Blood is essential to life.

There are four basic components that comprise

human blood: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Plasma is the
liquid portion of your blood. Plasma is yellowish in color and is made up mostly of
water, but it also contains proteins, sugars, hormones and salts. It transports water
and nutrients to your body’s tissues.Red blood cells which deliver oxygen from lungs
to tissue and organs. White blood cells which fight infection and part of immune
system. Platelets help blood clot from wound.

Deoxyribonucleotide Acid or it called as DNA is hereditary material for human

and all living organisms. The information of DNA is stored as a code made up four
chemical bases, there are adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine. Human DNA
consists of about 3 billion bases. The order or sequence of these bases determines
the information available for building and maintaining an organism. Genes are made
up of DNA. The Human Genome Project estimated that humans have between
20,000 and 25,000 genes.

The next step is DNA Isolation. DNA Isolation is the process of extracting
DNA from a cell.The purpose of DNA isolation is to separate the DNA from other
organic materials located in the cell. We must centrifuge the cell so the DNA settle at
the bottom of the tube.

To know quantity of purity and DNA concentration can be calculated using

spectrophotometer.Good-quality DNA will have an A260/A280 ratio of 1.8–2.0 . Low
ratios could be caused by protein contamination
After the DNA has been isolated, electrophoresis must be done. DNA gel
electrophoresis is a technique used for the detection and separation of DNA
molecules. An electric field is applied to a gel matrix comprised of agarose, and
within the gel, charge particles will migrate and separate based on size. The
negatively charged phosphates of the DNA backbone cause DNA fragments to move
toward the anode - a positively charged electrode.
Polymerase Chain Reaction or PCR is a technique used to amplify a segment
of DNA of interest or produce lots and lots of copies. There are 3 steps. First is
denaturation, the two strands in the DNA need to be separated. Second is annealing,
primers bind to the target DNA sequences and initiate polymerization. The last is
extension, new strands of DNA are made using the original strands as templates.

The last step is DNA sequencing using Automated DNA Sequencing. We got the
DNA sequences by laser fluorescence detector, and must be edited by Chromas Lite
which shows the curves of DNA. After the data has been edited, we can search it in
Basic Local Alignment Search Tool which will search and align to the closest DNA
pair

https://www.oneblood.org/about-donating/blood-donor-basics/what-is-blood/
 https://worldwide.promega.com/resources/pubhub/enotes/how-do-i-determine-the-concentration-
yield-and-purity-of-a-dna-sample/

https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/dna

https://www.jove.com/science-education/5057/dna-gel-electrophoresis