of the first storey shall be 2.70 meters and that for the second storey
2.40 meters and succeeding storeys shall have an unobstructed typical head-room clearance of
not less than 2.10 meters above the finished floor. Above stated rooms with a natural ventilation
shall have ceiling height not less than 2.70 meters.
 Section 806. Size and Dimensions of Rooms.

Minimum sizes of rooms and their least horizontal dimensions shall be as follows:
1. Rooms for Human Habitations. 6.00 square meters with at least dimensions of 2.00
2. Kitchens. 3.00 square meters with at least dimension of 1.50 meters;
3. Bath and toilet. 1.20 square meters with at least dimension of 0.90 meters.
 Section 808. Window Openings.

Every room intended for any use, not provided with artificial ventilation system as herein
specified in this Code, shall be provided with a window or windows with a total free area of
openings equal to at least ten percent of the floor area of room, and such window shall open
directly to a court, yard, public street or alley, or open water courses.
 Section 1207. Stairs, Exits and Occupant Loads.
General. The construction of stairs and exits shall conform to the occupant load
requirements of buildings, reviewing stands, bleachers and grandstands:
Page 47 of 105
a. Determinations of Occupant Loads. The Occupant load permitted in any building or portion thereof
shall be determined by dividing the floor area assigned to that use by the unit area allowed per
occupant as determined by the Secretary.
b. Exit Requirements. Exit requirements of a building or portion thereof used for different purposes
shall be determined by the occupant load which gives the largest number of persons. No
obstruction shall be placed in the required width of an exit except projections permitted by this
Code.
National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) C101-10
Notation
𝐴𝑔 = gross area of section, mm2.
𝐴𝑠 = area of nonprestressed tension reinforcement, mm2.
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = minimum amount of flexural reinforcement, mm2.
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = total area of nonprestressed longitudinal reinforcement (bars and steel shapes), mm 2.
𝐴𝑣 = area of shear reinforcement within a distance s, mm2.
𝐴𝑣𝑓 = area of shear-friction reinforcement, mm2.
𝐴′𝑠 = area of compression reinforcement, mm2.
𝑏 = width of compression face of member, mm.
𝑏𝑤 = web width, mm.
𝑐 = distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis, mm.
𝑐𝑐 = clear cover from the nearest surface in tension to the surface of the flexural tension reinforcement,
mm.
𝐶𝑚 = a factor relating actual moment diagram to an equivalent uniform moment diagram.
𝐷 = dead loads, or related internal moments and forces.
𝑑 = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement, mm.
𝑑′ = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of compression reinforcement, mm.
𝑑𝑏 = nominal diameter of bar, wire, or prestressing strand, mm.
Page 48 of 105
𝑑𝑐 = thickness of concrete cover measure from extreme tension fiber to center of bar or wire located
closest thereto, mm.
𝑑𝑠 = distance from extreme tension fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement, mm.
𝑑𝑡 = distance from extreme compression fiber to extreme tension steel, mm.
𝐸 = load effects of earthquake, or related internal moments and forces.
𝐸𝑐 = modulus of elasticity of concrete, MPa.
𝐸𝑠 = modulus of elasticity of reinforcement, MPa.
𝐸𝐼 = flexural stiffness of compression member, N-mm2.
𝐹 = loads due to weight and pressures of fluids with well defined densities and controllable maximum
heights, or related internal moments and forces.
𝑓′𝑐 = specified compressive strength of concrete, MPa.
𝑓𝑦 = specified yield strength of nonprestressed reinforcement, MPa.
𝑓𝑦𝑡 = specified yield strength fy
𝐻 = loads due to weight and pressure of soil, water in soil, or other materials, or related internal moments
and forces.
ℎ = overall thickness of member, mm.
𝐼 = moment of inertia of section beam about the centroidal axis, mm4.
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = moment of inertia of cracked section transformed to concrete, mm4.
𝐼𝑒 = effective moment of inertia for computation of deflection, mm4.
𝐼𝑔 = moment of inertia of gross concrete section about centroidal axis, neglecting reinforcement, mm 4.
𝐿 = live loads, or related internal moments and forces.
𝐿𝑑 = development length, mm.
𝑙𝑛 = length of clear span measured face-to-face of supports, mm.
𝑀𝑎 = maximum moment in member at stage deflection is computed.
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = cracking moment.
𝑃𝑏 = nominal axial load strength at balanced strain conditions
Page 49 of 105
𝑃𝑛 = nominal axial load strength at given eccentricity.
𝑉𝑐 = nominal shear strength provided by concrete
𝑊 = wind load, or related integral moments and forces.
𝑤𝑐 = unit weight of concrete, kN/m3.
𝑤𝑢 = factored load per unit length of beam or per unit area of slab.
𝛼𝑓 = ratio of flexural stiffness of beam section to flexural stiffness of a width of slab bounded laterally by
center line of adjacent panle, if any on each side of beam.
𝛼𝑓𝑚 = average value of 𝛼𝑓 for all beams on edges of a panel.
𝛽1 = factor
𝜀𝑡 = net tensile strain in extreme tension steel at nominal strength.
𝜆 = modification factor reflection the reduced mechanical properties of lightweight concrete.
𝜆𝛥 = multiplier for additional long-time deflection 𝜌 = ration of nonprestressed tension reinforcement =

𝐴𝑠 ⁄𝑏𝑑
𝜌′ = ratio of nonprestressed compression reinforcement = 𝐴′𝑠 ⁄𝑏𝑑
𝜌𝑏 = reinforcement ratio producing balanced strain conditions
𝛷 = strength-reduction factor.
The following are the sections and codes that are followed in conceptualizing and designing the structural
plan of the apartment building:
 Section 203 - Combination of Load

a. Minimum densities for design loads from materials
b. Minimum design loads
c. Minimum uniform and concentrated live loads
 Section 206 - Other Minimum Loads

a. 206.3 Impact loads
b. 206.3.1 Elevators
c. 206.3.2 Machinery
 Section 207 - Wind Load

a. 207.5.10 Velocity Pressure
Page 50 of 105
b. 207.5.6.6 Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient
c. 207.5.7.2 Topographic Factor
d. 207.5.4.4 Wind Directionality Factor
e. 207.5.6 Exposure
 Section 208 - Earthquake Loads

a. 208.5.1.1 Earthquake Loads
b. 208.5.2.1 Design Base Shear
c. 208.5.2.2 Structure Period
Wind Load
Section 207.5.4 Wind Directionality Factor
The wind directionality factor, Kd, shall be determined form Table 207-2. This factor Shall only be applied
when used in conjunction with load combinations specified in Section 203.3 and 203.4.
 Section 207.5.5 Importance factor

An importance factor Iw, for the building or other structure shall be determined from Table 207-3
based on building and structure categories listed in Table 103-1.
 Section 207.5.6 Exposure

For each wind direction considered, the upwind exposure category shall be based on ground
surface roughness that is determined from natural topography, vegetation, and constructed
facilities.
 Section 207.5.7 Topographic factor

The wind speed up effect shall be included in the calculation of design wind loads by using the
factor kzt. If site conditions and locations of structures do not meet all the conditions specified in
Section 207.5.7.1 the kzt= 1.0
 Section 207.5.8 Gust Effect factor

The gust effect factor shall be calculated as permitted in Sections 207.5.8.1 to 207.5.8.5, using
appropriate values for natural frequency and damping ratio as permitted in Section 207.5.8.6.
 Section 207.5.9 Enclosure Classifications

For the purpose of determining internal pressure coefficients, all buildings shall be classified as
enclosed, partially enclosed, or open as defined in Section 207.2.
 Section 207.5.10 Velocity Pressure

Velocity pressure, qz, evaluated at height z shall be calculated by the following equation qz=
47.3x10-6 kz kzt kd V2 Iw.
 Section 207.5.11 Pressure and Force Coefficients
Page 51 of 105
Internal Pressure Coefficients, GCpi, shall be determined from fig. 207-5 based on building
enclosure classifications determined from Section 207.5.9
 Section 207.5.12 Rigid Building for all heights

Design wind pressures for the MWFRS of a buildings of all heights shall be determined by the
following equation;
P= qGCP – qi(GCPi)
 Section 207.5.13 Design Wind Loads on Open Buildings with Monoslope, Pitched, or Troughed
Roofs
Plus and minus signs signify pressure acting toward and away from the top surface of the roof,
respectively.
 Section 207.5.14 Design Wind Loads on Solid Freestanding Walls and Solid Signs
The design wind force for solid freestanding walls and solid signs shall be determined by the
following formula:
F= qhGCfAs
 Section 207.5.15 Design Wind Loads on other Structures

The design wind force for other structures shall be determined by the following equation:
F=qzGfCfAf
Earthquake Load
 Section 208.5.1 Earthquake Loads and Modeling Requirements

Structures shall be designed for ground motion producing structural response and seismic forces in
any horizontal direction. The following earthquake loads shall be used in the load combinations set
forth in Section 203:
E= ρEh + Eb
 Section 208.5.2 Static Force Procedure

Section 208.5.2.1
The total design base shear in a given direction shall be determined form the following equation:
V= CvI (W)
RT
The total design base shear need not exceed the following:
V= 2.5CaI (W)
R
The Base Shear shall not be less than the following:
Page 52 of 105
V= .11CaIW
 Section 208.5.2.2
The value of T shall be determined using the following method:
Determine the structure period T using Method A

T = Ct (hn)3/4
The following are the tables used in each design computations:
Stone Concrete Fill 1.53 Kpa

Gypsum Board 0.2 Kpa
Suspended Steel Channel 0.1 Kpa
Mechanical Duct Allowance 0.2 Kpa
Terrazo 1.53 Kpa
Grout 0.11 Kpa
CHB 1.65 Kpa
Clay Dry 0.6435 Kpa
Water Proofing 0.05 Kpa
Cement Finish 1.53 Kpa
Table 204-1 Minimum Densities for Design Loads from Materials
Density
Material
(KN/m3)
Masonry, Concrete 16.5
Table 204-2 Minimum Design Dead Loads
Basic Floor Area 1.9 Kpa

Roof Live Load 1.9 Kpa
Table 205-1 Minimum Uniform Concentrated Live Loads
Page 53 of 105
Seismic Importance Seismic Importance Factor
Occupancy Category
Factor I Ip
I. Essential facilities 1.5 1.5
II. Hazardous facilities 1.25 1.5
III. Special Occupancy
1 1
Structures
IV. Standard Occupancy
1 1
Strutures
V. Miscellaneous Structures 1 1
Table 208-1 Seismic Importance Factors
Ave. Properties for Top 30 m Soil Profile

Soil Profile
Soil Profile
Name Shear Wave Velocity SPT Undrained Shear Strenght
SA Hard Rock >1500

SB Rock 760 to 1500
Sc Very Dense Soil 360 to 760 >50 >100
SD Stiff Soil Profile 180 to 360 15 to 50 50 to 100
SE Soft Soil Profile <180 <15 <50
SF Soil Requiring Site-Specific Evaluation See Section 208.4.3.1
Table 208-2 Soil Profile Types
Zone 2 4
Z 0.2 0.4
Table 208-3 Seismic Zone Factor Z
Closest Distance to Known

Seismic Source
Seismic Source
Type
≤ 5 Km ≥10 Km
A 1.2 1
B 1 1
C 1 1
Table 208-4 Near-Source factor Na
Page 54 of 105
Closest Distance to Known
Seismic Source
Seismic Source
Type
≤ 5 Km 10 Km ≥15 Km
A 1.6 1.2 1
B 1.2 1 1
C 1 1 1
Table 208-5 Near-Source factor Nv
Seismic Zone
2 4
Soil Profile Type
Z=0.2 Z=0.4
SA 0.16 .32Na
SB 0.2 .40Na
Sc 0.24 .40Na
SD 0.28 .44Na
SE 0.34 .44Na
SF See Footnote 1 of Table 208-8
Table 208-7 Seismic Coefficient, Ca
Seismic Zone
2 4
Soil Profile Type
Z=0.2 Z=0.4
SA 0.16 .32Na
SB 0.20 .40Na
Sc 0.32 .56Na
SD 0.40 .64Na
SE 0.64 .96Na
SF See Footnote 1 of Table 208-8
Table 208-8 Seismic Coefficient, Cv
Page 55 of 105
System Limitation and
Basic Seismic Force Resisting System R Ω0 Building Limitation
Zone 2 Zone 4
C. Moment Resisting Frame
Special reinforced concrete moment frames 8.5 2.8 NL NL
Table 208-11A Earthquake Force –Resisting Structural Systems of Concrete
Zone
Classification
Province
(Basic Wind
Speed)
Zone 2 National Capital
V=200 kph Region
Table 207-1 Wind Zone for the Different Provinces of the Philippines
Directionality
Structural Type factor Kd
Buildings
°Main Wind Force Resisting System 0.85
°Components and Cladding 0.85
Arched Roof
Chimneys, Tanks, and Similar Structures
°Square 0.9
°Hexagonal 0.95
°Round 0.95
Soild Signs 0.85
Open Signs and Lattice Framework 0.85
Trussed Towers
°Triangular. Square, 0.85
rectangular
°All other cross sections 0.95
Table 207-2 Wind Directionality factor
Page 56 of 105
Occupancy
Description Iw
Category
I Essential 1.15
II Hazardous 1.15
III Special Occupancy 1.15
IV Standard Occupancy 1
V Miscellaneous 0.87
Table 207-3 Importance factor Iw
Exposure (Note 1)
B C D
Height above Ground Level (m) Case 1 Case 2 Cases 1& 2 Cases 1&2
0-4.5 0.7 0.57 0.85 1.03
6 0.7 0.62 0.9 1.08
7.5 0.7 0.66 0.94 1.12
9 0.7 0.7 0.98 1.16
12 0.76 0.76 1.04 1.22
15 0.81 0.81 1.09 1.27
18 0.85 0.85 1.13 1.31
Table 207-4 Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients
APPENDIX B: COST ESTIMATES
COST ESTIMATES
Ready Mix Concrete Unit of Measure Volume (cu. M) Unit Cost (PHP) Total Cost
4000 psi @ 28 days Cu. Meter 107.76 3878.00 417,893.00
Rebar Unit of Measure Weight (Kg) Unit Cost (PHP) Total Cost
10mm Kg 1965.85 42.00 82565.7
12mm Kg 161.30 42.00 6774.6
16mm Kg 1710.31 42.00 71833.02
20mm Kg 6064.96 42.00 254728.32
25mm Kg 4429.66 42.00 186,045.72
GI Tie Wires Roll 9 roll 1,675.00 15,075.00
Page 57 of 105
APPENDIX C: MANUAL COMPUTATION OF SLAB
Flow chart of Slab Design Computation
Page 58 of 105
Page 59 of 105
The ACI Code (13.5.1.1) specifies two methods for designing two-way slabs. The designer come up to use
the Equivalent Frame Method to analyze the structure. In this portion of a structure is taken out by itself.
This method, which is very satisfactorily for symmetrical frames as well as for those with unusual
dimensions or loadings.
The flexibility of the equivalent column is equal to the reciprocal of its stiffness:
1 1 1
= +
∑ 𝑒𝑐 ∑ 𝐾𝑐 ∑ 𝐾𝑡
Column stiffness (Kc)
𝑘𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐
𝐾𝑐 =
𝐻
k = constant ratio for column stiffness
E = modulus of elasticity of concrete
I = moment of inertia of column
H = center height of column
𝑎 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒

 =
𝑏 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑙𝑢 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛

 = 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝑙𝑛
Torsional stiffness (Kt)
9𝐸𝑐 𝐶 𝐼𝑠𝑏
𝐾𝑡 = 𝑐 ( )
𝑙2 (1 − 2 )3 𝐼𝑠
𝑙2
C = Torsional Constant of the Cross–section
x and y are the smaller and larger dimension of the transverse beam.
Page 60 of 105
c2 = column in transverse direction
l2 = width of the equivalent frame
Is = moment of inertia of slab
Isb = moment of inertia of slab-beam member considered as t-beam
Material Properties:
Compressive Concrete Strength (f’c) = 27.6 MPa
Steel Yield Strength Main Bar (fy) = 415 MPa
Steel Yield Strength Tie Bar, (fyt) = 275 MPa
Modulus of Elasticity of Steel (E) = 200,000 MPa
Maximum Strain in Concrete = 0.003
Assume Dimensions:
.b = 300 mm
.d = 500 mm
Moment Distrubution (LONG SPAN)

Joint a b c d
Member ab ba bc cb cd dc
DF 0.080 0.074 0.074 0.074 0.074 0.080
FEM -182.74 182.74 -182.74 182.74 -182.74 182.74
COF 0.503 0.503 0.503 0.503 0.503 0.503
balance 14.60253 0 0 0 0 -14.6025
1 Carryover 0.000 7.345 0.000 0.000 -7.345 0.000
Balance 0.000 -0.543 -0.543 0.543 0.543 0.000
2 Carryover -0.273 0.000 0.273 -0.273 0.000 0.273
Balance 0.022 -0.020 -0.020 0.020 0.020 -0.022
3 Carryover -0.010 0.011 0.010 -0.010 -0.011 0.010
Balance 0.001 -0.002 -0.002 0.002 0.002 -0.001
4 Carryover -0.001 0.000 0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.001
Page 61 of 105
Balance 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
5 Carryover 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Balance 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
6 Carryover 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Balance 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
7 Carryover 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Balance 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Moment -168.40 189.53 -183.02 183.02 -189.53 168.40
Mu Main Abar(sq.
Grid Level M Ru ρ CHECK AS(sq. mm.) n Nact
(kN/m) Ø mm.)
- 168.4000 6.1098 0.0173 proceed! 1517.7175 12 113.0973 13.4196 14
AS ACT ρACT CHECK ω Mcap Wbeam L(m) MBEAM MTOTAL
1583.3627 0.0181 OK! 0.3203 200.4737 2.4600 3.750 2.8828 171.2828
Main
M Mu Ru ρ CHECK AS AB n Nact
Ø
+ 189.5300 6.8764 0.0201 proceed! 1757.6626 20 113.0973 15.5411 16
slab AS ACT ρACT CHECK ω Mcap Wbeam L(m) MBEAM MTOTAL
1809.5574 0.0207 OK! 0.3203 200.4737 2.4600 3.750 2.8828 192.4128
Main
Ø
- 183.0200 6.6402 0.0192 proceed! 1681.8973 20 113.0973 14.8712 15
AS ACT ρACTUAL CHECK ω Mcap Wbeam L(m) MBEAM MTOTAL
1696.4600 0.0194 OK! 0.3203 200.4737 2.4600 3.750 2.8828 185.9028
Moment Distrubution(short span)

Joint a b c d
Member ab ba bc cb cd dc
DF 0.007921871 0.00786 0.00786 0.00786 0.00786 0.007922
FEM -148.48 148.48 -148.48 148.48 -148.48 148.48
COF 0.503 0.503 0.503 0.503 0.503 0.503
balance 1.176222739 0 0 0 0 -1.17622
1 Carryover 0.000 0.592 0.000 0.000 -0.592 0.000
Balance 0.000 -0.005 -0.005 0.005 0.005 0.000
2 Carryover -0.002 0.000 0.002 -0.002 0.000 0.002
Balance 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
3 Carryover 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Balance 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Page 62 of 105
Moment -147.30 149.06 -148.48 148.48 -149.06 147.30
Mu Main Abar(sq.
Grid Level M Ru ρ CHECK AS(sq. mm.) n Nact
(kN/m) Ø mm.)
- 147.3000 5.3442 0.0148 proceed! 1293.5061 12 113.0973 11.4371 12
AS ACT ρACT CHECK ω Mcap Wbeam L(m) MBEAM MTOTAL
1357.1680 0.0155 OK! 0.3203 200.4737 2.4600 3.750 2.8828 150.1828
Main
Ø
+ 149.0600 5.4081 0.0150 proceed! 1311.6896 20 113.0973 11.5979 12
slab AS ACT ρACT CHECK ω Mcap Wbeam L(m) MBEAM MTOTAL
1357.1680 0.0155 OK! 0.3203 200.4737 2.4600 3.750 2.8828 151.9428
Main
Ø
- 148.4800 5.3870 0.0149 proceed! 1305.6875 20 113.0973 11.5448 12
AS ACT ρACTUAL CHECK ω Mcap Wbeam L(m) MBEAM MTOTAL
1357.1680 0.0155 OK! 0.3203 200.4737 2.4600 3.750 2.8828 151.3628
Page 63 of 105
APPENDIX D: MANUAL COMPUTATION FOR BEAMS
64 | P a g e
For Deflection, Development length(Ld), Shear and Length of Splice(ld)
δact CHEC Vu Lateral, Shear, 0.5ɸ
δallowable Ld Ldc Vc
K (KN) ØLT ɸ Vc
8.385 741.4
10.4167 SAFE 236.5 31.89 10.00 0.75 78.71 29.52
98
Shear 0.66*sqrt(fc')*b*d Beam 0.33*sqrt(fc')*b*d/
Vn Vs Av Smax
Reinf. /1008 Dim. 1008
Not 157.0
42.52 ------ 305.58 OK! 152.79 ------
Required 8
S (theo.) Smax for 16*Ø 48*Ø Least Small Adopt, ldact
ld
Am main LT dim. est Sact (mm)
------ 320.0
493.00 480 250.00 250.00 250.00 589.30 590.00
0

δact δallowable CHEC Ld Ldc Vu Lateral, Shear, Vc 0.5ɸ
K (KN) ØLT ɸ Vc
9.484 10.4167 SAFE 474.5 189.2 21.69 10.00 0.75 78.71 29.52
58
Shear Vn Vs Av 0.66*sqrt(fc')*b*d Beam 0.33*sqrt(fc')*b*d/ Smax
Reinf. /1009 Dim. 1009
Not 28.92 ------ 157.0 305.58 OK! 152.79 ------
Required 8
S (theo.) Smax for 16*Ø 48*Ø Least Small Adopt, ld ldact
------ 493.00 256.0 480 250.00 250.00 250.00 471.44 472.00
0

K (KN) ØLT ɸ Vc
6.827 8.3333 SAFE 474.5 189.2 34.74 10.00 0.75 78.71 29.52
58
Reinf. /1010 Dim. 1010
Not 46.32 ------ 157.0 305.58 OK! 152.79 ------
Required 8
65 | P a g e
------ 493.00 256.0 480 250.00 250.00 250.00 471.44 472.00
0

K (KN) ØLT ɸ Vc
7.488 10.4167 SAFE 474.5 189.2 21.71 10.00 0.75 78.71 29.52
58
Reinf. /1011 Dim. 1011
Not 28.94 ------ 157.0 305.58 OK! 152.79 ------
Required 8
------ 493.00 256.0 480 250.00 250.00 250.00 471.44 472.00
0

K (KN) ØLT ɸ Vc
4.256 5.5556 SAFE 741.4 236.5 40.79 10.00 0.75 78.71 29.52
98
Reinf. /1000 Dim. 1000
Not 54.39 ------ 157.0 305.58 OK! 152.79 ------
Required 8
------ 493.00 320.0 480 250.00 250.00 250.00 589.30 590.00
0

K (KN) ØLT ɸ Vc
4.4 4.8611 SAFE 741.4 236.5 33.33 10.00 0.75 78.71 29.52
98
Reinf. /1001 Dim. 1001
Not 44.44 ------ 157.0 305.58 OK! 152.79 ------
Required 8
66 | P a g e
------ 493.00 320.0 480 250.00 250.00 250.00 589.30 590.00
0

Later
CHEC Shear, 0.5ɸ
δact δallowable Ld Ldc Vu (KN) al, Vc
K ɸ Vc
ØLT
474.5
9.484 10.4167 SAFE 189.2 21.69 10.00 0.75 78.71 29.52
58
Shear 0.66*sqrt(fc')*b*d/10 Beam 0.33*sqrt(fc')*b*d
Vn Vs Av Smax
Reinf. 09 Dim. /1009
Not 157.0
28.92 ------ 305.58 OK! 152.79 ------
Required 8
Smax for 16*Øm 48*ØL Least Adop ldact
S (theo.) Smallest ld
Am ain T dim. t, Sact (mm)
256.0 250.0
------ 493.00 480 250.00 250.00 471.44 472.00
0 0
For
Flexure
CHEC Main
M Mu Ru ρ AS AB N Nact
K Ø
100.7 0.009 840.9 314.15
- 3.654 OKAY 20 2.677 3.00
2 61 35 9
CHEC
AS ACT ρACT ω Mcap Wbeam L MBEAM MTOTAL Reinf.
K
942.47 0.010 200.4 2.8828 103.6028 SINGL
OKAY 0.320 2.460 3.75
8 77 88 13 13 Y
CHEC Main
M Mu Ru ρ AS AB n Nact
K Ø
0.006 592.5 314.15
+ 72.89 2.645 OKAY 20 1.886 2.00
77 70 9
67 | P a g e
CHEC
AS ACT ρACT ω Mcap Wbeam L MBEAM MTOTAL Reinf.
K
628.31 0.007 200.4 2.8828 75.77281 SINGL
OKAY 0.320 2.460 3.75
9 18 88 13 25 Y
CHEC Main
M Mu Ru ρ AS AB n Nact
K Ø
116.2 0.011 986.2 314.15
- 4.218 OKAY 20 3.139 4.00
6 27 70 9
ρACTUA CHEC
AS ACT ω Mcap Wbeam L MBEAM MTOTAL Reinf.
L K
1256.6 0.014 200.4 2.8828 119.1428 SINGL
OKAY 0.320 2.460 3.75
37 36 88 13 13 Y
Beam b= 200 mm
Dimensions:
d= 350 mm
For Flexure
Main
M Mu Ru ρ CHECK AS AB N Nact
Ø
0.00 138. 314.15
- 17.82 0.808 OKAY 20 0.442 1.00
198 713 9
Wbea
AS ACT ρACT CHECK ω Mcap L MBEAM MTOTAL Reinf.
m
0.32 1.96
314.159 0.00449 OKAY 160.390 3 1.476 19.296 SINGLY
0 8
Main
Ø
0.00 82.0 314.15
+ 10.61 0.481 OKAY 20 0.261 1.00
117 00 9
Wbea
m
0.32 1.96
314.159 0.00449 OKAY 160.390 3 1.476 12.086 SINGLY
0 8
Main
Ø
0.00 429. 314.15
- 53.18 2.412 OKAY 20 1.368 2.00
614 818 9
Wbea
m
0.32 1.96
628.319 0.00898 OKAY 160.390 3 1.476 54.656 SINGLY
0 8
68 | P a g e
Vu Latera Shear,
δact δallowable CHECK Ld Ldc Vc 0.5ɸVc
(KN) l, ØLT ɸ
741.
4.653 8.3333 SAFE 236.5 7.00 10.00 0.75 78.71 29.52
498
Shear 0.66*sqrt(fc')*b Beam 0.33*sqrt(fc')*b*
Vn Vs Av Smax
Reinf. *d/1131 Dim. d/1131
Not 157.
9.34 ------ 305.58 OK! 152.79 ------
Required 08
Smax for 48* Least Sma Adopt, ldact
S (theo.) 16*Ømain ld
Am ØLT dim. llest Sact (mm)
250.
------ 493.00 320.00 480 250.00 250.00 589.30 590.00
00
APPENDIX E: MANUAL COMPUTATION FOR COLUMNS
Design of Column-1
d'= 60 mm d= 336 mm
Ag
f'c= 28 Mpa 160000 mm^2
=
1847.25
fy= 415 Mpa As= mm^2
6
A's 1847.25
Pu= 275 Kn mm^2
= 6
Kn. As1 1231.50
Mx= 254.504 mm^2
m = 1
4926.01
t= 400 mm At= mm^2
7
b= 400 mm E= 926 mm
No of Bars= 8 28m
m
Balanced Condition Efv=0

e= 926 mm T= 766611.4
393
if c=t/2 e1= 0.001147 mm C1= 1607238.
197 621
cb= 198.6208 C2= 766611.4
697 393
69 | P a g e
fs= 415 Pn= 1324505.
754
fy= 415
f's= 415
fs1= 229.5833
33
Pn(x+e)=C(d-a/2)+C1(d-d') eb= 189.0367 Tension

306 Controls
Pn(x+e) 1324506
C(d-a/2) 40435906 Solve for
8.2 C
C1(d-d') 21158475 fs= 405 Mpa
7.3
f's= 600(d'-
c)/c
fs1= 600(c-
d/2)/d
∑M=0
Pn(x+e)=C(d-a/2)+C1(d-
d')+C2(d-t/2)
c= 350 mm
C+C1+C2=Pn+T
Ɛs= -0.00012 T= -
44334.1
56
Ɛt= 0.002075 C1 316672.
= 54
Ɛ's= 0.002485 C2 766611.
714 = 439
Ɛs1= 0.001285 C= 2832200
714
fs= -24 Mpa Pn 3959.81 ADEQUAT
= 813 E
fs1= 257.1422 Mpa
857
f's 415 Mpa
70 | P a g e
DESIGN OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT FOR COLUMN
t= 400 mm
width= 400 mm
bar diam.= 28 mm
tie diam.= 10 mm
MINIMUM SPACING USE SPACING

16db= 448 mm 400mm
48ds= 480 mm
less d= 400 mm
Design of Column-2
d'= 60 mm d= 336 mm
Ag
f'c= 28 Mpa 160000 mm^2
=
1847.25
6
A's 1847.25
Pu= 275 Kn mm^2
= 6
Kn. As1 1231.50
Mx= 254.504 mm^2
m = 1
4926.01
t= 400 mm At= mm^2
7
b= 400 mm E= 926 mm
No of Bars= 8 28m
m

e= 926 mm T= 766611.4
393
if c=t/2 e1= 0.001147 mm C1= 1607238.
197 621
cb= 198.6208 C2= 766611.4
697 393
fs= 415 Pn= 1324505.
754
fy= 415
71 | P a g e
f's= 415
fs1= 229.5833
33

306 Controls
Pn(x+e) 1324506
8.2 C
C1(d-d') 21158475 fs= 405 Mpa
7.3
f's= 600(d'-
c)/c
fs1= 600(c-
d/2)/d
∑M=0
d')+C2(d-t/2)
c= 350 mm
C+C1+C2=Pn+T
Ɛs= -0.00012 T= -
44334.1
56
Ɛt= 0.002075 C1 316672.
= 54
Ɛ's= 0.002485 C2 766611.
714 = 439
Ɛs1= 0.001285 C= 2832200
714
= 813 E
fs1= 257.1422 Mpa
857
f's 415 Mpa

t= 400 mm
72 | P a g e
width= 400 mm
bar diam.= 28 mm
tie diam.= 10 mm

16db= 448 mm 400mm
48ds= 480 mm
less d= 400 mm
Design of Column-3
d'= 60 mm d= 336 mm
Ag
f'c= 28 Mpa 160000 mm^2
=
1847.25
6
A's 1847.25
Pu= 275 Kn mm^2
= 6
Kn. As1 1231.50
Mx= 254.504 mm^2
m = 1
4926.01
t= 400 mm At= mm^2
7
b= 400 mm E= 926 mm
No of Bars= 8 28m
m

e= 926 mm T= 766611.4
393
if c=t/2 e1= 0.001147 mm C1= 1607238.
197 621
cb= 198.6208 C2= 766611.4
697 393
fs= 415 Pn= 1324505.
754
fy= 415
f's= 415
fs1= 229.5833
33
73 | P a g e
306 Controls
Pn(x+e) 1324506
8.2 C
C1(d-d') 21158475 fs= 405 Mpa
7.3
f's= 600(d'-
c)/c
fs1= 600(c-
d/2)/d
∑M=0
d')+C2(d-t/2)
c= 350 mm
C+C1+C2=Pn+T
Ɛs= -0.00012 T= -
44334.1
56
Ɛt= 0.002075 C1 316672.
= 54
Ɛ's= 0.002485 C2 766611.
714 = 439
Ɛs1= 0.001285 C= 2832200
714
= 813 E
fs1= 257.1422 Mpa
857
f's 415 Mpa

t= 400 mm
width= 400 mm
bar diam.= 28 mm
tie diam.= 10 mm
74 | P a g e
16db= 448 mm 400mm
48ds= 480 mm
less d= 400 mm
Design of Column-4
d'= 60 mm d= 336 mm
Ag
f'c= 28 Mpa 160000 mm^2
=
1847.25
6
A's 1847.25
Pu= 275 Kn mm^2
= 6
Kn. As1 1231.50
Mx= 254.504 mm^2
m = 1
4926.01
t= 400 mm At= mm^2
7
b= 400 mm E= 926 mm
No of Bars= 8 28m
m

e= 926 mm T= 766611.4
393
if c=t/2 e1= 0.001147 mm C1= 1607238.
197 621
cb= 198.6208 C2= 766611.4
697 393
fs= 415 Pn= 1324505.
754
fy= 415
f's= 415
fs1= 229.5833
33

306 Controls
Pn(x+e) 1324506
75 | P a g e
8.2 C
C1(d-d') 21158475 fs= 405 Mpa
7.3
f's= 600(d'-
c)/c
fs1= 600(c-
d/2)/d
∑M=0
d')+C2(d-t/2)
c= 350 mm
C+C1+C2=Pn+T
Ɛs= -0.00012 T= -
44334.1
56
Ɛt= 0.002075 C1 316672.
= 54
Ɛ's= 0.002485 C2 766611.
714 = 439
Ɛs1= 0.001285 C= 2832200
714
= 813 E
fs1= 257.1422 Mpa
857
f's 415 Mpa

t= 400 mm
width= 400 mm
bar diam.= 28 mm
tie diam.= 10 mm

16db= 448 mm 400mm
48ds= 480 mm
less d= 400 mm
76 | P a g e
Design of Column-5
d'= 60 mm d= 336 mm
Ag
f'c= 28 Mpa 160000 mm^2
=
1847.25
6
A's 1847.25
Pu= 275 Kn mm^2
= 6
Kn. As1 1231.50
Mx= 254.504 mm^2
m = 1
4926.01
t= 400 mm At= mm^2
7
b= 400 mm E= 926 mm
No of Bars= 8 28m
m

e= 926 mm T= 766611.4
393
if c=t/2 e1= 0.001147 mm C1= 1607238.
197 621
cb= 198.6208 C2= 766611.4
697 393
fs= 415 Pn= 1324505.
754
fy= 415
f's= 415
fs1= 229.5833
33

306 Controls
Pn(x+e) 1324506
8.2 C
C1(d-d') 21158475 fs= 405 Mpa
7.3
f's= 600(d'-
c)/c
fs1= 600(c-
77 | P a g e
d/2)/d
∑M=0
d')+C2(d-t/2)
c= 350 mm
C+C1+C2=Pn+T
Ɛs= -0.00012 T= -
44334.1
56
Ɛt= 0.002075 C1 316672.
= 54
Ɛ's= 0.002485 C2 766611.
714 = 439
Ɛs1= 0.001285 C= 2832200
714
= 813 E
fs1= 257.1422 Mpa
857
f's 415 Mpa

t= 400 mm
width= 400 mm
bar diam.= 28 mm
tie diam.= 10 mm

16db= 448 mm 400mm
48ds= 480 mm
less d= 400 mm
Design of Column-6
d'= 60 mm d= 336 mm
Ag
f'c= 28 Mpa 160000 mm^2
=
fy= 415 Mpa As= 1847.25 mm^2
78 | P a g e
6
A's 1847.25
Pu= 275 Kn mm^2
= 6
Kn. As1 1231.50
Mx= 254.504 mm^2
m = 1
4926.01
t= 400 mm At= mm^2
7
b= 400 mm E= 926 mm
No of Bars= 8 28m
m

e= 926 mm T= 766611.4
393
if c=t/2 e1= 0.001147 mm C1= 1607238.
197 621
cb= 198.6208 C2= 766611.4
697 393
fs= 415 Pn= 1324505.
754
fy= 415
f's= 415
fs1= 229.5833
33

306 Controls
Pn(x+e) 1324506
8.2 C
C1(d-d') 21158475 fs= 405 Mpa
7.3
f's= 600(d'-
c)/c
fs1= 600(c-
d/2)/d
∑M=0
79 | P a g e
d')+C2(d-t/2)
c= 350 mm
C+C1+C2=Pn+T
Ɛs= -0.00012 T= -
44334.1
56
Ɛt= 0.002075 C1 316672.
= 54
Ɛ's= 0.002485 C2 766611.
714 = 439
Ɛs1= 0.001285 C= 2832200
714
= 813 E
fs1= 257.1422 Mpa
857
f's 415 Mpa

t= 400 mm
width= 400 mm
bar diam.= 28 mm
tie diam.= 10 mm

16db= 448 mm 400mm
48ds= 480 mm
less d= 400 mm
Design of Column-7
d'= 60 mm d= 336 mm
Ag
f'c= 28 Mpa 160000 mm^2
=
1847.25
6
A's 1847.25
Pu= 275 Kn mm^2
= 6
Kn. As1 1231.50
Mx= 254.504 mm^2
m = 1
80 | P a g e
4926.01
t= 400 mm At= mm^2
7
b= 400 mm E= 926 mm
No of Bars= 8 28m
m

e= 926 mm T= 766611.4
393
if c=t/2 e1= 0.001147 mm C1= 1607238.
197 621
cb= 198.6208 C2= 766611.4
697 393
fs= 415 Pn= 1324505.
754
fy= 415
f's= 415
fs1= 229.5833
33

306 Controls
Pn(x+e) 1324506
8.2 C
C1(d-d') 21158475 fs= 405 Mpa
7.3
f's= 600(d'-
c)/c
fs1= 600(c-
d/2)/d
∑M=0
d')+C2(d-t/2)
c= 350 mm
81 | P a g e
C+C1+C2=Pn+T
Ɛs= -0.00012 T= -
44334.1
56
Ɛt= 0.002075 C1 316672.
= 54
Ɛ's= 0.002485 C2 766611.
714 = 439
Ɛs1= 0.001285 C= 2832200
714
= 813 E
fs1= 257.1422 Mpa
857
f's 415 Mpa

t= 400 mm
width= 400 mm
bar diam.= 28 mm
tie diam.= 10 mm

16db= 448 mm 400mm
48ds= 480 mm
less d= 400 mm
Design of Column-8
d'= 60 mm d= 336 mm
Ag
f'c= 28 Mpa 160000 mm^2
=
1847.25
6
A's 1847.25
Pu= 275 Kn mm^2
= 6
Kn. As1 1231.50
Mx= 254.504 mm^2
m = 1
4926.01
t= 400 mm At= mm^2
7
b= 400 mm E= 926 mm
82 | P a g e
No of Bars= 8 28m
m

e= 926 mm T= 766611.4
393
if c=t/2 e1= 0.001147 mm C1= 1607238.
197 621
cb= 198.6208 C2= 766611.4
697 393
fs= 415 Pn= 1324505.
754
fy= 415
f's= 415
fs1= 229.5833
33

306 Controls
Pn(x+e) 1324506
8.2 C
C1(d-d') 21158475 fs= 405 Mpa
7.3
f's= 600(d'-
c)/c
fs1= 600(c-
d/2)/d
∑M=0
d')+C2(d-t/2)
c= 350 mm
C+C1+C2=Pn+T
Ɛs= -0.00012 T= -
44334.1
56
Ɛt= 0.002075 C1 316672.
= 54
83 | P a g e
Ɛ's= 0.002485 C2 766611.
714 = 439
Ɛs1= 0.001285 C= 2832200
714
= 813 E
fs1= 257.1422 Mpa
857
f's 415 Mpa

t= 400 mm
width= 400 mm
bar diam.= 28 mm
tie diam.= 10 mm

16db= 448 mm 400mm
48ds= 480 mm
less d= 400 mm
Design of Column-9
d'= 60 mm d= 336 mm
Ag
f'c= 28 Mpa 160000 mm^2
=
1847.25
6
A's 1847.25
Pu= 275 Kn mm^2
= 6
Kn. As1 1231.50
Mx= 254.504 mm^2
m = 1
4926.01
t= 400 mm At= mm^2
7
b= 400 mm E= 926 mm
No of Bars= 8 28m
m
84 | P a g e
e= 926 mm T= 766611.4
393
if c=t/2 e1= 0.001147 mm C1= 1607238.
197 621
cb= 198.6208 C2= 766611.4
697 393
fs= 415 Pn= 1324505.
754
fy= 415
f's= 415
fs1= 229.5833
33

306 Controls
Pn(x+e) 1324506
8.2 C
C1(d-d') 21158475 fs= 405 Mpa
7.3
f's= 600(d'-
c)/c
fs1= 600(c-
d/2)/d
∑M=0
d')+C2(d-t/2)
c= 350 mm
C+C1+C2=Pn+T
Ɛs= -0.00012 T= -
44334.1
56
Ɛt= 0.002075 C1 316672.
= 54
Ɛ's= 0.002485 C2 766611.
714 = 439
Ɛs1= 0.001285 C= 2832200
714
85 | P a g e
= 813 E
fs1= 257.1422 Mpa
857
f's 415 Mpa

t= 400 mm
width= 400 mm
bar diam.= 28 mm
tie diam.= 10 mm

16db= 448 mm 400mm
48ds= 480 mm
less d= 400 mm
Design of Column-10
d'= 60 mm d= 336 mm
Ag
f'c= 28 Mpa 160000 mm^2
=
1847.25
6
A's 1847.25
Pu= 275 Kn mm^2
= 6
Kn. As1 1231.50
Mx= 254.504 mm^2
m = 1
4926.01
t= 400 mm At= mm^2
7
b= 400 mm E= 926 mm
No of Bars= 8 28m
m

e= 926 mm T= 766611.4
393
if c=t/2 e1= 0.001147 mm C1= 1607238.
197 621
cb= 198.6208 C2= 766611.4
86 | P a g e
697 393
fs= 415 Pn= 1324505.
754
fy= 415
f's= 415
fs1= 229.5833
33

306 Controls
Pn(x+e) 1324506
8.2 C
C1(d-d') 21158475 fs= 405 Mpa
7.3
f's= 600(d'-
c)/c
fs1= 600(c-
d/2)/d
∑M=0
d')+C2(d-t/2)
c= 350 mm
C+C1+C2=Pn+T
Ɛs= -0.00012 T= -
44334.1
56
Ɛt= 0.002075 C1 316672.
= 54
Ɛ's= 0.002485 C2 766611.
714 = 439
Ɛs1= 0.001285 C= 2832200
714
= 813 E
fs1= 257.1422 Mpa
857
f's 415 Mpa
87 | P a g e
t= 400 mm
width= 400 mm
bar diam.= 28 mm
tie diam.= 10 mm

16db= 448 mm 400mm
48ds= 480 mm
less d= 400 mm
Design of Column-11
d'= 60 mm d= 336 mm
Ag
f'c= 28 Mpa 160000 mm^2
=
1847.25
6
A's 1847.25
Pu= 275 Kn mm^2
= 6
Kn. As1 1231.50
Mx= 254.504 mm^2
m = 1
4926.01
t= 400 mm At= mm^2
7
b= 400 mm E= 926 mm
No of Bars= 8 28m
m

e= 926 mm T= 766611.4
393
if c=t/2 e1= 0.001147 mm C1= 1607238.
197 621
cb= 198.6208 C2= 766611.4
697 393
fs= 415 Pn= 1324505.
754
fy= 415
f's= 415
88 | P a g e
fs1= 229.5833
33

306 Controls
Pn(x+e) 1324506
8.2 C
C1(d-d') 21158475 fs= 405 Mpa
7.3
f's= 600(d'-
c)/c
fs1= 600(c-
d/2)/d
∑M=0
d')+C2(d-t/2)
c= 350 mm
C+C1+C2=Pn+T
Ɛs= -0.00012 T= -
44334.1
56
Ɛt= 0.002075 C1 316672.
= 54
Ɛ's= 0.002485 C2 766611.
714 = 439
Ɛs1= 0.001285 C= 2832200
714
= 813 E
fs1= 257.1422 Mpa
857
f's 415 Mpa

t= 400 mm
width= 400 mm
89 | P a g e
bar diam.= 28 mm
tie diam.= 10 mm

16db= 448 mm 400mm
48ds= 480 mm
less d= 400 mm
Design of Column-12
d'= 60 mm d= 336 mm
Ag
f'c= 28 Mpa 160000 mm^2
=
1847.25
6
A's 1847.25
Pu= 275 Kn mm^2
= 6
Kn. As1 1231.50
Mx= 254.504 mm^2
m = 1
4926.01
t= 400 mm At= mm^2
7
b= 400 mm E= 926 mm
No of Bars= 8 28m
m

e= 926 mm T= 766611.4
393
if c=t/2 e1= 0.001147 mm C1= 1607238.
197 621
cb= 198.6208 C2= 766611.4
697 393
fs= 415 Pn= 1324505.
754
fy= 415
f's= 415
fs1= 229.5833
33
90 | P a g e
306 Controls
Pn(x+e) 1324506
8.2 C
C1(d-d') 21158475 fs= 405 Mpa
7.3
f's= 600(d'-
c)/c
fs1= 600(c-
d/2)/d
∑M=0
d')+C2(d-t/2)
c= 350 mm
C+C1+C2=Pn+T
Ɛs= -0.00012 T= -
44334.1
56
Ɛt= 0.002075 C1 316672.
= 54
Ɛ's= 0.002485 C2 766611.
714 = 439
Ɛs1= 0.001285 C= 2832200
714
= 813 E
fs1= 257.1422 Mpa
857
f's 415 Mpa

t= 400 mm
width= 400 mm
bar diam.= 28 mm
tie diam.= 10 mm
91 | P a g e
16db= 448 mm 400mm
48ds= 480 mm
less d= 400 mm
Design of Column-13
d'= 60 mm d= 336 mm
Ag
f'c= 28 Mpa 160000 mm^2
=
1847.25
6
A's 1847.25
Pu= 275 Kn mm^2
= 6
Kn. As1 1231.50
Mx= 254.504 mm^2
m = 1
4926.01
t= 400 mm At= mm^2
7
b= 400 mm E= 926 mm
No of Bars= 8 28m
m

e= 926 mm T= 766611.4
393
if c=t/2 e1= 0.001147 mm C1= 1607238.
197 621
cb= 198.6208 C2= 766611.4
697 393
fs= 415 Pn= 1324505.
754
fy= 415
f's= 415
fs1= 229.5833
33

306 Controls
Pn(x+e) 1324506
8.2 C
92 | P a g e
C1(d-d') 21158475 fs= 405 Mpa
7.3
f's= 600(d'-
c)/c
fs1= 600(c-
d/2)/d
∑M=0
d')+C2(d-t/2)
c= 350 mm
C+C1+C2=Pn+T
Ɛs= -0.00012 T= -
44334.1
56
Ɛt= 0.002075 C1 316672.
= 54
Ɛ's= 0.002485 C2 766611.
714 = 439
Ɛs1= 0.001285 C= 2832200
714
= 813 E
fs1= 257.1422 Mpa
857
f's 415 Mpa

t= 400 mm
width= 400 mm
bar diam.= 28 mm
tie diam.= 10 mm

16db= 448 mm 400mm
48ds= 480 mm
less d= 400 mm
93 | P a g e
Design of Column-14
d'= 60 mm d= 336 mm
Ag
f'c= 28 Mpa 160000 mm^2
=
1847.25
6
A's 1847.25
Pu= 275 Kn mm^2
= 6
Kn. As1 1231.50
Mx= 254.504 mm^2
m = 1
4926.01
t= 400 mm At= mm^2
7
b= 400 mm E= 926 mm
No of Bars= 8 28m
m

e= 926 mm T= 766611.4
393
if c=t/2 e1= 0.001147 mm C1= 1607238.
197 621
cb= 198.6208 C2= 766611.4
697 393
fs= 415 Pn= 1324505.
754
fy= 415
f's= 415
fs1= 229.5833
33

306 Controls
Pn(x+e) 1324506
8.2 C
C1(d-d') 21158475 fs= 405 Mpa
7.3
f's= 600(d'-
c)/c
fs1= 600(c-
94 | P a g e
d/2)/d
∑M=0
d')+C2(d-t/2)
c= 350 mm
C+C1+C2=Pn+T
Ɛs= -0.00012 T= -
44334.1
56
Ɛt= 0.002075 C1 316672.
= 54
Ɛ's= 0.002485 C2 766611.
714 = 439
Ɛs1= 0.001285 C= 2832200
714
= 813 E
fs1= 257.1422 Mpa
857
f's 415 Mpa

t= 400 mm
width= 400 mm
bar diam.= 28 mm
tie diam.= 10 mm

16db= 448 mm 400mm
48ds= 480 mm
less d= 400 mm
Design of Column-15
d'= 60 mm d= 336 mm
Ag
f'c= 28 Mpa 160000 mm^2
=
fy= 415 Mpa As= 1847.25 mm^2
95 | P a g e
6
Pu= 275 Kn A's 1847.25 mm^2
= 6
Mx= 254.504 Kn. As1 1231.50 mm^2
m = 1
t= 400 mm At= 4926.01 mm^2
7
b= 400 mm E= 926 mm
No of Bars= 8 28m
m

e= 926 mm T= 766611.4
393
if c=t/2 e1= 0.001147 mm C1= 1607238.
197 621
cb= 198.6208 C2= 766611.4
697 393
fs= 415 Pn= 1324505.
754
fy= 415
f's= 415
fs1= 229.5833
33

306 Controls
Pn(x+e) 1324506
8.2 C
C1(d-d') 21158475 fs= 405 Mpa
7.3
f's= 600(d'-
c)/c
fs1= 600(c-
d/2)/d
∑M=0
96 | P a g e
d')+C2(d-t/2)
c= 350 mm
C+C1+C2=Pn+T
Ɛs= -0.00012 T= -
44334.1
56
Ɛt= 0.002075 C1 316672.
= 54
Ɛ's= 0.002485 C2 766611.
714 = 439
Ɛs1= 0.001285 C= 2832200
714
= 813 E
fs1= 257.1422 Mpa
857
f's 415 Mpa

t= 400 mm
width= 400 mm
bar diam.= 28 mm
tie diam.= 10 mm

16db= 448 mm 400mm
48ds= 480 mm
less d= 400 mm
Design of Column-16
d'= 60 mm d= 336 mm
Ag
f'c= 28 Mpa 160000 mm^2
=
1847.25
6
A's 1847.25
Pu= 275 Kn mm^2
= 6
Kn. As1 1231.50
Mx= 254.504 mm^2
m = 1
97 | P a g e
t= 400 mm At= 4926.01 mm^2
7
b= 400 mm E= 926 mm
No of Bars= 8 28m
m

e= 926 mm T= 766611.4
393
if c=t/2 e1= 0.001147 mm C1= 1607238.
197 621
cb= 198.6208 C2= 766611.4
697 393
fs= 415 Pn= 1324505.
754
fy= 415
f's= 415
fs1= 229.5833
33

306 Controls
Pn(x+e) 1324506
8.2 C
C1(d-d') 21158475 fs= 405 Mpa
7.3
f's= 600(d'-
c)/c
fs1= 600(c-
d/2)/d
∑M=0
d')+C2(d-t/2)
c= 350 mm
C+C1+C2=Pn+T
Ɛs= -0.00012 T= -
98 | P a g e
44334.1
56
Ɛt= 0.002075 C1 316672.
= 54
Ɛ's= 0.002485 C2 766611.
714 = 439
Ɛs1= 0.001285 C= 2832200
714
= 813 E
fs1= 257.1422 Mpa
857
f's 415 Mpa

t= 400 mm
width= 400 mm
bar diam.= 28 mm
tie diam.= 10 mm

16db= 448 mm 400mm
48ds= 480 mm
less d= 400 mm
99 | P a g e
APPENDIX F: WIND LOAD ANALYSIS
WIND LOAD ANALYSIS
Design Procedure
1. The basic wind speed V and wind directionality factor Kd shall be determined in accordance with
Section 207.5.4 and Table 207-2 respectively.
2. An importance factor Iw shall be determined in accordance with Section 207.5.5.
3. An exposure category or exposure categories and velocity pressure exposure coefficients Kz and
Kh, as applicable, shall be determined for each wind direction in accordance with Section 207.5.6.
4. A topographic factor Kzt shall be determined in accordance with Section 207.5.7.
5. A gust effect factor G or Gf, as applicable, shall be determined in accordance with Section 207.5.8.
6. An enclosure classification shall be determined in accordance with Section 207.5.9.
7. Internal Pressure Coefficient GCpi Shall be determined in accordance with Section 207.5.11.1.
8. External Pressure Coefficients Cp or GCpf, or force coefficients Cf, as applicable, shall be
determined in accordance with Section 207.5.11.2 or 207.5.11.3, respectively.
9. Velocity pressure qz or qh, as applicable, shall be determined in accordance with Section Section
207.5.10.
10. Design wind load p of F Shall be determined in accordance with Sections 207.5.12, 207.5.13,
207.5.14, and 207.5.15, as applicable.
Parameters:
P = Wind Pressure
q = qz for windward walls evaluated at height z above the ground
q = qh for leeward walls, side walls and roofs, evaluated at height h
qi = qz for windward walls, side walls, leeward walls, and roofs of enclosed buildings and for
negative internal pressure evaluation in partially enclosed buildings.
qi = qh for positive internal pressure evaluation in partially enclosed building
G = gust effect factor
Cp = external pressure
GCpi = internal pressure coefficient
100 | P a g e
Wind Load Windward Leeward
level ht kz qz P1 P2 P1 P2
roof 15 0.8075 1.9479 0.9740 1.6752 -1.1785 -0.4772
5 12 0.7576 1.8276 0.8921 1.5934 -1.1274 -0.4261
4 9 0.6978 1.6834 0.7941 1.4953 -1.0661 -0.3648
3 6 0.6215 1.4992 0.6689 1.3701 -0.9878 -0.2866
2 3 0.5725 1.3809 0.5884 1.2897 -0.9375 -0.2363
101 | P a g e
APPENDIX H: SEISMIC ANALYSIS
Basis for Design
The procedures and the limitations for the design of structures shall be determined considering seismic
zoning, site characteristics, occupancy, configuration, structural system and height in accordance with this
section. Structures shall be designed with adequate strength to withstand the lateral displacements induced
by Design Basis Ground Motion, considering the inelastic response of the structure and the inherent
redundancy, over strength and ductility of the lateral force-resisting system.
The minimum design strength shall be based on the Design Seismic Forces determined in accordance with
the static lateral force procedure of Section 208.5, except as modified by Section 208.6.5.4.
Where strength design is used, the load combinations of Section 203.3 shall apply. Where allowable stress
design is used, the load combinations of Section 203.4 shall apply.Allowable Stress Design may be used to
evaluate sliding or over turning at the soil structure interface regardless of the design approach used in the
design approach used in the design of the structure, provided load combinations of Section 203.4 are
utilized.
SEISMIC ANALYSIS
Flowchart of Seismic Analysis

102 | P a g e
SPECIFICATIONS FOR SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURE
Occupancy Category: IV, Standard occupancy

Importance Factor: Iw = 1.15 (Essential)
Zone location: Zone 2
Seismic Zone Factor: Z = 0.2
Soil profile type: (SD – stiff soil profile)
Seismic source type: Type B
Near source factor: : Nv = 1.00
Seismic Coefficient: Ca = 0.28
Seismic Coefficient: Cv = 0.40
Type of resisting frame: (SMRF) with R = 8.0
Height of the structural frame: z = 15.31 meters
Weight of the Building: 11984.732 KN
I. Determine the structure period T using Method A

T = Ct (hn)3/4
Ct= 0.0731 for reinforced concrete moment resisting frames
Hn= 15.31 m
T= 0.0731(15.31)3/4
T= 0.565782
II. Determine Design Base Shear V

V= CvI (W)
RT
V= (0.40)(1.15)( 11984.732KN)
(8)( 0.565782)
V= 1217.9996 KN
Total Design Base Shear need not exceed the following:
V= 2.5CaI (W)
R
103 | P a g e
V= (2.5)(.28)(1.15)( 11984.732 KN)
8
V= 1205.9637 KN
The Base Shear shall not be less than the following:

V= .11CaIW
V= (.11)(.28)(1.15)(11984.732)
V= 424.4992 KN
Therefore, the governing value for design base shear is:
V= 1217.9996 KN
104 | P a g e
VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SEISMIC FORCES
LEVEL
H (m) Hx (m) FX (KN)
1 3 15 347.52
2 3 12 342.16
3 3 9 256.62
4 3 6 171.08
5 3 3 85.54
∑ 45 1202.92
III. Compute for the Earthquake Load

E= ρEh + Eb
6.1
ρ = 2 - 𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥√𝐴𝑏
Where: r max = 410.8906 KN Ev = 0.5CaID
1217.9996 KN Ev = 0.5 (.28) (1.15) (8.506)
Ev = 1.369466
r max= 0.3373487151
Earthquake Load = 1202.92(1.044801877)/
(15.31) + 1.369466
AB = 400 m2
E = 83.4605 KPa
ρ = 1.044801877
105 | P a g e

Eud RCD New

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: PROJECT BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................... 4

1.1 The Project

1.2 Project Objectives

1.3 The Client

● Provide design drawings of the Reinforced Concrete structural framing system

● Interior design of the structure was not considered

1.5 Project Development

LOCATION & DESIGN ARCHITECTURAL GEOMETRIC DESIGN

2.1 Description of the Structure

Figure 2.1 STAAD Pro V8i Geometric Model of the Structure

Table 2.1 Rooms Classifications with Corresponding Area

FUNCTION AREA (m2) TOTAL AREA (m2)

Storage and Mechanical Room 15 15

Comfort Rooms 18.5 92.5

Space for Rent 25 300

Total Floor Area 532.5

Storage and Mechanical Room 1

Space for Rent 12

Figure 2.2 Ground Floor Plan

3.1 Design Constraints

Figure 3.1 Constant Column Dimension

Computation of ranking for ability to satisfy criterion of materials:

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 − (%𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒) × 100

Figure 3.3 Ranking Scale

3.2.1 Raw Designer’s Ranking

Ability to satisfy the criterion

3.2.2.1 Economic Assessment

3.2.2.2 Constructability Assessment

3.2.2.3 Serviceability Assessment

Computation of ranking for Economic Constraint

ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 − %𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

Figure 3.4 Economic Constraint Difference

ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 − %𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

Figure 3.5 Constructability Constraint Difference

Computation of ranking for Serviceability Constraint

ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 − %𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

3.3 Design Standards

1. National Building Code of the Philippines

4.1 Design Methodology

FIVE STOREY COMMERCIAL BUILDING

Figure 4.1 Design Stage Process

4.2 Geometric Modelling

Figure 4.2 Geometric Model of the Structure

Figure 4.3 Framing Plan

Figure 4.4 Shear Diagram

4.6 Validation of Multiple Constraints, Tradeoffs and Standards

MATERIAL COSTS COMPARISON (COLUMN ONLY)

Constant Column Reduction

Ready Mix Concrete 246,876.60 196,976.07 PHP 49,900.53 -20.21

Table 4.1 Material Cost Comparison of Roofing Materials

 60.495% of Savings for Column wood formworks to constant column dimension.

4.6.1 Final Estimates of Tradeoffs

Serviceability(of the whole 12.3 years 10.2 years

Economical 384 bags of cement 290.5 bags of cement

Table 4.2 Final Estimate

4.6.2 Computation for Final Designer’s Ranking

Computation of Ranking for Economic Constraint

ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 5 − 1.739